MODULE 1

1. Broods of periodical cicadas (inch-long winged insects) emerge for six weeks in late spring on a cycle of
either 13 or 17 years. In 2024, the emergencies of the Great Southern Brood (on a 13-year cycle) and the
Northern Illinois Brood (on a 17-year cycle) coincided in the Midwest and Southeast United States,
___that happens only once every 221 years. Sixteen states were covered with a trillion cicadas.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) a division
B) a convergence
C) an expiration
D) a succession

2. The National Heritage Fellowship was created to ___exceptional folk and traditional artists in
the United States. One artist who received the fellowship, the taiko drummer Seiichi Tanaka, was
chosen for his lifetime contributions to the arts.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) overshadow
B) begin
C) distract
D) honor

3. Japanese animator and director Hayao Miyazaki often includes fantasy elements in otherwise realistic
settings in his movies, but he tends to ______ details and exposition about those elements. Miyazaki
simply presents fantastical characters and actions with little backstory or explanation, encouraging
viewers to embrace the presence of the extraordinary in everyday life.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) invent
B) combine
C) celebrate
D) withhold

4. The following text is from Charles Chesnutt’s 1905 novel The Colonel’s Dream.

Mr. French, the senior partner, who sat opposite Kirby, was an older man—a safe guess would have
placed him somewhere in the debatable ground between forty and fifty; of a good height, as could be seen
even from the seated figure, the upper part of which was held erect with the unconscious ease which one
associates with military training.

As used in the text, what does the word “good” most nearly mean?

A) Reliable
B) Courteous
C) Considerable
D) Capable

5. Portoviejo, Ecuador, was named a City of Gastronomy by UNESCO in 2019, a title that _______that
Portoviejo has a unique and vibrant food culture worthy of celebration.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) discovers
B) renounces
C) complains
D) denotes

6. Svante Pääbo and other researchers studying the history of organisms have long utilized ancient
DNA—DNA recovered from ancient organic material that has been preserved under natural conditions.
However, J. Mason Heberling and David J. Burke’s 2019 study of the evolutionary trajectory of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi instead relied on historical DNA—genomic data incidentally preserved in
specimens that are housed in natural history collections—thus capitalizing on the research potential
offered by a vast but hitherto relatively underutilized source of insight into the biological past.

Which choice best describes the function of underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A) It specifies potential applications of the approach that Heberling and Burke used in their study.
B) It explains why the research methodology selected by Heberling and Burke is not widely used.
C) It emphasizes the importance of Heberling and Burke’s findings about the DNA

of fungi.

D) It offers commentary on the significance of the approach that Heberling and Burke used for their study.

7. Curious about how people visually perceive objects in their dreams, Stephen LaBerge and team
recruited lucid dreamers—people aware that they’re dreaming as it’s happening—for a research study.
These participants were reliably able to signal when they had entered a dream state; the team then
observed participants’ eye movements as they slept. The smoothness with which participants’ eyes
tracked objects in their dreams closely matched how sighted people who are awake visually track objects
around them, suggesting to the team that the brain perceives dream objects as the product of something
other than pure imagination.

Which choice best describes the function of underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A) To illustrate an important real-world implication of LaBerge and team’s main finding

B) To offer key evidence that undermines LaBerge and team’s initial hypothesis
C) To show the unexpected result that led LaBerge and team to change the focus of their study
D) To identify a comparable circumstance that helps justify LaBerge and team’s conclusion

8. The following text is from Yung Wing’s 1909 memoir My Life in China and America.

We landed in New York on the 12th of April, 1847, after a passage of ninety-eight days of
unprecedented fair weather. The New York of 1847 was altogether a different city from the New York of
1909. It was a city of only 250,000 or 300,000 inhabitants; now it is a metropolis rivaling London in
population, wealth and commerce. The whole of Manhattan Island is turned into a city of skyscrapers,
churches and palatial residences.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A) Yung has experienced significant personal growth in the time since his arrival to New York City in 1847.
B) The journey to New York City was extremely tiring for Yung.
C) The architecture in New York City is more beautiful than that in London.
D) New York City has become more developed and populated since Yung’s arrival in 1847.

9. The End-Triassic mass extinction happened approximately 201 million years ago, when about 80
percent of species (including many species of bivalves) died off. Researchers have proposed the effects of
a sudden release of carbon dioxide as one mechanism that may have brought on this mass extinction. But
mass extinctions, while abrupt
in geological terms, unfold over thousands or millions of years: it’s likely that multiple factors drove
widespread species loss.

Based on the text, the author would most likely agree with which statement about the End-Triassic mass
extinction?

A) It likely involved the extinction of more species than is typically believed.

B) It is hard to detect in Earth’s fossil or geological records.
C) It occurred over a long period of time and probably had multiple causes.
D) It was discovered only recently and is poorly understood.

10. Musician and astronomer Darsan Swaroop Bellie researches gravitational waves. These invisible
waves move very quickly through space. They cannot be viewed through a telescope, but they do make
sounds that can be detected with special equipment. In his musical composition Dance of the Black
Holes, Bellie demonstrates what gravitational waves might sound like as two black holes merge in
space. With this composition and others, Bellie hopes to make aspects of science more accessible.

According to the text, what is the subject of Bellie’s research?

A) Ocean currents
B) Music history
C) Space travel
D) Gravitational waves

11. Text 1: Thomas Piketty’s book Capital in the Twenty-First Century has a more rigorous structure than
its sequel, Capital and Ideology. While the first book’s chapters all contribute to bolstering a clear,
coherent argument about income inequality, the second book’s digressions on subjects such as an
analysis of Hayao Miyazaki’s film The Wind Rises do not just make the book tedious but also muddy its
reasoning.

Text 2: Capital and Ideology has different aims than Piketty’s earlier books. It should be judged not just in
the context of Piketty’s previous work but placed next to books like William T. Vollmann’s Rising Up and
Rising Down, in which the stated theme of justifications for violent acts is mainly an excuse for a polymath
to map his own mind.
Even when sections do not explicitly support the central thesis, they link to each other in intriguing ways.
None of them should be considered extraneous.

Based on the text, the author of Text 1 would most likely agree with the author of Text 2 on which point?

A) Capital and Ideology is notably different in structure from some of Piketty’s earlier work.
B) Capital in the Twenty-First Century is a superior book to Capital and Ideology.
C) The material in Capital and Ideology on The Wind Rises is essential to the book.
D) Capital and Ideology was influenced by the writing of William T. Vollmann.

12. Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge is an 1838 historical account by Elleanor Eldridge and Frances Harriet Whipple
Green. In the book, the authors assert that all people naturally have an emotional attachment to where they live,
writing, _____

Which quotation from Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge most effectively illustrates the claim?

A) “Let us, dear reader, remember the punishment of idle curiosity, as taught in the true and affecting history
[named] ‘Blue Beard;’ and, striving to be content with the facts in the case, seek not to lift the veil, which the
sensibility of true love, and feminine delicacy, have alike conspired to draw.”
 B) “There is often a kind of [deceptive] light, playing around such [famous] names, calculated to dazzle and mislead,
by their false lustre, until the eye can no longer receive the pure light of Truth, or the mind appreciate real
excellence, or intrinsic worth.”
C) “Home is home, to the lowly as well as the great; and no rank, or color, destroys its sacred character, its power
over the mind, and the affections.”
D) “Blessed are the slumbers of the innocent! They are kindlier than balm, and they refresh and gladden the spirit of
childhood, like ministerings from a better world.”

13.

One antipredator defense that the grey-headed lapwing uses to protect its nest and young chicks is called
“broken-wing display”; this form of deceptive defense involves an adult bird pretending to be injured and
unable to fly in order to distract an approaching predator. Broken-wing display has been documented in
285 bird species from 13 different avian orders. A student predicts that bird species with mean body
masses greater than 150 grams do not use deceptive defenses because larger birds tend to be more
effective than smaller birds at using aggressive defenses to protect nests from predators, making
deceptive defenses unnecessary.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table that weaken the student’s prediction?

A) The common snipe and the common ringed plover both have a mean body mass under 150 grams
and use broken-wing display.
B) The common ringed plover uses broken-wing display, but the pied-billed grebe does not.
C) The pied-billed grebe has a mean body mass of 409 grams and is known to perform broken-wing
display.
D) The common snipe uses broken-wing display even though it is larger than the common ringed plover.

14. Right-handedness is overwhelmingly prevalent in humans. Among studies of laterality in nonhuman

primates, William C. McGrew and colleagues’ 1999 study of wild chimpanzees reported no tendency
toward right-handedness, while Mara Aruguete and colleagues’ 1992 study of captive chimpanzees and
squirrel monkeys did. However, the latter study included only 27 individuals, and a meta-analysis of
primate-laterality studies demonstrated that a minimum sample size of 176 individuals is required to be
confident that a finding of population-level handedness is not mere statistical noise. The claim of right-
handedness in the 1992 study should therefore be treated skeptically given that _____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) right-handedness does not occur frequently enough among chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys to
reliably appear in a sample of only 27 individuals.
B) the study that did not find right-handedness in chimpanzees was also based on an insufficient
population size.
C) the sample size on which the claim is based is far below the threshold identified in the meta-analysis.
D) the apparent difference between the two studies’ results may be partly attributable to the 1992 study
using a
different standard to determine handedness than the 1999 study.
15. Antonia Olivia Dolan and colleagues conducted a study of participants’ preferred listening volume, in
decibels (dB), for various audio recordings, including pop music, classic rock music, and nature sounds.
The team found that participants listened to recordings they liked most at higher volumes (greater dB) than
recordings they liked less and that musicians tended to listen at higher volumes than nonmusicians did.
For example, if the favorite recording of both a participating musician and a participating nonmusician was
Beyoncé’s “Crazy in Love” and the musician played it at 84.8 dB, it was therefore likely that ___

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the nonmusician would play “Crazy in Love” at greater than 84.8 dB.
B) the musician and nonmusician would both play other music by Beyoncé at approximately 84.8 dB.
C) the nonmusician would play “Crazy in Love” at less than 84.8 dB.
D) the musician would not play music in the pop genre at less than 84.8 dB.

16. “What stories like this do for us is make the world just a smidge bigger,” writes Stephen Graham
Jones in the foreword to Never Whistle at Night: An Indigenous Dark Fiction Anthology. For Jones, dark
fiction does more than entertain readers: horror tropes to challenge familiar ways of knowing,
blurring the “borders of the real.”

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) they use
B) it uses
C) we use
D) one uses

17. Louisiana resident Caesar Antoine, one of the nearly two thousand African Americans elected to
public office during the decade that followed the Civil War, ____ his term as lieutenant governor in
1873.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) having begun
B) began
C) to begin
D) beginning

18. Mary Cassatt and Edith Haworth were among the 300 artists who exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show,
a groundbreaking New York City art exhibition that introduced modernism to American audiences. Marcel
Duchamp’s abstract cubist aesthetic received the most skepticism from critics, as represented a
radical departure from the more realistic painting style that was popular at the time.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) we
B) it
C) they
D) these

19. The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) is one of many sports organizations that
collect and analyze data on player performance. Coaches in the IWBF ____ these data to help them
develop game strategies that have a high probability of success.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) has used
B) uses
C) is using
D) use

20. Polymers used in industrial applications are weakened by environmental stress, mechanical fatigue,
and unexpected damage. However, new types of polymers have been engineered to repair aided by
embedded microcapsules, such materials begin to self-heal.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) themselves—upon fracture—
B) themselves. Upon fracture,
C) themselves upon fracture,
D) themselves, upon fracture,

21. Many past Olympic Games featured demonstration sports—nonmedal events—to showcase sports
related to the host country. These events included sumō, a Japanese form of wrestling, and pärkspel, a
Swedish ball sport.
they were chosen as demonstration sports at the Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan, and Stockholm,
Sweden, respectively.
A) Fittingly,
B) Additionally,
C) Nevertheless,
D) By contrast,

22. A team led by Portuguese researcher Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira found that many species of
mushrooms contain chemicals called phenolic compounds, such as protocatechuic acid and
biochanin. ________Ferreira detected protocatechuic acid in Agaricus bisporus mushrooms and
biochanin in Ganoderma lucidum mushrooms.
A) Nevertheless,
B) However,
C) For this reason,
D) For example,
23. In Amarna, Egypt, archaeologist Anna Hodgkinson unearthed bits of glass near lower-status
dwellings, which she believes may refute the long-held notion that the material was enjoyed exclusively
by Ancient Egyptian royalty.
archaeologist Thilo Rehren states flatly that glass doesn’t appear to have been “a closely
controlled royal commodity,” concurring, based on his own research, that the material was more
common than once surmised.

A) Consequently,
B) Nonetheless,
C) As such,
D) Likewise,
24. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● The wedge-rumped storm petrel is a species of bird.

● It has an average weight of 23 grams.
● It can be found on the Galápagos Island of Marchena.
● The Galápagos Islands are a group of islands that have many different species of birds.

The student wants to specify the average weight of the wedge-rumped storm petrel. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The wedge-rumped storm petrel can be found on the Galápagos Island of Marchena.
 B) The Galápagos Islands, which include the island of Marchena, contain many different species of birds.
C) Many species of birds can be found in the Galápagos Islands, including the wedge-rumped storm petrel.
D) The wedge-rumped storm petrel has an average weight of 23 grams.
25. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● The willow oak is a species of deciduous tree.

● Its scientific name is Quercus phellos.
● It is native to the Southeastern ecoregion of the US.

The student wants to indicate which ecoregion the willow oak is native to. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The willow oak is native to the Southeastern ecoregion of the US.

B) The willow oak (Quercus phellos) is a species of deciduous tree.
C) The willow oak’s scientific name is Quercus phellos.
D) Deciduous trees are native to several ecoregions of the US.

26. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● In music theory, the term “key” refers to the set of musical notes that forms the foundation of a
piece of music.
● In Règles de Composition (1682), French composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier describes the
mood of various musical keys.
● He describes the key of G major as “serious and magnificent.”
● “Hero” (2001) by Enrique Iglesias is a song written in G major.

The student wants to explain how Charpentier describes G major. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) The key of G major is one of various keys, which are sets of musical notes that form the foundations of
pieces of music.
B) In Règles de Composition, Charpentier describes the mood of G major as “serious and magnificent.”
C) In Règles de Composition, Charpentier describes the mood of G major.
D) The song “Hero” could be described as “serious and magnificent.”

27.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Kumiko is a Japanese woodworking technique in which thin strips of wood are interlaced to
create latticed panels that incorporate intricate patterns.
● These wooden strips fit together without the use of nails or other fasteners.
● Many of the geometric patterns used in kumiko designs are inspired by elements from nature.
● The overlapping hexagons of the kikko pattern resemble a tortoise’s shell.
● The curved fan shapes of the seigaiha pattern resemble ocean waves.

The student wants to make and support a claim about the inspiration for kumiko patterns. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Like the seigaiha pattern’s curved fan shapes, which resemble ocean waves, many of the
geometric patterns used in kumiko designs are inspired by elements from nature.
B) The kumiko woodworking technique is used to create latticed panels with geometric designs, like
overlapping
hexagons, out of thin strips of wood.
C) The tortoiseshell-like overlapping hexagons of the kikko pattern are inspired by wooden strips from
nature.
MODULE 2

1. Players of online games are largely aware that the games collect their data, and they’re often
willing to trade some privacy for a fun experience. But the games are often quite ____ about what
data they collect and why. Because of this, data-privacy advocates are seeking to expand online
players’ knowledge of data collection practices and improve their ability to navigate privacy-setting
features in games.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) abrasive
B) outspoken
C) opaque
D) ambivalent

2. Microbiologist Radamés Cordero and team investigated surface temperatures of a variety of fungi,
including Amanita brunnescens and a species from the genus Hortiboletus, in a study ____ a
previous observation: Cordero had taken thermal images of various wild mushrooms while hiking
and found that the mushrooms all appeared to be colder than the surrounding environment, raising
questions about thermoregulation in fungi.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) prompted by
B) excluded by
C) released in
D) acknowledged in

3. The following text is from Edward Gibbon’s 1796 Memoirs of My Life and Writings. Gibbon reflects on
publishing a volume of his series The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
I am at a loss how to describe the success of the work, without betraying the vanity of the writer. The first
impression was exhausted in a few days; a second and third edition were scarcely adequate to the
demand.

As used in the text, what does the word “betraying” most nearly mean?

A) Exploiting
B) Exposing
C) Forsaking
D) Distorting

4. Described in treatises mainly published between 1768 and 1950 (such as W.D. Dunton’s Dunton’s
Musical Shorthand), musical stenography used quickly written squiggles and dots in an attempt to
preserve, in print and in real time, the ____features of live performances—those that result from
impromptu deviations of performers when fidelity to an established musical score is not mandated.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) inevitable
B) extemporaneous
C) inconspicuous
D) meticulous

5. Harold Newton’s Yellow Day, a wetland landscape with palm trees and lush greenery set against the
pastel yellows and pinks of the sky and water, is typical of paintings by the Florida Highwaymen, loosely
affiliated landscape artists mainly active in Fort Pierce, Florida, during the 1950s and ’60s. Some art
historians suggest that Highwaymen paintings played a role in shaping popular perceptions of the state
that persist today: the natural iconography that Newton and colleagues constantly revisited—lush
tropical forests, vivid sunsets—is now seen as classically Floridian.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To explain that a particular painting by Harold Newton has had greater influence on the broader
culture of the state of Florida than is generally acknowledged
B) To contrast the public’s reaction during the 1950s and ’60s to a particular painting by Harold Newton
with more recent reactions to it
C) To describe the historical circumstances in which paintings by the Florida Highwaymen
experienced a resurgence in popularity
D) To present the argument that paintings by the Florida Highwaymen likely helped to create a
particular widespread impression of Florida

6. The metal featured in both the structure of the Shimogamo Machiya Villa by Takuma Ohira and the
hardware in the One-Room Residence of 5 Layers by Matsuyama Architect and Associates is
representative of a trend in contemporary Japanese interior design to juxtapose sleek, modern accents
with traditional organic materials such as cypress. The prominent feature of metal stems from the post–
World War II emphasis on technological progress, while more traditional natural materials help preserve
longstanding architectural and aesthetic approaches.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A) The text names projects that are noteworthy for their inclusion of certain materials and then
explains past important uses of the materials.
B) The text introduces the salient characteristics of two buildings and then details the historical
events that occasioned the buildings’ designs.
C) The text cites examples of a design trend and then briefly establishes the principles underlying
the trend.
D) The text distinguishes between two aesthetic approaches to architecture and then submits that one
approach
has had more of a long-term impact than the other has had.

7. Text 1:
For decades, ornithologists assumed that if they saw a singing house wren—a bird species found in
temperate North America—they must be observing a male trying to attract a mate or claim territory. As
Peter J.B. Slater and Nigel I. Mann have emphasized, however, a similar assumption can’t be made about
birds in the tropics, where females sing as often as males do. Slater and Mann call for more research on
this discrepancy between tropical and temperate female birdsong.

Text 2:
Recent evidence shows that a female house wren is as capable of song as a male is. In fact, female
birdsong is more common among temperate species than currently assumed, claim Evangeline Rose and
colleagues. These
female songbirds sing less frequently than males do, and in duller tones, making it “easy for researchers to
miss the quiet and hidden females and focus on the loud and colorful males,” says Rose.

Based on the texts, how would Rose and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the assertion by Slater
and Mann (Text 1) about the different prevalence of female birdsong in temperate and tropical areas?

A) They would raise the possibility that the difference in prevalence may be due to differences in the
timing of the mating season among temperate and tropical bird species.
B) They would concede that the geographic difference in prevalence is real but argue that the frequency
with which male tropical birds sing has been overstated by previous researchers.
C) They would argue that the apparent difference in prevalence may partly reflect a difference in the
ease with which female birdsong and male birdsong can be detected.

8.
The nearly forty tribes located in Oklahoma, including the Cherokee Nation and the Seminole Nation,
operate numerous businesses and generate billions of dollars in revenue. A student in an economics class
is researching the tribes’ collective activity as a single industry. The student wants to compare that
industry’s contribution to Oklahoma’s overall economy in 2017 with the contributions made by three other
industries in the state. Looking at the table, the student finds that tribal economic activity totaled over $7.3
billion, ranking it above .

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the comparison?

A) construction and nearly equal to transportation/warehousing and wholesale trade.

B) both construction and wholesale trade but below transportation/warehousing.
C) transportation/warehousing, wholesale trade, and construction.
D) construction but below both transportation/warehousing and wholesale trade.

9.

Studies have found that when looking at other people’s eyes, humans tend to perceive dilated pupils
positively and constricted pupils negatively. Noting that a dark iris—the colored portion surrounding the
pupil—is hard to distinguish from the black of the pupil (and thereby affects the pupil’s apparent size) and
that many domestic dogs have dark irises, Akitsugu Konno et al. showed close-up images of dogs’ faces
to human participants and asked them to rate the dogs’ traits and their own attitudes toward the dogs.
Their findings suggest that .
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A) humans’ responses to pupil size in other people may extend to dogs, as participants responded more
positively to images of dogs whose iris colors were likely to make their pupils appear larger than they did to
images of dogs whose iris colors were unlikely to have that effect.
B) iris color in domestic dogs may be an adaptation to elicit positive responses from humans, as
participants responded more negatively to images of dogs whose iris colors can make pupils appear
large than they did to images of dogs without such iris colors.
C) differences in dogs’ pupil size may elicit a stronger response in humans than differences in people’s
pupil size do, as participants’ responses to the images when dogs’ pupils were smaller than average
were more positive than they were to images when dogs’ pupils were larger than average.

10. Carolina chickadees are cavity nesting birds that initiate nest building at the same time of year as
golden paper wasps, a species that also nests in enclosed spaces. Researchers observed that both
species will settle in nesting boxes, but birds and wasps are not often observed co-occupying boxes,
leading to the hypothesis that the two species compete for nesting sites. To test this hypothesis, the
researchers installed nesting boxes throughout a nature preserve in the US state of North Carolina,
manipulated some of the boxes to exclude birds, and then monitored the boxes for two years. Not only
was the hypothesis validated, there was also a clear indication of competitive advantage for birds.

Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly support the text’s characterization of the study’s
results?

(A) Although only 15 instances of co-occupation of unmanipulated boxes by wasps and birds were
observed over the course of the study, in a majority of those instances, wasps were already occupying
the boxes when birds initiated nesting in them.

(B) Wasps initiated nesting in manipulated boxes much more often than in unmanipulated boxes, and
80% of initial co-occupations of unmanipulated boxes resulted in abandonment by wasps but not by
birds.

(C) Even though overall usage of the nesting boxes by wasps and birds was high throughout the study,
24% of the manipulated boxes remained vacant each spring, while less than 4% of the unmanipulated
nesting boxes remained [vacant].

11. Based on findings from fossil sites, paleobotanists had developed the so-called partition hypothesis,
which holds that there were two distinctly different kinds of biomes during the Devonian period (circa 360
to 420 million years ago). One was a tropical deltaic forest biome home to plants such as the fernlike
Eospermatopteris, and the other was an arid floodplain forest biome home to plants such as the
coniferlike Archaeopteris. Recently, however, evolutionary ecologist Khudadad Khudadad examined the
remnants of a Devonian forest in what is now Cairo, New York, and concluded that evidence from the
Cairo site is inconsistent with the partition hypothesis.

Which finding about the Cairo site, if true, would most directly support Khudadad's conclusion?

[A] The site appears to have been a tropical deltaic forest early in the Devonian period but transitioned
to an arid floodplain forest after the end of the Devonian period.

[B] Fossil evidence from the site suggests that several forest plant species other than
Eospermatopteris and Archaeopteris lived there during the Devonian period.

[C] Although the site appears to have been a tropical deltaic forest during the Devonian period, fossil
evidence suggests that Eospermatopteris was present at that time.
[D] The site appears to have been an arid floodplain forest during the Devonian period and contains
fossil evidence of both Eospermatopteris and Archaeopteris.

12. Callie W. Babbitt, Hema Madaka, and colleagues assembled a database of materials used in
consumer electronics by studying products in the lab and by gathering data from similar product studies.
The team gave each of these studies a rating for level of detail (with a higher rating for reported data with
more detail) and for level of traceability (with a higher rating for clearer descriptions of procedures).
Based on these ratings, a second research team concluded that a study by Paul Feehan and Milind
Kandlikar provided more specificity in its data than a study by Oguchi Masahiro and colleagues did.

Which finding, if true, would most directly challenge the second research team’s conclusion?

A) The study by Oguchi and colleagues had a low detail rating and a low traceability rating.

B) The study by Feehan and Kandlikar had a lower traceability rating than the study by Oguchi and
colleagues did.

C) The study by Feehan and Kandlikar had a high detail rating and a high traceability rating.

D) The study by Feehan and Kandlikar had a lower detail rating than the study by Oguchi and
colleagues did.

13. In 1990, oil prices rose 90% between August and October, creating what economists term an oil shock.
Although oil shocks have occurred multiple times since 1945, a broadly applicable description of how oil
shocks affect economies at the national level has proved elusive, a problem typically attributed to the fact
that oil shocks' effects are substantially conditioned on country-specific characteristics (oil import-export
ratios, most importantly). Recently, however, Gbadebo Oladosu et al. showed that economists' estimates
of national economies' responsiveness to oil shocks are highly heterogeneous even within a given country
and time frame—ranging by more than a factor of five in the case of Australia during a recent oil shock, for
instance—suggesting that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

[A] differences in oil import-export ratios from one country to another may account for more of the
differences in the effects of oil shocks on those countries' economies than economists previously
believed.

[B] methodological discrepancies in studies of oil shocks may have contributed to economists' inability to
provide a generalized model of oil shocks' effects on national economies.

[C] economists' conventional measures of national economic activity may be insufficiently sensitive to the
effects of oil shocks.

[D] controlling for variations in countries' oil import-export ratios might not resolve the difficulties
economists have had in constructing a broadly applicable description of oil shocks' effects.

14. Saeed M.Z.A. Tarabien conducted a study of consumer attitudes toward Jordanian food and beverage
companies and found that for consumers who value environmental conservation, their likelihood of
purchasing a product decreased when their perception of the product's risk of causing environmental harm
increased. Subsequently, other researchers conducted a study of various demographic groups in China,
investigating participants' intentions to purchase a new piece of furniture, and found that, on average,
college students had the lowest perception among all the demographic groups in the study of the
environmental risks of the piece of furniture. Assuming that the results of Tarabien's study are broadly
applicable, this finding suggests that _________.
Which choice most logically completes the text?

[A] the new piece of furniture is less appealing to college students than other similar products on the market
are.

[B] college students might be more likely than participants in the other demographic groups to purchase the
piece of furniture.

[C] college students likely prioritize other factors over a product's environmental sustainability
when making purchasing decisions.

[D] there is not a meaningful difference in the average likelihood of purchasing environmentally friendly
products among the demographic groups included in the study.

15. The advent of online streaming has led many music listeners to drift away from ownership of music
(through downloads or through physical media such as compact discs) and toward the streaming services
Bandcamp and Tidal, among others. Datta et al. studied the impact of this change on the variety of music
that listeners consume. The researchers reasoned that the ownership model of music assigns a cost per
song to acquiring a variety of music, while streaming services typically charge a flat fee for access to an
entire music catalog, making variety free, which suggests that ___.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

[A] listeners who use streaming services would be more likely to give physical copies of music as gifts to
others than to purchase physical copies for themselves.

[B] listeners who prefer to purchase compact discs rather than use a service such as Bandcamp or Tidal
would tend to listen to older music.

[C] the music choices of listeners who use streaming services would likely be more varied than those
of listeners who do not use streaming services.

[D] music publishers who choose to forgo releasing music on physical media are likely to see no change in
revenue.

16. In a letter dated January 14th, 1780, congressman John Witherspoon attempts to persuade General
George Washington that the Continental Army’s difficulty in procuring supplies, often attributed to
disloyalty among civilian farmers and merchants, _____ due to concerns suppliers have about
receiving compensation in the form of rapidly depreciating Continental currency.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) largely occurring

B) largely occur

C) have largely occurred

D) is largely occurring

17. Social media platforms have made the collection of qualitative human behavioral data easier than
ever. To collect such data by means of social media does raise a serious ethical ______terms of
service stipulate that
platforms can analyze users’ accounts and posts, according to sociologist Jose van Dijck, users are not
informed when their data are included in behavioral studies.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) concern, though;

B) concern: though

C) concern, though

D) concern, though:

18. The neurotechnology company MindMaze is working on an exciting new technology: game-based
digital therapies that improve neuroplasticity to help with cognitive rehabilitation. MindMaze’s technology,
alongside other such neuromodulation technologies that function by stimulating nervous system
structures, __________the way for future advancements in neurotechnology.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) are paving

B) is paving

C) have paved

D) paving

19. Helical widely understood to confer stability and efficiency in the locomotion of a variety of
microscopic organisms—including bacteria, eukaryotic algae, and ciliates—bestows similar advantages,
albeit via different propulsive modes, to larger oceanic macroplanktons, such as salps.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) swimming is

B) swimming has been

C) swimming, is

D) swimming,

20. Alberto Gabriele, author of Reading Popular Culture in Victorian Print, tracks the transnational
dissemination of works by author Mary Elizabeth Braddon via the magazine from 1866 to 1899 and
distributed throughout the Australian cities of Melbourne, Adelaide, and Hobart; the continental
European cities of Brussels, Paris, and Turin; and cities in Turkey, India, and Jamaica, this magazine
helped make Braddon's serialized novels globally available.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
 A) Belgravia, published
B) Belgravia published
C) Belgravia; published
D) Belgravia. Published

21. Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright famously received a patent for their flying machine on May 22,
1906. Louisiana native Charles F. Page, who was born into slavery and self-educated, created a gas-
powered flying ship in 1903 that was officially patented on April 10, ______only model had been
suspiciously destroyed an route to a planned demonstration at the 1904 World's Fair, and, discouraged,
he never built a replacement.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

● 1906—roughly six weeks earlier. Page's

1906. Roughly six weeks earlier, Page's
● 1906 roughly six weeks earlier, Page's
● 1906—roughly six weeks earlier—Page's

22. In contrast to first-past-the-post electoral processes, the proportional representation system by which
Paraguay's Chamber of Senators is elected begins with citizens casting their votes not for specific
candidates but for political parties. ____once the votes have been tabulated, each party is awarded
a number of seats proportional to the number of votes it received.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

● Conversely,
● In other words,
● However,
● Then,

23. At Storm King Art Center, an outdoor sculpture park in New York, Herbert Ferber's Konkapot II is
exposed to rain, snow, heat, and humidity. ___it remains in good condition due to its material:
Ferber's sculpture is made of corrosion-resistant steel.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

● As a result,
● On the contrary,
● That said,
● In addition,

24. A writer whose debut novel is a success may struggle to live up to that first book's promise. _______as
in the case of Tommy Orange, author of the popular debut There There (2018) and the sequel Wandering
Stars (2024), the follow-up actually elevates the writer's reputation. (Wandering Stars was labeled a
"towering achievement" by the New York Times.)

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

● Specifically,
● For example,
● Sometimes,
 ● Accordingly,

25. Photogrammetry and boolean modeling approaches to three-dimensional digital modeling for video
games yield graphics that accurately represent the relative sizes and proportions of real-world objects,
but since these graphics are rendered from perfect geometric shapes, they tend to lack organic realism.
_______these 3D elements may display unnaturally precise angles and curves as compared to their
real-world counterparts.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

● In conclusion,
● As such,
● However,
● In addition,

26. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Raymond is the nickname of a Triceratops fossil specimen housed at the National Museum of
Nature and Science.
● The National Museum of Nature and Science is located in Tokyo, Japan.
● Raymond lived in the Late Cretaceous period.
● Dio is the nickname of a Triceratops fossil specimen housed at the Royal Ontario Museum.
● The Royal Ontario Museum is located in Ontario, Canada.
● Dio lived in the Late Cretaceous period.

The student wants to contrast the locations of the two specimens. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

● Raymond is housed at the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo, Japan, while Dio
is housed at the Royal Ontario Museum in Ontario, Canada.
● Like Raymond, Dio is a Triceratops fossil specimen that lived in the Late Cretaceous period.
● The Triceratops fossil specimen Raymond is not the only such specimen currently housed in a
museum or institute.
● The Royal Ontario Museum in Ontario, Canada, houses Dio.

27. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Manchu is a synthetic language in the Tungusic language family.

● In synthetic languages, nouns can take several different forms (or cases) depending on their
function within a sentence.
● Combining the suffix -de with the Manchu noun boo (house) forms the locative-case noun
boode (in the house).
● Synthetic languages have extensive case systems.
● In analytic languages, cases are not typically used to indicate noun function.
● Noun function is instead indicated through word order and auxiliary words (such as
prepositions and adjectives).

The student wants to explain why Manchu is classified as a synthetic language. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
● Manchu is classified as a synthetic language, meaning that the Tungusic language utilizes
nouns to fulfill various functions within a sentence.
● Manchu is a synthetic language rather than an analytic language, where nouns rely on word
order and auxiliary words to indicate their function.
● Manchu has a robust case system in which nouns take different forms depending on their
function, making it a synthetic language.