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505 views376 pages

Science 10th SP (1) Unlocked Compressed

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abhayaryanmishra2011

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CBSE 2026

Science
Class 10th

30 SAMPLE PAPERS with Full Explanation

As per Sample Paper released by CBSE

NODIA LEARNING
CBSE Class 10th Science Sample Paper 2025-26
Edition October 2025
Copyright © By Nodia Learning

Information contained in this book has been obtained by author, from sources believes to be reliable.
However, neither Nodia Learning nor its author guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any
information herein, and Nodia Learning nor its author shall be responsible for any error, omissions,
or damages arising out of use of this information. This book is published with the understanding
that Nodia Learning and its author are supplying information but are not attempting to render
engineering or other professional services.

MRP Rs 420.00

This book is available on amazon and flipkart only and not available in market.

Published by :
Nodia LEARNING
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Phone :+91 9024037387
Contents
SAMPLE PAPER 01 5

SAMPLE PAPER 02 17

SAMPLE PAPER 03 29

SAMPLE PAPER 04 42

SAMPLE PAPER 05 53

SAMPLE PAPER 06 65

SAMPLE PAPER 07 76

SAMPLE PAPER 08 88

SAMPLE PAPER 09 100

SAMPLE PAPER 10 111

SAMPLE PAPER 11 121

SAMPLE PAPER 12 132

SAMPLE PAPER 13 143

SAMPLE PAPER 14 153

SAMPLE PAPER 15 164

SAMPLE PAPER 16 175

SAMPLE PAPER 17 185

SAMPLE PAPER 18 195

SAMPLE PAPER 19 206

SAMPLE PAPER 20 216

SAMPLE PAPER 21 226

SAMPLE PAPER 22 236

SAMPLE PAPER 23 245

SAMPLE PAPER 24 255

SAMPLE PAPER 25 265

SAMPLE PAPER 26 275

SAMPLE PAPER 27 285

SAMPLE PAPER 28 295

SAMPLE PAPER 29 305

SAMPLE PAPER 30 315

********
SAMPLE PAPER 01

Sample Paper 01
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. There are various methods to prevent pregnancy.

SECTION-A Which of the following contraceptive methods
also provides protection from acquiring sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs)?
1. Which of the following represents the correct (a) Copper-T (b) Oral Pills
sequence of events in the nutrition of Amoeba? (c) Condom (d) Tubectomy
(a) Digestion ® Ingestion ® Absorption ® Ans
Assimilation ® Egestion
(c) Condom
(b) Ingestion ® Digestion ® Absorption ® Barrier methods like condoms physically prevent
Assimilation ® Egestion the meeting of sperm and ovum. They are also
(c) Egestion ® Ingestion ® Digestion ® effective in preventing the transmission of bodily
Absorption ® Assimilation fluids, thus offering protection against STDs like
(d) Ingestion ® Assimilation ® Digestion ® HIV-AIDS, syphilis, and gonorrhoea, which other
Absorption ® Egestion methods do not.
Ans 4. In a classic Mendelian monohybrid cross, when
(b) Ingestion ® Digestion ® Absorption ® a heterozygous tall pea plant (Tt) from the F1
Assimilation ® Egestion generation is self-pollinated, what is the resulting
Amoeba first engulfs food (ingestion). Inside a food phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants in the F2
vacuole, enzymes break it down (digestion). The generation?
nutrients diffuse into the cytoplasm (absorption) (a) 1:1 (b) 1:2
and are used for energy and growth (assimilation). (c) 3:1 (d) 2:1
Finally, undigested waste is expelled (egestion). Ans
2. The nerve impulse is the signal transmitted along (c) 3:1
a nerve fibre. What is the correct pathway for the Self-pollination of Tt results in offspring with
flow of this impulse within a single neuron? genotypes TT, Tt, and tt in a [Link] ratio. Since
both TT and Tt plants are phenotypically tall, the
(a) Axon terminal ® Cell body ® Dendrite
ratio of tall plants to dwarf (tt) plants is (1+2):1,
(b) Cell body ® Axon ® Dendrite which simplifies to 3:1.
(c) Dendrite ® Cell body ® Axon terminal
(d) Axon terminal ® Dendrite ® Cell body 5. In any ecosystem, certain organisms are responsible
for breaking down complex organic substances from
Ans
dead plants and animals into simpler inorganic
(c) Dendrite ® Cell body ® Axon terminal substances. What are these essential organisms
A neuron receives signals through its dendrites. called?
The signal then travels to the cell body (cyton) for (a) Producers
processing and is transmitted away from the cell (b) Primary Consumers
body along the axon to the axon terminal, from (c) Carnivores
where it passes to the next neuron. (d) Decomposers
page 6 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(d) Decomposers explanation of A.
Decomposers, like bacteria and fungi, perform the (c) A is true but R is false.
vital function of recycling nutrients. They break (d) A is false but R is true.
down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back
Ans
into the soil, water, and air, making them available
for producers to use again. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
6. Consider the following statements about the human Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in helping
heart: plants respond to environmental stress, particularly
(i) The human heart is a four-chambered organ. drought. By causing stomata to close, it significantly
(ii) The right ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to reduces water loss through transpiration, thus
the lungs. justifying its name as the stress hormone.
(iii) The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the
9. Assertion(A) : All variations that arise in a species
wall of the right ventricle.
(iv) Valves ensure that blood flows in only one have an equal chance of survival.
direction through the heart. Reason (R) : Natural selection favors variations
Which of the above statements are correct? that provide a survival advantage in a particular
environment.
(a) (i), (iii), and (iv)
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(b) (i) and (ii) only
explanation of A.
(c) (ii) and (iv) only
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(d) All are correct.
explanation of A.
Ans (c) A is true but R is false.
(a) (i), (iii), and (iv) (d) A is false but R is true.
The heart has four chambers, and valves are crucial Ans
for unidirectional blood flow. The left ventricle’s
wall is thicker as it pumps blood to the entire body. (d) A is false but R is true.
Statement (ii) is incorrect; the right ventricle pumps The assertion is false; the chances of survival for
deoxygenated blood to the lungs. a variation depend on how well it is suited to the
environment. The reason is a true statement that
7. Fertilization in flowering plants is the fusion of correctly describes the principle of natural selection,
male and female gametes. Where does this process where advantageous traits are selected for.
typically take place?
10. While plants generate oxygen during the day,
(a) On the surface of the stigma.
they produce carbon dioxide at night. Justify this
(b) Inside the growing pollen tube.
statement.
(c) Within the anther of the stamen.
(d) Inside the ovule, which is located within the Ans
ovary. Plants perform both photosynthesis and respiration.
Ans During the day, the rate of photosynthesis is much
higher than respiration, resulting in a net release
(d) Inside the ovule, which is located within the
of oxygen. At night, in the absence of sunlight,
ovary.
photosynthesis stops, but respiration continues,
After pollination, a pollen tube grows from the
leading to the release of carbon dioxide.
stigma down to the ovary. The male gamete travels
through this tube to enter an ovule, where it fuses 11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
with the female gamete (egg cell) to form a zygote. A. How is the process of breathing different in
aquatic organisms compared to terrestrial
8. Assertion (A) : Abscisic acid is referred to as a
organisms? Explain why the rate of breathing
“stress hormone” in plants.
Reason (R) : The production of abscisic acid in in aquatic organisms is much faster.
plants stimulates the closure of stomata, which O
helps to reduce water loss during dry conditions. B. What is translocation in plants? Name the
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct tissue responsible for it and the form in which
explanation of A. the food is transported.
SAMPLE PAPER 01

preferentially, acting as a sacrificial anode, suggested substances can improve the soil
thus protecting the iron from rusting. quality.
(iii) Another method to prevent rusting is oiling (c) Write a balanced chemical equation showing
or greasing. Applying a layer of oil or grease the neutralisation of soil acid (assume sulphuric
cuts off the contact of the iron surface with acid, H2SO4) with slaked lime.
air and moisture. (Other valid answers: O
Alloying, Chrome plating). A baker prepared a cake batter and added baking
soda. However, he forgot to add another key dry
27. A student sets up an apparatus for the reaction of
ingredient, causing the final cake to have a bitter,
zinc granules with dilute sulphuric acid as depicted.
soapy taste.
(a) What crucial ingredient, usually found mixed
with baking soda in ‘baking powder’, did he
likely forget? Why is this ingredient necessary?
(b) What is the chemical name and formula of
baking soda?
(c) Explain the role of baking soda in making the
cake soft and spongy, and write the chemical
equation for the reaction that occurs when it is
heated.
Ans
(a) What would the student observe happening
(a) Highly acidic soil is detrimental because most
near the surface of the zinc granules? plants grow best in soil that is close to neutral
(b) Name the gas evolved in this process. How can (pH 6.5-7.0). In highly acidic conditions, the
its presence be tested in the laboratory? essential nutrients required by the plants may
(c) If the student touches the bottom of the not be available in a form that the plant roots
flask after the reaction starts, what change in can absorb.
temperature would be felt? Justify your answer. (b) Quick lime (CaO), slaked lime (Ca(OH)2), and
Ans chalk (CaCO3) are all basic in nature. When
added to the acidic soil, they react with the
(a) The student would observe bubbles of a
excess acid present and neutralize it, thereby
colourless and odourless gas being formed on
raising the pH of the soil to a level more suitable
the surface of the zinc granules.
for cultivation.
(b) The gas evolved is Hydrogen (H2) gas.
Test for Hydrogen: If a burning candle or a lit (c) The reaction between sulphuric acid (soil acid)
matchstick is brought near the mouth of the and slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is:
test tube containing the gas, it will extinguish H 2 SO 4 (aq) + Ca (OH) 2 (s) " CaSO 4 (s) + 2H 2 O (l)

with a characteristic ’pop’ sound.
(c) The student would feel that the bottom of O
the flask has become hot. This is because the (a) He likely forgot to add a mild, edible acid like
reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric acid tartaric acid. This is necessary to neutralize the
is an exothermic reaction, which means heat sodium carbonate formed when baking soda is
is released during the process, causing the heated. Sodium carbonate is alkaline and has a
temperature of the flask to rise. bitter, soapy taste, which spoils the taste of the
cake.
28. A farmer found that the soil in his fields was very (b) The chemical name of baking soda is Sodium
acidic with a pH of around 4.5, resulting in poor hydrogencarbonate (or sodium bicarbonate).
crop growth. An agricultural expert advised him to Its formula is NaHCO3.
add either quick lime (calcium oxide), slaked lime (c) When baking soda is heated during baking, it
(calcium hydroxide), or chalk (calcium carbonate) decomposes to produce carbon dioxide (CO2)
to the soil. gas.
(a) Why is highly acidic soil detrimental to crop Equation:
growth? 2NaHCO 3 (s)
Heat
Na 2 CO 3 (s) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)
(b) Explain why the addition of any of the three
page 8 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans B. (i)
A. Rice is rich in starch. The digestion of starch
begins in the mouth (buccal cavity), which is
part of the region indicated by ‘L’. The enzyme
responsible is salivary amylase, which is present
in saliva and breaks down starch into simpler
sugars.
O
B. Protein digestion starts in the stomach (N),
where the enzyme pepsin, in an acidic medium
(HCl), breaks proteins into peptones. In the
small intestine (O), enzymes like trypsin and
chymotrypsin from the pancreas further break
down proteins into smaller peptides, which are (ii) Changes after fertilization:
finally converted into amino acids by other 1. The ovary develops and ripens to become
enzymes. the fruit.
C. The inner lining of the small intestine (O) has 2. The ovules develop into seeds.
numerous finger-like projections called villi, 3. The petals, sepals, and stamens wither
which increase the surface area for absorption. and fall off.
These villi are richly supplied with blood vessels (iii) Functions : Sepals protect the flower in its
that transport the absorbed food to every cell in bud stage. Petals are often brightly coloured
the body. to attract insects and other animals for
pollination.
16. Attempt either option A or B
A. (i) A student observed a slice of bread with a
cottony growth after leaving it in a moist,
dark place. Identify the organism and its SECTION-B
mode of reproduction.
(ii) Explain how this mode of reproduction
helps the organism to survive unfavourable 17. Which of the following equations represent redox
conditions. reactions and what are the values for ‘p’ and ‘q’ in
(iii) State one key advantage of sexual these equations?
reproduction over this method. Sunlight
O Equation 1 : pAgCl (s) 2Ag (s) + Cl 2 (g)
B. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the longitudinal Equation 2 : Zn (s) + qHCl (aq) " ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)
section of a flower.
(ii) List any three changes that take place in a (a) Only equation 1 is a redox reaction, p = 1 and
flower after fertilization which lead to the q=2
formation of fruit and seed. (b) Only equation 2 is a redox reaction, p = 2 and
(iii) What is the function of the sepals and q=1
petals in a flower? (c) Both equations 1 and 2 are redox reactions, p =
2 and q = 2
Ans (d) Neither equation is a redox reaction, p = 1 and
A. (i) The organism is bread mould (Rhizopus). q=1
Its mode of reproduction is spore formation.
Ans
(ii) The spores are covered by a thick, protective
wall that allows them to remain dormant and (c) Both equations 1 and 2 are redox reactions, p =
survive unfavorable conditions such as lack 2 and q = 2
of moisture or extreme temperatures. When Both reactions are redox reactions. In Equation 1
conditions become favorable, they germinate. (decomposition), Silver is reduced (Ag+ " Ag ) and
(iii) Sexual reproduction promotes genetic Chloride is oxidized (Cl- " Cl 2 ). In Equation 2
variation among offspring, which increases (displacement), Zinc is oxidized (Zn " Zn2+ ) and
the ability of a species to adapt to changing Hydrogen is reduced (H+ " H 2 ). Balancing the
environments and enhances survival. equations gives p = 2 and q = 2.
O
SAMPLE PAPER 01

(i) Is the student’s claim correct? Give reason. D. If the slide height is 2.0 cm and the image
(ii) Redraw the diagram and mark the direction distance is 200 cm (with the same lens as
of magnetic field lines using right-hand thumb above), calculate the image height.
rule. Ans :
Ans :
A Convex (converging) lens.
(i) Yes, the claim is correct. Magnetic field B. Real and inverted image on the screen.
strength due to a current-carrying conductor is C. Using
inversely proportional to the distance from the 1 1 1
conductor (B ? 1/r) . Since point P is closer to f =v −u:
the conductor than Q, the magnetic field at P
1 = 1 −1
is stronger than at Q. 10 200 u
(ii)
- 1 = 0.095
u
u .- 10.53 cm
(object 10.53 cm in front of lens).
O
D. Magnification
m = v = 200 . − 19
u − 10.53
Image height = m # 2.0 . − 38 cm (inverted).

39. Attempt either option A or B.

A. A household uses the following electric
38. A multimedia projector is often used in classrooms appliances :
and seminar halls to project enlarged images of (i) refrigerator of rating 400 W for 10 hours
slides or digital content onto a distant screen. The each day.
arrangement generally consists of a powerful light (ii) two electric fans of rating 80 W each for 6
source and a convex lens, which is adjusted to hours daily.
obtain a sharp image on the screen. The clarity of (iii) six electric tubes of rating 18 W each for 6
the image depends on the lens–screen distance, as hours daily.
well as the focal length of the convex lens used in Calculate the electricity bill for the
the projector. The figure below illustrates how the household for month of June, if cost of
slide is kept between the focus and the lens to form electrical energy is < 3.00 per unit.
a magnified real image on the screen. Ans :
Energy consumed per day by refrigerator
= 0.4 kW # 10 h

Power of refrigerator = 400 W

= 400 kW = 0.4 kW

1000
= 4 kW

Energy consumed per day by fans
A. Which type of lens is used in the projector? = 2 # 0.08 kW # 6

B. What type of image is formed on the screen?
Attempt either subpart C or D. Power of each = 80 W = 80 = 0.08 kW
C. The projector lens has focal length f = 10 cm . 1000
The sharp image is obtained on a screen 200 cm = 0.96 kWh

behind the lens. Find the object (slide) distance Energy consumed by lights
u from the lens.
O = 6 # 0.018 kW # 6 h

page 10 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

23. In the reaction of an aqueous solution of lead(II) foil for wrapping food, as it is hygienic, non-
nitrate with an aqueous solution of potassium toxic, and protects food from light and air.
iodide, the insoluble substance formed is:
26. Attempt either option A or B.
(a) KNO 3 (b) Pb (NO 3) 2
(A) An element ‘Y’ is the most abundant metal
(c) KI (d) PbI 2 in the earth’s crust. It is extracted by the
Ans electrolytic reduction of its molten oxide. This
(d) PbI 2 metal readily forms a thin, tough, and non-
This is a double displacement reaction porous oxide layer on its surface upon exposure
that forms a precipitate. The reaction is to air.
Pb (NO 3) 2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) " PbI 2 (s) + 2KNO 3 (aq) (i) Identify the element ‘Y’.
Lead(II) iodide (PbI2) is an insoluble yellow solid (ii) Explain why electrolytic reduction is
(precipitate). necessary for its extraction.
(iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction
24. Assertion (A) : Soaps are not effective cleansing that takes place at the cathode during its
agents in hard water. electrolysis.
Reason (R) : Soaps form insoluble precipitates O
(scum) on reaction with calcium and magnesium (B) Galvanisation is a common method used to
ions present in hard water. protect iron articles from rusting.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (i) Name the metal used to provide the coating
explanation of A. on iron during galvanisation.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct (ii) Explain how this coating prevents rusting,
explanation of A. even when the coating is scratched and the
(c) A is true but R is false. iron is exposed.
(d) A is false but R is true. (iii) Suggest one other method apart from
galvanisation and painting that can be used
Ans
to prevent the rusting of iron.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A. Ans
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. A. (i) The element ‘Y’ is Aluminium (Al).
In hard water, which contains calcium (Ca²) and (ii) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal and
magnesium (Mg²) ions, these ions react with soap has a very strong affinity for oxygen. It
to form insoluble precipitates called scum. This is placed high up in the reactivity series.
prevents the soap from forming lather and reduces Therefore, it cannot be reduced from its ore
its cleansing ability, making it ineffective in hard (Aluminium oxide, Al 2 O 3 ) using common
water. reducing agents like carbon, as carbon is
less reactive than aluminium. Electrolytic
25. Answer the following: reduction is required to provide enough
(a) School bells are designed to be sonorous. Why energy to break the strong bonds and
are they made of metals like brass or bronze extract the metal.
and not wood? (iii) At the cathode (negative electrode),
(b) Aluminium metal is highly malleable. How is positively charged aluminium ions (Al3+ )
this property utilized in the food industry? gain electrons and are reduced to aluminium
metal.
Ans
Equation : Al3+ (molten) + 3e− " Al (l)
(a) School bells are made of metals because metals
are sonorous, meaning they produce a deep, O
ringing sound when struck. This property B. (i) The metal used for coating iron in
allows the sound of the bell to be heard over a galvanization is Zinc (Zn).
large area. Wood is not sonorous and produces (ii) Zinc prevents rusting in two ways. Firstly, it
a dull thud. provides a physical barrier. Secondly, even
(b) The property of malleability means that if the coating is scratched, zinc continues
aluminium can be beaten into very thin sheets to protect the iron. This is because zinc
or foils without breaking. This property is is more reactive than iron. It corrodes
utilized in the food industry to make aluminium
SAMPLE PAPER 01

SECTION-C 32. Assertion (A) : A point object is placed at a distance

of 26 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 26 cm.
The image will not form at infinity.
Reason (R) : For above given system the equation
30. A student observed the reflection of light from 1/f = 1/v + 1/u gives v = 3.
different types of spherical mirrors and made the (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
following statements: explanation of A.
I. A concave mirror can form a magnified and real (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
image of an object. explanation of A.
II. A convex mirror can only form a virtual image (c) A is true but R is false.
of an object. (d) A is false but R is true.
III. The magnification produced by a concave Ans
mirror can be negative.
Choose from the following the correct option that (c) A is true but R is false.
lists the correct statements. For a convex mirror, the image is always formed
between the pole and the principal focus. The image
(a) I and II
cannot be formed at infinity, making Assertion A
(b) I and III true. The calculation using the mirror formula
(c) I, II and III shows that the image distance is not infinite, so
(d) II and III Reason R is false.
Ans 33.
(c) I, II and III
A concave mirror forms real, magnified images
when the object is between F and 2F. A convex
mirror always produces virtual images. Negative
magnification indicates a real and inverted image,
which is possible with a concave mirror.

31. Choose the correct option from the below which

explains the reason for us to perceive the day sky
The above image shows the lens is placed on the
as blue. axis
(a) As sunlight passes through the atmosphere, A. Which type of the lens is used in the above
shorter wavelengths, such as blue are scattered diagram ?
more than other colors. B. Complete the diagram in your answer book
(b) The sky appears blue because all colors are C. Write the nature of the image formed.
scattered equally, but blue light is stronger and
Ans :
more visible to the human eye.
(c) The blue color of the sky is due to longer A. Convex lens
wavelengths like red and orange scattering more B.
than shorter wavelengths, making blue stand
out.
(d) The atmosphere contains blue-colored particles
that give the sky its blue appearance.
Ans
(a) As sunlight passes through the atmosphere,
shorter wavelengths, such as blue are scattered
more than other colors.
According to Rayleigh scattering, shorter C. Nature of the image formed : Real and inverted.
wavelengths of light, like blue and violet, are
scattered more effectively by atmospheric particles 34. Attempt either option A or B.
than longer wavelengths, like red. This is why the A. Two identical resistors of 24 Ω each are
sky appears blue. connected to a battery of 6 V. Calculate the
ratio of the power consumed by the resulting
page 12 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

The bubbles of carbon dioxide gas get trapped (e) Concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a
in the wet dough and try to escape, causing the dehydrating agent. It removes the water
cake to rise and become soft and spongy. molecule formed during the reaction, which
helps in shifting the equilibrium in the
29. Attempt either option A or B. forward direction to produce more ester
(A) An organic compound ‘A’ has the molecular (‘C’).
formula C2H6O and is a common solvent and O
the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
B. (a) The valency of Carbon is 4. The property
When ‘A’ is warmed with alkaline potassium
of self-linking to form long chains is called
permanganate solution, it gets converted to an
Catenation.
organic acid ‘B’. When ‘A’ and ‘B’ are heated
(b) These different forms are called Allotropes.
together in the presence of a few drops of
The hard crystalline form is Diamond, and
concentrated sulphuric acid, a new compound
the soft crystalline form is Graphite.
‘C’ with a fruity smell is formed.
(a) Identify the compounds ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’. (c) Structure of Diamond:
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for
the conversion of ‘A’ to ‘B’.
(c) What is the general name for the process of
formation of ‘C’ ?
(d) Draw the electron dot structure for
compound ‘A’.
(e) What is the role of concentrated sulphuric
acid in the formation of ‘C’ ?
O
(B) Carbon is an element that forms the basis for
all life. It belongs to Group 14 of the periodic
table and exhibits unique properties.
(d) Covalent bonds are present in compounds
(a) What is the valency of Carbon? Name the
of carbon. These compounds are poor
property of carbon which allows it to form
conductors of electricity because the
long chains with itself.
electrons are shared between atoms and
(b) Carbon exists in various forms with are not free to move. The absence of free
different physical properties but identical ions or electrons prevents the conduction of
chemical properties. What are these electricity.
different forms called? Name one hard and
(e) The simplest compound is Methane (CH4).
one soft crystalline form.
Electron dot structure of Methane (CH4):
(c) Draw the structure of the hard crystalline
form you named in part (b).
(d) What type of bonds are present in
compounds of carbon? Give a reason
why these compounds are generally poor
conductors of electricity.
(e) Write the name and draw the electron dot
structure of the simplest compound formed
between carbon and hydrogen.
Ans
A. (a) A is Ethanol (CH3CH2OH). B is Ethanoic
acid (CH3COOH). C is Ethyl ethanoate (
CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 ).
AlkalineKMnO 4 + Heat
(b) CH 3 CH 2 OH orAcidifiedK 2 Cr2 O 7 + Heat
CH 3 COOH
(c) The process is called Esterification.
(d) Electron dot structure of Ethanol (C2H5OH):
SAMPLE PAPER 01

Ans 5. Motor Neuron: Sends signals from spinal cord

A. Terrestrial organisms obtain oxygen from to effector muscles
the atmosphere, while aquatic organisms use 6. Effector: Muscle in the arm responds by
oxygen dissolved in water. Since the amount contracting
of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to 7. Response: The hand is pulled away immediately
the amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of 8. Message to Brain: After the reflex action
breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster occurs, the information is sent to the brain for
to meet their oxygen demand. awareness
O
14. In pea plants, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with
B. The transport of soluble products of
a pure short plant (tt).
photosynthesis (food) from the leaves to other
(i) What is the phenotype and genotype of the F1
parts of the plant is called translocation. This
process is carried out by the vascular tissue generation?
called phloem. The food is primarily transported (ii) If the F1 plants are self-pollinated, what will
in the form of sucrose. be the ratio of pure tall, hybrid tall, and dwarf
plants obtained in the F2 generation? Show the
12. In a grassland ecosystem, the following organisms cross.
are present: Ans
Grass, Grasshopper, Hawk, Lizard, and Snake.
Construct two distinct food chains from this (i) In the F1 generation, all plants will be tall
ecosystem, each starting with the producer. (phenotype) and their genotype will be
heterozygous tall (Tt).
Ans (ii) F1 Self-pollination: Tt x Tt The offspring in the
The two distinct food chains are: F2 generation will have genotypes TT, Tt, and
1. Food Chain 1: Grass ® Grasshopper ® Lizard tt in the ratio of [Link].
® Hawk • Pure Tall (TT): 1
2. Food Chain 2: Grass ® Grasshopper ® Snake • Hybrid Tall (Tt): 2
® Hawk • Dwarf (tt): 1 The required ratio is [Link].

13. Draw a neat diagram of a reflex arc showing the 15. A student had a meal containing rice and lentils
pathway of a reflex action when a person accidentally (dal). Refer to the figure of the human alimentary
touches a hot object. Label the key components canal to the following questions.
involved.
Ans

Human Alimentary canal

Attempt either subpart A or B.

A. Name the component in rice that is the primary
source of energy. Where does its digestion begin
Reflex Arc Pathway (as shown in the diagram): and which enzyme is responsible?
1. Stimulus: Heat from the hot object
O
2. Receptor: Heat/Pain receptors in the skin
detect the stimulus B. Lentils are a rich source of protein. Describe the
3. Sensory Neuron: Carries the impulse from process of protein digestion that occurs in the
receptors to the spinal cord stomach (Part N) and the small intestine (Part
4. Relay Neuron (Interneuron): Present in the O).
spinal cord; connects sensory and motor neurons C. How is the small intestine (Part O) designed to
maximize the absorption of digested food?
page 14 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

combinations with (iii) With the help of a diagram show how this defect
(a) minimum resistance and of vision is corrected.
(b) maximum resistance.
Ans
Ans
(i) Name of the defect is hyper-metropia because
Here R max = 24 + 24 = 48 Ω for point is situated at infinity but the near
point has shifted away from D = 25 cm .
R min = 24 # 24 = 12 Ω (ii) Causes of hypermetromia :
24 + 24
(a) Focal length of eye lens is too long.
2
Now, we have P =V (b) Eye ball has become too small.
R
(iii) Convex lens of suitable focal length is required
62 to correct this defect. Diagram for correction :
Pp
Therefore = 122 = 48 = 4 : 1
Ps 6 12
48
O
B. The current flowing through a resistor connected
in a circuit and the potential difference
developed across its ends are as shown in
the diagram by milliammeter and voltmeter
36. A wire is cut into three equal parts and then
readings respectively :
connected in parallel. How will its :
(a) What are the least counts of these meters?
(a) Resistance
(b) What is the resistance of the resistor?
(b) Resistivity get effected ?
Ans
(a) Let resistance of a wire be R Ω .
When it is cut into three equal parts Resistance
of each part

=RΩ

3
When these are connected in parallel equivalent
Ans resistance, R p is given by
(a) 10 mA and 0.1 V 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 9
Rp R/3 R/3 R/3 R
(b) Given, V = 2.4 volt
I = 250 mA = 0.25 A Rp = R
9
As we know that, (b) Resistivity will remain same.
R = V = 2.4 = 9.6 Ω 37. The magnetic field lines are shown around a current-
I 0.25
carrying straight conductor. A student claims that
35. Study the diagram given below and answer the the magnetic field strength at point P is stronger
questions that follow : than at point Q.

(i) Name the defect of vision represented in the

diagram. Give reason for your answer.
(ii) List two causes of this defect.
SAMPLE PAPER 01

18. Four statements about the reactions of oxides are 20. What change would you observe if you put blue
listed. litmus paper and red litmus paper into a sample of
I. Lead(II) oxide reacts with both dilute soap solution?
hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium
hydroxide. Colour change on Colour change on
II. Magnesium oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric Blue Litmus Red Litmus
acid but does not react with aqueous sodium a No change Turns blue
hydroxide.
b Turns red No change
III. Copper(II) oxide reacts with both dilute
hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium c Turns red Turns blue
hydroxide.
IV. Sodium oxide reacts with aqueous sodium d No change No change
hydroxide but not with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Ans
Which statements are correct?
(a) I and III (a) Colour change on Blue Litmus: No change,
(b) I and II Colour change on Red Litmus: Turns blue
(c) II and IV Soap solution is alkaline (basic) in nature. Basic
(d) III and IV solutions turn red litmus paper blue and do not
cause any colour change in blue litmus paper.
Ans
(b) I and II 21. Which of the following substances, when mixed
Lead(II) oxide is amphoteric, reacting with both with water, will result in a solution with the lowest
acids and bases (Statement I is correct). Magnesium pH value?
oxide is a basic oxide, so it reacts with acids but not (a) Milk of Magnesia
bases (Statement II is correct). Copper(II) oxide is (b) Human Blood
basic, and sodium oxide is basic, so III and IV are (c) Gastric juice from the stomach
incorrect. (d) Pure Water
19. A strip of zinc is added to a test tube containing Ans
aqueous ferrous sulphate, and a copper wire is
(c) Gastric juice from the stomach
added to another test tube containing aqueous zinc The lowest pH value corresponds to the most acidic
sulphate. Which of the following observations is substance. Gastric juice is highly acidic (pH ≈
correct? 1.2-3.0) due to the presence of hydrochloric acid,
(a) The green solution in the first test tube turns whereas the others are basic (Milk of Magnesia),
colourless, and the second test tube remains nearly neutral (Blood, Water), or neutral.
colourless with no change.
(b) There is no reaction in the first test tube, but 22. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to solid
the blue solution in the second test tube turns sodium carbonate placed in a test tube, the
colourless. observation is:
(c) A brown coating is observed on the zinc strip, (a) A reddish-brown gas is evolved.
and a grey coating is observed on the copper (b) The solution turns milky, and the test tube
wire. becomes hot.
(d) The solution in both test tubes turns black, and (c) Brisk effervescence is seen due to the evolution
a gas is evolved. of a colourless, odourless gas.
Ans (d) A yellow precipitate is formed.
(a) The green solution in the first test tube turns Ans
colourless, and the second test tube remains
(c) Brisk effervescence is seen due to the evolution
colourless with no change.
of a colourless, odourless gas.
Zinc is more reactive than iron, so it displaces iron
Acids react with metal carbonates to produce
from ferrous sulphate, causing the green colour to
carbon dioxide gas, which is released with brisk
fade. Copper is less reactive than zinc, so it cannot
effervescence. The reaction is:
displace zinc from zinc sulphate, resulting in no
Na 2 CO 3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) " 2NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)
reaction.
page 16 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

= 0.648 kWh

Total energy consumed per day
= 4 + 0.96 + 0.648

= 5.608 kWh

Energy consumed in 30 days
= 30 # 5.608

= 168.24 kWh
**********

Cost of 168.24 units @ < 3.00

= 168.24 # 3 =< 504.72

O
B. The values of current I flowing in a given
resistor for the corresponding values of potential
difference V across the resistor are given below:

I (ampere) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

V (volt) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2
Plot a graph between V and I and calculate the
resistance of the resistor.
Ans :

From the graph, we can take values of V and I .

V = (6.7 − 3.4) = 3.3 Volt
I = (2.0 − 1.0) = 1.0 A

R =V
I

= 3.3 = 3.3 Ω

1.0
So, Resistance = 3.3 Ω (ohm)
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SAMPLE PAPER 02

Sample Paper 02
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in somequestions. A student is expected
to attempt only one of these questions.

(a) Uterus
SECTION-A (b) Vagina
(c) Ovary
(d) Oviduct (Fallopian tube)
1. Plants need to get rid of waste products just like Ans
animals. Through which of the following structures
do plants excrete gaseous waste products like (d) Oviduct (Fallopian tube)
After ovulation, the egg is released from the ovary
oxygen?
and travels into the oviduct. It is within this tube
(a) Stomata and Lenticels
that fertilization by a sperm usually occurs. The
(b) Xylem and Phloem
fertilized egg then continues its journey to the
(c) Roots and Bark
uterus for implantation.
(d) Flowers and Fruits
Ans 4. In the study of genetics, the term used to describe
the observable physical traits of an organism, such
(a) Stomata and Lenticels
as its height, eye colour, or hair texture, is its:
Plants exchange gases with the atmosphere through
pores. Stomata, found on the surface of leaves, and (a) Genotype
lenticels, found on stems, allow waste gases like (b) Phenotype
oxygen from photosynthesis to diffuse out of the (c) Allele
plant. (d) Chromosome

2. The rapid folding of the leaves of a ‘touch-me-not’ Ans

plant (Mimosa pudica) upon being touched is an (b) Phenotype
example of which type of plant movement? An organism’s genotype is its specific combination
(a) Phototropism of alleles (genetic makeup). The phenotype is the
(b) Geotropism physical expression of that genotype – the set of
(c) Nastic movement observable characteristics that result from the
(d) Chemotropism interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Ans 5. An ecosystem is composed of both living and

(c) Nastic movement non-living components. Which of the following
Nastic movements are non-directional responses to lists contains only the abiotic components of an
a stimulus. Unlike tropic movements, the direction ecosystem?
of the response is not determined by the direction (a) Sunlight, Soil, Bacteria, Water
of the stimulus. The folding of leaves upon touch is (b) Temperature, Fungi, Air, Soil
an example of thigmonastic. (c) Water, Air, Sunlight, Temperature
3. In the human female reproductive system, the (d) Plants, Air, Water, Animals
process of fertilization, where the sperm fuses with Ans
the ovum, typically takes place in which specific
(c) Water, Air, Sunlight, Temperature
location?
page 18 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of an (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
ecosystem. Water, air, sunlight, and temperature explanation of A.
are all physical or chemical factors. Bacteria, fungi, (c) A is true but R is false.
plants, and animals are all living organisms and are (d) A is false but R is true.
therefore considered biotic components.
Ans
6. Consider the following statements regarding the (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
process of human digestion: explanation of A.
(i) The digestion of starch begins in the mouth by The primary role of decomposers (like bacteria
the action of salivary amylase. and fungi) is nutrient cycling. By breaking down
(ii) Pepsin is the primary enzyme in the stomach dead organisms, they prevent the permanent loss
that digests proteins in an acidic medium. of nutrients from an ecosystem and make them
(iii) Bile juice, produced by the liver, contains available for plants, thus supporting the entire food
powerful enzymes for digesting fats. web.
(iv) Trypsin, found in the small intestine, acts on
9. Assertion (A) : A plant grown from a cutting will be
proteins and breaks them down.
Which of the above statements are correct? genetically identical to the parent plant.
Reason (R) : This method of reproduction, known
(a) (i) and (iii) only
as vegetative propagation, involves the fusion of
(b) (i), (ii), and (iv)
gametes from two different parents.
(c) (ii) and (iv) only
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) All are correct.
explanation of A.
Ans (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(b) (i), (ii), and (iv) explanation of A.
Statements (i), (ii), and (iv) are correct. Statement (c) A is true but R is false.
(iii) is incorrect because bile juice does not contain (d) A is false but R is true.
enzymes; it emulsifies fats (breaks large globules Ans
into smaller ones), which increases the surface area
for enzymes like lipase to act upon. (c) A is true but R is false.
The assertion is true because vegetative propagation
7. The regulation of blood sugar levels is a classic is a form of asexual reproduction. The reason is false
example of a hormonal feedback mechanism. Which because this method involves only one parent and
hormones are responsible for lowering and raising does not involve the formation or fusion of gametes,
blood sugar levels, respectively? hence the lack of genetic variation.
(a) Glucagon and Insulin
10. “The release of energy in aerobic respiration is much
(b) Insulin and Glucagon
larger than in anaerobic respiration.” Provide two
(c) Adrenaline and Thyroxine
reasons to justify this statement.
(d) Thyroxine and Adrenaline
Ans
Ans
This is because aerobic respiration involves the
(b) Insulin and Glucagon
complete breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide
When blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas secretes
and water in the presence of oxygen, releasing
insulin, which helps cells absorb glucose. When
about 38 ATP molecules. In contrast, anaerobic
blood sugar levels fall, the pancreas secretes
respiration results in the incomplete breakdown
glucagon, which signals the liver to release stored
of glucose, producing substances like lactic acid or
glucose, thus raising the levels back to normal.
ethanol, and yielding only 2 ATP molecules.
8. Assertion(A) : Decomposers play a critical role in
11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
every ecosystem.
A. Differentiate between arteries and veins based
Reason (R) : They are responsible for breaking
on the thickness of their walls and the type of
down dead organic matter and returning essential
blood they generally carry.
nutrients to the soil, which are then used by
producers. O
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct B. Explain the role of kidneys in osmoregulation in
explanation of A. the human body.
SAMPLE PAPER 02

father complained of acidity. Anjali suggested he

take a solution of baking soda.
(a) Bee stings are acidic in nature. How does
rubbing toothpaste on the sting provide relief?
(b) Why did Anjali suggest baking soda for her
father’s acidity?
(c) Name the acid injected by the bee sting.
O
A laboratory has three unlabelled beakers containing
different liquids : (A) Rainwater with a pH of 5.2,
(B) Tap water with a pH of 7.1, and (C) Drain
cleaner with a pH of 13.5.
(a) Classify each liquid as a weak acid, a weak base,
or a strong base.
(b) What is acid rain? Explain why liquid (A) is an
(a) When a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid example of acid rain.
(HCl) is taken in the beaker and the switch is (c) Which of the three liquids will have the highest
turned on, what will the student observe? Give concentration of hydrogen (H+) ions?
a reason for this observation.
Ans
(b) If the HCl solution is replaced with an
aqueous solution of glucose (C6H12O6), will the (a) Toothpaste is generally basic (alkaline) in
observation change? Explain why. nature. When rubbed on the bee sting, it
(c) Name a common base which, if used instead neutralizes the acid injected by the bee, thus
of HCl, would produce a similar observation as relieving the pain and burning sensation.
seen in part (A). (b) Acidity is caused by the excess production of
hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach. Baking
Ans soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate) is a mild
(a) Observation : The bulb in the circuit will light base. When consumed, it neutralizes the excess
up. acid in the stomach, providing relief from the
Reason : Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an acid discomfort.
that dissociates in water to produce free, mobile (c) The acid injected by a bee sting is Methanoic
ions (positively charged hydrogen ions, H+, and acid (also known as formic acid).
negatively charged chloride ions, Cl-). These O
ions are responsible for conducting electricity (a) (A) Rainwater (pH 5.2): Weak acid
through the solution, completing the circuit (B) Tap water (pH 7.1): Weak base (or almost
and causing the bulb to glow. neutral)
(b) Yes, the observation will change. The bulb will (C) Drain cleaner (pH 13.5): Strong base
not light up. (b) Acid rain is rainfall that has been made acidic
Although glucose dissolves in water, it is a by atmospheric pollution. Generally, rain with
covalent compound that does not dissociate to a pH less than 5.6 is considered acid rain.
form ions. Without free ions to carry charge, Liquid (A) has a pH of 5.2, which is less than
the solution cannot conduct electricity, and the 5.6, making it an example of acid rain. This
circuit remains incomplete. happens when pollutants like sulphur dioxide
(c) A common base that would produce a similar and nitrogen oxides dissolve in rainwater to
observation is Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). It form sulphuric and nitric acids.
is a strong base that also dissociates in water (c) The liquid with the highest concentration of
to produce ions (Na+ and OH-), making the hydrogen (H+) ions will be the most acidic one.
solution conductive. Therefore, liquid (A) (Rainwater) will have the
highest concentration of H+ ions.
28. While playing in a garden, Anjali was stung by a
honeybee, which caused her immense pain and a 29. Attempt either option A or B.
burning sensation. Her friend immediately advised (A) The molecular formula of a saturated
her to rub the affected area with some toothpaste. hydrocarbon is C4H10.
Later that evening, after having a spicy meal, her (a) Draw the structural formula of its straight-
chain isomer and provide its IUPAC name.
page 20 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

selective reabsorption. (iii) Mention one agent of cross-pollination.

C. What happens to the glucose that enters the Ans
nephron along with the filtrate? What does the
presence of glucose in urine indicate? A. (i) Leishmania exhibits binary fission,
but it occurs in a definite orientation
Ans (longitudinally) because of its whip-like
A. flagellum. This is different from the binary
fission in Amoeba, which can occur in any
plane.
(ii) Regeneration is the ability of an organism
to regrow its lost or damaged body parts.
An example is Planaria. Regeneration is
not considered a true mode of reproduction
because it is not the primary method, and
many organisms cannot generate a whole
new individual from a cut part.
O
B. (i) The male reproductive part is the stamen
(consisting of anther and filament),
which produces pollen grains. The female
reproductive part is the carpel or pistil
(consisting of stigma, style, and ovary),
which contains the ovules.
(ii) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from
O the anther to the stigma. Self-pollination is
the transfer of pollen to the stigma of the
B. Urine formation involves three steps.
same flower or another flower on the same
First, ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus,
plant. Cross-pollination is the transfer to
where blood is filtered under high pressure,
the stigma of a flower on a different plant
and substances like glucose, amino acids, salts,
of the same species.
and urea enter the Bowman’s capsule. Second,
(iii) An agent of cross-pollination can be wind,
during selective reabsorption, as the filtrate
water, insects, or birds.
passes through the tubule, useful substances
like glucose, amino acids, and excess water are
reabsorbed back into the blood.
C. Under normal conditions, all the glucose that SECTION-B
enters the nephron as part of the filtrate is
selectively reabsorbed back into the blood in
the tubular part of the nephron. The presence 17. Analyze the following chemical equations and
of glucose in urine, a condition called glycosuria, identify the correct values for ‘p’ and ‘q’.
typically indicates high blood sugar levels and Equation 1 : pMg (s) + O 2 (g) " 2MgO (s)
may be a sign of diabetes mellitus.
Equation 2 : 2Pb (NO 3) 2 (s)
Heat
qPbO (s) + 4NO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
16. Attempt either option A or B.
A. (i) Name the type of fission carried out by (a) p = 1, q = 1
Leishmania. How is it different from the (b) p = 2, q = 4
fission in Amoeba? (c) p = 1, q = 2
(ii) What is regeneration? Give an example (d) p = 2, q = 2
of an organism that shows this ability. Ans
Can regeneration be considered a mode of
reproduction? Why? (d) p = 2, q = 2
To balance Equation 1, two atoms of Mg are needed
O
on the left to match the 2 MgO on the right, so p
B. (i) Identify the male and female reproductive = 2. In Equation 2, there are two Pb atoms on the
parts of a flower. State the function of each. left, so two PbO molecules must be formed on the
(ii) What is pollination? Differentiate between right, making q = 2.
self-pollination and cross-pollination.
SAMPLE PAPER 02

(a) When a compass needle is placed in a region (virtual, behind mirror).

having no magnetic field, it stays in the north- O
south direction. D.
(b) Compass needle shows deflection when brought
near a bar magnet. m = v = − 31.9 . 0.064 .
u − 500
Image is erect and much smaller than the object.
38. Every car today is fitted with rear-view mirrors for
safety purposes. The outside rear-view mirror is 39. Attempt either option A or B.
specially designed to give a wider field of view so A. A student named Riya is conducting an
that the driver can see vehicles coming from behind. experiment using a coil wound around a long,
These mirrors are made slightly curved outward and hollow cardboard tube connected to a battery to
provide an image that looks smaller than the actual demonstrate the concept of electromagnetism.
object, but helps cover a larger portion of the road. Copy the diagram
That is why the message “Objects in the mirror are
closer than they appear” is written on such mirrors.
This practical application is based on the principle
of image formation by spherical mirrors.

(i) Show the polarity acquired by each face of the

solenoid.
(ii) Draw the magnetic field lines of force inside the
coil and also show their direction.
(iii) Mention two methods to increase the strength
of the magnetic field inside the coil.
Ans :
A. Which type of spherical mirror is used here—
concave or convex? (i) The polarity acquired by the two ends is as
B. State two characteristics of the image formed in shown below. (A shows North and B shows
such a mirror for distant objects. South polarity).
Attempt either subpart C or D. (ii)
C. For a convex mirror of focal length f =− 30 cm ,
a vehicle is u =− 500 cm from the mirror. Find
the image distance v .
O
D. For the situation in (C), find the magnification
m and comment on the image size.
Ans :
A. Convex mirror.
B. Image is virtual and erect; diminished; appears
behind the mirror; wide field of view.
C. Mirror formula : (iii) Increase current, increase the number of turns
in the coil, insert soft iron rod in the coil.
1 =1+1
f v u O
1 =1+ 1 B. State the factors on which the resistance of
- 30 v − 500 a cylindrical conductor depends. How will
1 = − 470 resistance of a conductor change if it is stretched
v 15000 so that its length is doubled ?
v .- 31.9 cm Ans :
page 22 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(a) (iii) and (iv) 26. Attempt either option A or B.

(b) (i) and (ii) (A) The chief ore of a metal ‘M’ is Cinnabar (HgS).
(c) (i) and (iv) This metal is placed low in the reactivity series.
(d) (ii) and (iii) (i) Identify the metal ‘M’.
Ans (ii) Name the process used to convert the
sulphide ore into its oxide and write the
(b) (i) and (ii)
balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
In this reaction, two substances (calcium oxide and
water) combine to form a single substance (calcium (iii) How is metal ‘M’ subsequently extracted
hydroxide), so it is a combination reaction. Heat is from its oxide? Write the equation.
also evolved, which makes it an exothermic reaction O
(B) Alloys are prepared to enhance the properties of
24. Assertion (A) : Synthetic detergents can be used for metals.
washing clothes even in hard water. (i) Name the constituent elements of the alloy
Reason (R) : The charged ends of detergent Brass.
molecules form soluble salts with the calcium and
(ii) State two reasons why stainless steel, an
magnesium ions present in hard water.
alloy of iron, is preferred over pure iron for
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
making cooking utensils.
explanation of A.
(iii) What is an alloy containing mercury as one
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
of its constituents called? Give an example.
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false. Ans
(d) A is false but R is true. A. (i) The metal ‘M’ is Mercury (Hg).
Ans (ii) The process is called Roasting. In this
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct process, the sulphide ore is heated strongly
explanation of A. in the presence of excess air.
Both the assertion and reason are correct. Synthetic Equation : 2HgS (s) + 3O 2 (g) Heat 2HgO (s) + 2SO 2 (g)
detergents work effectively in hard water because
(iii) Since mercury is a less reactive metal,
their charged heads react with the calcium and
its oxide is unstable to heat. The metal
magnesium ions present. Unlike soaps that form
is extracted simply by heating the metal
insoluble scum, the resulting detergent salts are
oxide.
soluble in water, allowing them to maintain their Heat
cleaning power without forming a precipitate. Equation : 2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O 2 (g)

25. Answer the following based on the properties of O

metals: B. (i) The constituents of Brass are Copper (Cu)
(a) The electrical wiring in homes is typically and Zinc (Zn).
made of copper or aluminium. Which property (ii) Stainless steel is preferred over pure iron for
of these metals makes them suitable for this utensils because:
purpose? • It is resistant to corrosion and rust, whereas
(b) Gold can be drawn into extremely thin wires, pure iron rusts easily.
some just a few micrometers thick. Name the • It is harder and stronger than pure iron,
property responsible for this characteristic. making the utensils more durable.
Ans (iii) An alloy containing mercury is called an
amalgam. An example is Zinc amalgam
(a) The property that makes copper and aluminium
(alloy of zinc and mercury) or Sodium
suitable for electrical wiring is their high
amalgam.
electrical conductivity. They offer very little
resistance to the flow of electric current, making 27. A student performs an experiment to test the
them efficient for transmitting electricity. electrical conductivity of a dilute acid solution using
(b) The property responsible for this is ductility. a beaker, two graphite rods, a battery, and a bulb.
Ductility is the ability of a metal to be drawn
into thin wires without breaking. Gold is one of
the most ductile metals.
SAMPLE PAPER 02

Ans (iii) Medulla: The lowest part of the brainstem,

A. Arteries have thick, elastic walls to withstand connecting to the spinal cord.
the high pressure of blood pumped from the The function of the Cerebellum is to control posture,
heart and generally carry oxygenated blood balance, and the precision of voluntary actions. The
(except the pulmonary artery). Veins have Medulla controls involuntary actions like blood
thinner walls as the blood pressure is lower pressure and vomiting.
and they generally carry deoxygenated blood
(except the pulmonary vein). 14. A man with blood group A marries a woman with
O blood group B, and they have a child with blood
group O.
B. Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining
the correct balance of water and salts in the (i) What are the genotypes of the parents?
body. The kidneys perform this function by (ii) Show the possible genotypes and phenotypes of
regulating the amount of water reabsorbed the offspring with a cross.
from the glomerular filtrate. If there is excess (iii) What is the probability of them having a child
water, less is reabsorbed, and vice-versa, thus with blood group AB?
controlling the water content of the blood. Ans
12. The overuse of fertilizers in agricultural fields often (i) For a child to have blood group O (genotype
leads to the enrichment of nearby water bodies with ii), both parents must contribute an ‘i’ allele.
chemicals, a process called eutrophication. How Therefore, the genotype of the man with blood
does this process affect the aquatic life in the water group A is I Ai , and the genotype of the woman
body? with blood group B is Ibi .
(ii) Cross: IAi x IBi
Ans • Genotypes: IAIB</
The excess fertilizers cause a dense growth of algae sup>, IAi, IB</
(algal bloom). When these algae die, decomposers sup>i, ii
like bacteria multiply rapidly, consuming a large • Phenotypes: Blood group AB, Blood group
amount of dissolved oxygen from the water. This A, Blood group B, Blood group O
depletion of oxygen leads to the death of fish and (iii) The probability of having a child with
other aquatic organisms due to suffocation. blood group AB (genotype IAIB) is 1 out of 4, or 25%.
13. Draw a neat diagram of the human brain and label
the following parts: 15. Observe the given diagram showing a part of the
(i) Cerebrum human excretory system. the questions that follow.
(ii) Cerebellum
(iii) Medulla
Ans

A. Identify the structural and functional unit of the

part labelled ‘Kidney’. Draw its neat labelled
(i) Cerebrum: The largest, uppermost part of the diagram.
brain. O
(ii) Cerebellum: Located at the back, below the
B. Describe the process of urine formation in a
cerebrum.
human kidney, focusing on ultrafiltration and
page 24 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(b) Draw the structural formula of its branched- B. (a) Compound (iii): Carboxylic acid (–COOH)
chain isomer and provide its IUPAC name. Compound (iv): Alcohol (–OH)
(c) What is the relationship between these two (b) (i) IUPAC Name: Propanal
compounds called? Define this phenomenon. (ii) IUPAC Name: Propanone
(d) Explain why the boiling point of the (c) Compounds (i) Propanal and (ii) Propanone
straight-chain isomer is higher than that of are isomers.
the branched-chain isomer. Justification: Both compounds have the
(e) Write the balanced chemical equation for the same molecular formula, C3H6O, but they
complete combustion of this hydrocarbon. have different functional groups (aldehyde
O and ketone, respectively) and different
(B) Four organic compounds are given below: structural formulas.
(i) CH 3 –CH 2 –CHO (d) Compound (ii) Propanone (commonly
known as acetone) is used as a nail polish
(ii) CH 3 –CO–CH 3
remover.
(iii) CH 3 –COOH (e) This is an esterification reaction between
(iv) CH 3 –CH 2 –OH ethanoic acid (iii) and ethanol (iv).
(a) Identify and name the functional group Equation: CH 3 COOH (l) + CH 3 CH 2 OH (l) Acid
present in compounds (iii) and (iv). CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O (l)
(b) Give the IUPAC names for compounds (i)
and (ii).
(c) Which two compounds from the list are
isomers of each other? Justify your answer. SECTION-C
(d) Which compound is commonly used as a
solvent in nail polish removers?
(e) Write the balanced chemical equation for 30. A student is analyzing the behavior of light rays
the reaction that occurs when compound and makes the following observations:
(iv) reacts with compound (iii) in the I. A ray of light passing through the center of
presence of an acid catalyst. curvature of a concave mirror retraces its path.
Ans II. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis of
a convex mirror, after reflection appears to
A. (a) Name: Butane
diverge from the principal focus.
Structure :
III. A ray of light incident obliquely at the pole of a
CH 3 –CH 2 –CH 2 –CH 3 concave mirror is reflected obliquely, making an
(b) Name: 2-methylpropane (or isobutane) equal angle with the principal axis.
Structure : Choose from the following the correct option that
CH 3 –CH (CH 3) –CH 3 lists the correct statements.
(c) The relationship is called Isomerism. (a) I and II
Definition : Isomerism is the phenomenon (b) I and III
wherein two or more compounds have (c) I, II and III
the same molecular formula but different (d) II and III
structural arrangements of atoms, leading to Ans
different physical and chemical properties.
(d) The straight-chain isomer (butane) has (c) I, II and III
a larger surface area than the branched- All three statements are correct. A ray through
chain isomer (2-methylpropane). This C retraces its path because it strikes the mirror
leads to stronger intermolecular van der normally. A ray parallel to the principal axis
Waals forces of attraction between butane appears to diverge from F. Oblique incidence at the
molecules, which require more energy (a pole follows the law of reflection.
higher temperature) to overcome. Thus,
31. When a beam of white light passes through a
butane has a higher boiling point.
glass prism, the light separates into its constituent
(e) Balanced equation:
colors. Choose the correct option that explains this
2C 4 H 10 (g) + 13O 2 (g) " 8CO 2 (g) + 10H 2 O (l) + Heat
phenomenon.
O (a) The different colors of light travel at the same
SAMPLE PAPER 02

speed inside the prism. B. What type image is formed in the above case?
(b) The different colors of light are refracted at C. What is the focal length of the lens
different angles due to their different speeds Ans :
inside the prism.
A. convex lens
(c) The prism itself produces the colors and this
effect is due to the scattering of light by the B. real and inverted image of same size
prism material. C. 20 cm
(d) The angle of incidence is different for each color
34. Attempt either option A or B.
of light, leading to the separation of colors.
A. The current flowing through a resistor connected
Ans in an electrical circuit and the potential
(b) The different colors of light are refracted at difference developed across its ends are shown
different angles due to their different speeds inside in the given ammeter and voltmeter. Find the
the prism. least count of the voltmeter and ammeter.
Different colors of light have different speeds in a What is the voltage and the current across the
medium like glass. Shorter wavelengths (like violet) given resistor?
slow down more and bend more, while longer
wavelengths (like red) slow down less and bend less,
causing dispersion.

32. Assertion (A) : A convex lens of focal length 20 cm

is placed in front of an object at 10 cm. The image
formed will be virtual and erect.
Reason (R) : For a convex lens, when the object is
placed between the optical center and the principal
focus, it forms a virtual and erect image. Ans Delhi 2019

(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct

explanation of A. Least count of ammeter = 0.2 A = 0.02 A
10
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A. Least count of voltmeter = 1 V = 0.1 V
10
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true. Current = 15 # 0.02 A
Ans
= 0.3 A

(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A. Potential difference = 21 # 0.1 V
When an object is within the focal length of a = 2.1 V

convex lens, a virtual, erect, and magnified image
is formed. The object at 10 cm is inside the 20 cm O
focal length, fitting this condition. B. In the given circuit diagram suppose the resistors
R1 , R2 and R3 have the values 5 Ω , 10 Ω, 30 Ω
33. respectively, which have been connected to a
battery of 12 volt. Calculate

The above image shows the formation of an image

with an optical instruments.
A. Which type of the lens is used in the above
diagram ?
page 26 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(a) The current through each resistor,

(b) The total current in the circuit and
Ans

Given, R1 = 5 Ω , R2 = 10 Ω and R3 = 30 Ω
Voltage across the battery = 12 V
This is also the voltage across each of the resistors,
therefore, to calculate the current in the resistors,
36. (a) What is the total resistance of n resistors each
we use Ohm’s law.
(a) The current I1 , through the resistor, of resistance R connected in :
(i) Series,
I1 = V = 12 V = 2.4 A (ii) Parallel.
R1 5Ω
(b) Calculate the resultant resistance of 3 resistors
The current I2 , through the resistor, 3 Ω , 4 Ω and 12 Ω connected in parallel.
I2 = V = 12 V = 1.2 A Ans Foreign 2013
R2 10 Ω
The current I3 , through the resistor, (a) Total resistance of n identical resistors each of
resistance R in series is
I3 = V = 12 V = 0.4 A Rs = R + R + R + ..... + R (upto n times)
R3 30 Ω
(b) The total current in the circuit = nR
I = I1 + I2 + I3 Also, total resistance of n identical resistors
each of resistance R in parallel is
= (2.4 + 1.2 + 0.4) A
1 = n b 1 + 1 + ..... + n l
Rp R R R
=4A

Rp = R
35. n
(b) 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 =1+1+ 1
R p R1 R2 R3 3 4 12
1 = 4+3+1 = 8
R 12 12
R = 12 = 1.5 Ω
8

37. What is a compass needle ? What happens when a

Study the diagram below and answer the following compass needle is placed
questions : (a) in a region having no magnetic field,
(i) Name the defect of vision depicted in the (b) near a bar magnet ?
diagram. Ans SQP 2016
(ii) List two causes of the above defect.
(iii) Draw a ray diagram for the correction of the A compass needle consists of a short and thin
above defect using an appropriate lens. magnet pivoted at its center and enclosed in a glass
casing as shown in the given figure.
Ans :
(i) Name of the defect is hypermetropia.
(ii) He is suffering from hyper-metropia.
Convex lens of suitable focal length is required
to correct this defect.
Causes of hyper-metromia :
(a) Focal length of eye lens is too long.
(b) Eye ball has become too small.
(iii) Diagram for correction :
SAMPLE PAPER 02

18. When dissolved in water, which of the following Phenolphthalein is an indicator that remains
oxides is most likely to form a solution with a pH colourless in acidic and neutral solutions. Vinegar
value greater than 7? (acetic acid) is acidic. It turns pink in basic solutions.
(a) SO2 (Sulphur dioxide) Washing soda (sodium carbonate) solution is basic.
(b) CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
21. Arrange the following common substances in the
(c) K2O (Potassium oxide)
increasing order of their pH values: Lemon Juice,
(d) N2O5 (Dinitrogen pentoxide)
Toothpaste, Sodium Hydroxide Solution, Distilled
Ans Water.
(c) K2O (Potassium oxide) (a) Lemon Juice < Toothpaste < Distilled Water <
Metal oxides are generally basic in nature. Potassium Sodium Hydroxide Solution
oxide (K2O) is a basic oxide that reacts with water (b) Distilled Water < Lemon Juice < Toothpaste <
to form potassium hydroxide (KOH), a strong Sodium Hydroxide Solution
base, resulting in a solution with a pH 7. The other (c) Lemon Juice < Distilled Water < Toothpaste <
options are non-metal oxides, which are acidic. Sodium Hydroxide Solution
(d) Sodium Hydroxide Solution < Toothpaste <
19. A student places a clean strip of magnesium Distilled Water < Lemon Juice
metal into a test tube containing a blue solution
of copper(II) sulphate. What is the expected Ans
observation after some time? (c) Lemon Juice < Distilled Water < Toothpaste <
(a) The solution remains blue, and a greyish layer Sodium Hydroxide Solution
deposits on the strip. The typical pH values are: Lemon Juice (acidic,
(b) A colourless, odourless gas is evolved, and the ~2.2), Distilled Water (neutral, 7), Toothpaste
strip dissolves completely. (mildly basic, ~8-9), and Sodium Hydroxide Solution
(c) The blue colour of the solution fades, and a (strongly basic, ~14). The correct increasing order
reddish-brown solid is deposited on the strip. is from most acidic to most basic.
(d) No reaction occurs, and the appearance of the
22. Dilute sulphuric acid is added to sodium hydrogen
solution and the strip remains unchanged.
carbonate. The gas evolved is then passed through
Ans freshly prepared lime water. What is the final
(c) The blue colour of the solution fades, and a observation?
reddish-brown solid is deposited on the strip. (a) A reddish-brown gas is seen, which turns lime
Magnesium is more reactive than copper. It water orange.
displaces copper from the copper(II) sulphate (b) No gas is evolved.
solution, forming colourless magnesium sulphate. (c) Brisk effervescence occurs, and the gas turns
The displaced copper metal, which is reddish-brown, lime water milky.
gets deposited on the magnesium strip. (d) The solution becomes hot, and the lime water
remains clear.
20. A few drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added
separately to a solution of vinegar and a solution of Ans
washing soda. What are the observed colours? (c) Brisk effervescence occurs, and the gas turns
lime water milky.
Colour in Vinegar Colour in Washing Acid reacts with sodium hydrogen-carbonate to
Soda Solution produce carbon dioxide (CO2) gas with effervescence.
A Pink Colourless When CO2 is passed through lime water (Ca(OH)2),
it forms a white precipitate of calcium carbonate
B Colourless Pink (CaCO3), making the solution milky.
C Orange Yellow
23. Consider the reaction : CaO (s) + H 2 O (l) "
D Colourless Colourless Ca (OH) 2 (aq) + Heat This reaction can be classified
as:
Ans (i) Combination reaction
(b) Colour in Vinegar: Colourless, Colour in (ii) Exothermic reaction
Washing Soda Solution: Pink (iii) Decomposition reaction
(iv) Endothermic reaction
page 28 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

The resistance of a cylindrical conductor is

directly proportional to its length (l) and inversely
proportional to the area of cross-section (A). That
is,
R ? l and R ? 1
A
On combining, we have

R ? l
A

R =ρl ...(1)
A
Now according to the question
New length, ll = 2l
As we know that volume of wire remains constant,
Al = All
Al = Al (2l)
Al = A/2

New resistance, R1 = ρ 2l
A
2

= 4ρ l = 4R
A
i.e., it is 4 times of original resistance.

**********
SAMPLE PAPER 03

Sample Paper 03
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. Organisms reproduce either sexually or asexually.

SECTION-A What is the most significant difference between
these two methods?
(a) Asexual reproduction is a very slow process
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants compared to sexual reproduction.
prepare their own food. Which of the following are (b) Asexual reproduction results in genetic
the essential raw materials for this process? variation, while sexual reproduction produces
(a) Oxygen, Water, and Sunlight clones.
(b) Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Water (c) Asexual reproduction involves one parent,
(c) Sunlight, Chlorophyll, and Oxygen while sexual reproduction typically involves two
parents.
(d) Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Sunlight
(d) Asexual reproduction occurs only in unicellular
Ans organisms, and sexual reproduction only in
(d) Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Sunlight multicellular ones.
Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide from the air Ans
and water from the soil as chemical raw materials. (c) Asexual reproduction involves one parent, while
Sunlight provides the necessary energy, which is sexual reproduction typically involves two parents.
captured by the pigment chlorophyll to drive the Asexual reproduction involves a single parent giving
chemical reaction. rise to offspring that are genetically identical to it.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes
2. Hormones regulate various functions in the human from two different parents, leading to genetically
body. Which hormone is primarily responsible for diverse offspring.
the development of secondary sexual characteristics
in males? 4. In genetics, a single gene can exist in different
(a) Oestrogen variations or forms. What is the term for these
(b) Testosterone alternative forms of a gene?
(c) Adrenaline (a) Alleles
(b) Phenotype
(d) Insulin
(c) Zygote
Ans (d) Chromosome
(b) Testosterone Ans
Testosterone, produced in the testes, is the (a) Alleles
principal male sex hormone. During puberty, it Alleles are the different versions of a gene found
triggers the development of male secondary sexual at the same locus (position) on a chromosome. For
characteristics like facial hair growth, deepening of instance, the gene for pea plant height has two
the voice, and increased muscle mass. alleles: one for tallness (T) and one for dwarfness
(t).
page 30 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

5. Energy flows through an ecosystem from one trophic Sepals are typically green, leaf-like structures that
level to the next. What is considered the ultimate form the outermost whorl and protect the flower
source of energy for nearly all food chains on Earth? when it is in its bud stage. Petals are often brightly
(a) Green plants coloured and scented to attract insects and other
(b) Geothermal vents animals to facilitate pollination.
(c) The Sun
8. Assertion (A) : Arteries are blood vessels with thick
(d) Decomposers
and elastic walls.
Ans Reason (R) : The blood emerges from the heart
(c) The Sun under high pressure and flows through the arteries
Solar energy is captured by producers (like plants) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
through photosynthesis and converted into chemical explanation of A.
energy. This chemical energy is then transferred (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
through the ecosystem as one organism eats another, explanation of A.
forming the basis of almost all life. (c) A is true but R is false.
6. Consider the following statements about cellular (d) A is false but R is true.
respiration: Ans
(i) Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
and requires oxygen. explanation of A.
(ii) Anaerobic respiration in human muscles Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Since the
produces ethanol and energy. heart pumps blood with great force, the walls of the
(iii) Aerobic respiration yields a much larger amount arteries must be thick and elastic to withstand the
of ATP than anaerobic respiration. high pressure without getting damaged.
(iv) The final step in anaerobic respiration is the
9. Assertion(A) : The concentration of harmful, non-
breakdown of pyruvate into water and carbon
biodegradable chemicals increases at higher trophic
dioxide.
levels in a food chain.
Which of the above statements are correct? Reason (R) : These chemicals are easily broken
(a) (i) and (iii) down and metabolized by the organisms at each
(b) (ii) and (iv) trophic level.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) All are correct. explanation of A.
Ans (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(a) (i) and (iii)
(c) A is true but R is false.
Aerobic respiration is an oxygen-dependent
process in the mitochondria that produces a large (d) A is false but R is true.
amount of energy. Statement (ii) is incorrect; Ans
anaerobic respiration in muscles produces lactic
acid. Statement (iv) is incorrect; the breakdown of (c) A is true but R is false.
pyruvate into water and CO2 is the final step of The assertion describes biomagnification, which is a
true phenomenon. The reason is false because these
aerobic respiration.
harmful chemicals are non-biodegradable, meaning
7. The different parts of a flower are specialized for they are not broken down. Instead, they accumulate
various roles in reproduction. What are the primary in the fatty tissues of organisms.
functions of the sepals and petals?
10. In the human heart, the wall of the left ventricle
(a) Produce eggs and produce pollen.
is significantly thicker than the wall of the right
(b) Protect the bud and attract pollinators.
ventricle. Provide a reason for this structural
(c) Attract pollinators and protect the bud.
difference.
(d) Develop into a seed and develop into a fruit.
Ans
Ans
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to all
(b) Protect the bud and attract pollinators.
parts of the body, from the head to the toes, which
requires a great deal of pressure. The right ventricle
SAMPLE PAPER 03

B. (a) Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single slab is bent twice. Choose the correct option that
bonds between carbon atoms. Example: describes this phenomenon.
Ethane (C2H6). (a) Light undergoes two refractions: at the entry
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least surface and at the exit surface.
one double or triple bond between carbon (b) Light undergoes one reflection and one
atoms. Example: Ethene (C2H4) or Ethyne refraction.
(C2H2). (c) The bending of light is due to scattering by the
(b) This conversion occurs via an addition glass molecules.
reaction, specifically hydrogenation. The (d) The path of light is bent due to dispersion and
catalyst commonly used is Nickel (Ni). reflection.
(Palladium or Platinum can also be used).
(c) Equation: Ans
Nicatalyst
C 2 H 4 (g) + H 2 (g)
C 2 H 6 (g) (a) Light undergoes two refractions: at the entry
surface and at the exit surface.
(d) A substitution reaction is a reaction in When light enters a glass slab from air, it refracts
which one or more atoms in a molecule are and bends towards the normal. When it exits the
replaced or substituted by another atom or slab back into the air, it refracts again, bending
group of atoms. away from the normal.
(e) It is a substitution reaction because one
hydrogen atom in the methane molecule 32. Assertion (A) : A convex lens always produces a
is replaced by one chlorine atom to form real image of an object.
chloromethane and hydrogen chloride. Reason (R) : A convex lens converges parallel rays
of light to a single point, forming a real image.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
SECTION-C explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
30. A student is studying about magnification produced (c) A is true but R is false.
by spherical mirrors and makes the following (d) A is false but R is true.
statements: Ans
I. The magnification produced by a convex mirror (d) A is false but R is true.
is always positive and less than one. Assertion A is false. A convex lens can form a
II. The magnification produced by a concave virtual image when the object is placed between its
mirror can be positive, negative, or one. optical center and principal focus. Reason R is true,
III. A magnification of -2 means the image is real, describing how a convex lens converges light.
inverted, and twice the size of the object.
Choose from the following the correct option that 33. The diagram shows a concave mirror reflecting rays
lists the correct statements. of light.
(a) I and II
(b) I and III
(c) I, II and III
(d) II and III
Ans
(c) I, II and III
A convex mirror forms virtual images, so
magnification is positive and diminished, so less
than one. Concave mirrors can form various images. A. Explain what is meant by the principal focus of
A negative magnification value always indicates a a concave mirror.
real and inverted image. B. State the mathematical relationship between
31. During a laboratory experiment, a student observes the radius of curvature and focal length of a
that the path of light through a rectangular glass spherical mirror.
C. Draw a ray diagram for image formation when
the object is placed at infinity.
page 32 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(XY). The sex of the child is determined by the the surface area for the enzyme lipase to act
chromosome inherited from the father. A female upon them effectively.
produces eggs, all containing an X chromosome. O
A male produces two types of sperms in equal B. The digestion of carbohydrates (starch) in the
proportion: half with an X chromosome and half toast starts in the mouth by salivary amylase.
with a Y chromosome. In the small intestine (O), the pancreas secretes
Cross : pancreatic juice which contains the enzyme
1. If a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes pancreatic amylase. This enzyme further breaks
the egg (X), the zygote (XX) will develop into down the remaining starch into simpler sugars
a girl. like maltose.
2. If a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes C. Peristalsis is the rhythmic, wave-like contraction
the egg (X), the zygote (XY) will develop into and relaxation of the muscles of the alimentary
a boy. Since the father produces both types canal. In the oesophagus (M), this muscular
of sperm in equal numbers, there is a 50% movement helps to push the food down from
probability for either outcome. the mouth to the stomach, even against gravity.
15. A person ate a piece of buttered toast. Refer to 16. Attempt either option A or B
the figure of the human alimentary canal to the A. (i) What are the male and female gametes in
questions. flowering plants? Where are they produced?
(ii) Differentiate between unisexual and
bisexual flowers with one example of each.
(iii) Why is it advantageous for a plant to be
cross-pollinated?
O
B. (i) Define puberty. List two changes observed
in girls and two in boys during this time.
(ii) What is the function of the testes and
ovaries in the human reproductive system,
apart from producing gametes?
(iii) Name two barrier methods of contraception.
Ans
A. (i) The male gamete is the pollen grain,
produced in the anther. The female gamete
is the egg cell (or ovum), produced in the
ovule inside the ovary.
(ii) Unisexual flowers contain either the male
(stamen) or female (carpel) reproductive
A. The butter is rich in fats. Explain the role of part, e.g., papaya. Bisexual flowers contain
the organ labelled ‘N’ (Liver) and its secretion both male and female reproductive parts,
in the digestion of fats. e.g., hibiscus.
O (iii) Cross-pollination brings genetic material
B. The toast is rich in carbohydrates. Where does from two different plants, leading to greater
its digestion start and which enzyme from the genetic variation in the offspring. This
gland labelled as part of ‘N’ (Pancreas) helps in increases the species’ chances of survival by
its further digestion in the small intestine? helping it adapt to environmental changes.
C. Explain the process of peristalsis and its role in O
the part labelled ‘M’ (Oesophagus). B. (i) Puberty is the period during which an
adolescent’s body undergoes changes,
Ans leading to reproductive maturity. Changes
A. The liver (N) produces bile juice, which is in girls: Onset of menstruation, development
stored in the gall bladder. Bile does not contain of breasts. Changes in boys: Growth of
any digestive enzymes but plays a crucial role in facial hair, voice becomes deeper.
fat digestion by emulsification. It breaks down (ii) Besides producing gametes, testes produce
large fat globules into smaller ones, increasing the hormone testosterone, and ovaries
SAMPLE PAPER 03

A. (i) The common name of this reaction is the chemical reaction that occurred in the first test
Thermite reaction. tube.
(ii) Equation: (c) Would she observe any reaction in the second
Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 2Al (s) " test tube? Justify your answer based on the
reactivity series.
2Fe (l) + Al 2 O 3 (s) + Heat
Ans
(iii) The reaction is extremely exothermic,
releasing a large amount of heat that melts (a) She would observe two changes:
the iron produced. This molten iron can 1. The blue colour of the copper sulphate
be poured between broken iron pieces (like solution would fade and turn pale green.
railway tracks) to weld them together upon 2. A reddish-brown deposit of copper metal
solidification. would form on the surface of the iron nail.
(b) Equation:
O
B. (i) Ionic compounds have high melting points Fe (s) + CuSO 4 (aq) " FeSO 4 (aq) + Cu (s)
because they consist of a strong crystal (c) No, she would not observe any reaction in the
lattice held together by very strong second test tube.
electrostatic forces of attraction between Justification: According to the reactivity series,
the oppositely charged ions. A large amount copper is less reactive than iron. Therefore,
of thermal energy is required to overcome copper cannot displace iron from its salt
these forces and break the lattice. solution (ferrous sulphate).
(ii) In the solid state, the ions are held in fixed 28. Attempt either the main question or the OR option.
positions in the crystal lattice and are not A white chemical compound ‘P’ has the formula
free to move. In the molten state or when CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O . It is prepared by carefully heating
dissolved in water, the ions become free and another calcium compound, Gypsum. This powder
mobile, allowing them to move towards the ‘P’ is widely used in hospitals and for making
electrodes and conduct electricity. decorative items.
(iii) No, ionic compounds are generally insoluble
(a) Identify the compound ‘P’ and write its common
in kerosene. This is because the non-polar
name.
molecules of an organic solvent like kerosene
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the
cannot overcome the strong electrostatic
preparation of ‘P’ from Gypsum.
forces holding the ions together in the ionic
lattice. (c) Explain why ‘P’ must be stored in a moisture-
proof container. Write the chemical equation
27. A student places a clean iron nail in a test tube for the change that occurs if it is not.
containing a blue solution of copper sulphate. In O
another test tube, she places a copper wire in a Bleaching powder is a yellowish-white solid used
freshly prepared pale green solution of ferrous for various purposes, including disinfecting drinking
sulphate. water supplies and as a bleaching agent for cotton
in the textile industry. It is produced by the action
of a specific gas on dry slaked lime.
(a) What is the chemical name and formula for
bleaching powder?
(b) Name the gas used in its preparation and write
the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
(c) What happens when bleaching powder is
exposed to air for a long time? Explain why it
loses its effectiveness.
Ans
(a) Compound ‘P’ is Calcium sulphate hemihydrate.
Its common name is Plaster of Paris.
(a) What changes would she observe in the first test (b) Equation for preparation:
373K
tube containing the iron nail after 30 minutes? CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O (s)

(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the
page 34 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

22. A student mixes a solution of dilute hydrochloric the molecules—are weak. Only a small amount of
acid with a solution of sodium hydroxide. Which of energy is needed to overcome these forces, allowing
the following correctly represents the products of the substance to melt or boil easily.
this reaction?
25. Answer the following based on the physical
(a) Sodium chloride and hydrogen gas
(b) Sodium chloride, water, and chlorine gas properties of metals:
(c) Sodium oxide and water (a) Why are metals like gold and platinum, which
(d) Sodium chloride and water are described as ‘noble metals’, exceptionally
suitable for making jewellery? Give a reason
Ans based on their chemical property.
(d) Sodium chloride and water (b) Sodium is a metal, yet it is stored in kerosene
This is a neutralization reaction between an and can be easily cut with a knife. What does
acid (HCl) and a base (NaOH). The products of this indicate about the physical hardness and
neutralization are always a salt and water. The chemical reactivity of sodium?
balanced equation is :
Ans
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) " NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) (a) Gold and platinum are exceptionally suitable
for jewellery because they are very unreactive
23. A pale yellow powder, silver bromide, is kept in a
(noble metals). This means they do not corrode
china dish in the open. After some time, its colour or tarnish when exposed to air and moisture,
changes to grey. This change is an example of a: allowing them to maintain their natural shine
(a) Combination reaction (lustre) for a very long time.
(b) Photolytic decomposition reaction (b) This indicates two exceptional properties of
(c) Displacement reaction sodium:
(d) Precipitation reaction 1. Physical Hardness: It is a very soft metal,
Ans unlike most other metals which are hard.
2. Chemical Reactivity: It is highly reactive
(b) Photolytic decomposition reaction and readily reacts with oxygen and moisture
Silver bromide decomposes in the presence of in the air, which is why it must be stored in
sunlight into silver (which is grey) and bromine. kerosene.
Since the decomposition is caused by light, it is
called a photolytic decomposition reaction. The 26. Attempt either option A or B.
equation is. (A) A highly exothermic reaction between
2AgBr (s)
Sunlight
2Ag (s) + Br2 (g) aluminium powder and iron(III) oxide is used
for welding purposes on site.
24. Assertion (A) : Covalent compounds, like methane (i) Give the common name of this reaction.
and ethanol, generally have low melting and boiling (ii) Write the balanced chemical equation for
points. the reaction, indicating the physical states
Reason (R) : The intermolecular forces of attraction of the reactants and products.
between the molecules of covalent compounds are (iii) Explain why the product of this reaction is
very weak. useful for welding.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct O
explanation of A. (B) Ionic compounds exhibit a unique set of physical
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct properties due to the nature of the ionic bond.
explanation of A. (i) Explain why ionic compounds are generally
(c) A is true but R is false. hard, crystalline solids with high melting
(d) A is false but R is true. points.
(ii) Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity
Ans when dissolved in water or in the molten
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct state, but not in the solid state?
explanation of A. (iii) Are ionic compounds typically soluble in
Both statements are true, and the reason correctly an organic solvent like kerosene? Give a
explains the assertion. Covalent compounds reason.
have low melting and boiling points because the Ans
intermolecular forces—the attractions between
SAMPLE PAPER 03

1 = 1 + 1 =1+1 =1Ω to the lower mirror, and then reflects again into the
Rp R1 R2 3 6 2 observer’s eye. The principle of reflection of light is
used here. This device is also applied in some tanks
Rp = 2 Ω
and other defense instruments for observation.
Current in parallel,

Ip = V = 6 V = 3 A
Rp 2Ω

37. Magnetic field lines are shown in the given diagram

for a current-carrying solenoid.
A student makes a statement that the magnetic
field at point P (inside the solenoid) is stronger
than at point Q (outside the solenoid).

A. Which law of reflection is followed by the plane

(i) Explain with reason if the student’s claim is
mirrors in the periscope?
correct.
B. State two uses of periscopes apart from
(ii) Also redraw the diagram and mark the direction
submarines.
of magnetic field lines. Attempt either subpart C or D.
Ans : C. An object is placed 2.0 m in front of the upper
(i) Yes, the claim is correct. The magnetic field mirror of a periscope. Find the distance of the final
inside a current-carrying solenoid is strong and image from the observer’s eye inside the periscope,
uniform because the magnetic field lines are if the two mirrors are separated by 50 cm vertically.
parallel, equidistant, and close to each other. O
Outside the solenoid, the field is weak as the D. A ray of light strikes the upper mirror at an
field lines are widely spread and not uniform. angle of incidence 45°. Draw the path of the
(ii) ray through the periscope, marking all angles
clearly. Also, state the final direction of the ray
emerging towards the observer.
Ans :
A. The plane mirrors in a periscope follow the
laws of reflection. According to these laws, the
angle of incidence is always equal to the angle
of reflection, and the incident ray, reflected ray,
and the normal all lie in the same plane.
B. Periscopes are widely used in different fields.
They are used by soldiers in tanks and
38. The diagram shows a simple periscope used in submarines for safe viewing of objects at a
submarines. A periscope is an optical device that higher level. They are also applied in trench
allows sailors to see objects above the water surface warfare, in observing over walls and barriers, in
inspecting the interior of machinery or chemical
while remaining underwater. It consists of two plane
vessels, and in certain theatre or stadium
mirrors fixed at 45° to the vertical, placed parallel to
viewing aids.
each other inside a tube. Light from an object on the
surface strikes the upper mirror, reflects downward
page 36 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

( CaSO 4 $ 1 H 2 O s) + 1 1 H 2 O (g) (d) Saturated hydrocarbons are relatively

2 2
unreactive but undergo substitution
(Gypsum) " (Plaster of Paris) reactions. What is a substitution reaction?
(c) Plaster of Paris must be stored in a moisture- (e) Give one reason why the reaction
proof container because it readily absorbs water between methane and chlorine (
to form Gypsum, a hard, solid mass, rendering CH 4 + Cl 2 " CH 3 Cl + HCl ) is considered a
it useless for its intended purpose. substitution reaction.
Equation for setting :
Ans
CaSO 4 $ 1 H 2 O (s) + 1 1 H 2 O (l) "
2 2 A. (a) The two parts are:
CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O (s) 1. Hydrophilic (water-loving) head: This is the
(Plaster of Paris) " (Gypsum) ionic part (− COO− Na+ ) of the molecule
O and is attracted to water.
2. Hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail: This is
(a) The chemical name is Calcium oxychloride, and
the long hydrocarbon chain and is repelled
the formula is CaOCl2.
by water but attracted to oil and grease.
(b) The gas used is Chlorine (Cl2).
(b) Micelle Formation:
Equation for preparation:
Ca OH) 2 (s) + Cl 2 (g) " CaOCl 2 (s) + H 2 O (l)
(
(c) When exposed to air, bleaching powder reacts
with the carbon dioxide (CO2) present in the
atmosphere. This reaction liberates chlorine
gas, and the bleaching powder gets converted
to calcium carbonate, losing its effectiveness as
a bleaching or disinfecting agent over time.

29. Attempt either option A or B.

(A) Soaps are molecules that have two ends with
different properties. This unique structure is
key to their cleansing action.
(a) What are the two distinct parts of a soap
molecule called? Describe their affinity
The diagram should show a spherical cluster
towards water.
of soap molecules where the hydrophobic
(b) With the help of a labelled diagram, show
tails point inwards towards the centre,
the formation of a micelle when soap is
and the hydrophilic heads point outwards
dissolved in water.
towards the water.)
(c) Explain how these micelles help in washing
(c) The hydrophobic tails of the soap molecules
away oily dirt from clothes.
attach themselves to the oily dirt. The
(d) Why are detergents considered more
hydrophilic heads remain on the outer
effective cleansing agents than soaps,
surface, facing the water. This forms a
especially in hard water?
spherical structure called a micelle, with
O the oil trapped at its centre. When the
(B) Hydrocarbons are classified as saturated or cloth is agitated or rinsed, these micelles
unsaturated, and they undergo characteristic get suspended in the water and are washed
chemical reactions. away, carrying the dirt with them.
(a) Differentiate between saturated and (d) In hard water, which contains calcium
unsaturated hydrocarbons. Give one (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions, soaps
example for each class. react with these ions to form an insoluble,
(b) What type of reaction converts vegetable sticky precipitate called scum. This wastes
oils into solid fats (vanaspati ghee)? Name the soap and hinders cleaning. Detergents
the catalyst used in this process. do not form such insoluble precipitates with
(c) Write a balanced chemical equation showing these ions and thus remain effective.
the conversion of ethene (C2H4) to ethane O
(C2H6).
SAMPLE PAPER 03

produce the hormones estrogen and 2. Metal B displaces Metal C from its salt solution.
progesterone. 3. Metal C displaces Metal D from its salt solution.
(iii) Two barrier methods are condoms and Based on these results, what is the correct order of
diaphragms. decreasing reactivity?
(a) D C B A
(b) A B C D
SECTION-B (c) C B A D
(d) B A D C
Ans
17. Analyze the following equations. Which statement (b) A B C D
correctly identifies the redox reaction and the values A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal
of ‘p’ and ‘q’ ? from its salt solution. The observations show that
Equation 1: A is more reactive than B (A B), B is more reactive
pCuSO 4 (aq) + Fe (s) " FeSO 4 (aq) + Cu (s) than C (B C), and C is more reactive than D (C D).
Equation 2: Combining these gives the order A B C D.
Heat
CaCO 3 (s) CaO (s) + qCO 2 (g) 20. A curry stain on a white cloth is yellow in colour.
(a) Both are redox reactions; p = 1, q = 1 When soap is scrubbed on it, the stain turns reddish-
(b) Only Equation 1 is a redox reaction; p = 1, q = brown. What is the nature of soap and why does the
1 colour change?
(c) Only Equation 2 is a redox reaction; p = 1, q = (a) Soap is acidic, and it reacts with the stain.
2 (b) Soap is neutral, and it cleans the stain.
(d) Both are redox reactions; p = 2, q = 1 (c) Soap is basic, and the turmeric in the curry acts
Ans as a natural indicator.
(d) Soap is acidic, and it bleaches the colour of the
(b) Only Equation 1 is a redox reaction; p = 1, q stain.
=1
Equation 1 is a displacement reaction where Ans
Fe is oxidized (Fe " Fe2+ ) and Cu is reduced ( (c) Soap is basic, and the turmeric in the curry acts
Cu2+ " Cu ), hence it is redox. Equation 2 is a as a natural indicator.
thermal decomposition where the oxidation states Curry contains turmeric, which is a natural acid-
do not change. Both equations are balanced with p base indicator. It is yellow in neutral or acidic
= 1 and q = 1. conditions. Soap is basic (alkaline), and turmeric
turns reddish-brown in a basic medium, causing the
18. Most non-metal oxides are acidic in nature, but observed colour change.
some are neutral. Which of the following is a neutral
oxide? 21. A student takes 10 mL of a hydrochloric acid
(a) SO2 (Sulphur dioxide) solution (pH = 2) in a beaker and adds 90 mL of
(b) CO2 (Carbon dioxide) distilled water to it. What will be the effect on the
(c) P2O5 (Phosphorus pentoxide) pH of the final solution?
(a) The pH will decrease.
(d) CO (Carbon monoxide)
(b) The pH will increase.
Ans (c) The pH will remain unchanged.
(d) CO (Carbon monoxide) (d) The pH will become 1.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a neutral oxide, meaning Ans
it does not react with either acids or bases. Sulphur
(b) The pH will increase.
dioxide, carbon dioxide, and phosphorus pentoxide
Diluting an acid with water decreases the
are all acidic oxides that form acids when dissolved
concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution.
in water.
Since pH is the negative logarithm of the H+ ion
19. A student performs experiments with four unknown concentration, a decrease in [H+] leads to an increase
metals A, B, C, and D. The observations are as in the pH value (making it less acidic and moving
follows: towards 7).
1. Metal A displaces Metal B from its salt solution.
page 38 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans 35. A person wears spectacles of power - 2.5 D . Name

A. The principal focus of a concave mirror is the the defect of vision he is suffering from. Draw
point on its principal axis where parallel rays the ray diagram for (i) the defective eye, (ii) its
converge after reflection. correction after using a suitable lens.
B. The radius of curvature (R) is twice the focal
Ans
length (f), i.e., R = 2f.
C. At infinity, the image is formed at the focus (F), Since power of lens is negative lens used is concave
it is real, inverted, and highly diminished. lens. The person of suffering from myopia or short-
sightedness.
34. Attempt either option A or B (i)
A. Three 2 Ω resistors A, B and C are connected as
shown in figure. Each of them dissipates energy
and can withstand a maximum power of 18 W
without melting. Find the maximum current
that can flow through the three resistors.

Figure : (a) Myopic eye

(ii)
Ans OD 2013, OD 2011

Maximum current through resistor A can be

calculated by

I = P = 18 A = 3 A
R 2
Also, resistors B and C are connected in parallel
combination and they have equal resistance.
Thus, the maximum current through resistors B Figure : (b) Correction for myopia
and C each is 3 # 1 A = 1.5 A .
2
36. Two resistors of resistances 3 Ω and 6 Ω respectively
O are connected to a battery of 6 V so as to have :
B. A wire is cut into three equal parts and then (a) Maximum resistance,
connected in parallel. How will its : (b) Maximum current.
(a) Resistance (i) How will you connect the resistances in
(b) Resistivity get effected ? each case ?
Ans (ii) Calculate the strength of the current in the
circuit in both cases.
(a) Let resistance of a wire be R Ω .
When it is cut into three equal parts Resistance Ans
of each part
(a) For maximum resistance, resistors are to be
=RΩ
connected in series.
3
Rs = R1 + R2 = 3 + 6 = 9 Ω
When these are connected in parallel equivalent
resistance, R p is given by Current in series,
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 9 Is = V = 6 V = 0.67 A
Rp R/3 R/3 R/3 R Rs 9Ω
(b) For maximum current, resistance has to be
Rp = R minimum and so resistors are to be connected
9
in parallel.
(b) Resistivity will remain same.
SAMPLE PAPER 03

only pumps deoxygenated blood to the nearby lungs.

Therefore, the left ventricle has a thicker muscular
wall to generate the higher pressure needed for
systemic circulation.

11. Attempt either option A or B.

A. Differentiate between autotrophic and
heterotrophic modes of nutrition by giving one
key difference and one example for each.
O
B. What is lymph? State two major functions of
the lymphatic system in the human body.
Ans
A. Autotrophic nutrition is the process where
organisms synthesize their own food from
inorganic sources like CO2 and water (e.g.,
green plants). Heterotrophic nutrition involves
organisms obtaining pre-prepared food from
other organisms because they cannot synthesize
their own (e.g., humans, fungi). Ans
O
B. Lymph is a colourless fluid containing filtered
blood plasma and white blood cells. Its two
major functions are:
1. It carries digested and absorbed fat from
the intestine.
2. It drains excess fluid from extracellular
space back into the blood, and the
lymphocytes within it help in immunity.

12. If a pesticide like DDT is sprayed on a field, it enters

the food chain: Grass ® Goat ® Human. In which
organism will the concentration of this pesticide be
the highest? Name the phenomenon and explain
why.
Ans
The concentration of DDT will be the highest
in humans. This phenomenon is called bio-
magnification. It occurs because the toxic chemical (i) Thyroid Gland : Located in the neck/throat
is not metabolized or excreted and gets accumulated region.
at each successive trophic level. As humans are at (ii) Adrenal Gland : Located on top of each kidney.
the top of this food chain, they accumulate the (iii) Pituitary Gland : Located at the base of the
highest concentration. brain. One function of the Adrenal gland is to
secrete adrenaline, which prepares the body for
‘fight or flight’ responses during emergencies.
13. Draw a diagram showing the location of the major
endocrine glands in the human body and label the 14. Explain the mechanism of sex determination in
following: human beings. With the help of a cross, show why
(i) Thyroid Gland the statistical probability of a baby being a boy or
(ii) Adrenal Gland a girl is 50%.
(iii) Pituitary Gland Ans
In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX),
while males have one X and one Y chromosome
page 40 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

C. When the object is placed two metres in front (a) Three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected
of the upper mirror of the periscope, the upper in series.
plane mirror forms an image at the same distance (b) They are connected with a battery, an
behind it, that is, two metres behind. Since the ammeter and a plug key as shown in
lower mirror is placed half a metre below the figure.
upper one, the virtual image appears to be (c) The ammeter reading is noted.
two and a half metres away from the observer
(d) Change the position of ammeter to
looking through the lower mirror. Hence, the
anywhere in between the resistors.
final image seen by the observer is at a distance
of 2.5 metres behind the lower mirror. (e) Note the ammeter reading each time.
O (f) The value of the current in the ammeter
is the same, independent of its position in
D. If a ray of light strikes the upper mirror of the
the electric circuit.
periscope at an angle of incidence of 45 degrees,
It means that in a series combination of
then by the law of reflection it is reflected at an
resistors, the current is the same in every part
angle of 45 degrees in the downward direction.
of the circuit or the same current flows through
This ray then strikes the lower mirror at an angle
each resistor.
of incidence of 45 degrees and is reflected again
(ii) 24 Ω and 24 Ω are connected in parallel.
at 45 degrees. As a result, the final ray emerges
horizontally and enters the eye of the observer, 1 = 1 + 1
allowing the object to be viewed clearly. RP R1 R2

39. Attempt either option A or B = b 1 l+b 1 l

A. (i) How will you infer with the help of an 24 24
experiment that the same current flows
R p = 24 = 12 Ω
through every part of the circuit containing 2
three resistors R1, R2 and R3 in series
Now, RP and 12 Ω are connected in series.
connected to a battery of V volts?
Hence, total resistance Rs = R p + 12 = 12 + 12
(ii) Study the following circuit and find out:
= 24 Ω
(a) Current in 12Ω resistor.
(b) Difference in the readings of Al and A2, if (a) Current passing through 12 Ω resistor,
any.
I = V/Rs = 6 = 0.25 A
24
(b) There is no difference in the readings of Al
and Alas they are connected in series.
O
B. (i) List two disadvantages of using a series
circuit in homes.
(ii) Calculate the effective resistance between
A and B in the circuit given below:

Ans :
(i)

Ans :
(i) (a) Current is constant in series combination,
so it is impractical to connect a bulb and an
electric heater in series.
SAMPLE PAPER 03

(b) When one component fails, the circuit is

broken and none of the components work.
(ii) In the above circuit 4 ohm and 6 ohm resistance
are connected in the series combination
Equivalent resistance is given by
R = 6 + 4 = 10 ohm
and the resistance 3 ohm and 3 ohm are connected
in the series combination. Hence the equivalent
resistance is given by
R = 3 + 3 = 6 ohm
Now the circuit diagram becomes as follow

All the resistances are connected are in parallel

combination hence the equivalent resistance between
A and B is given by
1 = 1 +1+ 1
R 10 6 15
after solving the equation we get
R = 3 ohm

**********
page 42 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP
SAMPLE PAPER 04

Sample Paper 04
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. The exchange of materials between the mother

SECTION-A and the developing foetus is crucial for a healthy
pregnancy. This exchange occurs through which
1. Transpiration is the process of water movement specialized tissue?
through a plant and its evaporation from aerial (a) Ovary (b) Uterus
parts. What is the most significant function of this (c) Fallopian tube (d) Placenta
process for the plant? Ans
(a) To release excess energy absorbed from the sun. (d) Placenta
(b) To create a suction force that pulls water up The placenta is a disc-like tissue embedded in the
from the roots. uterine wall that connects the foetus to the mother.
(c) To store water in the leaves for use during dry It facilitates the transport of nutrients and oxygen
conditions. from mother to foetus, and the removal of carbon
(d) To provide water as a reactant for cellular dioxide and waste products from the foetus.
respiration.
4. A normal human somatic (body) cell contains 46
Ans
chromosomes. How many of these are classified as
(b) To create a suction force that pulls water up autosomes (non-sex chromosomes)?
from the roots. (a) 46 (b) 44
The evaporation of water from leaves creates a (c) 23 (d) 2
tension or suction pull, known as the transpiration
pull. This force is strong enough to draw water and Ans
dissolved minerals from the roots up through the (b) 44
xylem to the highest parts of the plant. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
22 of these pairs are autosomes, which carry the
2. Plant hormones, or phytohormones, control various genetic information for body traits. The 23rd pair
growth responses. Which hormone is responsible consists of the sex chromosomes (XX or XY), which
for the bending of a plant tendril when it comes in determine the individual’s sex.
contact with a support?
(a) Gibberellin 5. The ozone layer is a region of Earth’s stratosphere.
(b) Cytokinin What is its primary importance for the survival of
(c) Abscisic acid life on Earth?
(d) Auxin (a) It maintains the planet’s temperature through
the greenhouse effect.
Ans
(b) It absorbs most of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet
(d) Auxin (UV) radiation.
When a tendril touches a support, auxin diffuses to (c) It is the primary source of atmospheric oxygen
the side away from the contact point. This higher needed for respiration.
concentration of auxin stimulates faster cell growth (d) It creates the Earth’s magnetic field, deflecting
on the non-contact side, causing the tendril to coil solar wind.
around the support.
page 44 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(b) It absorbs most of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet explanation of A.
(UV) radiation. (c) A is true but R is false.
The ozone layer acts as a protective shield, absorbing (d) A is false but R is true.
97-99% of the medium-frequency ultraviolet light
from the sun. This UV radiation is harmful and Ans
can cause skin cancer, cataracts, and damage to (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
ecosystems. explanation of A.
An electrical impulse cannot jump the physical gap
6. Consider the following statements about the human (synapse) between neurons. Therefore, the first
excretory system: (i) The kidneys are the main neuron releases chemicals (neurotransmitters) that
organs of excretion, filtering waste from the blood. travel across the gap and trigger a new electrical
(ii) The nephron is the structural and functional impulse in the next neuron.
unit of the kidney. (iii) Urine is temporarily stored
in the ureters before being passed out. (iv) The 9. Assertion (A) : The genetic makeup of the father’s
removal of nitrogenous wastes like urea from the gamete determines the sex of a human child.
body is called excretion. Reason (R): Human males have one X and one
Which of the above statements are correct? Y sex chromosome, while females have two X
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv) chromosomes.
(b) (ii) and (iii) only (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(c) (i) and (iii) only explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
Ans explanation of A.
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv) (c) A is true but R is false.
The kidneys filter blood, and their functional units (d) A is false but R is true.
are nephrons. Excretion is the removal of metabolic Ans
waste. Statement (iii) is incorrect because urine is
stored in the urinary bladder, not the ureters, which (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
are tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder. explanation of A.
A human female can only pass on an X chromosome.
7. The common bread mould, Rhizopus, spreads A male can pass on either an X or a Y chromosome.
rapidly under moist and warm conditions. How does If the sperm carries an X, the child is female (XX);
it primarily reproduce asexually? if it carries a Y, the child is male (XY). Thus, the
(a) Through budding father’s contribution determines the sex.
(b) Through fragmentation
10. During hemodialysis, the dialysis fluid is
(c) Through vegetative propagation
continuously replaced with fresh fluid. Justify why
(d) Through spore formation
this is a necessary step in the procedure for a patient
Ans with kidney failure.
(d) Through spore formation Ans
Rhizopus develops structures called sporangia that
contain hundreds of microscopic reproductive units This is necessary to maintain a steep concentration
called spores. When the sporangia burst, these gradient between the patient’s blood and the dialysis
light spores are dispersed by air currents and can fluid. Waste products like urea move from a high
germinate into new individuals if they land on a concentration (in blood) to a low concentration (in
suitable surface. fluid). If the fluid is not changed, it will become
saturated with waste, reducing the gradient and
8. Assertion (A) : The transmission of a nerve impulse making the diffusion process inefficient.
across a synapse is a chemical process.
11. Attempt either option A or B
Reason (R) : When an impulse reaches an axon
terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters A. List the three key events that occur during the
that diffuse across the synaptic gap. process of photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct a leaf.
explanation of A. O
SAMPLE PAPER 04

19. A food manufacturer wants to store a new line of (c) A white precipitate is formed.
acidic fruit preserves. Which of the following metals (d) A colourless gas is evolved.
would be the most unsuitable to use for making the Ans
storage containers?
(a) Tin (c) A white precipitate is formed.
(b) Silver This is a double displacement reaction where
(c) Zinc a white, insoluble solid (precipitate) of barium
sulphate (BaSO4) is formed. The reaction is:
(d) Copper
Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + BaCl 2 (aq) "
Ans
BaSO 4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq).

(c) Zinc
Acids react with reactive metals to produce hydrogen
23. When a zinc strip is dipped into a blue solution
gas and a salt. Among the given options, Zinc is
of copper(II) sulphate, the solution turns colourless
the most reactive metal. Using a zinc container
after some time. This reaction is an example of a:
would cause the metal to react with the acid in the
preserves, contaminating the food and producing (a) Combination reaction
hydrogen gas. (b) Double displacement reaction
(c) Decomposition reaction
20. A student takes a strip of dry blue litmus paper and
(d) Displacement reaction
brings it near the mouth of a test tube releasing
dry hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas. What will be the Ans
observed colour change? (d) Displacement reaction
(a) The litmus paper will turn red. Zinc is more reactive than copper, so it displaces
(b) The litmus paper will turn pink. copper from the copper(II) sulphate solution. This
(c) The litmus paper will be bleached. is a characteristic feature of a displacement reaction.
(d) There will be no change in colour. The reaction is:
Ans Zn (s) + CuSO 4 (aq) " ZnSO 4 (aq) + Cu (s)
(d) There will be no change in colour.
24. Assertion (A) : Diamond is used as an abrasive for
An acid shows its acidic properties only in the
presence of water, where it can dissociate to form cutting glass, while graphite is used as a lubricant.
hydrogen ions (H+). Since both the HCl gas and the Reason (R) : Diamond has a rigid three-dimensional
litmus paper are dry, no ionization occurs, and no tetrahedral structure, while graphite has a hexagonal
acidic character is exhibited. layered structure where layers can slide over each
other.
21. Sodium acetate (CH3COONa) is a salt. An aqueous (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
solution of this salt will have a pH value: explanation of A.
(a) less than 7. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(b) exactly 7. explanation of A.
(c) more than 7.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) close to 0.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
Ans
(c) more than 7.
Sodium acetate is the salt of a weak acid (acetic acid, (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
CH3COOH) and a strong base (sodium hydroxide, explanation of A.
NaOH). Due to the hydrolysis of the acetate ion, Both statements are true and directly related.
the solution will be basic (alkaline), resulting in a Diamond’s rigid, three-dimensional tetrahedral
pH greater than 7. structure makes it incredibly hard, perfect for use
as an abrasive. In contrast, graphite has weakly-
22. An aqueous solution of sodium sulphate is mixed bonded hexagonal layers that slide easily over one
with an aqueous solution of barium chloride in a another, explaining why it is soft and works as an
test tube. The result is: excellent solid lubricant.
(a) A yellow precipitate is formed.
(b) A clear solution is formed.
page 46 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

2. Thin Walls: The walls of the alveoli and the 1. They are produced from a single parent.
surrounding blood capillaries are extremely 2. They are genetically identical to the
thin (one-cell thick), which minimizes the parent and to each other, as no mixing
diffusion distance for gases. of genetic material occurs.
O O
B. During inhalation, the rib muscles contract, B. (i) A diagram of the human female reproductive
lifting the ribs upwards and outwards, while the system should be drawn, labelling the ovary,
diaphragm contracts and flattens. Both actions oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix, and
increase the volume of the thoracic (chest) vagina.
cavity. This expansion reduces the air pressure (ii) 1. Site of fertilization: Oviduct (or
inside the lungs compared to the atmospheric Fallopian tube).
pressure, causing air to rush into the lungs. 2. Site of implantation: The wall of the
C. The respiratory pigment is haemoglobin, which Uterus.
is present in red blood cells. Haemoglobin has (iii) Menopause is the natural and permanent
a very high affinity for oxygen. In the lungs, cessation of the menstrual cycle in human
it binds with oxygen to form oxy-haemoglobin. females, which typically occurs between the
This oxygenated blood is then transported to ages of 45 and 55. It marks the end of a
all body tissues, where the oxygen is released woman’s reproductive phase.
for cellular respiration.

16. Attempt either option A or B

A. (i) Differentiate between regeneration and
SECTION-B
fragmentation as modes of asexual
reproduction. 17. In the reaction :
(ii) Explain how Plasmodium reproduces MnO 2 + 4HCl " MnCl 2 + Cl 2 + 2H 2 O
asexually. Name this process.
Which statement is correct?
(iii) List two reasons why offspring produced
by asexual reproduction are often called (a) MnO2 is oxidized to MnCl2.
clones. (b) HCl is oxidized to Cl2.
O (c) MnO2 is the reducing agent.
B. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the human (d) HCl is the oxidizing agent.
female reproductive system.
Ans
(ii) State the site of fertilization and the site of
implantation of the embryo in the human (b) HCl is oxidized to Cl2.
female. In this redox reaction, the oxidation state of chlorine
(iii) What is menopause? in HCl increases from –1 to 0 in Cl2 (oxidation). The
oxidation state of manganese in MnO 2 decreases
Ans from +4 to +2 in MnCl 2 (reduction). Therefore,
A. (i) Regeneration is the ability to regrow HCl is oxidized.
lost body parts, which is not primarily a
mode of reproduction (e.g., lizard’s tail). 18. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is classified as a weak acid
Fragmentation is a mode of reproduction because it:
where the parent body breaks into pieces, (a) is an organic compound.
and each piece grows into a new individual (b) is highly corrosive.
(e.g., Spirogyra). (c) has a very low pH.
(ii) Plasmodium (the malarial parasite) (d) dissociates only partially in an aqueous solution.
reproduces asexually by multiple fission. Ans
Inside a host cell, the parent cell’s nucleus
divides repeatedly to form many daughter (d) dissociates only partially in an aqueous solution.
nuclei. Each nucleus gets surrounded by The strength of an acid is determined by its degree
a bit of cytoplasm, forming numerous of ionization in water. Weak acids, like acetic acid,
daughter cells that are released when the ionize only partially, producing a relatively low
parent cell ruptures. concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) compared to
(iii) They are called clones because: strong acids.
SAMPLE PAPER 04

(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct 1 = 3 thus R = 4 Ω

explanation of A. R 4 3
At sunrise and sunset, light travels a longer 2. Now, the current flowing through the
atmospheric path. Shorter wavelengths (blue) are resistors is given by :
scattered away. The remaining longer wavelengths
(red) reach our eyes, making the sun appear reddish. I =V = 4 = 3A
R 4/3
33. A spherical mirror has a radius of curvature of 20 O
cm which is below in the diagram B.

A. Find its focal length.

B. Identify the type of mirror that always forms
diminished, erect, and virtual images. In the above circuit diagram calculate :
C. State one use of this mirror. (a) the value of current through each resistor.
Ans (b) the total current in the circuit.
A. f = R/2 = 10 cm. Ans SQP 2013
B. Convex mirror.
C. Used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles because Let, R1 = 5 Ω , R2 = 10 Ω , R3 = 30 Ω
they provide a wider field of view and erect
and voltage, V = 6 Volt
images.
(a) I1 = V = 6 A = 1.2 A
34. Attempt either option A or B R1 5
A.
I2 = V = 6 A = 0.6 A
R2 10

I3 = V = 6 A = 0.2 A
R3 30

(b) I = I1 + I2 + I3
= 1.2 + 0.6 + 0.2 = 2 A

35. A person can read the number plate of a distant

bus clearly but he finds difficulty in reading a book.
1. Find out the equivalent resistance of the What type of defect of vision he is suffering from?
circuit Name the type of lens he needs to correct this
2. Whai the current flow through this defect. Write the causes of this defect.
combination ? Ans Foreign 2015
Ans Delhi 2013
1. He is suffering from hyper-metropia.
A. 1. In the given circuit, resistors R1 = 2 Ω 2. Convex lens of suitable focal length is required
and R2 = 4 Ω are connected in parallel to correct this defect.
combination. 3. Causes of hypermetromia :
So, equivalent resistance R is given by :
(i) Focal length of eye lens is too long.
1 = 1 + 1 = 1+ 1 = 2+1 = 3 (ii) Eye ball has become too small.
R R1 R2 2 4 4 4
page 48 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

25. Answer the following based on the reaction of air and moisture, thereby preventing the
metals with water: chemical reaction of rusting from taking
(a) When a piece of calcium metal is dropped into a place.
beaker of water, it starts floating on the surface O
after some time. Provide a scientific reason for B. (i) The black substance formed is Silver
this observation. Sulphide (Ag2S), which is formed by the
(b) Noble metals like gold, silver, and platinum do reaction of silver with sulphur compounds
not react even with steam. What conclusion can (like hydrogen sulphide) present in the air.
be drawn about their position in the reactivity (ii) The green layer is a mixture of Copper
series? Hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) and Copper
Carbonate (CuCO3).
Ans
(iii) When aluminium is exposed to air, it reacts
(a) Calcium reacts with water to produce hydrogen with oxygen to form a very thin, tough, and
gas and calcium hydroxide. The bubbles of the non-porous protective layer of aluminium
hydrogen gas produced stick to the surface of oxide (Al2O3) on its surface. This layer
the calcium metal. This makes the metal less prevents the underlying metal from further
dense than water, causing it to float. contact with air and moisture, making it
(b) The observation that these metals do not react resistant to corrosion.
even with steam indicates that they are very
unreactive. This places them at the bottom of 27. A student takes four test tubes containing equal
the reactivity series, well below hydrogen. volumes of dilute hydrochloric acid and adds pieces
of Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, and Copper to each,
26. Attempt either option A or B. respectively.
(A) The corrosion of iron, commonly known as
rusting, is a major problem.
(i) Give the chemical name of rust.
(ii) State the two essential conditions required
for the rusting of iron.
(iii) Explain how applying a coat of paint to an
iron grill prevents it from rusting.
O
(B) Corrosion affects different metals in different
ways, leading to the formation of various
compounds on their surfaces.
(i) When silver articles are exposed to air,
they gradually turn black. Name the black
substance formed.
(ii) A copper vessel develops a green coating on
(a) In which test tube would the rate of effervescence
its surface over time. What is the chemical
(bubble formation) be the highest? Give a
composition of this green layer?
reason for your answer.
(iii) Explain why aluminium is considered a
corrosion-resistant metal despite being (b) Based on the expected rate of reaction, arrange
highly reactive. the four metals in decreasing order of reactivity.
(c) What would you expect to observe in the test
Ans
tube containing the piece of copper? Justify
A. (i) The chemical name of rust is Hydrated your observation.
Iron(III) Oxide (Fe 2 O 3 $ xH 2 O ).
Ans
(ii) The two essential conditions for rusting are:
1. Presence of Oxygen (from air). (a) The rate of effervescence would be highest in
2. Presence of Water (moisture). the test tube containing Magnesium (Mg).
(iii) Applying paint creates a protective barrier Reason : The rate of reaction of a metal with an
on the surface of the iron grill. This layer acid depends on its reactivity. Among the given
cuts off the contact of the iron from both metals, magnesium is the most reactive, so it
SAMPLE PAPER 04

will react most vigorously with hydrochloric (b) Tooth enamel (calcium phosphate) is basic in
acid. nature. When the pH in the mouth drops below
(b) The decreasing order of reactivity is: 5.5 (becomes acidic), the enamel reacts with
Magnesium Zinc Iron Copper the acid and gets neutralized. This process of
reaction and dissolution is known as corrosion
(c) Observation : There would be no reaction or no
or decay.
bubble formation.
(c) Toothpastes are generally basic (alkaline) in
Justification: Copper is located below hydrogen
nature. When used for brushing, the toothpaste
in the reactivity series. This means it is less
neutralizes the excess acid produced by bacteria
reactive than hydrogen and cannot displace
in the mouth. This prevents the pH from falling
hydrogen from dilute acids like HCl.
below the critical value of 5.5 and thereby
28. Tooth enamel, the hardest substance in the human prevents tooth decay.
body, is made of calcium phosphate. It does not O
dissolve in water but is corroded when the pH in the (a) (i) Strongly acidic: Solution P (pH=1)
mouth is below 5.5. Bacteria present in the mouth (ii) Neutral: Solution Q (pH=7)
produce acids by the degradation of sugar and food
(iii) Strongly alkaline: Solution R (pH=13)
particles.
(b) A lower pH indicates a higher H+ concentration.
Therefore, the increasing order of hydrogen ion
concentration is:
Solution R < Solution Q < Solution P
(c) The colours shown would be:
Solution P (pH=1): Red
Solution Q (pH=7): Green
Solution R (pH=13): Violet / Dark Purple

29. Attempt either option A or B.

(A) Ethanol and Ethanoic acid are two commercially
important organic compounds. While both are
soluble in water, their chemical properties differ
(a) What is the chemical nature of the substance significantly.
responsible for tooth decay? (a) Describe a chemical test involving a reaction
(b) Explain why tooth enamel, which is a salt, with a metal carbonate to distinguish
between ethanol and ethanoic acid. State
begins to corrode in an acidic medium.
the expected observations.
(c) How does the regular use of a good quality
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for
toothpaste help in preventing this decay?
the reaction occurring in the test described
O in part (a).
A student is given three aqueous solutions labelled
(c) What is observed when a few drops of
P, Q, and R. Upon testing with a universal indicator
alkaline KMnO4 solution are added to warm
paper, the pH values are found to be 1, 7, and 13,
ethanol in a test tube? Name this type of
respectively.
reaction.
(a) Identify the solution that is (i) strongly acidic, (d) What happens when ethanol is heated with
(ii) neutral, and (iii) strongly alkaline. excess concentrated sulphuric acid at 443
(b) Arrange the three solutions in increasing order K? Name the major product formed.
of their hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. (e) What is the role of concentrated sulphuric
(c) What colour would the universal indicator show acid in the reaction mentioned in part (d)?
in each of the three solutions? O
Ans (B) The process of making soap from fats or oils is
known as sanctification.
(a) The substance responsible for tooth decay is
(a) Define saponification.
acid.
page 50 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(b) Name the two primary raw materials needed

to prepare soap in a school laboratory.
SECTION-C
(c) Explain the purpose of adding common salt
(NaCl) to the reaction mixture after the 30. While studying the laws of reflection, a student
soap is formed. What is this process called? writes down the following statements:
(d) Besides soap, what is the other important I. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the
by-product formed during this process? normal all lie in the same plane.
(e) How would you confirm that the resulting II. The angle of incidence is always equal to the
soap solution is alkaline in nature? angle of reflection.
III. The laws of reflection are not applicable to
Ans
spherical mirrors.
A. (a) Test : Add a small amount of sodium Choose from the following the correct option that
carbonate (Na2CO3) powder to both liquids. lists the correct statements.
Observation: In the test tube containing (a) I and II
ethanoic acid, there will be brisk (b) I and III
effervescence due to the evolution of carbon
(c) I, II and III
dioxide gas. In the test tube containing
ethanol, there will be no reaction and no (d) II and III
effervescence. Ans
(b) Equation:
(a) I and II
2CH 3 COOH (l) + Na 2 CO 3 (s) "
The first two statements are the two laws of
2CH 3 COONa (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g) reflection, which are universally applicable. The
third statement is incorrect as these laws are also
(c) The purple colour of the alkaline KMnO4
applicable to spherical mirrors.
solution disappears, and the solution
becomes colourless. This is an Oxidation 31. A person standing in a room sees a sharp image of
reaction, where ethanol is oxidized to a window on a wall. What optical phenomenon is
ethanoic acid.
responsible for this?
(d) Ethanol undergoes dehydration to form
(a) Refraction of light
Ethene (CH 2 = CH 2 ).
(e) Concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a (b) Diffraction of light
dehydrating agent; it removes a molecule of (c) Pin-hole camera effect
water from the ethanol molecule. (d) Reflection from the window
O
Ans
B. (a) Saponification is the chemical process of
hydrolyzing an ester (like a fat or oil) using (c) Pin-hole camera effect
The pin-hole camera effect occurs when light from
an aqueous alkali (like NaOH) to form soap
the window passes through a small hole (like a gap)
(the sodium salt of the fatty acid) and
and forms a sharp, inverted image on the opposite
glycerol.
wall. The smaller the hole, the sharper the image.
(b) The two raw materials are:
1. A vegetable oil (e.g., castor oil, cottonseed 32. Assertion (A) : The sun appears reddish at sunrise
oil) or animal fat. and sunset.
2. An aqueous solution of an alkali, typically Reason (R) : At sunrise and sunset, light from the
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). sun travels a longer path through the atmosphere,
(c) Common salt is added to decrease the and the longer wavelength red light scatters less.
solubility of the soap in the solution, (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
causing it to precipitate out as a solid. This explanation of A.
process is called salting out. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(d) The other by-product is Glycerol (also explanation of A.
known as propane-1,2,3-triol). (c) A is true but R is false.
(e) The soap solution can be tested with red (d) A is false but R is true.
litmus paper. Since the solution is alkaline Ans
(basic), it will turn the red litmus paper
blue.
SAMPLE PAPER 04

B. State the primary function of platelets and 14. In a monohybrid cross, Mendel observed that
plasma in human blood. crossing a pure-breeding tall pea plant with a pure-
Ans breeding dwarf pea plant resulted in all tall plants
in the F1 generation.
A. The three key events of photosynthesis are: (i) What principle of inheritance is demonstrated
1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll. by the results of the F1 generation?
2. Conversion of light energy to chemical (ii) When the F1 plants were self-crossed, what
energy and splitting of water molecules into was the phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants
hydrogen and oxygen. observed in the F2 generation?
3. Reduction of carbon dioxide to form (iii) State the law that explains the reappearance of
carbohydrates (glucose). the dwarf trait in the F2 generation.
O
Ans
B. 1. Platelets: Their primary function is to help
(i) The results of the F1 generation demonstrate
in the clotting of blood at the site of an
the Law of Dominance, where the trait for
injury, thus preventing excessive blood loss.
tallness (T) is dominant over the trait for
2. Plasma: It is the fluid matrix of blood that dwarfness (t).
transports carbon dioxide, nitrogenous (ii) The phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants in
wastes, hormones, and food molecules. the F2 generation was 3 (Tall) : 1 (Dwarf).
12. What would be the consequences for an ecosystem (iii) The Law of Segregation explains the
reappearance of the recessive (dwarf) trait. It
if all decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, were
states that the two alleles for a trait separate
to vanish? Provide two reasons.
from each other during gamete formation, so
Ans the recessive allele (t) can recombine to express
If decomposers were absent: itself in the F2 generation (tt).
1. The breakdown of dead organic matter (dead 15. The diagram below shows the human respiratory
plants and animals) would stop. This would system. the questions that follow.
lead to a massive accumulation of dead bodies
and waste, covering the Earth’s surface.
2. The recycling of nutrients would cease. Essential
elements like carbon and nitrogen would remain
locked in dead organic matter and would not
be returned to the soil, air, and water, thereby
halting the nutrient cycle and collapsing the
ecosystem.

13. Explain the phenomenon of phototropism in plants.

Name the plant hormone responsible for this
movement and describe its mechanism of action
that causes a plant shoot to bend towards a light A. Identify the balloon-like structures at the end
source. of the bronchioles. Describe two features that
Ans make them ideal for efficient gaseous exchange.
O
Phototropism is the directional growth of a plant
part in response to a light stimulus. The plant B. Explain the mechanism of inhalation, detailing
hormone responsible is auxin. Mechanism: Auxin the roles of the diaphragm and rib muscles.
is synthesized at the tip of the shoot. When light C. Name the respiratory pigment in human blood.
comes from one side, auxin diffuses towards the Explain its role in the transportation of oxygen.
shaded side of the shoot. The higher concentration Ans
of auxin on the shaded side stimulates the cells to
grow longer than the cells on the illuminated side. A. The structures are the alveoli. Two features for
This differential growth causes the shoot to bend efficient gaseous exchange are:
towards the light. 1. Large Surface Area: The millions of alveoli
provide an enormous surface area (about 80
m²) for gas diffusion.
page 52 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

36. An electric heater connected to a 220 V line has two 38. A concave mirror is often used by barbers and in
resistance coils of 22 Ohms each. shaving mirrors to obtain an enlarged image of the
Calculate the current if these coils are used face. When the face is held close to the mirror, the
(a) Separately reflected rays converge to form a magnified, erect
(b) In series image. However, if the face is moved far away, the
(c) In parallel. mirror no longer produces an erect enlarged image
Ans Delhi 2012, OD 2010
but instead gives a diminished inverted one. This
practical application shows how the nature of the
(a) Separately : image depends on the distance of the object from
Current, I = V = 220 = 10 A the pole of the mirror. The diagram represents the
R 22 situation when the object is placed between the pole
(b) In series : and the focus of the mirror.

R = R1 + R2
= 22 Ω + 22 Ω = 44 Ω

I = V = 220 = 5 A
R 44
(c) In parallel :
1 = 1 + 1
R R1 R2
= 1 Ω+ 1 Ω = 1 Ω
22 22 11
R = 11 Ω A. Which type of mirror is used as a shaving mirror
and why?
I = V = 220 = 20 A
R 11 B. What kind of image (real or virtual, erect or
37. Draw a figure of current carrying solenoid and show inverted, magnified or diminished) is seen when
magnetic field lines inside and outside it. Compare the face is kept very close to the mirror?
the pattern of the field with the magnetic field Attempt either subpart C or D.
around a bar magnet. C. A concave mirror has focal length 15 cm. If the
face is placed 10 cm from the mirror, calculate
Ans OD 2014, Foreign 2010 the image distance.
O
D. For the above situation, calculate the
magnification and state the size of the image
compared to the object.
Ans :
A. A concave mirror is used because, when the face
is held close (between the pole and the focus),
it produces a magnified, erect image that helps
in detailed viewing while shaving.
B. The image is virtual, erect and magnified.
Comparison of field pattern around a solenoid and C. Using the mirror formula with the Cartesian
a bar magnet. sign convention: f = − 15 cm , u =− 10 cm .
(a) Pattern of the magnetic field looks similar to 1 =1+1
the bar magnet. f v u
(b) One end of the solenoid behave as north pole
while other as south pole. - 1 =1− 1
15 v 10
(c) A current carrying solenoid when freely 1= 1
suspended sets itself in the north-south like a v 30
bar magnet.
v =+ 30 cm .
SAMPLE PAPER 04

The positive sign indicates a virtual image the total electric current in the circuit.
30 cm behind the mirror. Ans :
O
For the first bulb,
D. Magnification
2
m = − v =− + 30 =+ 3 Resistance, R1 = V
u − 10 P1
So the image is three times larger than the (220) 2
object (enlarged and erect). R1 = = 484 Ω
100
39. Attempt either option A or B For the second bulb,
A. What is meant by magnetic force ? Name and 2
Resistance, R2 = V
explain the rule to determine the direction P2
of force experienced by a current carrying
(220) 2
conductor in a magnetic field. How does this R2 = = 1936 Ω
25
force gets affected on :
(i) doubling the magnitude of current. When connected in parallel, resultant resistance is
(ii) reversing the direction of current flow and given by,
(iii) reversing the direction of magnetic field? 1 = 1 + 1
Ans : R R1 R2

The magnetic field produced by the conductor 1 = 1 + 1

R 484 1936
exerts a force on a magnet placed in the vicinity of
the conductor is called magnetic field. 1 = 4+1 = 5
R 1936 1936
The rule to determine the direction of force
experienced by a current carrying conductor in a R = 1936 = 387.2 Ω
magnetic field is 5
Current, I =V
R

I = 220 = 0.56 A
387.2

Fleming’s left hand rule : When the stretch our **********

thumb, forefinger and middle finger so that they
are mutually perpendicular to one another, the
forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic
field and the middle finger points in the direction
of the current, the thumb gives the direction of the
force acting on the conductor.
(i) on doubling the magnitude of current, force
does not get affected.
(ii) Reverse the direction of current flow, the
direction of force gets reversed.
(iii) Reverse the direction of magnetic field, the
direction of force gets reversed.
O
B. Two electric lamps rated 100 W, 220 V and 25
W, 220 V are connected in parallel. Calculate
page 54 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP
SAMPLE PAPER 05

Sample Paper 05
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. The human female menstrual cycle is a series of

SECTION-A natural changes that occurs approximately every
28 days. What is the term for the event where a
1. Stomata, the tiny pores on the surface of leaves, are mature egg is released from the ovary?
crucial for a plant’s survival. What is the specific (a) Menstruation
function of the guard cells that surround each (b) Fertilization
stoma? (c) Implantation
(a) To manufacture chlorophyll for photosynthesis. (d) Ovulation
(b) To regulate the opening and closing of the Ans
stomatal pore.
(d) Ovulation
(c) To absorb water directly from the atmosphere.
Ovulation is the phase in the menstrual cycle when
(d) To provide physical strength to the leaf a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and releases an
structure. ovum (egg cell). This event typically occurs around
Ans the middle of the cycle and is essential for pregnancy
to be possible.
(b) To regulate the opening and closing of the
stomatal pore. 4. Fossils provide a window into the past. What is the
Guard cells control gas exchange and water loss by primary way in which the fossil record supports the
changing their shape. They swell with water to open theory of evolution?
the stoma, allowing CO2 in, and become flaccid to
(a) It proves that all organisms from the past are
close it, preventing excessive transpiration.
identical to modern organisms.
2. The human nervous system is a complex network (b) It shows a chronological sequence of how life
responsible for coordination and control. It is forms have changed and diversified over time.
primarily divided into which two major parts? (c) It demonstrates that all species appeared on
(a) The Sensory System and the Motor System Earth at the exact same time.
(b) The Brain and the Spinal Cord (d) It contains the complete genetic information of
(c) The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the all extinct species.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
(d) The Voluntary System and the Involuntary Ans
System (b) It shows a chronological sequence of how life
Ans forms have changed and diversified over time.

(c) The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the By examining fossils in different rock layers,
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) scientists can observe a pattern of change. Simpler
The CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, organisms are found in older layers, while more
acts as the main processing center. The PNS is the complex organisms appear in more recent layers,
network of all other nerves that connect the CNS to illustrating evolutionary progression.
the limbs and organs of the body.
page 56 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

5. In a simple aquatic food chain where algae are By definition, arteries transport blood away from
eaten by small fish, which are then eaten by a large the heart’s pumping chambers. Veins are vessels
bird, which organism occupies the trophic level of that return blood to the heart’s collecting chambers.
a producer? The oxygenation of blood depends on the circuit
(a) Algae (pulmonary or systemic), not the vessel type.
(b) Small fish
8. Assertion (A) : In a pea plant heterozygous for
(c) Large bird
height (Tt), the plant appears tall.
(d) Water
Reason (R) : An allele is called dominant if it
Ans expresses its trait even in the presence of an
(a) Algae alternative allele.
Producers are organisms that create their own food, (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
usually through photosynthesis. They form the first explanation of A.
trophic level, which is the base of the food chain. In (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
this case, the algae are the producers. explanation of A.
6. Consider the following statements about (c) A is true but R is false.
reproduction in flowering plants: (d) A is false but R is true.
(i) Pollination is the process of transferring pollen Ans
from an anther to a stigma. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(ii) Cross-pollination involves the transfer of pollen explanation of A.
between flowers of two different plants. The allele for tallness (T) is dominant over the allele
(iii) Fertilization is the fusion of a male gamete with for dwarfness (t). Therefore, in a heterozygous (Tt)
a female gamete. individual, the dominant allele masks the effect of
(iv) After fertilization, the ovule develops into the the recessive allele, resulting in a tall phenotype.
fruit.
9. Assertion (A) : The length and complexity of food
Which of the above statements are correct?
chains in an ecosystem are generally limited.
(a) (i), (ii), and (iii)
Reason (R) : According to the 10% law, only about
(b) (ii) and (iv) only 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic
(c) (i) and (iv) only level to the next.
(d) All are correct. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Ans explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(a) (i), (ii), and (iii)
Pollination is the transfer of pollen, and fertilization explanation of A.
is the fusion of gametes. Statement (iv) is incorrect; (c) A is true but R is false.
after fertilization, the ovule develops into the seed, (d) A is false but R is true.
while the ovary develops into the fruit.
Ans
7. The circulatory system contains different types of (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
blood vessels. Which of the following is a correct explanation of A.
distinction between arteries and veins? A large amount of energy is lost as heat at each
(a) Arteries always carry deoxygenated blood, step in a food chain. Due to this progressive loss,
while veins always carry oxygenated blood. there is not enough energy remaining to support
(b) Arteries have thin, non-elastic walls, while veins a large number of trophic levels, typically limiting
have thick, elastic walls. food chains to 4 or 5 levels.
(c) Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while
10. The stomach produces highly corrosive hydrochloric
veins carry blood towards the heart.
acid, yet its own wall is not digested. Give a
(d) Arteries are wide-lumened and have valves,
biological reason for this.
while veins are narrow-lumened and do not.
Ans
Ans
The inner lining of the stomach is protected from the
(c) Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while
action of hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin
veins carry blood towards the heart.
SAMPLE PAPER 05

Ans (b) He can add organic matter like compost or

(a) The green colour of the crystals changes to manure.
white. This indicates the loss of the seven How it works : As the organic matter decomposes
molecules of water of crystallisation. in the soil, it releases acids (like carbonic acid
(b) The two gases evolved are Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and other organic acids), which will neutralize
and Sulphur trioxide (SO3). Sulphur dioxide the excess alkalinity of the soil and help lower
(SO2) has the characteristic pungent smell of its pH.
burning sulphur. (c) Maintaining an optimal soil pH is crucial because
(c) The solid compound left behind is reddish- it directly affects the availability of essential
brown in colour. Its chemical name is Ferric nutrients to the plants. If the soil is too acidic or
oxide (or Iron(III) oxide), Fe2O3. too basic, certain nutrients become locked in the
soil and cannot be absorbed by the plant roots,
28. Industrial pollution releases gases like sulphur leading to poor growth and lower crop yields.
dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. These dissolve in
atmospheric water droplets to form acid rain, which 29. Attempt either option A or B.
has harmful effects on the environment, including (A) Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes are the three
historical monuments like the Taj Mahal, which is main classes of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
made of marble. (a) What is meant by a homologous series? List
(a) Name the two main acids present in acid rain. any two characteristics of the members of
(b) What is the chemical name of marble? Explain such a series.
with a reason why it is susceptible to damage (b) Write the general formula for alkanes and
from acid rain. alkynes.
(c) Briefly explain how acid rain can harm aquatic (c) To which homologous series does the
hydrocarbon with the formula C4H8 belong?
ecosystems.
Draw the structure of one of its isomers.
O
(d) Explain why alkanes generally burn with a
A farmer finds that due to continuous use of certain clean flame while alkenes and alkynes burn
fertilizers, the soil in his field has become basic (pH with a sooty flame.
8.5), which is unsuitable for the crop he wants to
O
grow.
(B) Ethanol (C2H5OH) is a very useful industrial
(a) To improve the soil quality, should he add a
chemical.
substance that is acidic or basic in nature?
(a) What is denatured alcohol, and what is its
(b) Suggest a common organic substance that can
main purpose?
be added to the soil to remedy this situation.
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for
Explain how it works.
the reaction between ethanol and sodium
(c) Why is it important for farmers to maintain the metal.
soil at an optimal pH? (c) Ethanol is sometimes used as an additive in
Ans petrol. What is this mixture of petrol and
ethanol called?
(a) The two main acids are Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
(d) Describe the chemical principle behind
and Nitric acid (HNO3).
the breathalyzer test used by police to
(b) The chemical name of marble is Calcium
detect drunk driving, which involves the
Carbonate (CaCO3). It is a basic salt and reacts
conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid.
readily with the acids present in acid rain. This
(e) Draw the electron dot structure for the
chemical reaction corrodes the marble, causing
ethanol molecule.
the monument to decay and discolour over time.
(c) When acid rain flows into rivers and lakes, Ans
it lowers the pH of the water, making it A. (a) A homologous series is a series of organic
acidicMany aquatic organisms, including fish,
compounds which have the same functional
cannot survive or reproduce in such acidic
group and similar chemical properties.
conditions, leading to a decline in biodiversity
Characteristics :
and the collapse of the aquatic ecosystem.
1. All members can be represented by a
O single general formula.
(a) He should add a substance that is acidic in 2. Each successive member differs from
nature to neutralize the excess base. the next by a –CH 2 group.
page 58 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

O
B. (i) Draw a neat labelled diagram of the human
male reproductive system.
(ii) What is the composition of semen?
(iii) State the function of the vas deferens.
Ans
A. (i) Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual
reproduction in plants where new plants are
produced from vegetative parts like roots,
stems, or leaves. Two natural methods are
the development of new plants from runners
(e.g., grass) and from tubers (e.g., potato).
(ii) Two advantages are:
A. What is the function of the muscular wall called
the septum that divides the heart? 1. Plants grown this way bear flowers and
fruits earlier than those produced from
O
seeds.
B. What is the role of valves in the heart? What
would happen if they did not function correctly? 2. It allows for the propagation of plants
like bananas or sugarcane that have lost
C. Trace the path of oxygenated blood starting
the capacity to produce viable seeds.
from the lungs and ending at the body tissues.
(iii) No, plants like rose and jasmine grown
Ans through vegetative propagation (e.g.,
A. The septum is a thick muscular wall that from cuttings) are genetically identical to
separates the right and left sides of the heart. the parent plant and do not involve the
Its primary function is to prevent the mixing fusion of gametes. Since fruits and seeds
of oxygenated blood (on the left side) with are products of sexual reproduction (post-
deoxygenated blood (on the right side), which fertilization changes), these plants will only
makes the circulatory system highly efficient. produce flowers.
O O
B. The valves in the heart ensure that blood B. (i) A diagram of the human male reproductive
flows in only one direction, i.e., from the atria system should be drawn, labelling the
to the ventricles and from the ventricles to testes, scrotum, vas deferens, seminal
the arteries. If the valves malfunctioned, they vesicle, prostate gland, urethra, and penis.
could allow the backflow of blood, reducing the (ii) Semen is a mixture of sperms and the
heart’s efficiency and forcing it to work harder secretions from the seminal vesicles and the
to circulate the same amount of blood. prostate gland. This fluid provides nutrition
C. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left to the sperms and makes their transport
atrium via the pulmonary vein. The left atrium easier.
contracts, pushing blood into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle then contracts powerfully, (iii) The vas deferens is a tube that transports
pumping the oxygenated blood into the aorta, mature sperm from the epididymis (where
which is the main artery that branches out to sperm are stored) to the urethra in
distribute the blood to all body tissues. preparation for ejaculation.

16. Attempt either sub part A or B

A. (i) Define vegetative propagation and list two
natural methods of this type of reproduction
SECTION-B
in plants.
(ii) State two advantages of using vegetative 17. For the reaction of iron with steam, what are the
propagation for growing certain types of correct values for the stoichiometric coefficients ‘p’
plants. and ‘q’ ?
(iii) Can plants like rose and jasmine grown by Equation :
this method produce fruits and seeds? Give Heat
a reason. pFe (s) + qH 2 O (g) Fe 3 O 4 (s) + 4H 2 (g)
SAMPLE PAPER 05

(a) Why do the iron filings arrange in such a glass with respect to air.
pattern? O
(b) What does this pattern demonstrate ? D. Explain why the emergent ray is parallel to the
(c) Why do the iron filings near the bar magnet incident ray but not in the same straight line.
seem to align in the shape of closed curves ? Ans :
Ans Delhi 2020
A. The bending (refraction) occurs because light
(a) The iron fillings arrange themselves in a pattern changes speed on entering a denser medium.
because they get attracted by the bar magnet. Air → glass causes the speed of light to decrease
The pattern that they form can also be called due to higher optical density, so the ray bends
the magnetic field lines of the bar magnet. towards the normal.
(b) The pattern is demonstrated that the magnetic B. In a glass slab with parallel faces, the emergent
field is the strong at poles of the magnet and ray is parallel to the incident ray; however, it
the magnetic field becomes weaker if we goes is laterally shifted from it by a fixed distance
far from the magnet. Magnetic filed lines emerge (lateral displacement).
from the north pole of the magnet and ends at C. By Snell’s law,
the south pole of the magnet. %
n = sin i = sin 30% .
(c) Iron fillings arrange themselves in closed loops sin r sin 20
around a bar magnet because magnetic field 0 . 5
n= . 0.5 . 1.46
lines influences it which is closed curved sin 20% 0.342
Thus the refractive index of glass with respect
38. A glass slab is a rectangular block of glass with to air ≈ 1.46.
parallel opposite faces. When a ray of light enters the O
slab from air, it bends towards the normal because
D. The two refractions occur at parallel boundaries.
it passes from a rarer medium to a denser medium.
The ray bends towards the normal at the first
On emerging from the slab back into air, the ray
surface and away from the normal at the second
bends away from the normal. Although the incident by an equal amount, making the emergent
ray and the emergent ray are parallel to each other, angle equal to the incident angle. Because
they are shifted sideways by a certain distance the refractions happen at different, parallel
called lateral displacement. This phenomenon is a surfaces, the entire ray path is shifted sideways,
simple demonstration of refraction of light through producing a lateral displacement, so the
a transparent medium with parallel boundaries. emergent ray is parallel to—but not collinear
with—the incident ray.

39. Attempt either option A or B

A. (i) Suppose your parents have constructed a
two room house and you want that in the
living room there should be a provision
of one electric bulb, one electric fan, a
refrigerator and a plug point for appliances
of power up to 2 kW. Draw a circuit
diagram showing electric fuse and earthing
as safety devices.
(ii) The given magnet is divided into three
parts A, B and C.

A. What causes the bending of light when it enters A B C

from air to glass?
Name the parts where the strength of
B. State the relationship between the incident ray
magnetic field is:
and the emergent ray in a glass slab.
(a) maximum
Attempt either subpart C or D.
(b) minimum
C. A ray of light enters a glass slab at an angle of
How will the density of magnetic field lines
incidence of 30° and is refracted at 20°. Using
differ at these parts?
Snell’s law, calculate the refractive index of
page 60 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

24. Assertion (A) : An aqueous solution of ethene and the cathode in this process?
(C2H4) will decolorize bromine water. (ii) Name a suitable electrolyte that should be
Reason (R) : Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon used.
and readily undergoes an addition reaction with (iii) During the process, impurities settle down
bromine. below the anode. What is this layer of
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct impurities called?
explanation of A. Ans
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A. A. (i) First, the sulphide ore is converted into its
(c) A is true but R is false. oxide by heating it strongly in the presence
(d) A is false but R is true. of air (roasting). Then, the metal oxide is
heated further to decompose it into the
Ans pure metal.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (ii) The process used is Electrolysis (or
explanation of A. Electrolytic Reduction) of their molten ores
Both statements are true, and the reason correctly (chlorides or oxides).
explains the assertion. Ethene is an unsaturated (iii) The most common reducing agent is Carbon
hydrocarbon with a double bond. It undergoes an (in the form of coke).
addition reaction with bromine water, consuming O
the reddish-brown bromine to form a colorless B. (i) Anode: A thick block of the impure copper
product. This consumption of colored bromine is metal.
what causes the solution to be decolorized. Cathode: A thin strip of pure copper metal.
(ii) A suitable electrolyte is an acidified aqueous
25. Answer the following based on the physical states
solution of copper sulphate (CuSO4).
of elements: (iii) The layer of impurities is called Anode
(a) Name the only metal that is known to exist as Mud.
a liquid at standard room temperature (25°C).
(b) Name the only non-metal that is known to exist 27. In a laboratory activity, a student takes a small
as a liquid at standard room temperature (25°C). amount of green-coloured ferrous sulphate
Ans heptahydrate (FeSO 4 $ 7H 2 O ) crystals in a dry
boiling tube and heats it over a flame.
(a) The metal that is a liquid at room temperature
is Mercury (Hg).
(b) The non-metal that is a liquid at room
temperature is Bromine (Br).

26. Attempt either option A or B.

(A) The method used to extract a metal from its
ore is primarily determined by its position in
the reactivity series.
(i) Describe the general process used to extract
metals of low reactivity (e.g., Mercury)
from their sulphide ores.
(ii) Which single process is employed to
extract highly reactive metals like Sodium,
Calcium, and Aluminium?
(iii) Name the chemical substance most (a) What is the first observable change in the
commonly used as a reducing agent for colour of the crystals? What does this change
extracting moderately reactive metals like indicate?
Zinc and Iron. (b) Upon stronger heating, which two gases are
O evolved? Describe the characteristic smell of
(B) Electrolytic refining is a widely used method for one of these gases.
obtaining metals of very high purity. Consider (c) What is the colour and chemical name of the
the electrolytic refining of copper. solid compound left behind in the boiling tube
(i) What materials are chosen for the anode after strong heating?
SAMPLE PAPER 05

(a) p = 1, q = 4 Ans
(b) p = 3, q = 1 (c) The pH will increase.
(c) p = 3, q = 4 Slaked lime is a base. Adding a base to an acidic soil
(d) p = 2, q = 4 will cause a neutralization reaction. This reduces
the acidity of the soil and, as a result, increases its
Ans
pH value, moving it closer to neutral.
(c) p = 3, q = 4
To balance the equation, there must be 3 Fe atoms 21. An aqueous solution of ammonium chloride
on the left to match Fe3O4, so p=3. This requires 4 (NH4Cl) is tested with litmus paper. The expected
O atoms, so q=4. This also balances the 8 H atoms observation is that:
on both sides. The balanced equation is (a) Blue litmus turns red.
3Fe + 4H 2 O " Fe 3 O 4 + 4H 2 (b) Red litmus turns blue.
(c) There is no change in either litmus paper.
18. Some hydrated salts, like washing soda ( (d) Both litmus papers are bleached.
Na 2 CO 3 $ 10H 2 O ), lose their water of crystallisation
Ans
when exposed to open air. This property is known
as: (a) Blue litmus turns red.
(a) Deliquescence Ammonium chloride is a salt formed from a weak
(b) Efflorescence base (NH4OH) and a strong acid (HCl). When
(c) Corrosion dissolved in water, its solution is acidic due to
(d) Hydration hydrolysis. Acidic solutions turn blue litmus paper
red.
Ans
(b) Efflorescence 22. When an active metal like zinc reacts with a dilute
Efflorescence is the process where a hydrated strong acid like HCl, the gas produced is:
crystalline solid loses its water of crystallisation (a) Carbon dioxide
to the atmosphere, often crumbling into a powder. (b) Oxygen
Deliquescence is the opposite, where a substance (c) Chlorine
absorbs moisture from the air to dissolve. (d) Hydrogen
19. Which of the following non-metals is known to Ans
be lustrous, a property typically characteristic of (d) Hydrogen
metals? Active metals that are above hydrogen in the
(a) Sulphur reactivity series react with dilute acids to displace
(b) Phosphorus hydrogen, forming a metal salt and releasing
(c) Bromine hydrogen gas. For example:
(d) Iodine
Zn + 2HCl " ZnCl 2 + H 2
Ans
(d) Iodine 23. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a sodium
Iodine is a non-metal that has a shiny, lustrous sulphide solution, a gas with the smell of rotten
appearance, similar to metals. Sulphur and eggs is evolved. This reaction is an example of:
phosphorus are dull, and bromine is a liquid. While (a) Combination
graphite (an allotrope of carbon) is also lustrous, (b) Decomposition
iodine is a classic example of a lustrous non-metallic (c) Displacement
element.
(d) Double displacement
20. A farmer finds her soil to be too acidic (low pH). She Ans
decides to treat the soil with slaked lime (Ca(OH)2).
(d) Double displacement
What will be the effect of this action on the soil’s
In this reaction, the ions of the two reactants
pH? (NaS and HCl) exchange places to form two new
(a) The pH will decrease further. compounds (NaCl and H2S). The formation of
(b) The pH will remain unchanged. hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas, which smells like
(c) The pH will increase. rotten eggs, is a characteristic result.
(d) The soil will become water-logged.
page 62 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(b) General Formula for Alkanes: C n H 2n + 2

SECTION-C
General Formula for Alkynes: C n H 2n - 2
(c) C4H8 fits the general formula for Alkenes ( 30. A student makes the following statements about the
C n H 2n ).
power of a lens:
Structure of an isomer (e.g., But-2-ene): I. The power of a lens is a measure of its degree of
CH 3 –CH = CH–CH 3 convergence or divergence.
(d) Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) have II. A lens with a short focal length has a low power.
a lower percentage of carbon compared III. The S.I. unit of power of a lens is the dioptre
to hydrogen. They undergo complete (D).
combustion in a sufficient supply of air, Choose from the following the correct option that
producing a clean, blue flame. Unsaturated lists the correct statements.
hydrocarbons (alkenes/alkynes) have a (a) I and II
higher percentage of carbon. They undergo (b) I and III
incomplete combustion, leaving unburnt (c) I, II and III
carbon particles that make the flame yellow (d) II and III
and sooty.
Ans
O
B. (a) Denatured alcohol is ethanol that has (b) I and III
been made unfit for drinking by adding Power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length.
poisonous substances like methanol or Therefore, a short focal length implies high power.
pyridine, and often a dye. Its purpose is to A lens with a short focal length will converge or
prevent the misuse of industrial alcohol for diverge light more strongly.
consumption, allowing it to be sold without 31. A ray of light strikes a plane mirror at an angle of
the high taxes levied on beverages. 30° with the normal. What is the angle between the
(b) Equation: reflected ray and the plane mirror?
2C 2 H 5 OH (l) + 2Na (s) "
(a) 30°
(b) 60°
2C 2 H 5 ONa (aq) + H 2 (g)
(c) 90°
(c) The mixture is called Gasohol or Power
(d) 120°
Alcohol.
(d) The test uses an oxidizing agent, typically Ans
acidic potassium dichromate(VI), which is (b) 60°
orange. When a person who has consumed The angle of incidence is 30°. By the law of reflection,
alcohol breathes into the device, the ethanol the angle of reflection is also 30°. The angle between
in their breath is oxidized to ethanoic acid. the reflected ray and the mirror surface is 90° – 30°
In this process, the orange potassium = 60°.
dichromate is reduced to a chromium(III)
compound, which is green. This colour 32. Assertion (A) : A person with hypermetropia cannot
change from orange to green indicates the see nearby objects clearly.
presence of alcohol. Reason (R) : The eyeball is too long and the focal
(e) Electron dot structure for Ethanol length of the eye lens is too short.
(C2H5OH): (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
(c) A is true but R is false.
Assertion A is true; hypermetropia is farsightedness.
Reason R is false; in hypermetropia, the eyeball is
too short and the focal length of the eye lens is too
SAMPLE PAPER 05

long. The image of a nearby object forms behind

the retina.

33. An object is placed at 27 cm in front of a concave

mirror as shown in the figure of focal length 18 cm.

A. Find the position of the image using the mirror

formula.
B. Calculate the magnification produced.
C. State the nature of the image.
Ans
A. v = 54 cm (from mirror formula).
B. m = –2, so the image is twice the size of the
object.
C. The image is real, inverted, and magnified.

34. Attempt either option A or B

A. Two resistors of resistances 3 Ω and 6 Ω
respectively are connected to a battery of 6 V
so as to have :
page 64 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(a) Maximum resistance, 35. (a) State two main causes of developing far-
(b) Maximum current. sightedness.
(i) How will you connect the resistances in (b) How can this defect of vision be corrected ?
each case ?
Ans AI 2012
(ii) Calculate the strength of the current in the
circuit in both cases. (a) (i) The eye ball is too small.
Ans (ii) The focal length of eye lens is too large.
(a) For maximum resistance, resistors are to be (b) This eye defect is corrected by using a convex
connected in series. lens of suitable focal length.

Rs = R1 + R2 = 3 + 6 = 9 Ω 36. Study the following circuit and answer the following

Current in series, questions :
(a) State the type of combination of the two
Is = V = 6 V = 0.67 A resistors in the circuit.
Rs 9Ω
(b) How much current is flowing through :
(b) For maximum current, resistance has to be
minimum and so resistors are to be connected (i) 10 Ω and through,
in parallel. (ii) 15 Ω resistors.
1 = 1 + 1 (c) What is the ammeter reading ?
Rp R1 R2

=1+1 =1Ω

3 6 2

Rp = 2 Ω
Current in parallel,

Ip = V = 6 V = 3 A
Rp 2Ω
O
B. Calculate the equivalent resistance from the
following combination of resistors. Ans Foreign 2012

(a) Parallel combination.

(b)
(i) I1 = V = 3 = 0.3 A
R1 10
(ii) I2 = V = 3 = 0.2 A
R2 15
(c) Current flowing in the circuit is
I1 + I2 = 0.3 + 0.2 = 0.5 A
Ammeter reading will be 0.5 A.
Ans : 37. Study the diagram given below and answer the
In the given circuit 4 Ω and 2 Ω are connected questions that follow :
series. Hence the equivalent resistance is given by
Rs = R1 + R2
= 4Ω+2Ω = 6Ω

Also, equivalent resistance in parallel is :
1 = 1 + 1 + 1
Rp R1 R2 R3

or Rp = 1 + 1 + 1 = 6 = 1 Ω
2 3 6 6
SAMPLE PAPER 05

by a thick layer of mucus. This mucus is secreted positive geotropism (grow towards gravity), while
by the gastric glands present in the stomach wall, the shoots exhibit negative geotropism (grow away
forming a protective barrier and preventing self- from gravity). The hormone auxin plays a key role
digestion. in this response.

11. Student to attempt either option A or B.

A. What is meant by ‘double circulation’ in the
human heart? State one reason why it is a more
efficient system of circulation.
O
B. Explain the mechanism by which guard cells
regulate the opening and closing of stomatal
pores.
Ans
A. Double circulation is a system where blood flows
through the heart twice for each complete circuit
of the body. One cycle pumps deoxygenated
blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation),
and the other pumps oxygenated blood to the
rest of the body (systemic circulation). This
is efficient because it prevents the mixing of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, ensuring
a higher oxygen supply to the tissues.
O 14. Differentiate between inherited traits and acquired
B. The opening and closing of stomata are traits by giving two key differences. State which of
controlled by the turgor pressure in the guard the two can be passed on to the next generation
cells. When water flows into the guard cells, and why.
they become turgid and swell, causing them to Ans
bow outwards and open the pore. When guard
cells lose water, they become flaccid and shrink, Feature Inherited Trait Acquired Trait
causing the pore to close.
Origin Determined by Developed during
12. In a food chain consisting of Grass ® Deer ® Lion, an individual’s an individual’s
20,000 J of energy was available to the grass. How genetic makeup lifetime due to
much energy would be available to the deer? State (DNA) and are environmental
the law that governs the transfer of energy in a food present from factors or learning.
chain. birth.
Ans Example Eye colour, hair Knowledge of
Energy available to the deer would be 10% of type. cycling, muscle
20,000 J, which is 2,000 J. The law that governs mass built from
this transfer is the Ten Percent Law. It states that exercise.
during the transfer of energy from one trophic level Only inherited traits can be passed on to the next
to the next, only about 10% of the energy from the generation. This is because these traits are caused
organic matter is stored as flesh. The rest is lost by changes in the DNA of the reproductive cells
during transfer or used in respiration. (gametes), which are the cells involved in creating
13. What is geotropism? Draw a neat, labelled diagram offspring. Acquired traits do not cause changes in
the DNA of the gametes.
of a potted plant placed horizontally to illustrate
the response of its shoot and root to gravity. 15. Observe the given sectional view of the human heart
Ans and the questions that follow.
Geotropism is the directional growth of a plant in
response to gravity. The roots of a plant exhibit
page 66 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans :
A. (i)

**********

(ii) (a) Maximum magnetic field is in the region A

and C.
(b) Minimum magnetic field is in the region B.
This is because A and C are magnetic poles and
have maximum number of magnetic field line. Which
determine the intensity of magnetic field while B
is centre of the magnet that has no magnetic field
lines. So, intensity of magnetic field near B is almost
zero.
O
B. (i) What is the meaning of electric power of an
electrical device? Write its S.I. unit.
(ii) An electric kettle of 2 kW is used for 2h.
Calculate the energy consumed in (a)
kilowatt hour and (b) joules.
Ans :
(i) Electric power is the rate at which electric
energy is consumed by an electrical device in an
electric circuit.
Its SI unit is Watt (W).
(ii) Given,
P = 2 kW, t = 2h
Hence, Energy consumed,
E = P#t
(a)
E = 2 # 2 = 4 kWh
(b)
E = 4 kWh
= 4 # 3.6 # 106 J

= 14.4 # 106 J

SAMPLE PAPER 06

Sample Paper 06
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. The onset of puberty in human females is marked by

SECTION-A the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Which hormone is primarily responsible for these
1. In the human circulatory system, besides blood, changes?
there is another fluid called lymph. What is a key (a) Testosterone
function of lymph? (b) Insulin
(a) To transport oxygen from the lungs to the (c) Adrenaline
tissues. (d) Oestrogen
(b) To carry digested fats and return fluid from Ans
tissues to the blood. (d) Oestrogen
(c) To produce hormones for the endocrine system. Oestrogen, the primary female sex hormone produced
(d) To initiate the process of blood clotting at a by the ovaries, is responsible for the development
wound. of female secondary sexual characteristics during
Ans puberty, such as the development of breasts and the
start of the menstrual cycle.
(b) To carry digested fats and return fluid from
tissues to the blood. 4. The process by which characteristics or traits are
Lymph, also known as tissue fluid, plays a crucial passed on from parents to their offspring through
role in carrying absorbed fats from the intestine genes is known as:
and in collecting excess fluid from tissue spaces and (a) Heredity
returning it to the bloodstream, maintaining fluid (b) Variation
balance.
(c) Evolution
2. Plants respond to environmental stimuli like gravity. (d) Adaptation
The downward growth of roots and the upward Ans
growth of the shoot are known respectively as: (a) Heredity
(a) Positive phototropism and negative Heredity is the mechanism of transmission of genetic
phototropism traits from one generation to the next. It is the
(b) Positive geotropism and negative geotropism reason why offspring resemble their parents and is a
(c) Negative geotropism and positive geotropism fundamental concept in the study of genetics.
(d) Thigmotropism and hydrotropism 5. In a typical food chain, organisms are grouped into
Ans different trophic levels. The third trophic level is
always occupied by:
(b) Positive geotropism and negative geotropism
(a) Producers
Geotropism is the growth of a plant in response
to gravity. Roots grow towards gravity (positive (b) Herbivores
geotropism) to anchor the plant, while shoots grow (c) Carnivores
away from gravity (negative geotropism) to reach (d) Decomposers
sunlight. Ans
page 68 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(c) Carnivores (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
The first trophic level consists of producers (plants). explanation of A.
The second level consists of primary consumers (c) A is true but R is false.
(herbivores). The third trophic level consists of (d) A is false but R is true.
secondary consumers (carnivores that prey on
Ans
herbivores).
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
6. Consider the following statements describing the explanation of A.
events of photosynthesis: Cross-pollination involves the mixing of genes from
(i) The process is initiated by the absorption of two different parent plants. This combination of
light energy by chlorophyll molecules. different genetic material results in offspring with
(ii) Light energy is converted into chemical energy. new sets of traits, thus promoting genetic diversity
(iii) Water molecules are split into hydrogen and within the species.
oxygen.
9. Assertion (A) : The inner lining of the small intestine
(iv) Carbon dioxide is reduced by hydrogen to form
proteins as the final product. has numerous finger-like projections called villi.
Which of the above statements are correct? Reason (R) : The villi decrease the internal surface
(a) (i) and (iv) only area for the absorption of food.
(b) (ii), (iii), and (iv) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
Ans (c) A is true but R is false.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) (d) A is false but R is true.
The first three statements correctly describe the Ans
key events. Statement (iv) is incorrect because
carbon dioxide is reduced to form carbohydrates (c) A is true but R is false.
(like glucose), not proteins, which are synthesized The assertion is true; the small intestine is lined with
through other metabolic pathways. villi. The reason is false because the purpose of the
villi is to vastly increase, not decrease, the surface
7. The cerebrum is the largest and most prominent area, which allows for more efficient absorption of
part of the human brain. What is its primary digested nutrients.
function?
10. Despite being a single-celled organism without
(a) To control posture and balance.
(b) To regulate involuntary actions like heartbeat a dedicated mouth or digestive system, Amoeba
and breathing. exhibits a holozoic mode of nutrition. Justify this
(c) To act as a relay center for sensory information. statement.
(d) To be the center for intelligence, memory, and Ans
voluntary actions. Amoeba shows holozoic nutrition by ingesting
Ans complex solid food. It uses temporary finger-like
extensions of its cell surface called pseudopodia
(d) To be the center for intelligence, memory, and
to engulf a food particle, forming a food vacuole.
voluntary actions.
Inside this vacuole, digestive enzymes break down
The cerebrum is the seat of higher-level thought
the complex food into simpler substances, which
processes. It is responsible for interpreting sensory
then diffuse into the cytoplasm.
information, reasoning, learning, memory, and
initiating and controlling all voluntary movements. 11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
A. Differentiate between breathing and respiration
8. Assertion (A) : Cross-pollination leads to greater
on the basis of
genetic variation in the offspring.
(i) Energy release and
Reason (R) : Pollen grains are transferred between
(ii) The nature of the process (physical/
flowers of genetically different plants during cross-
biochemical).
pollination.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct o
explanation of A. B. What is transpiration? List any two external
SAMPLE PAPER 06

35. What are the causes of the following defects of

vision and how can they be corrected ?
(a) Cataract
(b) Presbyopia.
Ans Comp 2014

(a) Cataract : Sometimes the crystalline lens

becomes milky and cloudy in old age. This
causes partial or complete loss of eyesight.
Correction : Through a cataract surgery.
(b) Presbyopia : The power of accommodation
of eye decreases with age. So, the near point
reaches away. It is due to weakening of ciliary
(a) Total resistance in the circuit and muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye
(b) Total current flowing in the circuit. lens. In this defect a person may suffer from
Ans : both myopia and hypermetropia.
Correction : By wearing spectacles having
1 = 1 + 1 bifocal lens.
(a)
RA R1 R2
36. An electric iron consumes energy at a rate of 840 W
1 = 1 + 1 = 5
RA 10 40 40 when heating is at the maximum rate and 360 W
when the heating is at the minimum. The voltage
RA = 8 Ω is 220 V. What are the current and the resistance
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 in each case ?
Similarly,
RB R3 R 4 R5
Ans Foreign 2010
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 6
RB 30 20 60 60 From, P = VI
RB = 10 Ω
we have, I =P
V
Total resistance R = RA + RB
(a) When heating is at maximum rate.
= 8 + 10 = 18 Ω

Current, I = 840 W
(b) Total flowing current, 220 V
= 3.82 A

I = V = 12 = 2 A
R 18 3
and resistance, R = V = 220
o I 3.84
B. A torch bulb is rated 5.0 V and 500 mA. = 57.6 Ω

Calculate (b) When heating is at the minimum rate.
(i) its power,
(ii) resistance when it is lighted for four hours. Current, I = 360 W
220 V
Ans :
= 1.64 A

Potential difference, V = 5.0 Volt
and resistance, R = V = 220 V
Current, I = 500 mA I 1.64 A
= 134.15 Ω
= 500 = 0.5 A
1000
37. Answer the following questions :
(i) Power, P = I#V
(i) What is the direction of magnetic field lines
= 0.5 # 5 = 2.5 W outside a bar-magnet ?
(ii) The magnetic field lines in a given region are
(ii) Resistance, R = V = 5 = 10 Ω getting crowded. What does it indicate ?
I 0.5
(iii) State one advantage of AC over DC.
page 70 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

would need to undergo regularly and briefly (iii) (a) The ovule develops into the seed.
state its principle. (b) The ovary develops into the fruit.
Ans o
B. (i) The placenta is a specialized disc-like tissue
A. The glomerulus is the bundle of blood capillaries, that connects the developing embryo to the
and the Bowman’s capsule is the cup-shaped uterine wall of the mother. It consists of
structure surrounding it. The primary function villi on the embryo’s side and blood spaces
occurring here is ultrafiltration, where blood on the mother’s side, providing a large
is filtered under high pressure. Water, glucose, surface area for exchange.
salts, amino acids, and urea are forced out of (ii) Three functions of the placenta are:
the blood into the Bowman’s capsule. 1. Provides nutrition (glucose, amino
o acids) from the mother’s blood to the
B. Selective reabsorption is the process where the embryo.
nephron reabsorbs useful substances from the 2. Facilitates the exchange of oxygen and
initial filtrate back into the blood. As the filtrate carbon dioxide.
passes through the tubular part, substances the 3. Removes waste products (like urea)
body needs are absorbed. Two substances that from the embryo into the mother’s
are almost completely reabsorbed are glucose blood.
and amino acids. (iii) The gestation period in humans is
C. The procedure is called hemodialysis or simply the duration of pregnancy, which is
dialysis. Its principle is to remove metabolic approximately 9 months or about 280 days.
wastes like urea from the blood by diffusion. The
patient’s blood is passed through an artificial
kidney containing tubes made of a selectively
permeable membrane, which are immersed in SECTION-B
a dialysis fluid. Waste products diffuse from
the blood into the fluid, while clean blood is 17. For the Haber’s process shown, identify the correct
returned to the patient. values for ‘p’ and ‘q’ and the substance that acts as
the reducing agent.
16. Attempt either option A or B.
A. (i) Define fertilization. Differentiate it from Equation: pN 2 (g) + qH 2 (g) ? 2NH 3 (g)
pollination. (a) p = 1, q = 3; Reducing agent is N2
(ii) What is double fertilization in flowering
plants? (b) p = 1, q = 3; Reducing agent is H2
(iii) After fertilization, which part of the flower (c) p = 1, q = 2; Reducing agent is N2
develops into the (a) seed and (b) fruit?
(d) p = 3, q = 1; Reducing agent is H2
o
B. (i) What is the placenta? Describe its structure. Ans
(ii) List any three functions of the placenta (b) p = 1, q = 3; Reducing agent is H2
during the development of the embryo. The balanced equation is N 2 + 3H 2 ? 2NH 3 , So
(iii) What is the gestation period in humans? p=1 and q=3. In this reaction, hydrogen’s oxidation
Ans state increases from 0 to +1, meaning it gets oxidized
and acts as the reducing agent. Nitrogen’s oxidation
A. (i) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from
state decreases from 0 to -3 (it is reduced).
the anther to the stigma. Fertilization is the
subsequent fusion of the male gamete (from 18. Which of the following common chemical compounds
the pollen grain) with the female gamete does not contain water of crystallisation?
(egg cell) inside the ovule.
(ii) Double fertilization is a unique process in (a) Blue Vitriol (CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O )
flowering plants where two fusion events (b) Gypsum (CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O )
occur. One male gamete fuses with the egg (c) Washing Soda (Na 2 CO 3 $ 10H 2 O )
cell to form the zygote. The other male
gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei to (d) Baking Soda (NaHCO3)
form the primary endosperm nucleus, which Ans
nourishes the developing embryo.
(d) Baking Soda (NaHCO3)
SAMPLE PAPER 06

Baking soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate) is an (H+). Therefore, Solution A, with the lowest pH of 4,
anhydrous salt, meaning its crystalline structure is the most acidic and has the highest concentration
does not include water molecules. The other three of H+ ions.
salts are hydrated, containing a fixed number of
water molecules in their crystals. 22. Based on the reactivity series of metals, which one
of the following reactions will not occur?
19. Although non-metals are typically poor conductors (a) Zn (s) + CuSO 4 (aq) " ZnSO 4 (aq) + Cu (s)
of electricity, one of its forms is an exception and
is used to make electrodes. Identify this exception. (b) Fe (s) + ZnSO 4 (aq) " FeSO 4 (aq) + Zn (s)
(a) Diamond
(c) Mg (s) + FeSO 4 (aq) " MgSO 4 (aq) + Fe (s)
(b) Graphite
(c) Sulphur (d) Zn (s) + FeSO 4 (aq) " ZnSO 4 (aq) + Fe (s)
(d) Phosphorus
Ans
Ans
(b) Fe (s) + ZnSO 4 (aq) " FeSO 4 (aq) + Zn (s)
(b) Graphite A metal can only displace another metal from its
Graphite is an allotrope of carbon, a non-metal. salt solution if it is more reactive. Iron (Fe) is less
Due to the presence of free-moving electrons reactive than Zinc (Zn). Therefore, iron cannot
within its layered structure, it is a good conductor displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution. All other
of electricity, unlike other non-metals and other reactions are possible as the metal is more reactive
allotropes of carbon like diamond. than the one in the salt solution.
20. A person stung by an ant feels a sharp, burning 23. When a fresh apple is cut, the exposed surface turns
pain. This is due to the injection of methanoic brown after some time. This is a type of:
acid. Applying a solution of baking soda gives relief (a) Physical change.
because: (b) Neutralization reaction.
(a) it is a strong acid that overpowers the methanoic (c) Anaerobic respiration.
acid. (d) Oxidation reaction.
(b) it is a mild base that neutralizes the methanoic
acid. Ans
(c) it is a neutral salt that washes away the acid. (d) Oxidation reaction.
(d) it has a cooling effect on the skin. The browning of the apple is an enzymatic chemical
reaction. Phenolic compounds present in the apple
Ans
are oxidized by oxygen from the air, catalyzed by an
(b) it is a mild base that neutralizes the methanoic enzyme called polyphenol oxidase, forming brown-
acid. coloured products.
The principle behind the relief is neutralization.
Baking soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate) is a mild 24. Assertion (A) : Butan-1-ol and Butan-2-ol exhibit
base that reacts with the methanoic acid injected similar chemical properties.
by the ant, neutralizing its effect and thus relieving Reason (R) : They belong to the same homologous
the pain. series of alcohols and possess the same functional
group (–OH).
21. Four solutions labelled A, B, C, and D have pH (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
values of 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively. Which solution explanation of A.
contains the highest concentration of hydrogen ions (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(H+)? explanation of A.
(a) Solution A (c) A is true but R is false.
(b) Solution B (d) A is false but R is true.
(c) Solution C
(d) Solution D Ans

Ans (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct

explanation of A.
(a) Solution A Both Butan-1-ol and Butan-2-ol possess the same
The pH scale is logarithmic. A lower pH value hydroxyl (–OH) functional group and belong to
indicates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions the alcohol homologous series. Since the functional
page 72 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

group is the primary determinant of a molecule’s (ii) A metal that reacts only with steam is Iron
chemical properties, both compounds undergo (Fe) or Aluminium (Al).
similar characteristic reactions of alcohols, such as (iii) Equation:
oxidation and esterification.
3Fe (s) + 4H 2 O (g) ? Fe 3 O 4 (s) + 4H 2 (g)
25. Answer the following based on the properties of
27. A student performs an experiment by mixing
metals:
(a) Bells used in temples and schools are always aqueous solutions of lead(II) nitrate and potassium
made of metal alloys. Which characteristic iodide in a test tube.
property of metals is utilized here?
(b) Name any two metals that are exceptions to the
general property of hardness and can be easily
cut with a knife.
Ans
(a) The property utilized is sonority (or being
sonorous). This is the property of metals to
produce a deep, ringing sound when struck.
(b) Two metals that are soft enough to be cut with
a knife are Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K).

26. Attempt either option A or B.

A. Metal oxides are formed when metals react with
oxygen. Their chemical nature can vary.
(i) Give an example of a metal oxide that is
basic.
(ii) Give an example of a metal oxide that
shows amphoteric behaviour.
(a) What is the immediate visual observation upon
(iii) Write a balanced chemical equation to show
the reaction of an amphoteric oxide (e.g., mixing the two solutions?
zinc oxide) with a strong acid (e.g., HCl). (b) Identify the insoluble product formed by name
and chemical formula.
o
(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for this
B. The way metals react with water depends on
reaction and classify the type of reaction.
their chemical reactivity.
(i) Name one metal that reacts violently with Ans
cold water, producing a flame. (a) Upon mixing, a yellow coloured solid substance
(ii) Name a metal that does not react with cold (precipitate) is formed immediately.
or hot water but reacts only with steam. (b) The yellow precipitate is Lead(II) iodide. Its
(iii) Write the balanced chemical equation for chemical formula is PbI2.
the reaction of iron with steam. (c) Equation:
Ans Pb (NO 3) 2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) "

A. (i) An example of a basic metal oxide is Sodium PbI 2 (s) + 2KNO 3 (aq)
oxide (Na2O) or Magnesium oxide (MgO). Type of reaction: This is a double displacement
(ii) An example of an amphoteric oxide is reaction. It is also a precipitation reaction.
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) or Zinc oxide
(ZnO). 28. Salts can be neutral, acidic, or basic depending on
(iii) Equation: the strength of the acid and base from which they
ZnO (s) + 2HCl (aq) " ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O (l)
are formed. A student is given solutions of three
o salts: Potassium Sulphate (K2SO4), Zinc Chloride
(ZnCl2), and Potassium Acetate (CH3COOK).
B. (i) Sodium (Na) or Potassium (K) reacts
(a) Identify the parent acid and base for Potassium
violently with cold water. The hydrogen gas
Sulphate. What will be the nature of its aqueous
evolved immediately catches fire.
solution?
(b) Which of the three salts will form a basic
SAMPLE PAPER 06

solution? Justify your answer. (a) What are hydrocarbons?

(c) What colour change would be observed if blue (b) Classify the following into alkanes, alkenes,
litmus solution is added to the aqueous solution and alkynes : C 3 H 8, C 4 H 6, C 2 H 4, C 5 H 12 .
of Zinc Chloride? Explain why. (c) Describe a chemical test that can be
o used to distinguish between a sample of a
Fresh milk has a pH of around 6.5. When it is left to saturated hydrocarbon (e.g., hexane) and
stand for a few hours, especially in summer, it turns an unsaturated hydrocarbon (e.g., hexene).
sour and its pH value changes. (d) Write the chemical equation for the reaction
(a) When milk turns sour to form curd, does its pH involved in the test described in part (c)
using hexene (C6H12).
value increase or decrease?
(e) Draw the electron dot structure for the
(b) Explain the chemical process responsible for
simplest alkyne, ethyne (C2H2).
this change in pH.
o
(c) A milkman adds a very small quantity of baking
soda to fresh milk. Why does this delay the (B) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), commonly known
souring of milk? as acetic acid, is a versatile organic compound.
(a) Explain why ethanoic acid is considered a
Ans weak acid.
(a) Parent Acid: Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), a strong (b) What is esterification? Write the chemical
acid. equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid
Parent Base: Potassium hydroxide (KOH), a with ethanol, and name the main product.
strong base. (c) Write a balanced chemical equation for
Nature of solution: The solution will be neutral the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium
(pH=7). hydroxide.
(b) Potassium Acetate (CH3COOK) will form a (d) Pure, water-free ethanoic acid is called
basic solution. glacial acetic aci(d) Explain the reason
behind this name.
Justification: It is a salt of a weak acid (Acetic
(e) What is vinegar, and what is it primarily
acid, CH3COOH) and a strong base (Potassium
used for?
hydroxide, KOH). The acetate ion hydrolyzes in
water to produce OH- ions, making the solution Ans
basic.
A. (a) Hydrocarbons are organic compounds
(c) The blue litmus solution will turn red.
consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon
Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) is a salt of a strong acid
atoms.
(HCl) and a weak base (Zn(OH)2). Its aqueous
solution is acidi (c) Acidic solutions turn blue (b) Alkanes : C3H8, C5H12
litmus red. Alkenes : C2H4
o Alkynes : C4H6
(a) The pH value will decrease. (c) Test: The Bromine Water Test. Add a few
(b) The souring of milk is due to the action of drops of reddish-brown bromine water to
bacteria (like Lactobacillus). These bacteria both samples and shake.
carry out anaerobic respiration and convert Observation : The unsaturated hydrocarbon
the lactose (sugar) present in milk into lactic (hexene) will decolorize the bromine water,
acid. The formation of acid increases the turning it from reddish-brown to colourless.
concentration of H+ ions, thus lowering the pH. The saturated hydrocarbon (hexane)
(c) Baking soda is a mild base. Adding it to fresh will show no reaction, and the colour will
milk makes the milk slightly alkaline. The acid persist.
produced during souring first has to neutralize (d) Equation: C 6 H 12 + Br2 " C 6 H 12 Br2
this added base before the milk can become (e) Electron dot structure for Ethyne (C2H2):
acidic enough to turn sour. This process H : C ::: C : H
increases the time it takes for the milk to sour. o
29. Attempt either option A or B. B. (a) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid because when
(A) Hydrocarbons can be saturated or unsaturated. dissolved in water, it ionizes only partially
This difference in their structure leads to to produce a low concentration of hydrogen
different chemical reactivities. ions (H+).
page 74 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(b) Esterification is a reaction in which a lens. Which of the following lens types and optical
carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in phenomena would explain this observation?
the presence of an acid catalyst to form a (a) Concave lens, Refraction
sweet-smelling compound called an ester. (b) Convex lens, Reflection
Equation: (c) Concave lens, Reflection
Con (c) H 2 SO 4
CH 3 COOH (l) + C 2 H 5 OH (l)
(d) Convex lens, Refraction
CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 (l) + H 2 O (l)
Ans
(d) Convex lens, Refraction
Product: Ethyl ethanoate
A convex lens is a converging lens. It refracts an
(c) Equation: incoming parallel beam of light, causing all the rays
CH 3 COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) "
to converge at a single point, which is its principal
CH 3 COONa (aq) + H 2 O (l)
focus.

(d) It is called glacial acetic acid because its 32. Assertion (A) : A person uses a concave lens to
freezing point is 16.6 °(c) In cold climates, correct hypermetropia.
during winter, it often freezes to form Reason (R) : A concave lens increases the focal
colourless, ice-like crystals, resembling a length of the eye lens, allowing the image of nearby
glacier. objects to be formed on the retina.
(e) Vinegar is a dilute solution, typically 5-8%, (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
of acetic acid in water. It is primarily used explanation of A.
as a preservative in pickles and sauces, (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
and as a sour flavouring agent in food explanation of A.
preparation. (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

SECTION-C Ans
(d) A is false but R is true.
Assertion A is false. A convex lens is used to correct
30. While describing the image formation by a convex hypermetropia Reason R is true, but it describes
lens, a student noted the following: the correction of myopia, where a concave lens is
I. When the object is placed at 2F1 , the image is used to increase the focal length of the eye lens.
formed at 2F2 and is the same size.
II. When the object is placed between F1 and 2F1 , 33. A convex mirror has a focal length of 15 cm.
the image is real, inverted, and magnified. A. Where will the image form if an object is placed
III. When the object is placed at F1 , the image is 10 cm away?
formed at infinity. B. State the size and nature of the image formed.
Choose from the following the correct option that
C. Explain why convex mirrors are preferred in
lists the correct statements.
vehicles.
(a) I and II
(b) I and III Ans
(c) I, II and III A. By mirror formula, v = 6 cm behind the mirror.
(d) II and III
B. The image is virtual, erect, and diminished.
Ans C. Convex mirrors provide a wider field of view
(c) I, II and III and always give erect images, making them
All three statements are correct and describe suitable for rear-view mirrors.
standard ray diagrams for a convex lens. The image
34. Attempt either option A or B
is formed at 2F2 when the object is at 2F1 , beyond
2F2 when the object is between F1 and 2F1 , and at A. If in figure A, R1 = 10 Ω , R2 = 40 Ω , R3 = 30 Ω,
infinity when the object is at F1 . R 4 = 20 Ω , R5 = 60 Ω and a 12 V battery are
connected to the arrangement, calculate :
31. A student observes that a parallel beam of light is
focused to a single point after passing through a
SAMPLE PAPER 06

factors that can increase the rate of transpiration reduces the secretion of insulin. This is an example
in plants. of a negative feedback mechanism.
Ans 14. A pea plant with round yellow seeds (RRYY) was
A. (i) Energy Release : Breathing is an energy- crossed with a plant having wrinkled green seeds
consuming physical process, while (rryy).
respiration is a biochemical process that (i) Write the genotype and phenotype of the F1
releases a large amount of energy (ATP). generation plants.
(ii) Nature of Process : Breathing is a physical (ii) If the F1 plants are allowed to self-pollinate, list
process of gas exchange (inhalation and the four different types of gametes that would
exhalation). Respiration is a complex
be produced.
biochemical process involving the breakdown
of food to release energy within cells. (iii) What is this type of cross known as?
o Ans
B. Transpiration is the process of water movement (i) 1. Genotype of F1: RrYy
through a plant and its evaporation from aerial
2. Phenotype of F1: All plants will have round
parts, such as leaves, stems, and flowers. Two
and yellow seeds.
factors that increase the rate of transpiration
are: (ii) The four types of gametes produced by the F1
(i) High wind speed : Wind removes the water plant (RrYy) are: RY, Ry, rY, and ry.
vapour from around the leaf, increasing the (iii) This type of cross, involving two pairs of
water potential gradient. contrasting traits, is known as a dihybrid cross.
(ii) High temperature : Higher temperatures
increase the kinetic energy of water 15. The diagram provided shows the structure of a
molecules, leading to a faster rate of nephron. the questions based on it.
evaporation.

12. What is ozone, and how is it formed in the

stratosphere? Explain why the depletion of the
ozone layer is a major environmental concern.
Ans
Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms
of oxygen. In the stratosphere, high-energy UV
radiation splits some molecular oxygen (O2) into free
oxygen atoms (O). These atoms then combine with
molecular oxygen to form ozone (O3). Its depletion
is a major concern because the ozone layer shields
the Earth’s surface from harmful ultraviolet (UV)
radiation from the sun, which can cause skin cancer,
cataracts, and damage to plants and marine life.

13. What is a feedback mechanism in the endocrine

system? Using the example of blood sugar
regulation, explain how this mechanism controls the
secretion of insulin.
Ans A. Identify the part labelled as ‘glomerulus’ and
‘Bowman’s capsule’. What is the primary
A feedback mechanism is a self-regulating system
function occurring in this region?
that controls the timing and amount of hormone
release. For example, when blood sugar levels rise o
after a meal, this is detected by the cells of the B. What is selective reabsorption? Name two
pancreas. In response, the pancreas secretes more substances that are almost completely
insulin. Insulin helps the body’s cells to absorb reabsorbed from the initial filtrate.
glucose, thus lowering the blood sugar level. As the C. A person is suffering from complete kidney
blood sugar level falls back to normal, the pancreas failure. Name the life-support procedure they
page 76 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans Delhi 2017

39. Attempt either option A or B.
(i) North pole to south pole. A. (i) For the combination of resistors shown in
(ii) The strength of magnetic field is higher in this the following figure, find the equivalent
region. resistance between M and N :
(iii) AC voltage can be stopped up and transmitted
over long distances without much loss of energy.

38. A hand-held magnifying glass uses a single convex

lens. When a small object is placed between the
lens and its principal focus, the lens forms an
enlarged, upright image that appears on the same
side as the object. This helps in reading fine print
and observing small details in specimens. The
magnification depends on the focal length of the
lens and how close the object is kept to it.
A. Which lens is used as a magnifying glass and (ii) State Joule’s law of heating.
why? (iii) Why we need a 5A fuse for an electric iron
which consumes 1 kW power at 220 V?
B. State the nature of the image obtained when
(iv) Why is it impracticable to connect an
the object is kept between the optical centre electric bulb and an electric heater in series?
and the focus of this lens.
Ans :
Attempt either subpart C or D.
A. (i) R3 and R 4 are in parallel connection.
C. A convex lens has focal length f =+ 12cm .
An object is placed u =− 8cm from the lens. 1 = 1 + 1
Calculate the image distance v . Rl R3 R 4

= 4+ 3
o R R

D. For the same situation, find the magnification R3 R 4
and comment on the image size. R3 R 4
Rl =
Ans : R 4 + R3

A. A convex (converging) lens is used because Now Rl,R1 and R2 are in series connection, so
for objects placed within the focal length it R3 R 4
Req = R1 + R2 +
produces a magnified, erect image. R3 + R 4
B. The image is virtual, erect and magnified, (ii) According to Joule’s law of heating.
formed on the same side of the lens as the
H \ l2
object.
C. Using : H \R
1 =1−1
f v u H \t
H \ l2 Rt
12 v b 8 l v 8
1 = 1 − −1 = 1 + 1
or H = l2 Rt , where H is heat produced, l is
1 = 1 − 1 =− 1 current.
v 12 8 24 R is resistance and t is time in seconds.
Hence v =− 24cm (virtual, same side as object). (iii) P = 1kw = 1000 W , V = 220 V
o
D. P = Vl

m = v = − 24 = 3 l =P
u −8 V
The image is three times larger than the object
(magnified, erect). = 1000 = 50

220 11
= 4.5 A , So 5A fuse is needed.

SAMPLE PAPER 06

(iv) In a series circuit, current is constant

throughout the electric circuit. Thus, it is
impracticable to connect en electric bulb
and an electric heater in series, because
they need currents of widely different values
to operate properly.
o
B. PQ is a current carrying conductor in the plane
of the paper as shown in the figure below.

(i) Find the directions of the magnetic fields

produced by it at points R and S ? Given r1 2
r2, where will the strength of the magnetic field
be larger? Give reasons.
(ii) Field strength at which point will be greater?
(iii) If the polarity of the battery connected to the
wire is reversed, how would the direction of the
magnetic field be changed?
(iv) Explain the rule that is used to find the
direction of the magnetic field for a straight
current carrying conductor.
Ans :
(i) The magnetic field lines produced is into the
plane of the paper at R and out of it at S .
(ii) Field at S 2 Field at P . Magnetic field strength
for a straight current carrying conductor is
inversely proportional to the distance from the
wire.
(iii) The current will flow from top to bottom in the
wire shown and the magnetic field lines are now
in the clockwise direction on the plane which is
perpendicular to the wire carrying current.
(iv) Right hand thumb rule: The thumb is aligned to
the direction of the current and the direction in
which the fingers are wrapped around the wire
will give the direction of the magnetic field.

**********
page 78 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP
SAMPLE PAPER 07

Sample Paper 07
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. Regeneration is a method of asexual reproduction

SECTION-A where an organism can regrow into a complete
individual from a fragmented body part. This ability
1. The stomach plays a crucial role in digestion by is most prominently seen in which of the following
secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl). What is the organisms?
primary function of HCl in the stomach? (a) Yeast
(a) To break down fats into smaller droplets. (b) Amoeba
(b) To create an acidic medium for pepsin to act (c) Rhizopus
and to kill germs. (d) Planaria
(c) To neutralize the acidity of the food coming Ans
from the mouth.
(d) Planaria
(d) To protect the stomach lining from digestive
Planaria, a type of flatworm, possess remarkable
enzymes.
regenerative capabilities. If cut into several pieces,
Ans each piece can grow into a complete new Planaria,
making it a classic example of regeneration.
(b) To create an acidic medium for pepsin to act
and to kill germs. 4. Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection is a
Hydrochloric acid creates the highly acidic cornerstone of modern biology. What is the central
environment necessary for the protein-digesting concept of this theory?
enzyme pepsin to function effectively. It also serves (a) That characteristics acquired during an
as a defense mechanism by killing most of the organism’s lifetime are inherited.
harmful bacteria ingested with food.
(b) That organisms with traits best suited to their
2. The axon of many neurons is covered by an environment tend to survive and reproduce
insulating fatty layer. What is this layer called and more successfully.
what is its main function? (c) That evolution occurs through sudden and
(a) Synapse; to release neurotransmitters. large-scale genetic mutations.
(b) Dendrite; to receive nerve impulses. (d) That all species were created in their current
(c) Myelin sheath; to speed up nerve impulse form and do not undergo change.
transmission. Ans
(d) Cell body; to process information.
(b) That organisms with traits best suited to their
Ans environment tend to survive and reproduce more
(c) Myelin sheath; to speed up nerve impulse successfully.
transmission. The theory posits that within any population, there
The myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator for is natural variation. Individuals with advantageous
the axon. This insulation allows the nerve impulse traits are better adapted to their environment,
to travel much faster by jumping from one gap in giving them a higher chance of surviving and passing
the sheath to the next, a process called salutatory those beneficial traits to their offspring.
conduction.
page 80 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

5. In nature, feeding relationships are complex and (b) It contracts and moves down, increasing the
interconnected, rather than simple linear chains. volume of the chest cavity.
What term describes this network of multiple When you inhale, your diaphragm contracts and
interconnected food chains in an ecosystem? flattens. This movement increases the space in your
(a) Trophic level chest cavity, causing a drop in internal pressure that
(b) Ecological pyramid pulls air into the lungs.
(c) Food web
8. Assertion (A) : Veins have valves within them, but
(d) Biomass
arteries do not.
Ans Reason (R) : Blood in veins flows under low pressure
(c) Food web and against gravity, so valves are needed to prevent
A food web provides a more realistic and detailed backflow.
representation of the energy flow in an ecosystem. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
It shows how various food chains overlap and how explanation of A.
most organisms have multiple food sources and (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
predators. explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
6. Consider the following statements about the human (d) A is false but R is true.
endocrine system:
Ans
(i) The pituitary gland is called the ‘master gland’
as it regulates the activity of many other (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
endocrine glands. explanation of A.
(ii) Insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar, Arteries carry high-pressure blood from the heart,
is secreted by the thyroid gland. so back-flow isn’t an issue. Veins carry low-pressure
(iii) Adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands to blood back to the heart, often against gravity.
The valves act as one-way gates to ensure blood
prepare the body for emergency situations.
continues moving towards the heart.
(iv) Oestrogen is the primary male sex hormone.
Which of the above statements are correct? 9. Assertion (A) : Damage to the Earth’s ozone layer
(a) (i) and (iii) is a significant environmental concern.
(b) (ii) and (iv) Reason (R) : A depleted ozone layer allows less
harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation to reach the
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii)
Earth’s surface.
(d) All are correct.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Ans explanation of A.
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
The pituitary gland is the master regulator. explanation of A.
Adrenaline is the ‘fight or flight’ hormone. (c) A is true but R is false.
Statement (ii) is incorrect because insulin is secreted (d) A is false but R is true.
by the pancreas. Statement (iv) is incorrect because Ans
oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone.
(c) A is true but R is false.
7. The diaphragm is a large muscle situated below The assertion is true; ozone depletion is a major
the lungs. What is its role during the process of concern. The reason is false because a depleted
inhalation (breathing in)? ozone layer allows more, not less, harmful UV
(a) It relaxes and moves up, decreasing the volume radiation to penetrate the atmosphere, increasing
of the chest cavity. risks like skin cancer.
(b) It contracts and moves down, increasing the 10. A student sets up an experiment by covering a
volume of the chest cavity. part of a leaf of a destarched potted plant with a
(c) It remains stationary to support the lungs. strip of black paper. After exposing the plant to
(d) It partially digests the air entering the lungs. sunlight for a few hours, the covered part of the
leaf tests negative for iodine, while the uncovered
Ans
SAMPLE PAPER 07

SECTION-B Ans
(c) Turns bluish-green or yellow
Red cabbage extract contains pigments called
17. In the reaction : anthocyanins that change colour with pH. In neutral
2AgNO 3 (aq) + Cu (s) " Cu (NO 3) 2 (aq) + 2Ag (s) solutions, it is purplish; in acidic solutions, it turns
pink/red; and in basic solutions, it turns bluish-
The oxidizing agent is :
green, and eventually yellow in very strong bases.
(a) Cu(s)
(b) Ag(s) 21. What change will occur to the pH of 1 litre of pure
(c) Cu(NO3)2(aq) water (pH=7) when a few drops of concentrated
(d) AgNO3(aq) hydrochloric acid are added?
Ans (a) The pH will increase significantly.
(b) The pH will remain exactly 7.
(d) AgNO3(aq) (c) The pH will decrease slightly.
The oxidizing agent is the substance that gets (d) The pH will decrease significantly.
reduced. In this reaction, the silver ion (Ag+) in
AgNO3 gains an electron to become silver metal Ans
(Ag), so its oxidation state decreases. Therefore, (d) The pH will decrease significantly.
AgNO3 is the oxidizing agent. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Adding it to
neutral water will introduce a high concentration of
18. Which of the following acids is naturally present in
hydrogen ions (H+), which will cause a significant
tomatoes?
drop in the pH value, making the solution strongly
(a) Acetic acid acidic.
(b) Oxalic acid
(c) Citric acid 22. When Plaster of Paris is mixed with the correct
(d) Lactic acid amount of water, it sets into a hard solid mass. This
Ans hard solid is chemically :
(a) Calcium Carbonate
(b) Oxalic acid (b) Anhydrous Calcium Sulphate
Tomatoes contain several acids, but the most (c) Slaked Lime
prominent one is oxalic acid Citric acid is found in (d) Gypsum
citrus fruits, acetic acid in vinegar, and lactic acid
in sour milk and curd. Ans
(d) Gypsum
19. Which is the most abundant metal found in the
Plaster of Paris (Calcium sulphate hemihydrate,
Earth’s crust?
CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O ) reacts with water to re-form Gypsum
(a) Iron
(Calcium sulphate dihydrate, CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O ),
(b) Copper which is a hard, solid substance.
(c) Aluminium
(d) Calcium 23. The process of respiration in living organisms is
Ans considered an exothermic reaction because :
(a) it takes place in the presence of oxygen.
(c) Aluminium (b) it involves the intake of food.
Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the (c) energy is released during the breakdown of
Earth’s crust, making up about 8% of the crust glucose.
by mass. It is followed by iron, calcium, and then (d) water is produced as a by-product.
sodium.
Ans
20. Red cabbage extract is a natural acid-base indicator.
(c) energy is released during the breakdown of
What colour does it exhibit in a basic solution like
glucose.
soap water?
An exothermic reaction is one that releases energy
(a) Remains reddish-purple
into the surroundings, usually in the form of heat.
(b) Turns bright pink or red During respiration, glucose is broken down, and this
(c) Turns bluish-green or yellow process releases the energy that living cells need to
(d) Becomes colourless function.
page 82 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

15. Refer to the diagram of the human alimentary canal 16. Attempt either option A or B.
to the questions that follow. A. (i) Define budding and provide an example of
a unicellular organism that reproduces this
way.
(ii) How does regeneration in Planaria differ
from the regeneration of a lizard’s tail?
(iii) State one major advantage of sexual
reproduction over asexual reproduction.
o
B. (i) What are Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STDs)?
(ii) Name one STD caused by a bacterium and
one caused by a virus.
(iii) Suggest two practices that can help in
preventing the transmission of such diseases.
Ans
A. (i) Budding is a type of asexual reproduction
in which a new individual develops from a
small outgrowth or bud on the parent’s body.
A. A person consumes a diet rich in proteins. In A unicellular organism that reproduces by
which part of the alimentary canal (labelled budding is Yeast.
N, O, P) does the digestion of protein begin?
(ii) In Planaria, a small cut part of the body
Name the enzyme that initiates this process.
can grow into a complete new individual,
o which is a form of reproduction. In a lizard,
B. List two functions of the hydrochloric acid regeneration is limited to the regrowth of a
secreted in the part labelled ‘N’ (stomach). lost body part (the tail) and cannot create
C. What is the role of the part labelled ‘O’ (small a new organism.
intestine) in the digestion of fats? Explain the (iii) The major advantage of sexual
process of emulsification. reproduction is that it promotes genetic
variation in offspring, which enhances the
Ans ability of a species to survive in a changing
A. The digestion of protein begins in the stomach environment.
(Part N). The enzyme that initiates this process o
is pepsin. B. (i) Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
o are infections that are transmitted from
B. Two functions of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the an infected person to a healthy person
stomach are: primarily through sexual contact.
1. It creates an acidic medium which is (ii) 1. Bacterial STD : Gonorrhoea or Syphilis.
necessary for the enzyme pepsin to act on 2. Viral STD : AIDS (Acquired Immuno
proteins. Deficiency Syndrome) or Warts.
2. It kills harmful bacteria and other (iii) Two preventive practices are:
microorganisms that may enter along with 1. Using a barrier method of contraception,
the food. such as a condom, during sexual
C. In the small intestine (O), fats are digested intercourse.
with the help of bile juice from the liver. 2. Avoiding sexual contact with unknown
Emulsification is the process where large or multiple partners.
globules of fat are broken down into smaller fat
droplets by bile salts. This increases the surface
area of the fats, allowing the enzyme lipase to
digest them more efficiently into fatty acids and
glycerol.
SAMPLE PAPER 07

part tests positive. What can be concluded from for thousands of years, causing land and water
this experiment? pollution, and can enter the food chain through bio-
magnification.
Ans
This experiment demonstrates that sunlight is 13. Draw a neat diagram of a neuron and label the
necessary for photosynthesis. The covered part following parts :
of the leaf did not receive sunlight and could not (i) Dendrite
produce starch, hence it tested negative for iodine.
(ii) Axon
The uncovered part performed photosynthesis and
produced starch, resulting in a positive blue-black (iii) Cell Body
colour with the iodine test.

11. Student to attempt either option A or B.

A. How is the structure of the small intestine
adapted for the efficient absorption of digested
food? Mention any two structural features.
o
B. What are the final, simplest products formed
after the complete digestion of
(i) carbohydrates,
(ii) proteins, and
(iii) fats? Ans
Ans (A diagram of a neuron should be drawn with the
specified parts labelled.)
A. The small intestine is adapted for efficient (i) Dendrite : Branched, tree-like extensions that
absorption through: receive signals from other neurons.
1. Extreme Length : It is very long, providing (ii) Axon : A long, slender projection that conducts
a large amount of time and surface area for electrical impulses away from the cell body.
absorption.
(iii) Cell Body (Cyton) : The main part of the neuron
2. Presence of Villi : Its inner lining has
containing the nucleus. The nerve impulse flows
millions of tiny, finger-like projections called
from the dendrites, through the cell body and
villi, which vastly increase the surface area
axon, to the nerve endings.
available for absorption. These villi are also
richly supplied with blood vessels. 14. How are fossils formed? Describe one method of
o determining the age of a fossil.
B. The final products of digestion are:
Ans
(i) Carbohydrates : Glucose
Fossils are typically formed when a dead organism
(ii) Proteins : Amino acids
is buried in sediments, such as sand or mud. Over
(iii) Fats : Fatty acids and glycerol
time, more layers of sediment build up, and the
hard parts of the organism (like bones or shells) are
12. Differentiate between biodegradable and non- replaced by minerals, turning them into rock.
biodegradable wastes, giving one example of each. One method of determining a fossil’s age is Relative
Which of the two poses a more serious threat to the Dating. In this method, the age is estimated based
environment and why? on the layer of rock in which the fossil is found.
Ans Fossils found in deeper layers are considered older
than those found in the upper layers.
Biodegradable wastes are substances that can
be broken down into harmless materials by
microorganisms (e.g., vegetable peels). Non-
biodegradable wastes cannot be broken down
by biological processes (e.g., plastic bottles).
Non-biodegradable wastes pose a more serious
threat because they persist in the environment
page 84 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

24. Assertion (A) : The complete combustion of (iii) State one key property of stainless steel
hydrocarbons like methane produces carbon dioxide that makes it suitable for manufacturing
and water. surgical instruments.
Reason (R) : The incomplete combustion of Ans
hydrocarbons, in a limited supply of air, can produce
carbon monoxide. A. (i) The chemical formula for zinc blende is
ZnS.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A. (ii) The process is called Roasting. In this, the
ore is heated strongly in the presence of
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
excess air.
explanation of A. Heat
(c) A is true but R is false. Equation : 2ZnS (s) + 3O 2 (g)
(d) A is false but R is true. 2ZnO (s) + 2SO 2 (g)

Ans (iii) The substance used is Carbon (in the form
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct of coke).
explanation of A. o
Both statements are correct facts about the B. (i) Alloying is the method of improving the
combustion of hydrocarbons. However, the reason properties of a metal by mixing it with
(R) describes a different scenario (incomplete other metals or non-metals to form a
combustion) and does not explain why complete homogeneous mixture called an alloy.
combustion (A) produces CO2 and water. (ii) The main constituents of stainless steel are
Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), and Chromium (Cr).
25. Answer the following based on exceptions to the (Carbon is also present in small amounts).
general properties of elements : (iii) Stainless steel is highly resistant to
(a) Name a metal that is a poor conductor of heat. corrosion and rust. This property ensures
(b) Name a non-metal that has a very high melting that surgical instruments remain sterile and
point, comparable to that of strong metals. do not degrade.
Ans
27. A student takes about 5 mL of distilled water in
(a) Lead (Pb) is a metal that is a relatively poor a beaker. She carefully adds a few pellets of solid
conductor of heat. (Mercury is also a valid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to it and stirs the
answer). solution with a glass rod.
(b) Diamond, an allotrope of the non-metal carbon, (a) If the student touches the outside of the beaker,
has an extremely high melting point (over 3500 what change in temperature will she observe?
°C). (b) What does this observation indicate about the
nature of the dissolution process of NaOH in
26. Attempt either option A or B. water?
A. Moderately reactive metals like Zinc are often (c) Based on your conclusion in part (B), what
found as sulphide ores. The extraction involves safety precaution should be followed while
converting the ore to an oxide and then reducing preparing a dilute solution of a strong acid like
it. sulphuric acid?
(i) What is the chemical formula of zinc blende,
the sulphide ore of zinc? Ans
(ii) Name the process used to convert zinc (a) She will observe that the beaker has become
blende into zinc oxide and write its balanced hot.
chemical equation.
(b) This observation indicates that the dissolution
(iii) Name the substance commonly used to of sodium hydroxide in water is a highly
reduce zinc oxide to zinc metal. exothermic process (it releases heat).
o
(c) The dilution of a strong acid is also a highly
B. Alloying is a very important process for creating exothermic process. The safety precaution is
materials with desired properties. to always add the acid slowly to water with
(i) What is meant by the term ‘alloying’ ? constant stirring, and never add water to the
(ii) Name the main constituents of stainless acid. This allows the large amount of heat
steel.
SAMPLE PAPER 07

1 =1−1 (b) Connect the ends of the coil to a

f v u
galvanometer.
- 1 = 1 − b− 1 l = 1 + 1 (c) Take a strong bar magnet and move its
15 v 30 v 30 north pole towards the end B of the coil.
Thus (d) There is a momentary deflection in the
1 = − 1 − 1 =− 1 needle of the galvanometer, say to the
v 15 30 10
right. This indicates the presence of a
v =− 10cm (virtual). current in the coil AB . The deflection
o becomes zero the moment the motion of
the magnet stops.
D. Power (e) Now withdraw the north pole of the magnet
P= 1 = 1 from the coil. Now the galvanometer is
f (m) − 0.15 deflected towards the left, showing that
=− 6.67 D . the current is now set up in the direction
(negative sign for a diverging lens). opposite to the previous direction.
(f) Place the magnet stationary at a point
39. Attempt either option A or B near to the coil, keeping its north pole
A. (i) With the help of an activity, explain the towards the end B of the coil. We see that
method of inducing electric current in a coil the galvanometer needle deflects toward
with a moving magnet. State the rule used the right when the coil is moved towards
to find the direction of electric current thus the north pole of the magnet. Similarly,
generated in the coil. the needle moves toward left when the coil
(ii) Two circular coils-1 and coil-2 are kept is moved away.
close to each other as shown in the diagram. When the coil is kept stationary with
Coil-1 is connected to a battery and key respect to the magnet, the deflection of
and coil-2 with a galvanometer. State your the galvanometer drops to zero.
observation in the galvanometer: To find the direction of electric current,
Fleming’s right hand rule is applied.
According to it, if we stretch the forefinger,
middle finger and thumb of our right hand
mutually perpendicular in such a way
that thumb points along the direction
of motion of conductor, forefinger along
the direction of magnetic field; then the
middle finger points along the direction of
induced current.
(ii) (a) The galvanometer needle deflects
momentary in one direction because when
(a) When key K closed; the key is closed, magnetic field lines
(b) When key K is opened; around coil-2 increases momentary that
Give reason for your observations. causes induced current in coil-2.
Ans : (b) The galvanometer needle deflects momentary
(i) Activity : but in opposite direction because when the
key is opened, magnetic field lines around
coil-2 decreases momentary that causes
induced current in coil-2.
o
B. (i) For the combination of resistors shown in
the following figure, find the equivalent
resistance between M and N :

(a) Take a coil of wire AB having a large

number of turns.
page 86 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

atoms, allowing for a vast diversity of virtual, erect, and magnified image. Thus, statement
compounds. III is incorrect.
(b) Covalent bonds are chemical bonds formed
by the mutual sharing of electrons between 31. Which of the following phenomena is responsible for
atoms. the formation of a rainbow in the sky?
(c) Covalent compounds consist of discrete (a) Reflection and dispersion
molecules. The forces of attraction between (b) Refraction and reflection
these molecules (intermolecular forces) (c) Dispersion, refraction, and total internal
are generally weak. Since little energy is reflection
required to overcome these weak forces, the (d) Dispersion and scattering
compounds have low melting and boiling Ans
points.
(d) Electron dot structure for CO2: (c) Dispersion, refraction, and total internal
reflection
Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through
raindrops. The light is first refracted and dispersed
into its colors. Then, it undergoes total internal
reflection inside the raindrop, and finally, it is
refracted again as it exits the drop.

32. Assertion (A) : The focal length of a concave mirror

is considered to be negative.
(e) Carbon dioxide is effective because it is Reason (R) : According to the New Cartesian Sign
denser than air and does not support Convention, the focal length of a concave mirror
combustion. When sprayed on a fire, it lies to the left of the mirror and distances in this
forms a blanket, displacing oxygen and direction are taken as negative.
cutting off the oxygen supply to the burning (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
substance, thus extinguishing the fire. explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
SECTION-C (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
30. A student makes the following statements about the Ans
image formed by a concave mirror:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
I. A concave mirror can form a real, inverted
explanation of A.
image.
By the New Cartesian Sign Convention, the focal
II. A concave mirror can form a virtual, erect, and
point of a concave mirror is in front of the mirror (to
magnified image.
the left of the pole), and distances measured against
III. The image formed by a concave mirror is always the direction of the incident light are negative. Both
real and inverted. statements are correct and related.
Choose from the following the correct option that
lists the correct statements. 33. A concave mirror of focal length 15 cm is used to
(a) I and II obtain an erect image.
(b) I and III A. Explain the condition under which a concave
(c) I, II and III mirror forms an erect and magnified image.
(d) II and III B. State the range of object distances for which
this condition is satisfied.
Ans
C. Draw the ray diagram for this case.
(a) I and II
Ans
A concave mirror can form real, inverted images for
objects placed beyond its focus. When the object is A. When the object is placed between the pole (P)
between the pole and the principal focus, it forms a and the focus (F).
SAMPLE PAPER 07

generated to be dissipated gradually in the of H+ ions and a very high concentration of

large volume of water. OH- ions.

28. A student is given three unlabelled, colourless 29. Attempt either option A or B.
solutions : A (distilled water), B (an acid), and C A. Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is a carboxylic
(a base). She is provided only with a strip of red acid that shows several important chemical
litmus paper. reactions.
(a) Describe the procedure she would use to identify (a) Write the balanced chemical equation for
solution C (the base). the reaction of ethanoic acid with:
(b) After identifying solution C, how can she use (i) Sodium metal
it and the original red litmus paper to identify (ii) A solution of Sodium Hydroxide
solution B (the acid)? (iii) Solid Sodium Carbonate
(c) How will she finally identify solution A (distilled (b) Why is pure ethanoic acid often called
water)? ‘glacial acetic acid’ ?
(c) What is the common name for a 5-8%
o
aqueous solution of ethanoic acid?
The pH of a solution indicates its hydrogen ion o
concentration. Two acidic solutions, P and Q, have
pH values of 4 and 1, respectively. B. The unique nature of the carbon atom allows it
to form a vast number of compounds.
(a) Which of the two solutions, P or Q, is more
(a) State two characteristic properties of carbon
acidic?
that are responsible for the large number of
(b) The hydrogen ion concentration in the more organic compounds we see around us.
acidic solution is how many times greater than (b) What are covalent bonds?
in the less acidic solution? (c) Explain why covalent compounds generally
(c) What would be the nature of a solution that has have low melting and boiling points.
a pH of 14? What does this pH value indicate (d) Draw the electron dot structure for a
about its ion concentrations? molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Ans (e) Explain why carbon dioxide gas is effective
in extinguishing most types of fires.
(a) She will dip the red litmus paper into each of
the three solutions. The solution that turns the Ans
red litmus paper blue is solution C (the base). A. (a) Equations:
(b) She will now use the litmus paper that has (i) 2CH 3 COOH (l) + 2Na (s) "
turned blue (from step A). She will dip this blue 2CH 3 COONa (aq) + H 2 (g)

litmus paper into the remaining two solutions
(A and B). The solution that turns the blue (ii) CH 3 COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) "
litmus paper back to red is solution B (the CH 3 COONa (aq) + H 2 O (l)

acid). (iii) 2CH 3 COOH (aq) + Na 2 CO 3 (s) "
(c) The remaining solution, which does not cause 2CH 3 COONa (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)

any colour change in either the original red
(b) It is called glacial acetic acid because its
litmus paper or the blue litmus paper, is
freezing point is low (16.6 °C). In cold
solution A (distilled water).
climates, it freezes during winter, forming
o ice-like crystals that resemble a glacier.
(a) Solution Q (pH=1) is more acidic. (c) The common name is Vinegar.
(b) The pH scale is logarithmic. A difference of 1 o
pH unit corresponds to a 10-fold difference in B. (a) The two properties are:
H+ ion concentration. The difference in pH is 4 1. Catenation : The ability of carbon to
– 1 = 3. Therefore, the concentration of H+ ions form strong covalent bonds with other
in solution Q is 103 or 1000 times greater than carbon atoms, creating long chains,
in solution P. branched chains, and rings.
(c) A solution with pH 14 is strongly basic (or 2. Tetra-valency : Carbon has a valency
alkaline). This indicates a very low concentration of four, so it can bond with four other
page 88 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(a) Myopia. Current drawn, I =V

(b) Since power of lens is negative lens used is R
concave lens. The person of suffering from
myopia or short-sightedness. = 200 = 0.63 A

320
(i)
37. A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a
galvanometer. What would happen if a bar magnet
is :
(i) Pushed into the coil ?
(ii) Withdrawn from inside the coil ?
(iii) Held stationary inside the coil ?
Ans SQP 2017

(i) Due to change in magnitude flux linked with

Figure : (a) Myopic eye
coil, the galvanometer shows deflection (say
(ii) towards right).
(ii) Due to change in magnetic flux linked with coil,
the galvanometer shows deflection [say towards
left opposite to that in case (i)].
(iii) As it is stationary, no change in magnetic flux
linked with coil, so galvanometer shows no
deflection.

38. A simple viewer uses a concave lens to obtain a

wide field of view. When an object is placed in front
Figure : (b) Correction for myopia
of a concave lens, the outgoing rays diverge as if
they originate from a point on the same side of
36. In a household electric circuit different appliances the lens. The image formed is always virtual, erect
are connected in parallel to one another. Give two and diminished. Such lenses are also useful where
advantages of such connections. reduction of image size is needed before further
Two bulbs rated 100 W, 200 V and 25 W, 200 V are imaging.
connected in parallel to a 200 V supply. What will A. Which lens is used in this viewer and what type
be the current drawn from the supply line ? of image does it form?
Ans OD 2011 B. Can a single concave lens project a real image
on a screen? Give a reason.
(a) Each appliance can draw the required current.
Attempt either subpart C or D.
(b) Each appliance can be controlled individually.
C. For a concave lens of focal length f = − 15cm
2
R1 = V , an object is placed at u = − 30cm . Find the
P1 image distance v .
= 200 # 200 = 400 Ω
o
100
D. For the same lens, calculate its power in dioptres
2
R2 = V and state the sign.
P2
Ans :
= 200 # 200 = 1600 Ω
A. A concave (diverging) lens is used; it forms a
25
virtual, erect and diminished image on the same
Total resistance, R = 1 + 1 side as the object.
R1 R2
B. No. A single concave lens always forms a virtual
= R1 R2
image because it causes rays to diverge; the rays
R1 + R2 do not actually meet to form a real image on a
screen.
= 1600 # 400 = 320 Ω

2000 C.
SAMPLE PAPER 07

B. The object distance must be less than the focal o

length (u < f). B. Study the given electric circuit and calculate:
C. The image is virtual, erect, and magnified. (i) the current flowing through the 4 Ω resister
and
(ii) potential difference across the combination
of two resistor of 8 Ω each.

34. Attempt either option A or B

A. N the given circuit, find :
Ans :
(i) As we know that,
V = IR
2V = I # 4 Ω
I = 0.5 A
(ii) Two 8 Ω resistors are in parallel, so then
equivalent resistance.
1 =1+1 =2Ω = 1Ω
R eq 8 8 8 4
(a) Total resistance of the network of resistors
(b) Current through ammeter A R eq = 4 Ω
Ans : Now, two 4 Ω resistors are in series.
So, total resistance,
(a) In the given circuit diagram 4 Ω and 2 Ω
RTotal = 4 Ω + 4 Ω = 8 Ω
resistances are connected in series combination
and 3 Ω and 3 Ω resistance are also connected Total current,
in the series combination.
ITotal = V = 2 = 1 A
R 8 4
R1 = 4 + 2 = 6 Ω
Voltage across equivalent resistance of two 8 Ω
R2 = 3 + 3 = 6 Ω resistors
Now the equivalent resistance of circuit
V = ITotal
1 = 1 + 1 R eq
R eq R1 R2
= 1 #4 = 1V

=1+1 =2
4
6 6 6
35. A child is able to read his book comfortably but is
R eq = 6 = 3 Ω unable to read the matter written on the blackboard
2
(b) According to ohm’s law, at certain distance.
(a) Name the defect of vision he is suffering from.
V = IR eq
(b) With the help of labelled ray diagram show :
I = V (i) The above mentioned defect of vision.
R eq (ii) Correction of the above mentioned defect
using a suitable lens.
= 6 = 2A

3
Ans AI 2016
page 90 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

**********

(ii) State Joule’s law of heating.

(iii) Why we need a 5A fuse for an electric iron
which consumes 1 kW power at 220 V?
(iv) Why is it impracticable to connect an
electric bulb and an electric heater in series?
Ans :
(i) R3 and R 4 are in parallel connection.
1 = 1 + 1
Rl R3 R 4

= 4+ 3
R R

R3 R 4
R3 R 4
Rl =
R 4 + R3
Now Rl,R1 and R2 are in series connection, so
R3 R 4
Req = R1 + R2 +
R3 + R 4
(ii) According to Joule’s law of heating.
H \ l2
H \R
H \t
H \ l2 Rt
or H = l2 Rt , where H is heat produced, l is
current.
R is resistance and t is time in seconds.
(iii) P = 1kw = 1000 W , V = 220 V
P = Vl

l = P = 1000
V 220

= 50

11
= 4.5 A , So 5A fuse is needed.

(iv) In a series circuit, current is constant throughout
the electric circuit. Thus, it is impracticable to
connect en electric bulb and an electric heater
in series, because they need currents of widely
different values to operate properly.
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Sample Paper 08
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

Ans
SECTION-A (c) Papaya
A unisexual flower contains either the male
1. In the human circulatory system, deoxygenated reproductive part (stamen) or the female
blood from the body returns to the heart. Which reproductive part (pistil). Papaya plants are
chamber of the heart is the first to receive this dioecious, meaning individual plants bear either
deoxygenated blood? male or female flowers, but not both.
(a) Left Atrium 4. In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over
(b) Right Atrium white flowers (p). If a heterozygous plant (Pp) is
(c) Left Ventricle crossed with a white-flowered plant (pp), what
(d) Right Ventricle percentage of the offspring will have white flowers?
(a) 0%
Ans
(b) 25%
(b) Right Atrium (c) 50%
Deoxygenated blood from the body tissues is (d) 100%
collected by the superior and inferior vena cava and
Ans
emptied into the right atrium. From there, it moves
to the right ventricle to be pumped to the lungs. (c) 50%
The possible genotypes of the offspring from a Pp x
2. Nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to pp cross are Pp and pp. There is a 50% probability
the next across a specialized junction. What is this for each genotype. Since white flowers are a recessive
microscopic gap between two neurons called? trait (pp), 50% of the offspring are expected to
(a) Myelin sheath exhibit this phenotype.
(b) Axon
(c) Cell body 5. The accumulation of certain harmful chemicals in
(d) Synapse the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels
in a food chain is known as:
Ans
(a) Decomposition
(d) Synapse (b) Eutrophication
A synapse is the small gap at the end of a neuron (c) Biomagnification
that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the (d) Transpiration
next. The signal is transmitted across this gap by
Ans
chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters.
(c) Biomagnification
3. Flowers can be classified as unisexual or bisexual. Biomagnification occurs when non-biodegradable
Which of the following plants typically bears toxins, such as pesticides like DDT, are ingested
unisexual flowers? and stored in organisms. As energy flows up the
(a) Hibiscus (b) Mustard food chain, these toxins become increasingly
(c) Papaya (d) Pea concentrated at each trophic level.
page 92 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

6. Consider the following statements about Ans

contraceptive methods : (d) A is false but R is true.
(i) Oral pills are hormonal preparations that The assertion is false because the brain and spinal
prevent the release of an egg from the ovary cord make up the Central Nervous System (CNS).
(ovulation). The reason is a true statement that correctly
(ii) Using a condom is a barrier method that describes the function of the PNS.
can also prevent the transmission of Sexually
9. Assertion (A) : An ecosystem with a complex food
Transmitted Diseases (STDs).
web is more stable than one with a simple food
(iii) Copper-T is a surgical method used to
chain.
permanently block the fallopian tubes.
Reason (R) : In a food web, most organisms have
(iv) A vasectomy is a surgical procedure performed
multiple food sources, which prevents the collapse
on females to prevent pregnancy. of the ecosystem if one food source diminishes.
Which of the above statements are correct? (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(a) (i) and (ii) explanation of A.
(b) (iii) and (iv) (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (c) A is true but R is false.
Ans (d) A is false but R is true.
(a) (i) and (ii) Ans
Oral pills alter hormonal balance to prevent (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
ovulation, and condoms are a physical barrier. explanation of A.
Statement (iii) is incorrect; Copper-T is an Intra- The interconnectedness of a food web provides
Uterine Device (IUD). Statement (iv) is incorrect; a alternative energy pathways. If one species is
vasectomy is performed on males. removed, other species can switch to different food
sources, making the entire ecosystem more resilient
7. The complete digestion of fats in the human
and stable compared to a linear food chain.
alimentary canal results in fatty acids and glycerol.
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for this 10. Transpiration is often described as a ‘necessary evil’
conversion? for plants. Justify this statement with one point
(a) Amylase (b) Pepsin explaining why it is ‘necessary’ and one point for
(c) Trypsin (d) Lipase why it is an ‘evil’.
Ans Ans
(d) Lipase 1. Necessary : Transpiration is necessary because
Lipase is the enzyme that hydrolyzes fats (lipids). the suction force it creates (transpiration-al pull)
After bile emulsifies large fat globules into smaller is essential for the upward movement of water and
ones, lipase, primarily secreted by the pancreas, dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.
acts on these droplets to break them down into 2. Evil : It is considered an evil because if the
absorbable fatty acids and glycerol. rate of transpiration exceeds the rate of water
absorption by the roots, it can lead to wilting
8. Assertion (A) : The brain and spinal cord are
and even death of the plant due to excessive
components of the Peripheral Nervous System
water loss.
(PNS).
Reason (R) : The PNS is responsible for connecting 11. A. State the role of the following enzymes in the
the Central Nervous System (CNS) to the limbs and human digestive system :
organs.
(i) Pepsin
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (ii) Lipase.
explanation of A.
o
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A. B. Differentiate between xylem and phloem on the
(c) A is true but R is false. basis of
(d) A is false but R is true. (i) the direction of flow and
(ii) the substance transported.
SAMPLE PAPER 08

= 30 cm Ans :
Hence, object is placed on the centre of curvature Joules law : In accordance with Joules law of
of the mirror. The size of image is same as that heating, if a current I flows through a resistor of
of the object and it is real and inverted. resistance R for a time t , then the heat produced
(iii) In case-3 across the resistor is
Given u =− 20 cm H = I 2 Rt Joules

f =− 30 cm Two characteristics are :

By mirror formula (i) It must not melt at high temperature.
(ii) It has high resistivity.
1+1 = 1 Maximum power,
v u f
1+ 1 Pmax = 880 W
= 1
v ^− 20h − 30 Minimum power,
v = 60 cm Pmin = 440 W
Nature of image is virtual and erect and it is Voltage, V = 220 V
magnified.
Current, I =?
Resistance, R=?
Net Power = Pmax − Pmin = VI
880 - 440 = 220 # I
440 = 220 # I
I = 2A
V = IR
220 = 2 # R
R = 110 Ω
o
o
(iv) Given u =− 18 cm B. Study the given electric circuit and calculate :
(i) the current flowing through the 4 Ω resister
f =− 12 cm and
From mirror formula (ii) potential difference across the combination
1+1 = 1 of two resistor of 8 Ω each.
v u f
1=1−1
v f u
= 1 − 1
^− 12h ^− 18h

1 =− 1
v 36
v =− 36 cm

39. Attempt either option A or B

A. State Joules law of heating. List two special
characteristics of a heating element wire. Ans :
An electric iron consumes energy at the rate (i) As we know that,
of 880W when heating is at the maximum rate
V = IR
and 440W when the heating is at the minimum
rate. The applied voltage is 220 V. Calculate 2V = I # 4 Ω
the current and resistance in each case.
I = 0.5 A
page 94 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

prevent the airway from collapsing when there (ii) 1. Sepals : They are the green, leaf-like
is less air in it, ensuring that the passage for air structures that enclose and protect the
is always open. flower during the bud stage.
o 2. Petals : They are usually brightly coloured
B. During exhalation, the rib muscles relax, to attract insects and other pollinators.
causing the rib cage to move downwards and (iii) After pollination, the pollen grain lands
inwards. Simultaneously, the diaphragm relaxes on the stigma and germinates, forming a
and moves upwards to its original dome shape. pollen tube. This tube grows down through
These movements decrease the volume of the the style to reach the ovule inside the ovary.
chest cavity, which increases the pressure on the The male gamete travels down the pollen
lungs, forcing the air out. tube, enters the ovule, and fuses with the
female gamete (egg cell) to form a zygote.
C. It is advisable to breathe through thenose
This fusion is called fertilization.
because the nasal passage is lined with fine
hairs and mucus. These structures trap dust and
other suspended particles present in the inhaled
air, filtering it. The air also gets warmed and SECTION-B
moistened before it reaches the lungs.
17. For the reaction of copper with concentrated
16. Student to attempt wither option A or B
sulphuric acid, identify the correct values for ‘p’
A. (i) What is meant by the term ‘alternation of
generations’ in the life cycle of a plant? and ‘q’.
(ii) Name a plant group that clearly shows this Equation : pCu (s) + 2H 2 SO 4 (conc.) "
phenomenon. CuSO 4 (aq) + qSO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O (l)
(iii) Differentiate between the sporophyte and
(a) p = 2, q = 1
gametophyte generation in plants.
(b) p = 1, q = 2
o
(c) p = 2, q = 2
B. (i) Draw a labelled diagram showing the (d) p = 1, q = 1
longitudinal section of a flower.
Ans
(ii) What are the functions of sepals and petals?
(iii) How does the process of fertilization occur (d) p = 1, q = 1
in a flower after pollination? The equation is balanced when 1 mole of Copper
Ans reacts with 2 moles of Sulphuric acid to produce 1
mole of Copper sulphate, 1 mole of Sulphur dioxide,
A. (i) Alternation of generations refers to a life and 2 moles of Water. Therefore, both p and q are
cycle in which a plant alternates between equal to 1.
two distinct multicellular forms : a diploid
(2n) sporophyte generation and a haploid 18. Soda-acid fire extinguishers work by producing
(n) gametophyte generation. carbon dioxide gas, which cuts off the oxygen supply
(ii) This phenomenon is clearly seen in ferns to a fire. The gas is produced by the reaction of
and mosses. sulphuric acid with :
(iii) The sporophyte is the diploid (2n) phase (a) Sodium carbonate
that produces haploid spores through (b) Calcium carbonate
meiosis. The gametophyte is the haploid (c) Sodium hydroxide
(n) phase that produces gametes (sperm (d) Sodium hydrogencarbonate
and egg) through mitosis. The sporophyte
is typically the dominant, visible plant Ans
body in ferns and flowering plants. (d) Sodium hydrogencarbonate
o Soda-acid fire extinguishers contain sodium
B. (i) A diagram of the L.S. of a flower should hydrogencarbonate (baking soda) and sulphuric
be drawn, labelling sepals, petals, stamen acid When the extinguisher is activated, these two
(anther, filament), and pistil/carpel chemicals mix and react to produce a large amount
(stigma, style, ovary). of carbon dioxide gas.
SAMPLE PAPER 08

I =V = 3 = 1A
R 3
Ammeter reading = 1 A
2. Voltmeter Reading = IR = 1 # 2 = 2 V
Voltmeter reading = 2 V
o
B. For the circuit diagram given below, calculate :

A. Name the type of mirror used in the headlights

of a car.
B. Identify the mirror used in solar furnaces and
explain its role.
C. State the mirror used in rear-view of vehicles
and explain the reason for its preference.
Ans
A. Concave mirror – produces parallel rays for (a) The value of current through each resistor.
powerful beams. (b) The total current in the circuit.
B. Concave mirror – focuses sunlight at a point to Ans :
produce heat. (a) Since the three resistances, shown in the circuit
C. Convex mirror – gives wider field of view and have been joined in parallel, hence voltage
erect images. across each of them is same having a value 6 V.
Current I1 through resistance R1 = 5 Ω ,
34. Attempt either option A or B
A. I1 = V = 6 = 1.2 A
R1 5
Current I2 through resistance R2 = 10 Ω ,

I2 = V = 6 = 0.6 A
R2 10
and current I3 through resistance R3 = 30 Ω ,

I3 = V = 6 = 0.2 A
R3 30
(b) Total current in the circuit
I = I1 + I2 + I3
= 1.2 + 0.6 + 0.2 = 2.0 A

Find out the following in the above electric 35. The near point of a person suffering from
circuit hypermetropia is 75 cm. Calculate the focal length
1. Reading of the ammeter and power of the lens required to enable him to read
2. Reading of the voltmeter the newspaper which is kept at 25 cm from the eye.
Ans :
Ans SQP 2019
1. Here, R1 = 1 Ω , R2 = 2 Ω
The resistance are connected in the series Given, u = − 25 cm , v = − 75 cm
combination hence the equivalent resistance is As we know that,
given by
1-1 =1
R = R1 + R2 = 1 + 2 = 3 Ω v u f
page 96 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans (i) Oiling or Greasing

(a) Ionic compounds consist of a crystal lattice with (ii) Galvanisation
strong electrostatic forces of attraction between (iii) Making an alloy like stainless steel
oppositely charged ions. A large amount of o
thermal energy is required to overcome these (B) Draw a neat and fully labelled diagram
strong forces, resulting in high melting points. showing the setup for the electrolytic refining
(b) When pressure is applied to an ionic crystal, of an impure copper rod. Your diagram must
the layers of ions can shift. This shift can bring show the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and the
ions with the same charge next to each other. collection of anode mud.
The strong repulsive forces between these like
charges cause the crystal to fracture and break Ans
apart. A. (i) Oiling/Greasing : Applying a layer of oil
or grease creates a waterproof barrier
26. A student takes 2 mL of dilute sodium hydroxide on the surface of the iron, preventing its
solution in a test tube and adds two drops of contact with both air and moisture, the two
phenolphthalein indicator. He then adds dilute HCl essential conditions for rusting.
solution to this test tube drop by drop. (ii) Galvanisation : A layer of a more reactive
metal like zinc is coated on the iron. This
protects the iron not only by providing a
barrier but also by sacrificial protection. If
scratched, the zinc corrodes first because it
is more reactive than iron.
(iii) Alloying : Iron is mixed with other elements
like chromium and nickel to form stainless
steel. These elements give the iron superior
resistance to corrosion, making the alloy
non-rusting.
o
B. Diagram for Electrolytic Refining of Copper:
(a) What is the initial colour of the solution after
adding phenolphthalein?
(b) What colour change is observed as he adds HCl
dropwise? Why does this change occur?
(c) What is the specific name given to this reaction
between an acid and a base? Write the balanced
chemical equation for it.
Ans
(a) The initial colour of the solution is pink.
(b) As HCl is added, the pink colour gradually
disappears, and the solution becomes colourless.
This happens because the hydrochloric acid (an
acid) neutralizes the sodium hydroxide (a base).
At the neutralization point, the solution is no 28.
Salts belonging to the same family share a common
longer basic, and phenolphthalein is colourless positive or negative radical. Consider the salts :
in neutral or acidic solutions. Sodium Sulphate (Na 2 SO 4 ), Potassium Sulphate (
K 2 SO 4 ), and Copper Sulphate (CuSO 4 ).
(c) The reaction is called a Neutralization reaction.
Equation : NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) " (a) Identify the family to which these three salts
belong.
NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l)
(b) Which of these salts will form a neutral solution
27. Attempt either option A or B. in water and which will form an acidic solution?
(c) What would be the colour of the Copper
(A) Explain how the following methods help in
Sulphate solution? What visual change would
preventing the corrosion of an iron object:
SAMPLE PAPER 08

Ans stimulus. For example, the folding of the leaves of

A. (i) Pepsin : It is an enzyme found in the the “touch-me-not” plant (Mimosa pudica) when
stomach that begins the digestion of touched is a nastic movement. The leaves fold in
proteins, breaking them down into smaller the same way regardless of the direction from which
fragments called peptones. they are touched.
(ii) Lipase : It is an enzyme that breaks down
14. What is specialization? Describe any two factors
emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
that can lead to the formation of a new species.
It is secreted by the pancreas and the walls
of the small intestine. Ans
o Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new
B. biological species arise. It is the formation of one
or more new species from an existing species. Two
Basis Xylem Phloem factors that can lead to speciation are:
i.
1. Geographical Isolation : A population gets
Direction of Unidirectional Bidirectional
separated by a geographical barrier like a river
Flow (upwards from (from leaves to
or mountain range. This prevents gene flow
roots to other all other parts,
between the separated groups, and over time,
parts of the including roots
genetic drift and natural selection can cause
plant). and storage
them to become so different that they can no
organs).
longer interbreed.
ii. Substance Water and Food (mainly 2. Genetic Drift : Random changes in the
Transported dissolved sucrose) frequency of alleles in a small population over
minerals. prepared generations. By chance, certain traits may
during become more common, leading to significant
photosynthesis. genetic differences and eventually, a new species.

15. A student is studying the process of respiration

12. Why is a food web considered a more stable and in humans. Refer to the diagram of the human
realistic model for an ecosystem compared to a respiratory system to the questions.
linear food chain? Give two reasons.
Ans
A food web is considered more stable and realistic
because:
1. Multiple Food Sources : It shows that most
organisms have multiple food options. This
means if one food source becomes scarce, the
organism can switch to another, preventing its
extinction and the collapse of the ecosystem.
2. Interconnectedness : It accurately represents the
complex and interconnected network of feeding
relationships in an ecosystem, unlike a simple,
A. What is the function of the C-shaped rings of
isolated food chain which is rare in nature.
cartilage present in the trachea?
13. What are nastic movements in plants? How do o
they differ from tropic movements in terms of the B. Describe the mechanism of exhalation in
stimulus’s direction? Give one example of a nastic humans, involving the movement of the
movement. diaphragm and rib cage. C. Why is it advisable
to breathe through the nose rather than the
Ans
mouth?
Nastic movements are non-directional responses
of a plant or its parts to an external stimulus. Ans
Unlike tropic movements, the direction of a nastic A. The C-shaped rings of cartilage provide support
movement is independent of the direction of the and structure to the trachea (windpipe). They
page 98 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

o 31. A student observes the formation of a spectrum of

B. (a) A homologous series is a series of organic seven colors when white light passes through a glass
compounds having the same functional prism. What is the cause of this phenomenon?
group and similar chemical properties, in (a) White light is composed of a single color which
which the successive members differ by a is split by the prism.
–CH 2 group. (b) Different colors of light have the same angle of
(b) Two characteristics: refraction inside the prism.
1. All members of the series can be (c) The refractive index of the prism is different for
represented by the same general different wavelengths of light.
formula. (d) The prism reflects the white light and produces
2. They show a gradual change in physical the spectrum.
properties (like melting point, boiling Ans
point) with an increase in molecular
mass. (c) The refractive index of the prism is different for
(c) The series is the alkane series. different wavelengths of light.
1. Second member : Ethane (C2H6) The refractive index of a material varies slightly
with wavelength. This means different colors of light
2. Third member : Propane (C3H8)
bend at different angles when entering the prism,
(d) The first member is ethyne (C2H2). The causing them to separate and form a spectrum.
fourth member will have 5 carbon atoms
(n=5). General formula is C n H 2n - 2 . 32. Assertion (A) : A converging lens is used as a
1. Formula : C5H8 magnifying glass.
2. Name : Pentyne Reason (R) : When an object is placed between the
(e) The difference between adjacent homologues focal length and the optical center of a converging
is a –CH 2 group. The molecular mass of lens, it forms a virtual, erect, and magnified image.
this group is: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Mass = (1 × Atomic mass of C) + (2 × explanation of A.
Atomic mass of H) = (1 × 12) + (2 × 1) = (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
14 u. explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
SECTION-C Ans
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
30. A student is learning about the properties of lenses explanation of A.
and makes the following statements: A converging (convex) lens acts as a magnifying
I. A concave lens is a diverging lens, which means glass. When the object is placed inside the focal
it diverges a parallel beam of light. length, the lens produces a virtual, magnified, and
II. A convex lens is a converging lens, which means erect image, which is the principle of a magnifying
it converges a parallel beam of light. glass.
III. Both concave and convex lenses have real
33. The diagram shows different types of mirrors used
principal foci.
in daily life.
Choose from the following the correct option that
lists the correct statements.
(a) I and II (b) I and III
(c) I, II and III (d) II and III
Ans
(a) I and II
A concave lens diverges light and has a virtual
focus. A convex lens converges light and has a real
focus. Therefore, statement III is incorrect as only
the convex lens has a real principal focus.
SAMPLE PAPER 08

19. Which metal forms a thin, tough, non-porous, and Ans

non-reactive layer of its oxide on its surface, which (c) Sodium Zincate
protects the metal from further corrosion? Being amphoteric, zinc oxide reacts with strong
(a) Iron bases like NaOH to form a salt and water. The salt
(b) Aluminium formed in this case is sodium zincate (Na 2 ZnO 2 ).
(c) Copper The reaction is
(d) Gold
ZnO + 2NaOH " Na 2 ZnO 2 + H 2 O
Ans
23. When solid lead nitrate is heated strongly in a dry
(b) Aluminium
test tube, a reddish-brown gas is evolved. This
Aluminium is a reactive metal that quickly reacts
reaction is a classic example of :
with atmospheric oxygen to form a very thin but
(a) Displacement
highly stable and protective layer of aluminium
(b) Thermal decomposition
oxide (Al2O3). This layer prevents the underlying
metal from further oxidation. (c) Combination
(d) Photolytic decomposition
20. A student observes that when a few drops of lemon Ans
juice are added to a solution of baking soda, brisk
effervescence occurs. This is due to the evolution (b) Thermal decomposition
of : The heating of lead nitrate causes it to break
(a) Hydrogen gas down into simpler substances : lead(II) oxide,
(b) Oxygen gas nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen. The reddish-brown
(c) Carbon dioxide gas gas is nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Since the breakdown
(d) Sulphur dioxide gas is caused by heat, it is a thermal decomposition
reaction.
Ans
24. Assertion (A) : Alkanes are generally considered
(c) Carbon dioxide gas
chemically unreactive or ‘paraffins’.
Lemon juice contains citric acid. Baking soda is
Reason (R) : Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
sodium hydrogencarbonate. The reaction between
containing only strong C-C and C-H single covalent
an acid and a metal carbonate or hydrogencarbonate
bonds which are difficult to break.
always produces carbon dioxide gas, which is
observed as effervescence. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
21. The pH of human blood is maintained within a very (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
narrow range for the body to function properly. explanation of A.
What is the typical pH value of human blood? (c) A is true but R is false.
(a) 6.4 (d) A is false but R is true.
(b) 7.0 Ans
(c) 7.4
(d) 8.0 (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Ans
Both statements are true and directly related.
(c) 7.4 Alkanes are unreactive, earning them the name
Human blood is slightly alkaline (basic). Its pH is paraffins (“little affinity”). This is because they
tightly regulated and maintained at approximately are saturated hydrocarbons, containing only very
7.4. Significant deviations from this value can be strong and stable C-C and C-H single covalent
life-threatening. bonds. These non-polar bonds are difficult to break
and offer no easy site for chemical attack.
22. Zinc oxide is an amphoteric oxide. When it reacts
with a hot, concentrated solution of sodium 25. Answer the following based on the properties of
hydroxide, the salt formed is : ionic compounds :
(a) Zinc Hydroxide (a) Why do ionic compounds generally have high
(b) Sodium Oxide melting points?
(c) Sodium Zincate (b) Explain why ionic compounds are often brittle
(d) Zinc Sulphate and break into pieces when pressure is applied.
page 100 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

−1 1 Ans Foreign 2016

b 75 l + b 25 l = 1
f (i) The polarity acquired by the two ends is as
− +
( 1 3)
=1 shown below. (A shows North and B shows
75 f South polarity).
2 =1 (ii)
75 f
75
f = 2 = 37.5 cm
1000
So, P = b 375 l
= 2.6 D

36. A torch bulb is rated 5.0 V and 500 mA. Calculate

(i) Its power,
(ii) Resistance and
(iii) Energy consumed when it is lighted for four
(iii) Increase current, increase the number of turns
hours.
in the coil, insert soft iron rod in the coil.
Ans OD 2010, Delhi 2009
38. Study the data given below showing the focal
Potential difference,V = 5.0 Volt length of three concave mirrors A, B and C and the
I = 500 mA
Current, respective distances of objects placed in front of the
mirrors:
= 500 = 0.5 A
1000
Case Mirror Focal Length Object Distance
(i) Power, P = I # V (cm) (cm)
= 0.5 # 5 = 2.5 W 1 A 20 45

(ii) Resistance,R = V = 5 = 10 Ω 2 B 15 30
I 0.5
3 C 30 20
(iii) Energy, E = Power # Time
(i) In which one of the above cases the mirror will
form a diminished image of the object? Justify
= 2.5 # 4

1000 your answer.
= 0.01 kWh
(ii) List two properties of the image formed in case
2.
37. Diagram below shows a circuit containing a coil Attempt either subpart C or D.
wound over a long and thin hollow cardboard tube. (iii) What is the nature and size of the image formed
Copy the diagram. by mirror C?
Draw ray diagram to justify your answer.
o
(iv) An object is placed at a distance of 18 cm from
the pole of a concave mirror of focal length 12
cm. Find the position of the image formed in
this case.
Ans OD 2024

(i) In the case-1 object distance is greater than

(i) Show the polarity acquired by each face of the
radius of curvature of the mirror i.e., object
solenoid.
is placed beyond centre of curvature of the
(ii) Draw the magnetic field lines of force inside the mirror. Hence image formed by the mirror is
coil and also show their direction. diminished, real and inverted.
(iii) Mention two methods to increase the strength (ii) As we know that Centre of curvature R = 2f
of the magnetic field inside the coil.
R = 2 # 15
SAMPLE PAPER 08

occur if a clean strip of zinc metal is placed in (a) To which homologous series does ethane
it? belong?
o (b) Which of the two is unsaturated? Why is it
The “water of crystallisation” is the fixed number of called so?
water molecules chemically attached to one formula (c) Which of these two will undergo an addition
unit of a salt in its crystalline form. reaction? Write the chemical equation for
its reaction with chlorine (Cl2).
(a) Give the chemical formula, common name, and
(d) Which of these two will undergo a
colour of hydrated copper sulphate.
substitution reaction? Write the chemical
(b) What happens when this salt is heated strongly
equation for its reaction with chlorine (Cl2)
in a boiling tube? Write a balanced chemical
in the presence of sunlight.
equation for this change.
(e) Draw the electron dot structure for the
(c) What will you observe if a few drops of water
ethane (C2H6) molecule.
are added to the substance obtained after
o
heating?
B. Homologous series is a fundamental concept in
Ans organic chemistry.
(a) All three salts contain the sulphate radical ( (a) Define the term ‘homologous series’.
SO 2-
4 ). Therefore, they belong to the family of (b) List any two characteristics of a homologous
sulphate salts. series.
(b) 1. Neutral solution : Sodium Sulphate and (c) Write the molecular formula of the second
Potassium Sulphate will form neutral and third members of the homologous series
solutions as they are salts of a strong acid whose first member is methane (CH4).
(H2SO4) and strong bases (NaOH and KOH (d) Write the name and formula of the fourth
respectively). member of the alkyne series.
2. Acidic solution : Copper Sulphate will form (e) What is the difference in the molecular mass
an acidic solution as it is a salt of a strong between any two adjacent homologues?
acid (H2SO4) and a weak base (Cu(OH)2). Ans
(c) The colour of the Copper Sulphate solution is
A. (a) Ethane belongs to the Alkane series.
blue. If a strip of zinc is placed in it, the blue
colour of the solution will fade and eventually (b) Ethene (C2H4) is unsaturated. It is called so
become colourless, and a reddish-brown deposit because it contains a double covalent bond
of copper will form on the zinc strip. between its two carbon atoms, meaning the
valencies of the carbon atoms are not fully
o
“saturated” with hydrogen atoms.
(a) Chemical Formula : CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O (c) Ethene will undergo an addition reaction.
Common Name : Blue Vitriol Equation : C 2 H 4 + Cl 2 " C 2 H 4 Cl 2
Colour : Blue (1,2-dichloroethane)
(b) When heated, hydrated copper sulphate loses (d) Ethane will undergo a substitution reaction.
its water of crystallisation and changes into Equation : C 2 H 6 + Cl 2
Sunlight

a white, amorphous powder called anhydrous

copper sulphate. C 2 H 5 Cl + HCl (Chloroethane)

Equation : CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O (s)

Heat (e) Electron dot structure for Ethane (C2H6):

CuSO 4 (s) + 5H 2 O (g)

(Blue) " (White)
(c) Upon adding water to the anhydrous copper
sulphate, its blue colour will reappear as it gets
rehydrated.

29. Attempt either option A or B.

A. Ethane (C2H6) and Ethene (C2H4) are two
simple hydrocarbons with different degrees of
saturation.
page 102 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(ii) Two 8 Ω resistors are in parallel, so then

equivalent resistance.
1 =1+1
R eq 8 8
=2Ω =1Ω
8 4
R eq = 4 Ω
Now, two 4 Ω resistors are in series.
So, total resistance,
RTotal = 4 Ω + 4 Ω = 8 Ω

Total current, ITotal = V = 2 = 1 A

R 8 4
Voltage across equivalent resistance of two 8 Ω
resistors

V = ITotal = 1 # 4 = 1 V
R eq 4

**********
SAMPLE PAPER 09

Sample Paper 09
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(a) Spore
SECTION-A (b) Sporangium
(c) Hypha
1. In the human respiratory system, where does the (d) Gamete
actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Ans
between the air and the bloodstream occur?
(b) Sporangium
(a) Trachea
The sporangium is the case or sac in which asexual
(b) Bronchi spores are produced. In Rhizopus, this structure
(c) Alveoli is found at the top of a stalk-like sporangiophore.
(d) Larynx When mature, it bursts to release the spores.
Ans 4. Some organisms possess organs that are reduced in
(c) Alveoli size and no longer serve a useful function, though
The alveoli are millions of tiny, thin-walled air sacs they were functional in their ancestors. What are
in the lungs. They are surrounded by a rich network these remnant organs called?
of capillaries, providing a large surface area for the (a) Homologous organs
efficient diffusion of gases. (b) Analogous organs
(c) Vestigial organs
2. The hindbrain controls many of the body’s (d) Fossilized organs
vital functions. Which part of the hindbrain is
responsible for regulating involuntary actions like Ans
blood pressure, salivation, and vomiting? (c) Vestigial organs
(a) Cerebrum Vestigial organs are evolutionary leftovers. They
(b) Cerebellum provide evidence of an organism’s ancestry.
(c) Pons Examples in humans include the appendix, tailbone
(d) Medulla (coccyx), and wisdom teeth, which had significant
functions in our evolutionary predecessors.
Ans
5. The thinning of the protective ozone layer in the
(d) Medulla
stratosphere is a major environmental issue. This
The medulla oblongata, located in the brainstem,
depletion is primarily caused by which class of man-
acts as the control center for essential involuntary
made chemicals?
reflexes. It manages vital functions such as
heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure, which are (a) Carbon oxides
not under conscious control. (b) Hydrocarbons
(c) Nitrogen oxides
3. The common bread mould (Rhizopus) reproduces (d) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
asexually. It has a blob-on-a-stick structure that Ans
contains the cells involved in reproduction. This
knob-like structure is known as the: (d) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
page 104 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

CFCs, formerly used in aerosols and refrigeration, are (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
stable compounds that drift up to the stratosphere. explanation of A.
There, UV radiation breaks them apart, releasing (c) A is true but R is false.
chlorine atoms that catalytically destroy ozone (d) A is false but R is true.
molecules, leading to ozone depletion.
Ans
6. Consider the following statements regarding (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
transport in plants: explanation of A.
(i) Xylem tissue transports water and minerals Meiosis is a reductional division process that ensures
from the roots upwards. gametes contain only one set of chromosomes
(ii) Phloem tissue transports prepared food from (haploid). This is necessary so that upon fertilization,
the leaves to other plant parts. the resulting zygote will have the normal diploid
(iii) Transport in xylem is bidirectional, moving number of chromosomes.
both up and down the plant.
9. Assertion (A) : In humans, the right lung is smaller
(iv) The transport of food in phloem, or
than the left lung.
translocation, is an active process that requires
Reason (R) : The heart is located in the thoracic
energy.
cavity and is tilted towards the left side.
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(a) (i) and (ii) only explanation of A.
(b) (i), (ii), and (iv) (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(c) (iii) and (iv) only explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (c) A is true but R is false.
Ans (d) A is false but R is true.
(b) (i), (ii), and (iv) Ans
Xylem transport is a passive, unidirectional (upward) (d) A is false but R is true.
process. Phloem transport (translocation) is an
The assertion is false; the left lung is slightly smaller
active process requiring ATP and is bidirectional,
than the right one. The reason is true; the heart
moving food where it’s needed.
is positioned in the chest with its apex pointing
7. Plant growth and development are regulated by to the left, and this cardiac notch in the left lung
hormones. Which plant hormone is primarily accommodates it.
responsible for promoting cell division and is 10. In an experiment, a destarched aquatic plant like
abundant in growing tissues like fruits and seeds? Hydrilla is placed in water containing potassium
(a) Abscisic acid hydroxide (KOH) and kept in sunlight. A starch
(b) Auxin test performed after a few hours is negative. What
(c) Cytokinin conclusion can be drawn from this experiment
(d) Gibberellin regarding photosynthesis? What is the role of KOH?
Ans Ans
(c) Cytokinin The conclusion is that carbon dioxide is necessary
Cytokinins are a group of hormones that stimulate for photosynthesis. The potassium hydroxide (KOH)
cell division (cytokinesis) and are crucial for plant in the water absorbed all the available carbon
growth. They work in conjunction with auxin to dioxide. In the absence of CO2, the plant could not
promote the growth of shoots and roots and delay perform photosynthesis to produce starch, even with
the aging of leaves. adequate sunlight, hence the negative starch test.

8. Assertion (A) : Gametes, the reproductive cells of 11. A. List any two structural differences between an
an organism, are haploid. artery and a vein.
Reason (R) : Gametes are produced by meiosis, o
a type of cell division that halves the number of B. What are the functions of the following
chromosomes. components of the human excretory system:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (i) Ureter and
explanation of A.
SAMPLE PAPER 09

(ii) Urinary bladder? 14. In a cross between a pure-breeding round-seeded

Ans pea plant and a pure-breeding wrinkled-seeded pea
plant:
A. 1. Walls: Arteries have thick, elastic, muscular (i) What will be the phenotype of the F1
walls to withstand high pressure, while generation?
veins have thinner, less elastic walls.
(ii) If the F1 generation is self-pollinated, what will
2. Valves: Veins have valves to prevent the be the genotypic ratio in the F2 generation?
backflow of blood, whereas arteries do not
(iii) State the Mendelian law that this cross helps to
have valves (except at the start of the aorta
illustrate.
and pulmonary artery).
o Ans
B. (i) Ureter: These are tubes that carry urine (i) The phenotype of the F1 generation will be all
from each kidney to the urinary bladder for round-seeded plants, as round is the dominant
storage. trait.
(ii) Urinary bladder: It is a muscular sac that (ii) The genotypic ratio in the F2 generation will be
stores urine temporarily before it is expelled 1 (RR) : 2 (Rr) : 1 (rr). This means there is one
from the body. Its wall can stretch to pure-breeding round, two hybrid rounds, and
accommodate increasing volumes of urine. one pure-breeding wrinkled.
12. What are trophic levels? Using an example of a food (iii) This cross illustrates the Law of Segregation,
chain, explain why the number of trophic levels is which states that the alleles for a trait separate
generally limited. from each other during gamete formation and
then randomly unite at fertilization.
Ans
Trophic levels are the different steps or positions in 15. Refer to the schematic diagram of the human heart
a food chain, representing the flow of energy. For to the following questions.
example: Plants (T1) ® Grasshopper (T2) ® Frog
(T3) ® Snake (T4). The number of trophic levels is
limited because there is a significant loss of energy
(about 90%) at each transfer, according to the 10%
law. After three or four levels, the amount of energy
remaining is too little to support another level of
organisms.

13. State the primary function of the following parts of

the human brain:
(i) Cerebrum
(ii) Cerebellum
(iii) Medulla
Ans
(i) Cerebrum: It is the main thinking part of the
brain. It controls voluntary actions, stores
information (memory), and is the seat of
intelligence, consciousness, and will-power.
A. Why are the walls of the atria (auricles) thinner
(ii) Cerebellum: It is responsible for maintaining than the walls of the ventricles?
the posture and balance of the body. It also
coordinates the smooth and precise movement o
of voluntary muscles. B. Name the largest artery in the human body.
(iii) Medulla: It controls involuntary actions such as Which chamber of the heart does it arise from
heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, salivation, and what kind of blood does it carry?
and vomiting. C. Explain the significance of the double circulation
system in warm-blooded animals like mammals.
Ans
page 106 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

A. The atria only have to pump blood into the B. (i) A zygote is a single diploid cell formed
adjacent ventricles, which is a very short immediately after the fusion of a male
distance. The ventricles, on the other hand, gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg).
have to pump blood with much greater force An embryo is a multicellular structure that
to the lungs (right ventricle) or to the entire develops from the repeated mitotic division
body (left ventricle). Therefore, the ventricles of the zygote.
have thicker, more muscular walls to generate (ii) During childbirth, the cervix dilates
the required higher pressure. (widens) to allow the baby to pass through
o from the uterus. The vagina serves as the
B. The largest artery is the Aorta. It arises from the birth canal, through which the baby is
left ventricle of the heart. It carries oxygenated expelled from the mother’s body.
blood from the heart to be distributed to all (iii) Each month, in preparation for pregnancy,
parts of the body. the lining of the uterus (endometrium)
becomes thick, soft, and richly supplied
C. Double circulation is significant because it
with blood vessels and nutrients. This is
ensures the strict separation of oxygenated
to provide nourishment and support to a
and deoxygenated blood. This allows a highly
fertilized egg if it implants.
efficient supply of oxygen to the body’s
cells, which is necessary to support the high
energy demands of warm-blooded animals for
maintaining a constant body temperature. SECTION-B
16. Students to attempt either option A or B
17. When iron powder is heated with sulphur powder,
A. (i) What is spore formation? Give an example
of an organism that uses this method of iron(II) sulphide is formed: Fe + S " FeS . In this
reproduction. reaction:
(a) Iron is reduced and Sulphur is oxidized.
(ii) How does this method help the organism to
(b) Iron is oxidized and Sulphur is reduced.
survive harsh environmental conditions?
(c) Both Iron and Sulphur are oxidized.
(iii) Draw a neat, labelled diagram showing
spore formation in Rhizopus. (d) This is not a redox reaction.
Ans
o
B. (i) Differentiate between a zygote and an (b) Iron is oxidized and Sulphur is reduced.
embryo. Iron’s oxidation state changes from 0 to +2 (loss
(ii) What is the role of the cervix and vagina of electrons, oxidation). Sulphur’s oxidation state
during childbirth (parturition)? changes from 0 to -2 (gain of electrons, reduction).
(iii) Describe the changes the uterus undergoes Therefore, it is a redox reaction where iron is
each month in preparation for a possible oxidized and sulphur is reduced.
pregnancy.
18. A person suffering from indigestion due to acidity
Ans
is often advised to take an antacid. An antacid
A. (i) Spore formation is a method of asexual contains a:
reproduction where an organism produces (a) Strong acid
tiny, spherical reproductive structures (b) Strong base
called spores. An example is the bread (c) Neutral salt
mould, Rhizopus. (d) Mild base
(ii) The spores are covered by a thick, protective
Ans
wall called a cyst. This wall protects them
from unfavorable conditions like high (d) Mild base
temperatures and lack of moisture, allowing Acidity is caused by excess hydrochloric acid in
them to remain dormant until conditions the stomach. An antacid contains a mild base, like
become suitable for germination. magnesium hydroxide or sodium hydrogencarbonate,
(iii) A diagram of Rhizopus should be drawn which neutralizes the excess acid without harming
showing the sporangium on a stalk the stomach lining.
(sporangiophore), filled with spores.
o
SAMPLE PAPER 09

RP = 60 Ω = 1.5
11 100
o 200
f = 3 cm
B. In the given circuit, find :
1
Power, P = f

= 100 # 3 = 3 =+ 1.5 D
200 2
(ii) Convex lens :

(a) Total resistance of the network of resistors

(b) Current through ammeter A, and 36. Two identical resistors, each of resistance 50 Ω are
Ans : connected
(i) in series
(a) Equivalent resistance of circuit is given by
(ii) in parallel, in turn, to a battery of 10 V.
R2 # R3
R eq = R1 + Calculate the ratio of power consumed in the
R2 + R3
combination of resistors in the two cases.
Here, R1 = 3 Ω
Ans Comp 2011
R2 = 6 Ω
(i) The effective resistance of two resistors
R3 = 6 Ω connected in series is given by

= 3+6#6
Rs = R1 + R2
6+6
36 = 50 Ω + 50 Ω

= 3+

12
= 100 Ω
= 3 + 30 = 6 Ω

and power in series,
(b) Current through the ammeter A is given by
2
V = IR eq Ps = V
Rs

I = V
2

R eq = 10 = 1 W

100
= 6 = 1A
(ii) The effective resistance of two resistors
6 connecting in parallel is

35. (i) Least distance of distinct vision of a long- Pp = R1 R2

sighted person is 40 cm. He wishes to reduce it R1 + R2
to 25 cm by using spectacles. Find the power = 50 # 50

and nature of the lens used by him. 100
(ii) Draw a ray diagram to show the correction of = 25 Ω

the defect by using an appropriate lens. 2
Power in parallel, Pp = V
Ans SQP 2016 Rp
(i) Given, u =− 25 cm , v =− 40 cm 2
= 10 = 4 W

As we know that, 25
1 =1−1
f v u Required ratio : Ps = 1 W = 1 : 4
Pw 4W
= 1 − 1
− 40 − 25
page 108 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

and very ductile (can be drawn into thin wires), Ans

allowing artisans to create complex designs. (a) The two visible changes are:
1. The blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate
26. Attempt either option A or B.
solution will fade and become colourless.
A. Roasting and Calcination are two common
2. A reddish-brown solid (copper metal)
processes used in metallurgy to convert
will be deposited on the surface of the
concentrated ores into metal oxides.
magnesium ribbon.
(i) What is the main difference between
(b) This is a displacement reaction.
roasting and calcination in terms of the air
supply? (c) Equation : Mg (s) + CuSO 4 (aq) "
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the MgSO 4 (aq) + Cu (s)

roasting of zinc blende (ZnS).
(iii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the 28.
Yeast is added to dough to make bread. The yeast
calcination of calamine (ZnCO3). carries out a process called fermentation, where it
o breaks down sugar (glucose) present in the dough to
B. Explain the following terms related to metals produce a gas ‘X’ and an alcohol ‘Y’. The gas ‘X’
and their properties: causes the dough to rise.
(i) Malleability (a) Name the biological process carried out by the
(ii) Ductility yeast.
(iii) Sonority (b) Identify the gas ‘X’ and explain its role in
making the bread soft and spongy.
Ans
(c) The alcohol ‘Y’ evaporates during baking.
A. (i) The main difference is that roasting is Name this alcohol.
carried out in the presence of excess air, (d) Sometimes, if too much fermentation occurs,
while calcination is carried out in the the bread may taste slightly sour. Suggest a
limited supply or absence of air. reason for this.
Heat
(ii) Roasting of ZnS : 2ZnS (s) + 3O 2 (g) o
2ZnO (s) + 2SO 2 (g) A student has two acidic solutions of the same
Heat concentration: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Acetic
(iii) Calcination of ZnCO 3 : ZnCO 3 (s) acid (CH3COOH).
ZnO (s) + CO 2 (g) (a) Which of the two is considered a strong acid
o and which is a weak acid?
B. (i) Malleability: This is the property of metals (b) Explain why a strong acid is a better conductor
that allows them to be hammered or pressed of electricity than a weak acid of the same
into thin sheets without breaking. Example: concentration.
Aluminium can be made into thin foil. (c) If an equal amount of magnesium powder is
(ii) Ductility: This is the property of metals added to both solutions, in which solution will
that allows them to be drawn into thin the reaction be more vigorous? Justify your
wires. Example: Copper is drawn into wires answer.
for electrical use. Ans
(iii) Sonority: This is the property of metals to
produce a deep, ringing sound when they (a) The process is Anaerobic Respiration, also
are struck. Example: Bells are made of known as Fermentation.
metal alloys because they are sonorous. (b) Gas ‘X’ is Carbon Dioxide (CO2). The bubbles
of carbon dioxide gas get trapped in the dough,
27. A student places a clean magnesium ribbon in a causing it to rise. When baked, these pockets of
test tube containing a blue solution of copper(II) gas make the bread light, soft, and spongy.
sulphate. (c) Alcohol ‘Y’ is Ethanol (C2H5OH).
(a) Describe two visible changes that would occur (d) Besides alcohol, some side reactions or over-
in the test tube after a few minutes. fermentation can produce small amounts of
(b) What type of chemical reaction is taking place? acids (like acetic acid), which would give the
(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the bread a sour taste.
reaction.
o
SAMPLE PAPER 09

(a) Strong Acid: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (b) The two raw materials are a vegetable
Weak Acid: Acetic acid (CH3COOH) oil/animal fat and an alkali (e.g., Sodium
(b) Electrical conductivity in solutions depends Hydroxide solution).
on the concentration of free-moving ions. A (c) Hard water contains dissolved salts of calcium
strong acid like HCl dissociates completely in (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. Soap
water, producing a high concentration of ions reacts with these ions to form an insoluble,
(H+ and Cl- ). A weak acid like CH3COOH sticky precipitate called scum, which hinders
dissociates only partially, producing a much the cleansing action and wastes the soap.
lower concentration of ions. Therefore, the HCl (d) The main by-product is Glycerol (propane-
solution is a better conductor. 1,2,3-triol). It is used in cosmetics,
(c) The reaction will be more vigorous in the medicines, and as a sweetener.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. (e) A solution of soap will be basic (alkaline).
Justification: The rate of reaction depends on o
the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). Since B. (a) Equation : C 2 H 5 OH (l) + 3O 2 (g) "
HCl is a strong acid, it provides a much higher
2CO 2 (g) + 3H 2 O (l) + Heat

concentration of H+ ions than the weak acetic
acid, leading to a faster and more vigorous (b) Ethanol undergoes dehydration to form
reaction with magnesium. ethene.
Name of reaction: Dehydration
29. Attempt either option A or B. Equation : C 2 H 5 OH
Con (c) H 2 SO 4
443K
A. Soaps are salts of long-chain fatty acids, and
CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O

their cleansing action is related to their unique
molecular structure. (c) A sweet-smelling substance called an ester
(a) What is saponification? is formed.
(b) Name the two main raw materials required Product Name: Ethyl ethanoate
for preparing soap in a laboratory. (d) Two uses of ethanol:
(c) Explain why soap does not work effectively 1. As a solvent in medicines (tinctures),
in hard water. paints, and perfumes.
(d) What is the main by-product of the 2. As a fuel (e.g., in gasohol) and as the
saponification reaction? State one of its main component of alcoholic beverages.
uses.
(e) Will a solution of soap in water be acidic,
basic, or neutral?
o
SECTION-C
B. Ethanol (C2H5OH) is an important industrial
30. A student is analyzing the types of images formed
compound.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the by spherical mirrors and makes the following
complete combustion of ethanol. statements:
(b) What happens when ethanol is heated I. A convex mirror can form a real image if the
with excess concentrated sulphuric acid at object is placed at its focus.
443 K? Name the reaction and write the II. A concave mirror can form a virtual image if
chemical equation. the object is placed between the pole and focus.
(c) What happens when ethanol is warmed III. A concave mirror forms a magnified image when
with ethanoic acid in the presence of a few the object is at the center of curvature.
drops of concentrated sulphuric acid? Name Choose from the following the correct option that
the product formed. lists the correct statements.
(d) State two important uses of ethanol. (a) I and II
Ans (b) I and III
(c) I, II and II
A. (a) Saponification is the process of making soap
(d) II only
by hydrolyzing fats or oils (esters) with an
alkali (like sodium hydroxide). Ans
(d) II only
page 110 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Statement I is incorrect; a convex mirror always C. Cover half a convex lens and observe an image
forms a virtual image. Statement II is correct; a of a distant object – the image remains complete
concave mirror forms a magnified virtual image but dimmer.
when the object is between P and F. Statement III
is incorrect; when the object is at C, the image is of
the same size.

31. The twinkling of stars in the night sky is attributed

to a phenomenon of light. Choose the correct option
that explains this phenomenon.
(a) Atmospheric reflection of starlight
(b) Atmospheric scattering of starlight 34. Attempt either option A or B
(c) Atmospheric refraction of starlight A. In the circuit given below, the resistors R1 , R2
(d) Atmospheric dispersion of starlight and R3 have the values 10 Ω , 20 Ω and 30 Ω
Ans respectively, which have been connected to a
battery of 12 V.
(c) Atmospheric refraction of starlight
The twinkling of stars is caused by atmospheric
refraction. As starlight passes through different
layers of air with varying refractive indices, its
path is constantly changing, causing the apparent
position and brightness of the star to fluctuate.

32. Assertion (A) : The color of the sky is blue due to

the scattering of light by dust particles.
Reason (R) : Blue light has a shorter wavelength
and scatters more than other colors.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A. Calculate
(c) A is true but R is false. (a) the current through each resistor,
(d) A is false but R is true. (b) the total circuit resistance, and
Ans Ans Delhi 2019

(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct

Given, R1 = 10 Ω , R2 = 20 Ω , R3 = 30 Ω
explanation of A.
The blue color of the sky is due to Rayleigh Voltage, V = 2 Volt
scattering. Molecules of air and fine particles are (a) Current in each resistor,
responsible for scattering the short-wavelength blue
light more effectively than other colors. I1 = V = 12 = 6 A
R1 10 5
33. Half of a convex lens is covered with black paper.
I2 = V = 12 = 6 = 3 A
A. State whether this lens will still produce an R2 20 10 5
image of the object.
I3 = V = 12 = 6 = 2 A
B. Explain how the brightness of the image will be R3 30 15 5
affected.
(b) All the resistors are connected in the series
C. Suggest an experiment to verify your answer. combination. Hence the equivalent resistance is
Ans given by
A. Yes, it still produces a complete image. 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
RP R1 R2 R3
B. Brightness reduces because less light enters the
lens. = 1 + 1 + 1 = 6 + 3 + 2 = 11

10 20 30 60 60
SAMPLE PAPER 09

19. Metals can be drawn into thin wires. This property Ans
is known as: (b) A hissing sound is heard and the beaker becomes
(a) Malleability hot.
(b) Sonority The reaction between quicklime and water to form
(c) Ductility slaked lime ( CaO + H 2 O " Ca (OH) 2 ) is a vigorous
(d) Lustre and highly exothermic combination reaction,
Ans releasing a large amount of heat and producing a
hissing sound.
(c) Ductility
Ductility is the physical property of a material that 23. When water is added to Plaster of Paris, it sets into
allows it to be stretched into a wire under tensile a hard solid mass. This process is an example of a:
stress. Malleability is the ability to be hammered (a) Decomposition reaction
into thin sheets. (b) Displacement reaction
(c) Hydration reaction (Combination)
20. What colour change is expected when a few drops (d) Redox reaction
of a liquid soap solution are added to a pinch of
turmeric powder? Ans
(a) The yellow colour of turmeric remains (c) Hydration reaction (Combination)
unchanged. Plaster of Paris (CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O ) combines with
(b) The yellow colour turns reddish-brown. water molecules to form a new, single compound,
(c) The yellow colour turns blue. Gypsum (CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O ). This is a combination
(d) The yellow colour disappears. reaction, specifically referred to as hydration.
Ans 24. Assertion (A) : All members of the alkane
(b) The yellow colour turns reddish-brown. homologous series are saturated hydrocarbons.
Turmeric is a natural acid-base indicator. It is yellow Reason (R) : They contain only carbon-carbon and
in acidic and neutral mediums but turns reddish- carbon-hydrogen single covalent bonds.
brown in a basic medium. Since soap solution is (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
basic, this colour change occurs. explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
21. A drain cleaning solution is highly corrosive and explanation of A.
effective at dissolving grease. Its pH is most likely (c) A is true but R is false.
to be: (d) A is false but R is true.
(a) 1
(b) 5 Ans
(c) 7 (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) 13 explanation of A.
Ans The definition of a saturated hydrocarbon is one
that contains only single bonds. Since alkanes fit
(d) 13 this definition, they are saturated. The reason
Drain cleaners typically contain strong bases like correctly explains the assertion.
sodium hydroxide. A pH of 13 indicates a strongly
basic (alkaline) solution, which is characteristic of 25. Gold is one of the most prized metals for making
such substances. jewellery. State any two properties of gold that
make it highly suitable for this purpose.
22. When a small amount of quicklime (calcium
oxide) is added to a beaker of water, the primary Ans
observations are: Two properties of gold that make it suitable for
(a) The beaker becomes cold and a clear solution is jewellery are:
formed. 1. High Lustre: It has a bright, yellow shine that is
(b) A hissing sound is heard and the beaker becomes aesthetically pleasing and does not fade easily.
hot. 2. High Malleability and Ductility: It is very
(c) A yellow precipitate is formed. malleable (can be beaten into intricate shapes)
(d) A colourless gas is evolved with effervescence.
page 112 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

37. The diagram below shows a coil connected to a to show the image formation in this case.
center zero galvanometer G . The galvanometer
Ans OD 2023
shows a deflection to the right when the N pole of
a powerful magnet is moved to the right as shown. (a) In case I, image is formed between F and C. It
(i) Explain why the deflection occurs in the is real, inverted, and smaller in size.
galvanometer. (b) In Case II, since, the object is placed at centre
(ii) Does the direction of current in the coil appear of curvature.
clockwise or anti-clockwise when viewed from (c) Dentists use concave mirrors to see teeth and
end A? other areas in the mouth. This is because
(iii) State the observation in G when the coil is a concave mirror forms a virtual, erect and
moved away from N . enlarged image when the object is placed within
focus.
o
(d) In case al can be used as having mirror because,
when object is placed between P and F, we get
virtual, erect and magnified image.

Ans :
(i) This is due to the change in magnetic flux in
the coil. Due to change in magnetic flux, an
induced emf is produced in the coil. Hence a
current flows through the galvanometer.
(ii) The current appears clockwise when viewed
from end A.
(iii) The galvanometer now deflects towards left. 39. Attempt either option A or B
A. In our daily life, we use two types of electric
38. Student took three concave mirrors of different focal current whose current-time graphs are given
lengths and formed the experiment to see the image below:
formation by placing an object different distances
with these mirrors as shown in the following table:

Case No. Object-distance Focal length

I. 45 cm 20 cm
II. 30 cm 15 cm
III. 20 cm 30 cm
Now answer the following questions:
(a) List two properties of the image formed in Case
I.
(b) In which one of the cases given in the table the
mirror will form real image of same size and
why?
Attempt either subpart C or D.
(c) Name the type of mirror used by dentists. Give
reason why do they use such type of mirrors.
o
(d) Look at the table and identify the situation
(object distance and focal length) which
resembles the situation in which concave mirrors
are used as shaving mirrors? Draw a ray diagram
SAMPLE PAPER 09

(i) Identify the types of current in each case. **********

(ii) Identify any one source of each type of
current.
(iii) What is frequency of current used in
domestic supply in India?
(iv) On the basis of graphs, write difference
between the two currents.
(v) Out of two, which one is used in transmitting
electric power over Long distance and why?
Ans :
A. (i) The types of current are: DC in case-I and
AC in the case-II.
(ii) Source of DC — Cell or a battery.
Source of AC — Generator.
(iii) Frequency of AC used in domestic supply
in India is 50 Hz whereas DC has zero
frequency.
(iv) In case-I, current remains constant and the
frequency is zero. But in case-II, current
varies periodically with a frequency of 50
Hz in India.
(v) AC is used to transmit electric power over
long distances without much loss of energy
as compared to a DC transmission.
o
B. (i) What is the function of earth wire in
electrical instruments?
(ii) Explain what is short circuiting of an
electric supply?
(iii) What is the usual current rating of the fuse
wire in the line to feed:
(a) lights and fans?
(b) appliances of 2 kW or more power?
Ans :
B. (i) Earth wire is used for safety measure to
ensure that any leakage of current in a
metallic body does not give any serious
shock to a user.
(ii) Short circuiting occurs when live and
neutral wires of an electric circuit come into
direct contact.
(iii) The usual current rating of the fuse wire is:
(a) 5 A for light and fans
(b) 15 A for appliances of 2 kW or more
power.
page 114 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP
SAMPLE PAPER 10

Sample Paper 10
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. The filamentous alga Spirogyra reproduces asexually

SECTION-A when its filament breaks into smaller pieces, each of
which grows into a new individual. What is this
1. The inner lining of the small intestine is covered method of reproduction called?
with millions of finger-like projections called villi. (a) Budding
What is their primary function? (b) Fragmentation
(a) To secrete mucus to lubricate the food. (c) Spore formation
(b) To vastly increase the surface area for efficient (d) Fission
absorption of digested food. Ans
(c) To push the food forward through the process
of peristalsis. (b) Fragmentation
Fragmentation is a common mode of asexual
(d) To produce hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria.
reproduction in which the parent organism breaks
Ans into distinct fragments. Each of these fragments can
then regenerate and grow into a new, fully formed
(b) To vastly increase the surface area for efficient
individual identical to the parent.
absorption of digested food.
The villi create an enormous surface area inside the 4. Gregor Mendel’s experiments on pea plants laid the
small intestine. This structural adaptation is crucial foundation for modern genetics. What was a key
for maximizing the rate at which digested nutrients, reason for his choice of pea plants for his study?
such as glucose and amino acids, can be absorbed
(a) They were difficult to grow, which made the
into the bloodstream.
experiment more challenging.
2. Plants exhibit various tropic movements in response (b) They had a very long life cycle, allowing for
to external stimuli. The growth of plant roots long-term observation.
towards a source of water is known as: (c) They possessed several pairs of easily
(a) Geotropism identifiable, contrasting characteristics.
(b) Phototropism (d) They could not be self-pollinated, ensuring
(c) Hydrotropism genetic diversity.
(d) Thigmotropism Ans
Ans (c) They possessed several pairs of easily identifiable,
(c) Hydrotropism contrasting characteristics.
Hydrotropism is the directional growth of a plant’s Mendel’s success was greatly aided by the pea
roots in response to the presence of water. Roots plant’s distinct traits (e.g., tall vs. dwarf, round vs.
show positive hydrotropism, meaning they grow wrinkled seeds). These clear-cut differences made it
towards moisture, which is essential for the plant’s possible to accurately track the inheritance patterns
survival. across generations.
page 116 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

5. What is the primary ecological role of decomposers, Ans

such as bacteria and fungi, in an ecosystem? (c) Brain
(a) To serve as the primary source of energy for the In a simple reflex arc, the nerve impulse travels from
food web. a receptor to a sensory neuron, then to the spinal
(b) To control the population of producers by cord. The spinal cord immediately sends a response
eating them. via a motor neuron to an effector. This allows for an
(c) To fix atmospheric nitrogen for plants to use. extremely fast reaction without involving conscious
(d) To break down dead organic matter and recycle thought from the brain.
essential nutrients.
8. Assertion (A) : The wing of a bat and the forelimb
Ans of a human are considered homologous organs.
(d) To break down dead organic matter and recycle Reason (R) : They share a similar basic anatomical
essential nutrients. structure and embryonic origin but have been
Decomposers are nature’s recyclers. They break adapted to perform different functions.
down dead plants, animals, and waste products into (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
simple inorganic substances. This process returns explanation of A.
vital nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus to the
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
soil, making them available for producers.
explanation of A.
6. Consider the following statements about gaseous (c) A is true but R is false.
exchange in plants : (d) A is false but R is true.
(i) During the day, plants take in carbon dioxide
Ans
for photosynthesis.
(ii) Oxygen is released as a major waste product of (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
photosynthesis. explanation of A.
(iii) At night, with no photosynthesis occurring, Homologous structures indicate a common ancestry.
plants only respire, releasing carbon dioxide. Despite the different functions (flying for bats,
grasping for humans), the bone structure in a bat’s
(iv) The rate of photosynthesis during the day
wing and a human’s forelimb is fundamentally the
is typically much greater than the rate of
same, supporting the idea of divergent evolution.
respiration.
Which of the above statements are correct? 9. Assertion (A) : The placenta facilitates the supply
(a) (i) and (iv) only of nutrients and oxygen to the developing embryo.
(b) (ii) and (iii) only Reason (R) : The placenta is a temporary organ
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) only that connects the foetus to the uterine wall of the
(d) All are correct. mother.
Ans (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
All four statements accurately describe gaseous explanation of A.
exchange. Plants photosynthesize in the light,
(c) A is true but R is false.
taking in CO2 and releasing O2. They respire
continuously. Because photosynthesis is much faster (d) A is false but R is true.
than respiration during the day, there is a net Ans
release of oxygen.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
7. A simple reflex action, such as withdrawing your explanation of A.
hand from a hot object, involves a pathway known Both statements are true. The placenta does provide
as the reflex arc. Which of the following is generally nourishment, and it is a connecting organ. However,
NOT involved in such a simple reflex arc? the reason merely describes what the placenta is
(a) Receptor organ and where it’s located, not the mechanism by which
(b) Sensory neuron it facilitates nourishment (i.e., the close proximity
(c) Brain of maternal and foetal blood vessels for diffusion).
(d) Effector organ
SAMPLE PAPER 10

(d) Applying vinegar (which is acidic) would add 3.2-methylpropene : CH 2 = C (CH 3) –CH 3
more acid to the sting, potentially worsening (Another possible isomer is the cyclic
the pain and irritation instead of neutralizing compound, Cyclobutane).
it. (c) IUPAC Names : (As listed above)
o 1. But-1-ene
(a) Solution A (pH=2) is more acidic. 2. But-2-ene
3. 2-methylpropene
(b) Solution A will have a higher concentration of
H+ ions. (d) But-1-ene can be converted to Butane by
hydrogenation (an addition reaction with
(c) The pH scale is logarithmic. The difference in hydrogen) using a catalyst like Nickel.
pH is 5 – 2 = 3. Therefore, the concentration
Equation :
of H+ ions in Solution A is 103 or 1000 times Nicatalyst
greater than in Solution B. CH 2 = CH–CH 2 –CH 3 (g) + H 2 (g)

(d) In Solution A (pH=2), a universal indicator
CH 3 –CH 2 –CH 2 –CH 3 (g)
would show a colour of red or pinkish-red.
o
29. Attempt either option A or B. B. (a) Reaction : Esterification
A. Butene (C4H8) is an alkene. It can exist in the Equation :
form of several structural isomers. Con (c) H 2 SO 4
CH 3 COOH (l) + C 2 H 5 OH (l)
(a) To which homologous series does butene
belong? What is the general formula for CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 (l) + H 2 O (l)

this series?
(b) Reaction : Neutralization
(b) Draw the structures of three structural
Equation :
isomers of butene (C4H8).
(c) Provide the IUPAC name for each of the CH 3 COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) "

three isomers you have drawn. CH 3 COONa (aq) + H 2 O (l)

(d) How would you convert But-1-ene to
(c) Equation :
Butane? Write the relevant chemical
equation. 2CH 3 COOH (aq) + Na 2 CO 3 (s) "

o 2CH 3 COONa (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)

B. The chemical properties of ethanoic acid (d) Electron dot structure for Ethanoic acid
(CH3COOH) are characteristic of carboxylic (CH3COOH):
acids.
(a) Write the balanced chemical equation
for the reaction of ethanoic acid with an
alcohol like ethanol in the presence of an
SECTION-C
acid catalyst. Name this reaction.
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for 30. A student makes the following statements about
the reaction of ethanoic acid with a base image formation by a concave lens:
like sodium hydroxide. Name this reaction. I. A concave lens always forms a virtual and erect
(c) Write the balanced chemical equation for image.
the reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal II. The image formed by a concave lens is always
carbonate like sodium carbonate. diminished.
(d) Draw the electron dot structure for the III. The focal length of a concave lens is considered
ethanoic acid molecule. positive.
Ans Choose from the following the correct option that
lists the correct statements.
A. (a) Butene belongs to the Alkene homologous
(a) I and II
series. The general formula is C n H 2n .
(b) I and III
(b) Structures of three isomers:
(c) I, II and III
1. But-1-ene : CH 2 = CH–CH 2 –CH 3 (d) II and III
2. But-2-ene : CH 3 –CH = CH–CH 3 Ans
page 118 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

A. Name the glands whose secretions are poured (ii) After fertilization : Ovule develops into the
into the part labelled ‘O’ (Small Intestine). seed. Ovary develops into the fruit. Petals
o (along with sepals and stamens) wither and
fall off.
B. What are enzymes? Give one example of an
enzyme that digests proteins and one that (iii) Cross-pollination introduces genetic
digests starch. variation into a population by combining
genes from two different parent plants. This
C. Describe the role of the part labelled ‘P’ (Large
variation is crucial for the adaptation and
Intestine). long-term survival of the species.
Ans o
A. The glands are: B. (i) Contraception is the deliberate use of
methods to prevent pregnancy. It is
1. Liver : Secretes bile juice.
important for :
2. Pancreas : Secretes pancreatic juice
1. Population control and family planning.
containing enzymes like trypsin and lipase.
The walls of the small intestine itself also 2. Preventing the transmission of Sexually
secrete intestinal juice. Transmitted Diseases (STDs).
o (ii) 1. Males : Vasectomy. In this, the vas
deferens is cut and tied to prevent the
B. Enzymes are biological catalysts, usually sperm from being released.
proteins, that speed up the rate of biochemical
2. Females : Tubectomy. In this, the
reactions without being consumed in the
fallopian tubes are cut and tied to
process.
prevent the egg from reaching the
1. Protein-digesting enzyme : Pepsin or uterus.
Trypsin. (iii) An advantage of using condoms is that,
2. Starch-digesting enzyme : Salivary amylase besides preventing pregnancy, they also
or Pancreatic amylase. offer protection against the transmission of
C. The primary role of the large intestine (P) is to STDs like AIDS and syphilis.
absorb excess water from the undigested food
material. The remaining material is then stored
in the rectum before being removed from the
body via the anus. SECTION-B
16. A. (i) Differentiate between unisexual and bisexual 17. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water
flowers with one example of each. and oxygen ( 2H 2 O 2 " 2H 2 O + O 2 ) is a special
(ii) What would be the fate of the following type of redox reaction where the same element is
parts of a flower after fertilization : ovule, both oxidized and reduced. This type of reaction is
ovary, and petals? known as :
(iii) Why is cross-pollination often considered
(a) A combination reaction
advantageous for a species?
(b) A displacement reaction
o
(c) A disproportionation reaction
B. (i) What is meant by contraception? List two
(d) A neutralization reaction
reasons why it is important.
(ii) Name one surgical method of contraception Ans
for males and one for females. How do these (c) A disproportionation reaction
methods work?
(iii) State one advantage of using barrier In H2O2, oxygen has an oxidation state of –1. It
methods like condoms. is reduced to –2 in H2O and oxidized to 0 in O2.
When a single element undergoes both oxidation
Ans and reduction in the same reaction, it’s called a
A. (i) Unisexual flowers contain either the male disproportionation reaction, which is a specific type
reproductive part (stamen) or the female of redox reaction.
part (carpel), e.g., papaya. Bisexual flowers
contain both stamen and carpel in the same
flower, e.g., hibiscus.
SAMPLE PAPER 10

I = 6 = 0.6 A 36. Two resistors with resistances 10 Ω and 15 Ω are to

10 be connected to emf 12 V so as to obtain :
o (i) minimum current
B. Find out the following in the electric circuit (ii) maximum current.
given in figure : How will you connect the resistance in each case ?
(a) Effective resistance of two 8 Ω resistors in Calculate the strength of the total current in the
the combination. circuit in the two cases.
(b) Current flowing through 4 Ω resistor.
Ans OD 2010

(i) To obtain minimum current, the two resistors

should be connected in series so that the
equivalent resistance,
Rs = 10 Ω + 15 Ω = 25 Ω

Thus, I min = 12 V = 0.48 A

25 Ω
(ii) To obtain maximum current, the two resistors
should be connected in parallel so that the
equivalent resistance,
Ans SQP 2017

(a) Effective resistance of two resistances in parallel R p = 15 Ω # 10 Ω = 6 Ω

15 Ω # 10 Ω
combination is given by,
Thus, I max = 12 = 2 A
1 = 1 + 1 6Ω
R R1 R2
37. Answer the following questions :
= R1 + R2
(i) What is the direction of magnetic field lines
R1 R2
outside a bar-magnet ?
or R = R1 R2 (ii) What is the SI unit of magnetic field ?
(R1 + R2)
(iii) What does crowding of magnetic field lines
=b8+8l= 4Ω
8#8 indicate ?

Ans :
(b) Current flowing through 4 Ω resistor,
(i) North pole to south pole.
I =V = 8 = 2A (ii) Oersted.
R 4
(iii) Strength of magnetic field.
35. Due to gradual weakening of ciliary muscles and 38. A concave mirror forms image of an object thrice in
diminishing flexibility of the eye lens a certain defect its size on a screen. Magnification of a mirror gives
of vision arises. Write the name of this defect. Name information about the size of the image relative to
the type of lens required by such persons to improve the object. It is defined as the ratio of size of image
the vision. Explain the structure and function of to the size of object. It is represented by m .
such a lens.
Size of image
Ans Comp 2017
m=
Size of object
The defect caused due to gradual weakening of Sign of magnification by mirror gives the information
ciliary muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye about the nature of the image produce by it.
lens is presbyopia. A. Describe the nature of image formed.
The type of lens required by such person to improve B. If the object x distance from the pole of mirror,
the vision is bifocal lens.
then find image distance from the pole.
A bifocal lens consists of both convex lens and
Attempt either subpart C or D.
concave lenses. The convex lens used in bi-focal lens
is used to correct for hypermetropia and concave C. If the radius of curvature of mirror is R, then
lens is used to correct myopia. write the relation between object distance,
image distance and focal length of the mirror.
page 120 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ethanoic acid is an acid because it contains the (b) Describe the observation in the second test tube
carboxyl group. Being an acid, it reacts with (copper wire in ferrous sulphate).
carbonates to liberate carbon dioxide gas. Thus, the (c) Based on these observations, what conclusion
reason correctly explains the assertion. can be drawn about the relative reactivities of
iron and copper?
25. Name the metals which are known to be the most
malleable and the most ductile. Ans

Ans (a) In the first test tube, the blue colour of the
solution will fade, and a reddish-brown coating
1. The most malleable metal is Gold (Au). of copper will be deposited on the iron nail.
2. The most ductile metal is also Gold (Au). (b) In the second test tube, there will be no visible
(Platinum is also highly ductile). change. The copper wire and the pale green
solution will remain as they are.
26. Attempt either option A or B.
A. Highly reactive metals like sodium are high up (c) The conclusion is that Iron is more reactive
than Copper. This is because iron was able
in the reactivity series. Explain why sodium
to displace copper from its salt solution, but
cannot be obtained from its molten oxide
copper was unable to displace iron.
(Na2O) by reduction using carbon.
o 28. A person walking through a forest accidentally
B. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of the laboratory touches a nettle plant. The stinging hairs of the
setup used to show that an acid solution in nettle leaf inject methanoic acid into the skin,
water conducts electricity. Your diagram must causing a burning pain. Traditionally, relief is found
include a beaker, two electrodes, a bulb, a by rubbing the area with the leaf of a dock plant,
switch, and a battery. which often grows nearby.
Ans (a) What is the chemical nature of the substance
injected by the nettle sting?
A. Sodium is a very reactive metal and has a very (b) The dock plant leaf provides relief because its
high affinity for oxygen. The bond in sodium sap is basic. What is the chemical name for the
oxide is extremely strong. Carbon is less reactive
reaction that occurs between the nettle sting
than sodium. Therefore, carbon is not a strong
and the dock leaf sap?
enough reducing agent to displace sodium from
(c) If a dock plant is not available, suggest a
its oxide. The extraction of such highly reactive
common household chemical that could be
metals requires a more powerful method, like
electrolysis. applied to get similar relief.
(d) Why would applying vinegar to the nettle sting
o
be a bad idea?
B. Diagram for Electrical Conductivity of Acid o
Solution:
Two acidic solutions, Solution A and Solution B,
The diagram should clearly label the following:
have pH values of 2 and 5, respectively.
1. Beaker : Containing an acid solution (e.g.,
(a) Which solution is more acidic?
dilute HCl in water).
(b) Which solution will have a higher concentration
2. Two Electrodes : (e.g., graphite rods or
of H+ ions?
nails) dipped into the solution.
(c) The concentration of H+ ions in the more acidic
3. Battery : Connected to the electrodes.
solution is how many times greater than that in
4. Bulb and Switch : Connected in series in
the less acidic solution?
the circuit. The bulb should be shown as
(d) What colour would you expect a universal
glowing.
indicator to show in Solution A?
27. A student performs an experiment where she places Ans
a clean iron nail into a test tube containing a blue
(a) The chemical nature of the nettle sting is acidic
copper sulphate solution. She places another clean
(as it is methanoic acid).
copper wire into a test tube containing a pale green
ferrous sulphate solution. (b) The reaction is called a Neutralization reaction.
(a) Describe the observation in the first test tube (c) A solution of baking soda (NaHCO3) could be
(iron nail in copper sulphate). used, as it is a mild base.
SAMPLE PAPER 10

10. Herbaceous plants do not have a well-developed the soil and can harm soil organisms. It also
respiratory system like animals, but they still get promotes rural employment for potters.
enough oxygen. Provide two reasons to justify this.
13. Name the plant hormone responsible for the
Ans
following functions :
Plants get enough oxygen without a respiratory (i) Growth of the stem and cell enlargement.
system because: (ii) Wilting of leaves and dormancy of buds.
1. All parts of the plant (roots, stem, leaves) (iii) Ripening of fruit.
perform respiration individually, and the
demand for gas exchange is low. Ans
2. There is a large surface area for gaseous exchange (i) Growth of stem : Auxin (promotes cell elongation)
through stomata on leaves and lenticels on and Gibberellin (promotes stem growth).
stems, and diffusion occurs over short distances, (ii) Wilting of leaves : Abscisic acid (ABA). It is a
sufficiently meeting the plant’s needs. growth inhibitor.
11. Students to attempt either option A or B (iii) Ripening of fruit : Ethylene.
A. What is blood pressure? Name the instrument
14. (i) State Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment.
used to measure it and state the normal systolic
(ii) In a dihybrid cross, what is the phenotypic ratio
and diastolic pressure in a healthy adult.
of offspring obtained in the F2 generation?
o
(iii) What does this ratio indicate about the
B. How is the amount of urine produced by the inheritance of the two traits?
kidneys regulated?
Ans
Ans
(i) The Law of Independent Assortment states that
A. Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts when two or more pairs of contrasting traits
against the wall of a vessel. It is measured using are inherited together, the alleles for each trait
an instrument called a spectrophotometer. The segregate independently of the alleles for other
normal systolic pressure is about 120 mm of Hg, traits during gamete formation.
and the normal diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg.
(ii) The phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation is
o [Link].
B. The amount of urine produced is regulated (iii) This ratio indicates that the two traits (e.g.,
by the reabsorption of water in the nephron seed shape and seed colour) are inherited
tubules. This depends on the amount of excess independently of each other. The chances of
water in the body and the quantity of dissolved a plant inheriting one trait do not affect its
waste to be excreted. The process is also chances of inheriting the other.
controlled by the hormone ADH (Anti-diuretic
Hormone), which regulates water reabsorption 15. Refer to the given diagram of the human alimentary
based on the body’s hydration level. canal and the questions.
12. The use of disposable kulhads (earthen cups) is
considered a better alternative to plastic cups for
serving tea in trains. Justify this statement by
giving two reasons.
Ans
Using disposable kulhads is a better alternative
because:
1. Kulhads are biodegradable : They are made
of clay and decompose naturally into the soil,
causing no pollution. Plastic cups are non-
biodegradable and persist in the environment
for centuries.
2. Reduces soil pollution : Discarding kulhads
enriches the soil, whereas plastic cups pollute
page 122 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(a) I and II
A concave lens is a diverging lens, so it always forms
a virtual, erect, and diminished image. Its focal
length is taken as negative according to the sign
convention.

31. Which of the following is an example of total

internal reflection?
(a) The glittering of a diamond
(b) The blue color of the sky
(c) The formation of a shadow
(d) The functioning of a magnifying glass 34. Attempt either option A or B
Ans A. In the following circuit diagram, find :
(a) the total resistance of the circuit.
(a) The glittering of a diamond
(b) the total current flowing in the circuit.
A diamond glitters because light entering it
undergoes multiple total internal reflections, causing
it to exit the diamond from different facets, creating
a sparkling effect.

32. Assertion (A) : A convex mirror is used as a rear-

view mirror in vehicles.
Reason (R) : A convex mirror gives a wider field of
view and forms a diminished, erect image.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A. Ans :
(c) A is true but R is false. (a) Resistance, R1 = 8 Ω
(d) A is false but R is true. Resistance, R2 = 3 Ω
Ans Resistance, R3 = 6 Ω
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct Let resultant resistance in parallel be R 4 .
explanation of A.
1 = 1 + 1
Assertion A is true. Convex mirrors are used as rear- R4 R2 R3
view mirrors because they provide a wider field of
view and form a small, erect image, which is helpful 1 =1+1
for safe driving. R4 3 6

33. An object 5 cm in length is placed 25 cm away from = 2+1 = 3 = 1

6 6 2
a convex lens of focal length 10 cm.
A. Use the lens formula to calculate the image R4 = 2 Ω
distance. Equivalent resistance of the circuit,
B. Find the size of the image using magnification. R = R1 + R 4
C. State the nature of the image.
= (8 + 2) Ω = 10 Ω

Ans
(b) Potential difference, V = 6 Volt
A. v = 16.7 cm. Equivalent resistance, R = 10 Ω
B. m = –0.67, image size = 3.3 cm.
V = IR
C. Image is real, inverted, and diminished.
I =V
R
SAMPLE PAPER 10

18. Toothpastes are formulated to help prevent tooth Ans

decay caused by acids produced by bacteria in the (c) Approximately neutral
mouth. Therefore, the chemical nature of toothpaste Since both the parent acid and the parent base are
is generally : weak and have similar dissociation constants, their
(a) Acidic (b) Neutral effects cancel each other out, resulting in a solution
(c) Basic (d) Corrosive that is approximately neutral with a pH close to 7.
Ans
22. The reaction 2Mg (s) + O 2 (g) " 2MgO (s) can be
(c) Basic classified as :
To counteract the acids that cause tooth decay, (a) A combination reaction only
toothpastes are made to be basic (alkaline). This (b) A redox reaction only
helps neutralize the acid in the mouth and raise the (c) Both a combination and a redox reaction
pH to a safer level for tooth enamel. (d) A decomposition reaction

19. Which of the following non-metals is a good Ans

conductor of heat? (c) Both a combination and a redox reaction
(a) Sulphur It is a combination reaction because two reactants
(b) Diamond (Mg and O2) are combining to form a single
(c) Graphite product (MgO). It is also a redox reaction because
(d) Phosphorus magnesium is oxidized (0 to +2) and oxygen is
reduced (0 to –2).
Ans
23. The silver coating on a traditional mirror is formed
(b) Diamond
when a solution containing a silver salt is treated
While non-metals are generally poor conductors with a reducing agent like glucose. The formation of
of heat, diamond is a notable exception. It has
the silver layer is an example of a :
extremely high thermal conductivity, even better
(a) Neutralization reaction
than many metals. Graphite is a good conductor
(b) Precipitation reaction
of electricity but not as exceptional a conductor of
(c) Reduction reaction
heat as diamond.
(d) Decomposition reaction
20. A student passes dry ammonia gas (NH3) over a Ans
strip of dry blue litmus paper. What will be the
observed colour change? (c) Reduction reaction
(a) The blue litmus turns red. In this process, silver ions (Ag+) from the salt
(b) The blue litmus turns colourless. solution gain electrons (are reduced) to form solid
(c) The blue litmus turns green. silver metal (Ag), which deposits on the glass. This
(d) There will be no change in colour. is the essence of a reduction reaction.

Ans 24. Assertion (A) : Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium

carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas with brisk
(d) There will be no change in colour.
effervescence.
A basic substance like ammonia shows its properties
Reason (R) : All organic compounds that contain
only in the presence of water, where it can form
a carboxyl functional group (–COOH) are acidic in
hydroxide ions (OH- ). Since both the gas and the
nature.
litmus paper are dry, no reaction occurs, and there
is no colour change. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
21. Ammonium acetate (CH 3 COONH 4 ) is a salt (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
formed from a weak acid (acetic acid) and a weak explanation of A.
base (ammonium hydroxide). Its aqueous solution (c) A is true but R is false.
is likely to be : (d) A is false but R is true.
(a) Strongly acidic
Ans
(b) Strongly basic
(c) Approximately neutral (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) Amphoteric explanation of A.
page 124 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

o o
D. Give one use of concave mirror. B. (a) In a given ammeter, a student saw that
Ans : needle indicates 12th division in ammeter
while performing an experiment to verify
A. Since, image is formed on screen. So, it must be Ohm’s law. If ammeter has 10 divisions
real. between 0 to 0.5 A , then what is the
B. Here, ammeter reading corresponding to 12th
u =− x division ?
(b) How do you connect an ammeter and a
m = −v voltmeter in an electric circuit ?
u
Ans :
or −
-3 = v
−x (a) The ammeter is having 10 division in between
v =− 3x 0 - 0.5 A .
C. 1 + 1 = 2
3x x R 6f = R/2@ Least count of ammeter

o = 0.5 − 0
10
D. It is used in search light and headlight of = 0.05 A

automobiles.
Hence, the reading of 17 division will be
39. Attempt either option A or B = 17 # 0.05

A. What are magnetic field lines? How is the
= 0.85 A

direction of a magnetic field at a point
determined ? (b) Ammeter is connected in series combination
Draw the magnetic field lines (including field and voltmeter is connected in the parallel
directions) of the magnetic field due to a combination.
circular coil of current. Name any two factors
on which the magnitude of the magnetic field
due to this coil depends.
Ans :
Magnetic field lines are the imaginary lines that
represent magnetic field around a magnet.
The direction of the field is along the direction in **********
which north pole of a magnetic compass points
(or direction of field at a point is the direction of
tangent drawn at that point).

The magnitude of the magnetic field depends on

strength of the current, number of loops of the coil,
radius of the coil, etc.
SAMPLE PAPER 11

Sample Paper 11
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(a) Stigma and Style

SECTION-A (b) Anther and Filament
(c) Ovary and Ovule
1. When a blood vessel is cut, the bleeding is stopped (d) Petal and Sepal
by the formation of a clot. Which component of Ans
blood is primarily responsible for initiating this
(b) Anther and Filament
process?
The anther is the part of the stamen where pollen
(a) Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
is produced. The filament is the stalk-like structure
(b) White Blood Cells (WBCs)
that holds the anther up in a position suitable for
(c) Plasma
pollen dispersal.
(d) Platelets
Ans 4. The wings of a bird and the wings of an insect both
enable flight, but they have different evolutionary
(d) Platelets origins and internal structures. Such organs are
Platelets (or thrombocytes) are small, irregular cell referred to as:
fragments that circulate in the blood. Upon injury (a) Homologous organs
to a blood vessel, they gather at the site and form (b) Vestigial organs
a plug, initiating the cascade of reactions that leads (c) Analogous organs
to a blood clot. (d) Fossil organs
2. Which endocrine gland, located at the base of the Ans
brain, is often called the ‘master gland’ because it
(c) Analogous organs
secretes hormones that regulate many other glands
Analogous organs are structures that have simi-
in the body?
lar functions but do not share a common ancestry.
(a) Thyroid gland
They are a result of convergent evolution, where dif-
(b) Adrenal gland
ferent species independently evolve similar traits to
(c) Pituitary gland
adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.
(d) Pancreas
Ans 5. Waste materials can be classified as biodegradable
or non-biodegradable. Which of the following items
(c) Pituitary gland is biodegradable?
The pituitary gland controls the functions of sever- (a) A plastic toy
al other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid and (b) A glass jar
adrenal glands. It acts as the primary link between (c) An aluminum can
the nervous system and the endocrine system, regu- (d) A paper bag
lating growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
Ans
3. The male reproductive part of a flower is the
(d) A paper bag
stamen. The stamen is composed of which two
distinct parts?
page 126 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Biodegradable materials can be broken down into explanation of A.

simpler, harmless substances by microorganisms. (c) A is true but R is false.
Paper, being derived from plant matter (wood), is (d) A is false but R is true.
easily decomposed, unlike synthetic materials like
Ans
plastic, glass, or metal.
(c) A is true but R is false.
6. Consider the following statements about the major The assertion is true; food chains are limited in
parts of the human brain : length. The reason is false because, according to
(i) The cerebrum is the site of intelligence, the 10% law, a significant amount of energy (about
consciousness, and memory. 90%) is lost at each trophic level, so the available
(ii) The cerebellum is primarily responsible for energy drastically decreases.
maintaining posture and balance.
9. Assertion (A) : The copying of DNA is a fundamental
(iii) The medulla controls involuntary actions like
breathing and heartbeat. event in the process of reproduction.
Reason (R) : DNA copying ensures that the off-
(iv) The entire brain is protected by the flexible
spring receives the complete genetic blueprint from
vertebral column.
the parent(s).
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(a) (i) and (iv) only explanation of A.
(b) (i), (ii), and (iii) (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(c) (ii) and (iv) only explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (c) A is true but R is false.
Ans (d) A is false but R is true.
(b) (i), (ii), and (iii) Ans
The cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla have the (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
stated functions. Statement (iv) is incorrect because explanation of A.
the brain is protected by the rigid bones of the cra-
Reproduction involves passing traits to the next
nium (skull), while the vertebral column protects
generation. This is achieved by creating a copy of
the spinal cord.
the parent’s DNA, which contains all the genetic
7. The human digestive system breaks down complex instructions, ensuring the offspring inherits the nec-
food molecules into simpler ones. In which part of essary information for its development and func-
tioning.
the alimentary canal does the final and complete
digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins occur? 10. It is generally advised not to talk while eating.
(a) Stomach (b) Small intestine Explain the biological reason behind this precaution
(c) Large intestine (d) Liver in relation to the passage of air and food.
Ans Ans
(b) Small intestine The pharynx is a common passage for both food
While digestion starts elsewhere, the small intestine and air. The entry of food into the windpipe (tra-
is where the process is completed. It receives en- chea) is prevented by a flap-like valve called the ep-
zymes from the pancreas and its own walls to break iglottis. When we talk, the epiglottis opens. If food
down all major food components into absorbable is being swallowed at the same time, it might enter
units like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. the windpipe, leading to choking.

8. Assertion (A) : Food chains in an ecosystem are 11. Student to attempt either A or B.
generally short, usually consisting of three to four A. List two vital functions of the human kidneys
trophic levels. apart from the excretion of nitrogenous waste
Reason (R) : The amount of available energy in- like urea.
creases at each successive trophic level in a food o
chain.
B. How do autotrophs obtain the following raw
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct materials required for photosynthesis :
explanation of A. (i) Carbon dioxide and
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
SAMPLE PAPER 11

20. Based on the reactivity series, which of the following Ans

metals will not displace hydrogen from dilute acids? (a) BaSO4
(a) Zinc This is a double displacement reaction where an in-
(b) Magnesium soluble precipitate is forme(d) Barium chloride and
(c) Iron sodium sulphate exchange ions to form sodium chlo-
(d) Copper ride (which is soluble) and barium sulphate. Barium
Ans sulphate (BaSO4) is a white, insoluble solid that
precipitates out of the solution.
(d) Copper
The reactivity series arranges metals based on their 24. Assertion (A) : Ionic compounds are generally hard,
reactivity. Metals that are placed above hydrogen crystalline solids.
in the series (like zinc, magnesium, and iron) are Reason (R) : There are strong electrostatic forces
more reactive and can displace hydrogen from di- of attraction between the oppositely charged ions in
lute acids. Copper is below hydrogen, making it less their structure.
reactive and unable to displace hydrogen. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
21. The organic compound propanone contains which of
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
the following functional groups?
explanation of A.
(a) Aldehyde (-CHO)
(c) A is true but R is false.
(b) Alcohol (-OH)
(d) A is false but R is true.
(c) Carboxylic acid (-COOH)
(d) Ketone (C=O) Ans
Ans (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(d) Ketone, C=O
Both statements are true and directly related. Ion-
The suffix “-one” in the IUPAC name indicates the ic compounds are hard, crystalline solids precisely
presence of a ketone functional group. A ketone because of the very strong electrostatic forces be-
group consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) where the tween their oppositely charged ions. These powerful
carbon atom is bonded to two other carbon atoms. attractions lock the ions into a rigid, highly ordered
Propanone (CH3COCH3) is the simplest ketone. crystal lattice, making the substance hard and diffi-
cult to break apart.
22. An aqueous solution of which of the following
compounds is used for whitewashing walls? 25. Explain why covalent compounds are generally poor
(a) Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) conductors of electricity.
(b) Calcium oxide (CaO)
(c) Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) Ans
(d) Calcium sulphate (CaSO4) Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing
of electrons between atoms, not by the transfer of
Ans
electrons. This means they do not form charged
(c) Calcium hydroxide, (Ca(OH)2) particles (ions). Since the conduction of electrici-
Calcium oxide (quicklime) is first mixed with water ty requires the movement of free charged particles
in a highly exothermic reaction to form calcium hy- (either ions or electrons), and covalent compounds
droxide (slaked lime). The resulting aqueous solu- lack these free-moving ions, they are generally poor
tion of slaked lime is then applied to the walls. It conductors of electricity.
reacts slowly with carbon dioxide in the air to form
a shiny layer of calcium carbonate. 26. Attempt either option A or B.
(A) You are given three metals : Sodium, Magnesium,
23. When an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate is and Copper.
mixed with an aqueous solution of barium chloride, (i) Arrange them in decreasing order of their
a white insoluble substance is formed. What is the reactivity.
chemical formula of this substance? (ii) Describe a simple experiment to establish
(a) BaSO4 the reactivity order between Magnesium
(b) NaCl and Copper.
(c) BaS o
(d) Na2Cl2
page 128 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

C. During vigorous exercise, the body’s demand be shown growing down from the pollen
for energy increases dramatically. To meet this grain through the style, with the male gam-
demand, cells need to perform cellular respira- etes inside it.
tion at a much higher rate, which requires more
oxygen. To supply this extra oxygen and re-
move the excess carbon dioxide produced, the
breathing rate increases.
SECTION-B
16. A. (i) How does binary fission in Leishmania differ 17. In the reaction CuO (s) + H 2 (g) " Cu (s) + H 2 O (l)
from that in Amoeba? , which substances are oxidized and reduced
(ii) What is fragmentation? Give an example of respectively?
an organism that reproduces by this meth- (a) H2 is oxidized, CuO is reduced.
od. (b) CuO is oxidized, H2 is reduced.
(iii) Can regeneration in an organism like a liz- (c) Both CuO and H2 are oxidized.
ard be considered a form of reproduction? (d) Both CuO and H2 are reduced.
Why or why not?
Ans
o
B. (i) What changes occur in a flower after fertili- (a) (H2 is oxidized, CuO is reduced)
zation? List any three. Oxidation is the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen.
(ii) What is the main difference between Reduction is the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
self-pollination and cross-pollination? In this reaction, hydrogen (H2) gains oxygen to form
(iii) Draw a diagram showing the germination water (H2O), so it is oxidized Copper oxide (CuO)
of a pollen grain on the stigma of a flower. loses oxygen to form copper (Cu), so it is reduced.

Ans 18. When an acid reacts with a metal hydrogen

A. (i) In Amoeba, binary fission can occur in any carbonate, the products formed are :
plane. In Leishmania, which has a whip-like (a) Salt, water, and hydrogen gas
structure (flagellum), binary fission occurs (b) Salt and water only
in a definite orientation (longitudinally) in (c) Salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas
relation to this structure. (d) Salt and carbon dioxide gas only
(ii) Fragmentation is a mode of asexual repro- Ans
duction where the body of the parent or-
(c) (Salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas)
ganism breaks into smaller pieces, each of
which can grow into a new complete organ- The general reaction between an acid and a metal
ism. An example is Spirogyra. hydrogen carbonate yields a salt, water, and car-
bon dioxide gas. For example, the reaction between
(iii) No, the regeneration of a lizard’s tail is not
hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate
a form of reproduction. This is because it
produces sodium chloride, water, and carbon diox-
is only the regrowth of a lost part; a new
ide, which is observed as a brisk effervescence.
individual lizard cannot be formed from the
severed tail. 19. Which of the following metals exists as a liquid at
o room temperature?
B. (i) Three changes that occur in a flower after (a) Sodium
fertilization are : (b) Iron
1. The zygote develops into an embryo. (c) Mercury
2. The ovule develops into a seed. (d) Gold
3. The ovary ripens to form a fruit.
Ans
(ii) Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen
from the anther to the stigma of the same (c) Mercury
flower or another flower on the same plant. Most metals are solid at room temperature. Mer-
Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen to cury is a unique metal that has a very low melting
the stigma of a flower on a different plant point (-38.8°C), which allows it to exist in a liquid
of the same species. state under standard room conditions. This proper-
(iii) A diagram should be drawn showing a pol- ty makes it useful in devices like thermometers and
len grain on a stigma. A pollen tube should barometers.
SAMPLE PAPER 11

36.
R =V Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a
I battery of six 2 V cells, a 6 Ω resistor, a 12 Ω resistor
= 2.4 = 9.6 Ω and a 18 Ω resistor and a plug key all connected in
0.25 series. Calculate the following (when key is closed):
35. With the help of ciliary muscles the human eye (i) Electric current flowing in the circuit.
can change its curvature and thus alter the focal (ii) Potential difference across 18 Ω resistor.
length of its lens. State the changes that occur in (iii) Electric power consumed in 18 Ω resistor.
the curvature and focal length of the eye lens while
viewing (i) a distance object, (ii) nearby object. Ans OD 2024

Explain, why a normal eye is not able to the dis- The required diagram is shown below.
tinctly the objects placed closer than 25 cm, with-
out putting any stain on the eye.
Ans OD 2017

(i) When we see distant objects, the ciliary muscles

relax to decrease the curvature and thereby
increase the focal length of the lens. Hence, the
lens becomes thin. This enables us to see the
distant object clearly. Thus, the focal length
of the eye lens increases while seeing distant
objects.
In the above circuit all the resistances are connected
in series. The equivalent resistance is given by
Req = 6 + 12 + 18 = 36 Ω

(i) I = V = 12 = 1 A
Req 36 3
(ii) V18 = IR = 1 # 18 = 6 V
3

(iii) P18 = I 2R = b 1 l # 18 = 2 W
2

3
(ii) To see nearby objects clearly, the focal length of
37. A student claims that the sky appears blue due to
the lens should be shorter. For this, the ciliary
scattering of light.
muscles contract to increase the curvature and
thereby decrease the focal length of the lens. (i) Is this correct?
Hence, the lens becomes thick. This enables you (ii) State the reason behind scattering.
to see in nearby objects clearly. Ans :
(i) Yes, correct. Blue light of shorter wavelength is
scattered more by air molecules than red light.
(ii) This is explained by Rayleigh’s law of scatter-
ing.

38. A concave lens is thick at the edges and thin at the

centre, while a convex lens is thick at the centre
and thin at the edges. We can distinguish between
A normal eye is not able to see distinctly the a concave lens and a convex lens without touching
objects placed closer than 25 cm, without
them. For this keep a book close to a lens and
putting any strain on the eye. This is because
observe the image of the text of the book through
the ciliary muscles of eyes are unable to contract
the lens. If the letters appear enlarged, then it is
beyond a certain limit if the object are placed
a convex lens and if the letters appear diminished
at a distance less than 25 cm from the eye, then
the objects appear blurred because light rays then it is a concave lens.
coming from the object meet beyond the retina. Convex lens converges light rays and hence known
as converging lens. Similarly, concave lens diverges
light rays and is known as diverging lens. Linear mag-
page 130 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(B) (i) What is meant by the anodising of alumin- formed?

ium? (b) Write the balanced chemical equation for this
(ii) How does this process make aluminium re- reaction.
sistant to further corrosion? (c) What type of chemical reaction is this?
Ans Ans
A (i) The decreasing order of reactivity is : (a) The dazzling white light is produced during the
Sodium Magnesium Copper. combustion of magnesium metal. The white
(ii) To compare the reactivity of Magnesium powder formed is magnesium oxide (MgO),
and Copper, we can perform a displace- which is a basic oxide.
ment reaction. (b) The balanced chemical equation is:
Procedure : Take a solution of copper sul-
2Mg (s) + O 2 (g) " 2MgO (s)
phate (CuSO4), which is blue, in a test
tube. Add a strip of magnesium ribbon to (c) This is a combination reaction, as two reactants
it. (Magnesium and Oxygen) are combining to
Observation : The blue colour of the solu- form a single product (Magnesium oxide). It is
tion will fade and a reddish-brown deposit also a redox reaction.
of copper will form on the magnesium strip.
28. At a hospital, doctors use a white powder which,
This shows that magnesium is more reac-
tive than copper because it has displaced when mixed with water, sets into a hard solid
copper from its salt solution. mass to support fractured bones. This substance is
obtained by carefully heating gypsum at 373 K.
o
(a) Identify this white powder. Write its chemical
B (i) Anodising is an electrochemical process
name and chemical formul(a)
that creates a thick, protective layer of
(b) Explain why this substance must be stored in a
aluminium oxide (Al2O3) on the surface
moisture-proof container.
of an aluminium object. This is done by
(c) Write the balanced chemical equation for the
making the aluminium object the anode
preparation of this substance from gypsum.
during the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric
o
aci(d)
(c) Write the balanced chemical equation for
(ii) The aluminium oxide layer formed is very
hard, tough, and non-reactive. This layer the reaction that occurs when this powder is
sticks firmly to the surface and prevents the mixed with water. What is the hard solid mass
underlying aluminium metal from coming produced known as?
into contact with air and moisture, thus Ans
making it highly resistant to further corro-
sion. (a) The white powder is Plaster of Paris. Its chem-
ical name is calcium sulphate hemihydrate, and
27. A student burns a magnesium ribbon in the air, its formula is CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O .
holding it with a pair of tongs. (b) Plaster of Paris readily absorbs moisture from
the atmosphere and reacts with it to change
into the hard solid mass, gypsum. To prevent
this unwanted setting, it must be stored in a
moisture-proof container.
(c) The balanced equation for its preparation is:
373K
CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O (s)

CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O (s) + 32 H 2 O (g)

(Gypsum) (Plaster of Paris)
o
(c) The balanced equation for the setting process
is:
(a) What is the dazzling white light produced, and
what is the chemical nature of the white powder CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O (s) + 32 H 2 O (l) "

SAMPLE PAPER 11

(ii) Water? 1. Studying Homologous Organs : These are or-

gans with a similar basic structure but different
Ans
functions in different species, suggesting a com-
A. Two other vital functions of the kidneys are: mon ancestor.
1. Osmoregulation : They regulate the water 2. Studying Fossils : The fossil record provides
and salt balance in the body, maintaining a direct evidence of past life forms and shows a
constant osmotic pressure in the blood. pattern of simple organisms in older rock layers
2. pH Regulation : They help maintain the and more complex ones in newer layers.
proper pH of the blood by excreting excess 3. Comparing DNA/Protein Sequences : Organ-
acids or bases. isms that are more closely related have more
o similar DNA and protein sequences, providing
B. (i) Carbon dioxide : Terrestrial plants ob- molecular evidence of common ancestry.
tain carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
through small pores on the surface of their 15. Refer to the diagram of the human respiratory
leaves called stomata. system to the following questions.
(ii) Water : Plants absorb water from the soil
through their roots. This water is then
transported upwards to the leaves through
the xylem tissue.

12. What is meant by the ‘Ozone Hole’ ? Name the

main class of synthetic chemicals responsible for its
creation.
Ans
The ‘Ozone Hole’ refers to the significant thinning
or depletion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere,
first observed over Antarctica. The main class of A. What is the role of the diaphragm, a large
synthetic chemicals responsible for this depletion muscular sheet, in the process of breathing?
is Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These compounds o
release chlorine atoms in the stratosphere, which B. What are alveoli? How are they structurally
catalytically destroy ozone molecules. adapted to maximize gaseous exchange?
13. What is a reflex action? Give two examples. How C. Explain why the breathing rate of a person
does it differ from a voluntary action? increases significantly during vigorous exercise.

Ans Ans
A reflex action is a sudden, involuntary, and rapid A. The diaphragm is a large muscle at the base of
response to a stimulus. Examples include the im- the chest cavity. During inhalation, it contracts
mediate withdrawal of the hand on touching a hot and flattens, increasing the volume of the chest
object and the blinking of eyes when an object sud- cavity to draw air in. During exhalation, it re-
denly approaches them. It differs from a voluntary laxes and moves up, decreasing the chest cavity
action because it is not under the conscious control volume to push air out.
of the brain’s thinking part (cerebrum). It is a pro- o
tective mechanism controlled primarily by the spi- B. Alveoli are the tiny, balloon-like air sacs at the
nal cord for a very fast response. end of the bronchioles in the lungs. They are
14. How can the evolutionary relationships between adapted for maximum gaseous exchange due to:
different organisms be traced? Mention any three 1. A large surface area : Millions of alveoli col-
methods that scientists use. lectively provide a huge surface.
2. Extremely thin walls : Their walls are only
Ans
one cell thick, allowing for rapid diffusion of
Evolutionary relationships can be traced using the gases into the surrounding dense network of
following methods: blood capillaries.
page 132 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

because the speed of light changes as it moves from

one medium to another.

31. What is the primary cause of a person suffering

from myopia?
(a) The focal length of the eye lens is too long.
(b) The eyeball is too short.
(c) The focal length of the eye lens is too short.
(d) The eye lens is unable to change its focal length. 34. Attempt either option A or B.
Ans A. Two identical resistors of 24 Ω each are
connected to a battery of 6 V. Calculate the
(c) The focal length of the eye lens is too short. ratio of the power consumed by the resulting
Myopia is caused by the eye lens having too short a combinations with
focal length or the eyeball being too long. As a re- (a) minimum resistance and
sult, the image of distant objects is formed in front (b) maximum resistance.
of the retina instead of on it.
Ans
32. Assertion (A) : A ray of light entering a convex
lens parallel to its principal axis converges at the Here R max = 24 + 24 = 48 Ω
principal focus.
R min = 24 # 24 = 12 Ω
Reason (R) : All parallel rays entering a converging 24 + 24
lens are refracted to meet at the focal point. 2

(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct Now, we have P =V
R
explanation of A.
62
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct Pp
explanation of A. Therefore = 122 = 48 = 4 : 1
Ps 6 12
(c) A is true but R is false. 48
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans o
B. The current flowing through a resistor connected
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
in a circuit and the potential difference
explanation of A.
developed across its ends are as shown in
A convex lens is a converging lens. It refracts par-
the diagram by milliammeter and voltmeter
allel rays of light and brings them to a single point
readings respectively :
on the principal axis called the principal focus. The
reason correctly explains why the assertion is true. (a) What are the least counts of these meters?
(b) What is the resistance of the resistor?
33. A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image
10 cm from the lens.
A. Apply the lens formula to find the object
distance.
B. Draw a ray diagram showing the image
formation.
C. State whether the image is diminished or
magnified.
Ans Ans
A. u = 30 cm. (a) 10 mA and 0.1 V
B. Ray diagram shows image between F and O, (b) Given, V = 2.4 volt
always virtual and erect.
C. The image is diminished. I = 250 mA
= 0.25 A

As we know that,
SAMPLE PAPER 11

CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O (s)
(with the oil) from the cloth surface into
the water, which is then washed away.
(Plaster of Paris) (Gypsum)
(c) Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of
The hard solid mass produced is known as gypsum. long-chain fatty acids. Hard water contains
calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions.
29. Attempt either option A or B.
These ions react with soap to form an insol-
(A) (a) Draw the structure of a micelle formed uble, sticky precipitate called scum, which
when soap is dissolved in water. Clearly la- hinders the cleansing action and wastes
bel the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts soap.
of the soap molecule.
o
(b) With the help of the micelle structure, ex-
B (a) Structural isomers are compounds that
plain the cleansing action of soap on an oily
have the same molecular formula but dif-
spot.
ferent structural arrangements of atoms.
(c) Why are soaps not effective cleaning agents
in hard water? (b) Isomers of Pentane (C5H12):
1. n-pentane :
o
CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 3
(B) (a) What are structural isomers?
(b) Draw the structures of the three possible 2. isopentane (2-methylbutane) :
structural isomers of pentane (C5H12). CH 3 - CH (CH 3) - CH 2 - CH 3
(c) Explain why a branched-chain isomer is not 3. neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane) :
possible for propane (C3H8).
C (CH 3) 4
Ans
(c) Propane (C3H8) has only three carbon at-
A (a) Structure of a Micelle: oms. To create a branched chain, a carbon
atom must be attached to at least three
other carbon atoms. In a three-carbon
chain, the end carbons can only be moved
to the other end, which does not create a
new structure. A branch is only possible
with four or more carbon atoms.

SECTION-C
30. A student is learning about the different phenomena
of light and makes the following statements:
I. Refraction is the change in the direction of light
as it passes from one medium to another.
The diagram should show several soap mol- II. Reflection is the bouncing back of light into the
ecules arranged in a spherical cluster. The same medium.
long hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic tail) III. The speed of light is the same in all mediums.
should be pointing inwards, and the ionic Choose from the following the correct option that
end (hydrophilic head, e.g., − COO− Na+ ) lists the correct statements.
should be on the outer surface, facing the (a) I and II
water.
(b) I and III
(b) When a dirty cloth with an oily spot is (c) I, II and III
placed in soapy water, the hydrophobic tails
(d) II and III
of the soap molecules attach themselves to
the oil droplet, while the hydrophilic heads Ans
remain in the water. This forms a spherical (a) I and II
structure called a micelle, trapping the oil
Both statements I and II are correct definitions of
in its center. Agitation helps lift the micelle
refraction and reflection. Statement III is incorrect
page 134 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

nification produced by a lens is equal to the ratio of (i) Power supplied to the circuit
the image distance to the object distance. Power of = 1.2 # 1000 W + 200 W + 60 W + 60 W

a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length.
= 1200 W + 200 W + 60 W + 60W

(i) What type of image is always made by a concave
lens ? = 1520 W

(ii) If magnification produced by a spherical lens is = 1.52 kW

+0.75, then what is the nature of the lens ?
(ii) Current in the refrigerators
Attempt either subpart C or D.
(iii) What is the power of a convex lens with focal = Power
Voltage
length 80 cm ?
= 200 W
(iv) What kind of lens is present in human eye ? 240 V
Ans : = 0.83 A

(i) Concave lens always forms virtual, erect and (iii) Energy used by the fan in 2 hours
diminished image of an object.
= Power # Time

(ii) Here, m = 0.75 (less than 1) so the image
formed is smaller than the object or diminished. = 1.2 kW # 2 h

A virtual, erect and diminished image can be = 1.2 # 1000 J # 2 # 60 # 60 s

formed only by a concave lens, so the nature of s
the lens is concave. = 1200 # 2 # 3600 J

(iii) Power of the convex lens
= 86400000 J

P = 1 = 1 # 100
f 80 = 8.64 # 107 J
= 1.25 D
(iv) As we know that,
o Current, I = P
V
(iv) Converging lens is present in human eye.
= 60 = 0.25 A
240
39. Attempt either option A or B
A. Inside the house, connections to all the devices Resistance = V = 240
I 0.25
are made in parallel, each having independent
switch and fuse (if necessary). Thus, whenever = 960 Ω

some fault occurs in circuit of one particular
device in one room, devices in other rooms do o
not suffer. B. (i) Which effect of the electric current is uti-
Figure shows a 240V AC mains circuit to which lised in the working of an electrical fuse ?
a number of appliances are connected and (ii) Is a fuse connected in series or in parallel in
switched on. household circuit ?
(iii) Draw a schematic labelled diagram of a
domestic circuit which has a provision of
a main fuse, meter, one light bulb and a
switch/socket.
(iv) Why are appliances connected in parallel in
the circuit?
Ans :
(i) Heating effect.
(i) Calculate the power supplied to the circuit.
(ii) Find out the value of electric current in the (ii) In series.
refrigerators. (iii)
(iii) Calculate energy used by the fan in 2 hours.
(iv) Calculate resistance of the filament of one
lamp.
Ans :
SAMPLE PAPER 11

(iv) Appliances are connected in parallel so each

receives the same voltage, ensuring proper op-
eration. This allows appliances to work inde-
pendently without affecting each other. It also
ensures the current is distributed evenly, pre-
venting overload.

**********
page 136 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP
SAMPLE PAPER 12

Sample Paper 12
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(a) Anther, Stamen, and Pollen

SECTION-A (b) Stigma, Style, and Ovary
(c) Sepal, Petal, and Thalamus
1. Bile juice is secreted by the liver and stored in the (d) Filament, Ovule, and Pollen tube
gall bladder. What is its primary function in the Ans
process of digestion?
(b) Stigma, Style, and Ovary
(a) To digest carbohydrates into simple sugars.
The pistil consists of the stigma, which is the re-
(b) To make the medium in the small intestine
ceptive tip that catches pollen; the style, a stalk
acidic.
connecting the stigma to the ovary; and the ovary
(c) To emulsify large fat globules into smaller
at the base, which contains the ovules that develop
droplets. into seeds.
(d) To break down proteins into amino acids.
Ans 4. In humans, sex is determined by a specific pair of
chromosomes. What is the chromosomal composition
(c) To emulsify large fat globules into smaller drop- of a normal male and a normal female, respectively?
lets. (a) XY and XX
Bile juice does not contain any digestive enzymes. (b) XX and XY
Its main role is to break down large fat particles (c) XX and YY
into smaller ones, a process called emulsification. (d) XY and XO
This increases the surface area for the enzyme lipase
to act upon and digest the fats efficiently. Ans
(a) XY and XX
2. The growth of a pollen tube from the stigma towards
Human females have two X chromosomes (XX) in
the ovule inside the carpel is an example of which
their cells, while males have one X and one Y chro-
type of plant movement?
mosome (XY). The presence of the Y chromosome
(a) Geotropism
determines maleness.
(b) Phototropism
(c) Hydrotropism 5. What does the 10% law of energy transfer in an
(d) Chemotropism ecosystem state?
Ans (a) That organisms use 90% of their energy for
reproduction.
(d) Chemotropism (b) That only 10% of the energy from one trophic
Chemotropism is the movement of a plant part in level is incorporated into the next level.
response to a chemical stimulus. The ovule secretes (c) That 10% of all organisms in one trophic level
chemicals that guide the pollen tube’s growth to- are eaten by the next.
wards it, ensuring that the male gamete can reach (d) That plants only capture 10% of the sun’s total
the female gamete for fertilization.
energy.
3. The female reproductive part of a flower is the pistil Ans
(or carpel). Which three parts make up the pistil?
page 138 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(b) That only 10% of the energy from one trophic (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
level is incorporated into the next level. explanation of A.
This law means that when an organism is consumed, (c) A is true but R is false.
only about 10% of the energy it contains is stored (d) A is false but R is true.
in the consumer’s body. The remaining 90% is lost,
Ans
mostly as heat during metabolic processes.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
6. Consider the following statements about the explanation of A.
components of human blood : For a trait to be inherited, it must be part of the
(i) Red blood cells contain haemoglobin and are genetic code in the germ cells (sperm and egg). Ac-
responsible for oxygen transport. quired traits are a result of experience and do not
(ii) White blood cells are the body’s primary alter this genetic code, so they are not passed on.
defense against infectious diseases.
(iii) Plasma is the solid, red-coloured component of 9. Assertion (A) : The use of disposable plastic items
blood. is generally discouraged for environmental reasons.
(iv) Platelets are cell fragments that play a crucial Reason (R) : Paper is a biodegradable material,
role in blood clotting. whereas plastic is non-biodegradable.
Which of the above statements are correct? (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv) explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(b) (ii) and (iv) only
explanation of A.
(c) (i) and (iii) only (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) All are correct. (d) A is false but R is true.
Ans Ans
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv) (d) A is false but R is true.
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets have the stated func- Assertion(A ) Using disposable plastic cups is a
tions. Statement (iii) is incorrect because plasma is better environmental choice than using paper cups.
the liquid, yellowish matrix of the blood. The red The Assertion is now clearly false. The Reason is
colour comes from the haemoglobin in the red blood true. Therefore, the correct option is (d).
cells.
10. The characteristic ‘lub-dub’ sound of a heartbeat
7. What is the name for the basic structural and is produced by the heart muscle itself. Which
functional unit of the nervous system, which is mechanical events within the cardiac cycle are
specialized to transmit nerve impulses? responsible for producing these two sounds?
(a) Nephron (b) Neuron
Ans
(c) Alveolus (d) Villus
The ‘lub-dub’ sounds are produced by the closing of
Ans the heart valves.
(b) Neuron • The first sound, ‘lub’, is produced when the atrio-
The neuron, or nerve cell, is the fundamental unit of ventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) close at
the brain and nervous system. It is responsible for the beginning of ventricular contraction (systole).
receiving sensory input, sending motor commands, • The second sound, ‘dub’, is produced when the
and transmitting electrical signals over long dis- semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) close
tances in the body. at the beginning of ventricular relaxation (dias-
tole).
8. Assertion (A) : Skills like swimming or learning a
musical instrument, acquired during a person’s life, 11. Student to attempt either option A or B
cannot be passed on to their children A. What is translocation in plants? Why is it an
Reason (R) : Acquired traits do not cause any essential process?
change in the DNA of the reproductive cells (gam- o
etes).
B. List the main components of the initial filtrate
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct that enters the Bowman’s capsule during
explanation of A. ultrafiltration in the nephron.
SAMPLE PAPER 12

balanced chemical equation for the reaction. (c) Why do compounds of this type generally
What is the chemical name of the salt formed? have high melting points and are good con-
o ductors of electricity in their molten state?
(c) If the student used a more concentrated solution Ans
of liquid ‘Y’, would he need more, less, or the
A (a) Compound ‘A’ is ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).
same number of drops to make the solution
The functional group is the carboxyl group
colourless? Justify your answer.
(-COOH).
Ans (b) CH 3 COOH (aq) + NaHCO 3 (s) "
(a) Liquid ‘X’ is basic because it turns phenol- CH 3 COONa (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)

phthalein pink. Liquid ‘Y’ is acidic because it
(c) Electron-dot structure of Ethanoic Acid :
neutralizes the base, causing the pink colour to
disappear.
(b) The reaction is a neutralisation reaction. The
general equation is:
Acid + Base ® Salt + Water
(c) The balanced equation is:
NaOH (aq) + CH 3 COOH (aq) "

CH 3 COONa (aq) + H 2 O (l)
The chemical name of the salt formed is Sodium
acetate (or Sodium ethanoate).
o
(d) When ethanoic acid is heated with ethanol in
(c) He would need fewer drops. A concentrated the presence of concH2SO4, a sweet-smelling
solution contains more acid molecules per unit ester called ethyl ethanoate is formed. This
volume. Therefore, a smaller volume (fewer reaction is known as esterification.
drops) of the concentrated acid would be re- Equation :
quired to neutralize the same amount of base. Con (c) H 2 SO 4
CH 3 COOH (l) + CH 3 CH 2 OH (l)

29. Attempt either option A or B. CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O (l)

(A) An organic compound ‘A’ with the molecular
o
formula C2H4O2 gives a brisk effervescence with
B (a) An ionic bond will be formed Element Y
sodium hydrogencarbonate solution.
(Sodium) is a metal and will lose its one
(a) Identify the compound ‘A’ and name its
valence electron to form a positive ion (Y+
functional group.
). Element X (Oxygen) is a non-metal and
(b) Write the chemical equation for the reac-
needs two electrons to complete its octet.
tion of ‘A’ with sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Thus, two atoms of Y will each transfer one
(c) Draw the electron-dot structure of com- electron to one atom of X.
pound ‘A’. (Reference : NCERT Class 10
Formation using electron-dot structures:
Chemistry Textbook (2025-26), Page 62)
2Na $ + $ Op $ " 2 [Na] + [O
p :] 2−
(d) What happens when ‘A’ is heated with
ethanol in the presence of a few drops of (Please refer to the formation of MgO on Page
concentrated sulphuric acid? Name the re- 48, Figure 3.8 of the NCERT Class 10 Chemis-
action and write the chemical equation in- try textbook (2025-26) for a similar representa-
volve (d) tion of ionic bond formation.)
o (b) The chemical formula is Y2 X , which corre-
(B) The electronic configurations of two elements, sponds to Na2O (Sodium Oxide).
X and Y, are (2, 6) and (2, 8, 1) respectively. (c) Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forc-
(a) What type of bond will be formed between es of attraction between the oppositely charged
X and Y? Show the formation of the bond ions. A large amount of energy is required to
using electron-dot structures. overcome these forces, hence they have high
(b) Write the chemical formula of the com- melting points. In the molten state, the ions are
pound forme(d) free to move and can carry charge, thus they are
good conductors of electricity.
page 140 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

These two forces together help in pulling (iii) The fluid, which mixes with sperm to form
the entire water column upwards during semen, provides nourishment to the sperm
transpiration pull without it breaking. and also creates a fluid medium that makes
their transport easier.
16. A. (i) What is meant by vegetative propagation?
Give two examples of plants grown using this
method.
(ii) Describe the process of growing a new rose
SECTION-B
plant using the technique of ‘cutting’.
(iii) State two benefits for a gardener using this 17. Which of the following is a thermal decomposition
method. reaction that is also a redox reaction?
o Heat
(a) CaCO 3 (s) CaO (s) + CO 2 (g)
B. (i) What is the role of the testes and ovaries
Heat
in the human reproductive system, besides (b) 2Pb (NO 3) 2 (s) 2PbO (s) + 4NO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
gamete production? Electrolysis
(c) 2H 2 O (l) 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
(ii) Where in the human female reproductive
system do the following events take place : (d) 2AgCl (s)
Sunlight
2Ag (s) + Cl 2 (g)
(a) Fertilization, (b) Implantation?
(iii) What is the function of the fluid secreted Ans
by the seminal vesicles and prostate gland (b) 2Pb (NO 3) 2 (s)
Heat
2PbO (s) + 4NO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
in males?
In option B, lead nitrate decomposes due to heat.
Ans The oxidation state of Nitrogen changes from +5 in
A. (i) Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual NO -3 to +4 in NO2 (reduction), and the oxidation
reproduction in which new plants are prostate of Oxygen changes from -2 to 0 in O2 (oxida-
duced from the vegetative parts of a parent tion).
plant, such as its roots, stem, or leaves. Ex-
amples include potatoes (from tubers) and 18. A metal oxide reacts with both dilute sulphuric
roses (from cuttings). acid and aqueous potassium hydroxide to form salt
and water. Which of the following metals could be
(ii) A piece of stem or branch (cutting) with a
few buds on it is cut from a healthy parent present in the metal oxide?
rose plant. The lower end of this cutting (i) Sodium
is planted in moist soil. After a few days, (ii) Zinc
roots develop from the cutting, and the (iii) Copper
buds grow into shoots, eventually forming a (iv) Aluminium
new, genetically identical rose plant. (a) (i) and (iii)
(iii) Two benefits are : (b) (ii) and (iv)
1. It is a faster and more certain meth- (c) (i) and (iv)
od of propagation than growing from (d) (ii) and (iii)
seeds.
2. It preserves the desired characteristics Ans
of the parent plant, as the offspring is a (b) (ii) and (iv)
clone. Oxides that react with both acids and bases are
o called amphoteric oxides. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and
B. (i) Besides producing gametes, the testes pro- Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) are common examples of
duce the male sex hormone, testosterone. amphoteric oxides, which react with both acids and
The ovaries produce the female sex hor- bases to produce salts and water.
mones, estrogen and progesterone.
(ii) 19. A student places a strip of zinc metal in an aqueous
(a) Fertilization : Occurs in the oviduct or solution of copper(II) sulphate and another strip in
fallopian tube. an aqueous solution of iron(II) sulphate. A visible
(b) Implantation : Occurs in the inner wall reaction occurs in :
of the uterus (endometrium). (a) Both solutions.
(b) The copper(II) sulphate solution only.
SAMPLE PAPER 12

Ans Ans
A. Translocation is the transport of soluble food (i) For a child to have blood group O (genotype
products (like sucrose) from the leaves, where ii), both parents must contribute an ‘i’ allele.
they are synthesized, to other parts of the plant Therefore, the genotype of the man (Blood
like roots, fruits, and storage organs. It is essen- Group A) is IAi and the woman
tial for providing energy and building materials (Blood Group B) is IBi.
to the non-photosynthetic parts of the plant for (ii) Cross : IAi x IBi
their survival and growth. The other possible blood groups are A, B, and
o AB.
B. The initial filtrate, also known as glomerular (iii) Yes, they can have a child with blood group AB.
filtrate, contains water, glucose, amino acids, The cross shows that there is a 25% probability
salts, urea, and uric acid. It is essentially blood of offspring having the genotype IA</
plasma minus the large protein molecules and sup>IB, which results in the AB
blood cells, which are too large to pass through blood group.
the filtration membrane.
15. A student is studying the transport systems in
12. How can the increasing demand for energy negatively plants. the following questions based on this topic.
impact our environment? Give two examples. A. Differentiate between the ascent of sap and
Ans translocation.
o
The increasing demand for energy negatively im-
pacts the environment in the following ways: B. Explain why the transport of materials in the
1. Air Pollution : Burning fossil fuels (like coal and xylem is unidirectional, while in the phloem it
petroleum) in power plants and vehicles releas- is bidirectional.
es harmful gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur C. What role does the cohesive and adhesive
dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, which cause acid properties of water play in the ascent of sap?
rain, smog, and contribute to global warming. Ans
2. Ecosystem Damage : The construction of
large-scale hydroelectric power plants involves A. 1. Ascent of sap is the upward movement of
building dams, which submerges large areas of water and dissolved minerals from the roots
forests and agricultural land, destroys wildlife to the leaves, which occurs through the xy-
habitats, and displaces local communities. lem tissue.
2. Translocation is the transport of soluble
13. What is a synapse? Explain how a nerve impulse is food materials (sucrose) from the leaves
transmitted across a synapse between two neurons. to other parts of the plant, which occurs
through the phloem tissue.
Ans
o
A synapse is the microscopic gap between the axon B. 1. Xylem Transport (Unidirectional) : Water
terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of the next is absorbed by the roots and moves only
neuron. When an electrical impulse reaches the upwards to the leaves to be used in photo-
axon terminal of the first neuron, it triggers the re- synthesis or lost in transpiration. There is
lease of chemical messengers called neurotransmit- no downward transport.
ters into the synapse. These chemicals diffuse across
2. Phloem Transport (Bidirectional) : Food is
the gap and bind to receptors on the dendrite of the
made in the leaves (source) and transported
next neuron. This binding generates a new electrical
to all other parts like roots, fruits, and stems
impulse in the second neuron, thus transmitting the
(sinks) for use or storage. The direction can
signal.
be upwards or downwards depending on the
14. A man with blood group A marries a woman with plant’s needs and the season.
blood group B. Their first child has blood group O. C. 1. Cohesion : Water molecules have a strong
(i) What are the genotypes of the parents? attraction to each other, causing them to
stick together. This creates an unbroken,
(ii) What are the other possible blood groups of
continuous column of water in the xylem.
their future offspring? Show with a cross.
2. Adhesion : Water molecules are also
(iii) Can any of their children have blood group AB? attracted to the walls of the xylem vessels.
page 142 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(b) What is meant by sonority? Why are school

bells made of metals and not wood?
Ans
(a) The property is called ductility. Gold (Au) is
one of the most ductile metals.
(b) Sonority is the property of materials to produce
a ringing sound when struck. School bells are
made of metals because metals are sonorous,
producing a loud, ringing sound that can be
heard over a large area, whereas wood is not
sonorous.

26. Attempt either option A or B.

(A) Differentiate between roasting and calcination
used in metallurgy. Give one balanced chemical
equation for each.
o
(B) (i) What is an alloy?
(ii) Why is stainless steel preferred over pure (a) What two observations will the student make
iron for making cooking utensils? during the experiment?
(iii) Name the constituents of the alloy solder. (b) Name the type of chemical reaction taking
Ans place.
(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the
A. (i) Roasting : It is the process of heating a sul-
reaction.
phide ore strongly in the presence of excess
air to convert it into its corresponding ox- Ans
ide.
Heat
(a) The student will observe:
Equation : 2ZnS (s) + 3O 2 (g) 1. The emission of brown fumes of nitrogen
2ZnO (s) + 2SO 2 (g) dioxide (NO2) gas.
(ii) Calcination : It is the process of heating a 2. A yellow residue of lead(II) oxide (PbO) is
carbonate ore strongly in a limited supply left behind in the test tube.
or absence of air to convert it into its (b) The reaction is a thermal decomposition reac-
corresponding oxide. tion.
Equation : ZnCO 3 (s)
Heat
(c) The balanced chemical equation is:
Heat
ZnO (s) + CO 2 (g) 2Pb (NO 3) 2 (s)
o 2PbO (s) + 4NO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)

B: (i) An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two
or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal. 28. A student took 2 mL of a colourless liquid ‘X’ (a
(ii) Pure iron is soft and rusts easily when common household cleaner) in a test tube and
exposed to moist air. Stainless steel, an added a few drops of phenolphthalein. The solution
alloy of iron with nickel and chromium, is turned deep pink. He then started adding another
hard, strong, and does not rust, making colourless liquid ‘Y’ (used as a food preservative)
it more durable and suitable for cooking drop by drop. After adding 30 drops, the pink
utensils. colour disappeared.
(iii) Solder is an alloy of lead (Pb) and tin (Sn). (a) What is the nature (acidic/basic) of liquid ‘X’
and liquid ‘Y’ ? Justify your answer.
27. A student gently heats a small amount of lead (b) Name the type of reaction occurring between X
nitrate powder in a dry test tube. and Y. Write a general equation for this type of
reaction.
(c) If liquid ‘X’ is aqueous sodium hydroxide and
liquid ‘Y’ is acetic acid (CH3COOH), write the
SAMPLE PAPER 12

Current = 15 # 0.02 A Ans Delhi 2010

As we go up and up in earth’s atmosphere, it goes

= 0.3 A

on becoming rarer and more rarer. As a result,
Potential difference = 21 # 0.1 V the atmospheric layer near the earth’s surface has
maximum refractive index and the refractive index
= 2.1 V gradually decreases with increase in height.
o When light ray from a star enters into earth’s
B. In the given circuit diagram suppose the resistors atmosphere, it travels from rarer to denser medium
R1 , R2 and R3 have the values 5 Ω , 10 Ω, 30 Ω and hence continues to bend towards the normal. As
respectively, which have been connected to a a result, an observer on earth consider the apparent
battery of 12 volt. Calculate position of star to be at a higher altitude as shown
in Figure.

(a) The current through each resistor,

(b) The total current in the circuit and
Ans Foreign 2013, Delhi 2011

Given, R1 = 5 Ω , R2 = 10 Ω and R3 = 30 Ω
Voltage across the battery = 12 V
This is also the voltage across each of the resistors,
therefore, to calculate the current in the resistors,
we use Ohm’s law. 36. Calculate the total cost of running the following
(a) The current I1 , through the resistor, electrical devices in the month of September, if the
rate of 1 unit of electricity is ` 6.00.
I1 = V = 12 V = 2.4 A (i) Electric heater of 1000 W for 5 hours daily.
R1 5Ω
(ii) Electric refrigerator of 400 W for 10 hours daily.
The current I2 , through the resistor,
Ans SQP 2018
I2 = V = 12 V = 1.2 A
R2 10 Ω (i) Energy consumed by electric heater,
The current I3 , through the resistor, = P # t = 1000 # 5 = 5000 Wh
I3 = V = 12 V = 0.4 A (ii) Energy consumed by refrigerator,
R3 30 Ω
= P # t = 400 # 10 = 4000 Wh
(b) The total current in the circuit
Total energy consumed in one day,
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 5000 Wh + 4000 Wh
= (2.4 + 1.2 + 0.4) A
= 9000 Wh = 9000 kWh = 9 kWh
1000
=4A
Total energy consumed in the month of Sep-
tember,
35. The apparent altitude of stars appears to be
generally more than their true altitudes. Explain, = 30 # 9 = 270 kWh = 270 units
how. Cost of 1 unit of electricity is = ` 6
Thus cost of 270 units of electricity,
page 144 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

SECTION-C Ans
(c) A is true but R is false.
Assertion A correctly defines the refractive index.
30. A student is analyzing the mirror formula and sign However, Reason R is false. A higher refractive in-
conventions and makes the following statements: dex indicates that the speed of light in the medium
I. For a convex mirror, the focal length is always is lower, not higher.
positive.
II. For a concave mirror, the focal length is always 33. An object is placed 10 cm from a convex mirror of
negative. focal length 15 cm.
III. The mirror formula is applicable only for plane A. Calculate the image position using mirror
mirrors. formula.
Choose from the following the correct option that B. State the nature of the image formed.
lists the correct statements. C. Explain why convex mirrors always form virtual
(a) I and II images.
(b) I and III Ans
(c) I, II and III
A. v = 6 cm behind the mirror.
(d) II and III
B. The image is virtual, erect, diminished.
Ans
C. Because reflected rays diverge and appear to
(a) I and II meet behind the mirror.
According to the New Cartesian Sign Convention,
the focal length of a convex mirror is positive, and
for a concave mirror it is negative. The mirror for-
mula is used for spherical mirrors, not plane mir-
rors.

31. Why does the sky appear white during midday?

(a) The scattering of all colors is at its maximum.
(b) There is no scattering of light at midday.
(c) Light travels a shorter path, so all colors are
scattered almost equally.
(d) The sun emits more white light at midday. 34. Attempt either option A or B.
A. The current flowing through a resistor connected
Ans
in an electrical circuit and the potential
(c) Light travels a shorter path, so all colors are difference developed across its ends are shown
scattered almost equally. in the given ammeter and voltmeter. Find the
At midday, the sun is directly overhead, and its least count of the voltmeter and ammeter.
light travels a shorter path through the atmosphere. What is the voltage and the current across the
As a result, there is less scattering of the shorter given resistor?
wavelengths, and all colors of light reach our eyes
almost equally.

32. Assertion (A) : The refractive index of a medium is

defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum
to the speed of light in that medium.
Reason (R) : A higher refractive index of a medium
means that the speed of light in that medium is
higher.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct Ans Delhi 2019
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct Least count of ammeter = 0.2 A = 0.02 A
10
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false. Least count of voltmeter = 1 V = 0.1 V
10
(d) A is false but R is true.
SAMPLE PAPER 12

(c) The iron(II) sulphate solution only. Ans

(d) Neither of the solutions. (c) Carbon dioxide gas
Ans Acids react with metal carbonates to produce salt,
water, and carbon dioxide gas. The reaction is :
(b) The copper(II) sulphate solution only.
Na 2 CO 3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) "

According to the reactivity series, zinc is more reac-
tive than copper but less reactive than iron. There- 2NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)

fore, zinc will displace copper from its salt solution
The brisk effervescence is characteristic of carbon
(a reddish-brown deposit of copper will form on the
dioxide evolution.
zinc strip) but cannot displace iron.
23. When an aqueous solution of potassium iodide is
20. A few drops of a solution ‘X’ turn blue litmus red,
added to an aqueous solution of lead(II) nitrate,
and a few drops of a solution ‘Y’ turn red litmus
what is observed?
blue. What would be the colour change if a blue
(a) A white precipitate is formed.
litmus paper is dipped in solution ‘Y’ ?
(b) The solution turns red.
(a) It turns red.
(c) A yellow precipitate is formed.
(b) It turns colourless.
(d) A clear solution is formed.
(c) No colour change.
(d) It turns green. Ans
Ans (c) A yellow precipitate is formed.
This is a double displacement and precipitation re-
(c) No colour change.
action. Lead(II) iodide (PbI2), which is an insoluble
Solution ‘X’ is acidic as it turns blue litmus red. solid yellow in colour, is formed as a precipitate.
Solution ‘Y’ is basic as it turns red litmus blue. A The reaction is :
basic solution does not change the colour of blue
litmus paper; it remains blue. Pb (NO 3) 2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) "

PbI 2 (s) + 2KNO 3 (aq)

21. Which of the following options has the substances
arranged in the increasing order of their pH values? 24. Assertion (A) : Soaps are not effective cleaning
(a) Gastric juice, Milk of Magnesia, Sodium agents in hard water.
hydroxide solution Reason (R) : Soaps form insoluble precipitates
(b) Milk of Magnesia, Gastric juice, Sodium (scum) with the calcium and magnesium ions pres-
hydroxide solution ent in hard water.
(c) Gastric juice, Sodium hydroxide solution, Milk (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
of Magnesia explanation of A.
(d) Sodium hydroxide solution, Milk of Magnesia, (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
Gastric juice explanation of A.
Ans (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
(a) Gastric juice, Milk of Magnesia, Sodium hydrox-
ide solution Ans
Increasing pH value means moving from acidic to (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
strongly basic. Gastric juice is highly acidic (pH explanation of A.
~1.2), Milk of Magnesia is a weak base (pH ~10), Soaps are not effective in hard water because hard
and a Sodium hydroxide solution is a strong base water contains calcium and magnesium ions. These
(pH ~14). ions react with soap to form insoluble precipitates
22. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to solid called scum. This reduces the amount of soap avail-
able for cleaning, making it less effective.
sodium carbonate, a brisk effervescence is observed.
This is due to the evolution of : 25. Answer the following questions based on the
(a) Hydrogen gas properties of metals.
(b) Oxygen gas (a) Name the property of metals that allows them
(c) Carbon dioxide gas to be drawn into thin wires. Give an example of
(d) Chlorine gas a metal that is highly ductile.
page 146 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

= 6 # 270 = ` 1, 620
Speed of light in vacuum
nm = =c
Speed of light in the medium v
37. A student observes that during sunrise and sunset Speed of light in vacuum,
the Sun appears reddish.
(i) Explain if the observation is correct. c = 3 # 108 ms−1
(ii) Give the reason. Refractive index of glass,
Ans : ns = 1.50
Speed of light in the glass,
(i) Yes, correct.
(ii) At sunrise/sunset, light travels longer distance v = c
ng
through the atmosphere, shorter wavelengths
8
scatter away, and only longer wavelength red = 3 # 10

reaches the eyes. 1.50
= 2 # 108 ms−1

38. When light ray goes from one transparent medium
to another transparent medium, it suffers a change o
in direction, into second medium. The extent of the
change in direction suffered by the phenomenon of (iv) No unit
change in the path of light rays when going from one
39. Attempt either option A or B.
medium to another medium is known as refraction.
Ray is a given pair of media can be expressed in A. (i) Consider a conductor of resistance R
, length L , thickness d and resistivity ρ .
terms of refractive index. The refractive index is
Now this conductor is cut into four equal
related to an important physical quantity in the
parts. What will be the new resistivity of
relative speed of light in different media.
each of these parts? Why?
(ii) Find the resistance if all of these parts are
connected in:
(a) Parallel
(b) Series
(iii) Out of the combinations of resistors men-
tioned above in the previous part, for a giv-
en voltage which combination will consume
more power and why?
Ans :
A. (i) The resistivity will not change as it
depends on the nature of the material of
(i) When light goes from one medium to another,
the conductor and temperature. It does not
which of the three parameters, frequency,
depend on the length of the conductor.
wavelength, velocity change ?
(ii) Let length of the conductor, AB = L
(ii) A ray of light enters into the glass from air. When the conductor is cut into four equal
Does it bend towards normal ?
parts the length of each part = L
Attempt either subpart C or D. 4
(iii) Light enters from air to glass having refractive
index 1.50. What is the speed of light in
the glass? The speed of light in vacuum is
3 # 108 ms-1 .
o
(iv) What is the unit of refractive index ?
Ans :
(i) Two parameters change. They are wavelength ρL
We know, R =
and velocity. A
(ii) Yes, it bends towards normal. Resistance of each part,
(iii) Refractive index of a medium is given by,
SAMPLE PAPER 12

= 1c m
ρL ρL current that leaves that point. Therefore, we have
Rl =
4A 4 A
I = I1 + I2 ...(1)
Rl = 1 # R = R Since the resistors are connected in parallel,
4 4
therefore, the potential across each must be same,
(i) When all parts are connected in parallel
hence by Ohm’s law, we have
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
Rp Rl Rl Rl Rl I1 = V and I2 = V
R1 R2
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
Rp R R R R Substituting in equation (1), we have
4 4 4 4
I =V +V ...(2)
1 = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16 R1 R2
Rp R R R R R Let R p be the equivalent resistance of the parallel
R p = 16 Ω combination, then by Ohm’s law, we have
R
I =V ...(3)
(ii) When all parts are connected in series: Rp

RS = R + R + R + R Hence, from equations (2) and (3), we have

4 4 4 4
V =V +V
RS = R + R + R + R Rp R1 R2
4
or 1 = 1 + 1 ...(4)
Rp R1 R2
= 4R = R

4
RS = R Ω
2
P = V
R eqv

(iii) If R eqv is less, power consumed will be more.

In the given case, R eqv is lesser in the **********
parallel combination and power consumed
will be more.
o
B. Derive an expression for equivalent resistance
when two resistors of resistance R1 and R2 are
connected in parallel.
Ans :
Consider two resistance R1 and R2 connected in
parallel as shown in Figure. When the current I
reaches point a , it splits into two parts I1 going
through R1 and I2 going through R2 .

Since charge must be conserved, therefore, that

current I that enters point a must be equal to the
page 148 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP
SAMPLE PAPER 13

Sample Paper 13
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(a) Fragmentation
SECTION-A (b) Regeneration
(c) Budding
1. When a person’s kidneys fail, their blood can be (d) Spore Formation
cleaned artificially by a machine. This process of Ans
filtering waste products like urea from the blood is
(c) Budding
called:
In budding, a new organism grows from a bud on
(a) Transfusion
the parent’s body. This bud develops while still
(b) Dialysis attached, and once it is mature, it separates from
(c) Osmosis the parent to begin its own independent life.
(d) Filtration
4. In his monohybrid cross experiments, Gregor
Ans Mendel self-pollinated the F1 generation plants
(b) Dialysis (which were all heterozygous, Tt). What was the
Dialysis, using an artificial kidney, is a procedure resulting genotypic ratio of the F2 generation?
to remove waste products and excess fluid from the (a) 3 (Tall) : 1 (Dwarf)
blood when the kidneys stop working properly. It (b) 1 (TT) : 1 (tt)
involves diverting blood to a machine to be cleaned. (c) 1 (TT) : 2 (Tt) : 1 (tt)
(d) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
2. While riding a bicycle, the voluntary action of
Ans
deciding when to turn is controlled by the cerebrum.
However, the crucial function of maintaining balance (c) 1 (TT) : 2 (Tt) : 1 (tt)
and posture is coordinated by the: The self-cross of Tt produces offspring with three
(a) Medulla different genotypes: homozygous dominant (TT),
(b) Pons heterozygous (Tt), and homozygous recessive (tt).
(c) Cerebellum The probability of these genotypes occurring is in
the ratio of [Link].
(d) Hypothalamus
Ans 5. Consider a simple food chain: Grass ® Deer ®
Tiger. What would be the immediate consequence
(c) Cerebellum if the entire tiger population were to be removed
The cerebellum, located at the back of the brain, is from the ecosystem?
responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, (a) The population of grass would decrease.
posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting (b) The population of deer would increase
in smooth and balanced muscular activity. drastically.
3. Hydra, a freshwater organism, reproduces asexually (c) The population of deer would decrease due to
by developing a small outgrowth on its body which starvation.
then matures and detaches. What is this mode of (d) The ecosystem would remain stable and
reproduction called? unchanged.
page 150 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(b) The population of deer would increase drastically. explanation of A.
Tigers are the natural predators of deer in this food (c) A is true but R is false.
chain. Removing the predator would eliminate the (d) A is false but R is true.
primary check on the deer population, leading to a Ans
significant increase in their numbers due to higher
survival rates. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
6. Consider the following statements regarding human Both statements are independently true. The ozone
reproduction: layer in the stratosphere is essential because it
(i) Fertilization is the fusion of a sperm and an shields life from harmful UV radiation. Ozone gas at
ovum. ground level is indeed a toxic pollutant. However, its
(ii) In humans, fertilization normally takes place in poisonous nature is not the reason for its protective
the oviduct (fallopian tube). role in the stratosphere.
(iii) The cell formed immediately after fertilization 9. Assertion(A) : The shoot of a plant grows upwards,
is called an embryo. against the pull of gravity.
(iv) The embryo gets embedded in the wall of the Reason (R) : This growth pattern is an example of
uterus for further development. negative geotropism.
Which of the above statements are correct? (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv) explanation of A.
(b) (ii) and (iii) only (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(c) (i) and (iv) only explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
Ans
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv)
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Fertilization occurs in the oviduct, and the resulting
explanation of A.
embryo implants in the uterus. Statement (iii) is
Geotropism is growth in response to gravity. Since
incorrect because the single cell formed immediately
the plant shoot grows away from the stimulus of
after fertilization is called a zygote, which then
gravity, it is defined as negative geotropism. This
divides to form an embryo.
helps the plant reach sunlight for photosynthesis.
7. In the human double circulatory system, most
10. Desert plants like cacti keep their stomata closed
arteries carry oxygenated blood. Which artery is
during the day to conserve water. How do they
the major exception, carrying deoxygenated blood?
manage to perform photosynthesis under these
(a) Aorta
conditions?
(b) Coronary Artery
(c) Hepatic Artery Ans
(d) Pulmonary Artery Desert plants have adapted to a CAM (Crassulacean
Acid Metabolism) pathway. They open their
Ans stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide and
(d) Pulmonary Artery convert it into an intermediate acid, which is stored
The pulmonary artery is unique among arteries as it in vacuoles. During the day, with the stomata closed,
carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle this stored acid is broken down to release carbon
of the heart to the lungs. In the lungs, this blood dioxide, which is then used for photosynthesis using
releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. the light energy captured.

8. Assertion (A) : Ozone present in the higher levels of 11. A. What would be the consequence of a deficiency
the atmosphere is essential for ecosystems on Earth. of haemoglobin in our bodies?
Reason (R) : Ozone gas is a deadly poison. o
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct B. Differentiate between breathing and cellular
explanation of A. respiration.
SAMPLE PAPER 13

balanced chemical equation.

(c) What is observed when a small piece of
SECTION-C
sodium is dropped into ‘X’ ? Write the
balanced chemical equation for the reaction. 30. A student is using a magnifying glass to view a
o small object and observes the following:
B. (a) What is a homologous series? List any two I. The magnifying glass is a convex lens.
of its characteristics. II. The image formed is virtual, erect, and
(b) Write the name and chemical formula of the magnified.
second member of the alkyne homologous III. The object is placed at a distance greater than
series. the focal length of the lens.
(c) Draw the structures of the two possible Choose from the following the correct option that
isomers of butane (C 4 H 10 ). lists the correct statements.
Ans (a) I and II
(b) I and III
A. (a) The compound ‘X’ is Ethanol.
(c) I, II and III
Structure: CH 3 - CH 2 - OH
(d) II and III
(b) When ethanol is heated with excess con(c)
H2SO4 at 443 K, it undergoes dehydration Ans
to form ethene. This is a dehydration (a) I and II
reaction.
443K
A magnifying glass is a convex lens (converging
Equation: CH 3 CH 2 OH Con (c) H SO2 4
lens). To produce a virtual, erect, and magnified
image, the object must be placed between the
CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O
optical center and the principal focus. Statement
(c) When sodium is dropped into ethanol, III is incorrect.
brisk effervescence is observed due to
the evolution of hydrogen gas. The other 31. A person cannot see objects beyond 2 meters. Which
product is sodium ethoxide. of the following lenses should be used to correct this
vision defect?
Equation : 2CH 3 CH 2 OH (l) + 2Na (s) "
(a) A concave lens with a focal length of 2m
2CH 3 CH 2 ONa (aq) + H 2 (g) (b) A convex lens with a focal length of 2m
(c) A concave lens with a focal length of 1m
o (d) A convex lens with a focal length of 1m
B. (a) A homologous series is a series of organic
Ans
compounds having the same functional
group and similar chemical properties, in (a) A concave lens with a focal length of 2m
which successive members differ by a - CH 2 The person is suffering from myopia. The far point
group. is 2 meters. A concave lens is needed to correct
Characteristics : myopia, and its focal length should be equal to the
1. All members can be represented by person’s far point, which is 2m.
a general formula (e.g., C n H 2n + 2 for
alkanes). 32. Assertion (A) : The image formed by a convex
2. They show a gradual change in physical mirror is always virtual.
properties (like melting and boiling Reason (R) : A convex mirror is a diverging mirror,
points) with increasing molecular mass. so the light rays never actually meet after reflection.
(b) The alkyne series starts with ethyne (C2H2). (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
The second member is Propyne, with the explanation of A.
formula C3H4. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(c) Isomers of Butane (C4H10): explanation of A.
1. n-butane (straight-chain): (c) A is true but R is false.
CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 3 (d) A is false but R is true.

2. isobutane (2-methylpropane, branched- Ans

chain): (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
CH 3 - CH (CH 3) - CH 3
explanation of A.
page 152 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(ii) Name two plants that can be propagated by (a) Combination reaction
vegetative means. (b) Double displacement reaction
(iii) List two disadvantages of vegetative (c) Decomposition reaction
propagation.
(d) Displacement reaction
o
Ans
B. (i) What is the role of the placenta in the
development of an embryo? (d) Displacement reaction
(ii) What happens in the female reproductive Zinc is more reactive than copper, so it displaces
system if the egg is not fertilized? copper from the copper sulphate solution. This is
(iii) Name two sexually transmitted diseases a characteristic displacement reaction, leading to
and the causative agent (bacterium/virus) the formation of colourless zinc sulphate and solid
for each. copper, causing the blue colour to fade.
Ans
18. An aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
A. (i) In yeast (a unicellular organism), the bud will be:
forms on the parent cell and may remain (a) Acidic
attached to form a chain or detach. In (b) Basic
Hydra (a multicellular organism), the bud (c) Neutral
grows as a small individual on the parent’s (d) Amphoteric
body, develops a mouth and tentacles, and
then detaches to live independently. Ans
(ii) Two plants are: Potato (from stem tubers) (a) Acidic
and Bryophyllum (from leaf notches). Ammonium chloride is a salt formed from a strong
(iii) Two disadvantages are: acid (Hydrochloric acid, HCl) and a weak base
1. There is no genetic variation, so all (Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH). When dissolved
offspring are equally susceptible to the in water, it undergoes hydrolysis, producing an
same diseases. acidic solution with a pH of less than 7.
2. The plants often become overcrowded
around the parent plant, leading to 19. Which of the following metals is extracted from
competition for resources. its ore by the electrolytic reduction of its molten
o chloride?
B. (i) The placenta is a vital link between the (a) Iron
mother and the developing embryo. It (b) Copper
provides nutrients and oxygen from the (c) Sodium
mother’s blood to the embryo and removes (d) Silver
waste products like carbon dioxide and
urea from the embryo’s blood. Ans
(ii) If the egg is not fertilized, the thickened (c) Sodium
lining of the uterus is no longer needed. Highly reactive metals like sodium, potassium, and
It breaks down and is discharged from calcium are high up in the reactivity series. They
the body through the vagina along with cannot be reduced by common reducing agents like
blood and mucus. This process is called carbon. They are extracted by electrolysis of their
menstruation. molten salts, such as sodium from molten NaCl.
(iii) 1. Syphilis: Caused by a bacterium.
2. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency 20. A turmeric stain on a white shirt turns reddish-
Syndrome): Caused by a virus (HIV) brown when washed with soap. This is because:
(a) Soap solution is acidic.
(b) Soap solution is basic.
SECTION-B (c) Soap is a neutral salt.
(d) Turmeric is a synthetic indicator.
17. When a few granules of zinc are added to a blue- Ans
coloured copper sulphate solution, the solution turns
(b) Soap solution is basic.
colourless after some time. This is an example of a:
SAMPLE PAPER 13

Ans past. They provide evidence for evolution in two

A. Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment that main ways:
transports oxygen from the lungs to the body’s 1. They show that life forms in the past were
cells. A deficiency of haemoglobin would impair different from those found today, and many
the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. species have gone extinct.
This would lead to a lack of oxygen for cellular 2. The position of fossils in different rock layers
processes, causing symptoms like fatigue, reveals a chronological sequence. Simpler
weakness, and shortness of breath, a condition organisms are found in older, deeper layers,
known as anaemia. while more complex organisms are found in
o younger, upper layers, suggesting a gradual
B. evolutionary change over time.

Breathing Cellular Respiration 15. Refer to the diagram of the human excretory system
and the following questions.
It is a physical process It is a biochemical
of inhaling oxygen process where glucose
and exhaling carbon is broken down to
dioxide. release energy (ATP).
It occurs in the lungs It occurs inside the
and respiratory tract. body’s cells, primarily
in the mitochondria.

12. What is a ‘food web’ ? Why is it a more accurate

representation of an ecosystem than a food chain?
Ans
A food web consists of multiple interconnected food
chains, representing all the feeding relationships A. Identify the main organ of excretion in the
within an ecosystem. It is more accurate than a diagram. What is its basic filtration unit called?
simple food chain because most organisms feed on
o
more than one type of organism and are in turn
eaten by several others. This shows the complex B. What is the composition of normal human
and multiple pathways of energy flow, which is more urine?
realistic. C. Trace the path of urine from where it is formed
to the point where it is expelled from the body.
13. Name the hormone that performs the following
functions in the human body: Ans
(i) Regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, A. The main organ of excretion is the kidney. Its
fats, and proteins. basic filtration unit is called the nephron.
(ii) Prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses. o
(iii) Controls the amount of sugar in the blood. B. Normal human urine is composed of about 95%
Ans water and 5% dissolved substances. The major
dissolved substance is urea, along with other
(i) Thyroxine, secreted by the thyroid gland. nitrogenous wastes like uric acid and creatinine,
(ii) Adrenaline, secreted by the adrenal glands. and various salts and ions.
(iii) Insulin, secreted by the pancreas. C. Urine is formed in the nephrons inside the
kidneys. From the kidneys, it travels down the
14. What are fossils? How do they serve as evidence for ureters into the urinary bladder, where it is
evolution? stored. When the bladder is full, the urine is
expelled from the body through the urethra.
Ans
Fossils are the preserved remains, traces, or 16. Attempt either option A or B.
impressions of ancient organisms that lived in the A. (i) How does budding in Hydra differ from
budding in yeast?
page 154 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

oxide (like iron(III) oxide) and a more Anode (positive electrode): Oxygen gas (O2)
reactive metal powder (like aluminium). (c) At the cathode: When a burning candle is
(ii) Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 2Al (s) " 2Fe (l) + Al 2 O 3 (s) + Heat brought near the hydrogen gas, it will extinguish
with a characteristic ‘pop’ sound.
(iii) The molten iron produced is used to join
railway tracks or cracked machine parts. At the anode: When a burning candle is brought
o near the oxygen gas, it will start to burn more
brightly, as oxygen supports combustion.
B. The extraction of zinc from its sulphide ore
(ZnS) involves two main steps: 28.
A person suffering from indigestion due to overeating
1. Roasting: The sulphide ore is converted is often advised to take an antacid.
into its oxide by heating it strongly in the (a) Why does indigestion sometimes cause pain and
presence of excess air. irritation in the stomach?
Heat
2ZnS (s) + 3O 2 (g) (b) What is the primary function of an antacid?
2ZnO (s) + 2SO 2 (g) Give an example of a common antacid.
2. Reduction: The resulting zinc oxide is then (c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the
reduced to zinc metal by heating it with a reaction that occurs when magnesium hydroxide
reducing agent, such as carbon (coke). (an antacid) neutralizes the excess acid in the
Heat stomach.
ZnO (s) + C (s) Zn (s) + CO (g)
o
27. The diagram below shows the setup for the (d) A farmer discovers that the soil in his fields
electrolysis of water. is too acidic (low pH), which is affecting crop
growth. What type of substance would you
recommend he add to the soil? Name two
common substances used for this purpose.
Ans
(a) During indigestion, the stomach produces too
much hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the
pH significantly, causing pain and irritation.
(b) The function of an antacid is to neutralize the
excess acid in the stomach. Antacids are mild
bases. A common example is Milk of Magnesia
(magnesium hydroxide, Mg (OH) 2 ) or baking
soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3).
(c) The balanced chemical equation is:
(a) Why is the volume of gas collected in the test Mg (OH) 2 (s) + 2HCl (aq) " MgCl 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O (l)

tube over the cathode double the volume of gas
o
collected over the anode?
(d) To neutralize the acidic soil, the farmer should
(b) Name the gas collected at the cathode and the add a basic substance.
gas collected at the anode.
Two common substances used for this purpose
(c) What would be observed when a burning candle are:
is brought near the mouth of each test tube? 1. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2)
Ans 2. Chalk (calcium carbonate, CaCO3)
(a) Water (H2O) consists of two parts hydrogen and 29. Attempt either option A or B.
one part oxygen by volume. During electrolysis, A. An organic compound ‘X’ has the molecular
water decomposes to produce hydrogen and formula C2H6O. It is a good solvent and is the
oxygen gas. Hence, the volume of hydrogen gas active ingredient in all alcoholic drinks.
(H2) collected is double the volume of oxygen
(a) Identify ‘X’ and draw its structure.
gas (O2).
(b) What happens when ‘X’ is heated with
(b) Cathode (negative electrode): Hydrogen gas excess concentrated sulphuric acid at
(H2) 443 K? Name the reaction and write the
SAMPLE PAPER 13

in the series combination. Ans :

R1 = 4 + 2 = 6 Ω (i) Convex mirror forms an erect and diminished

image of an object behind the vehicle.
R2 = 3 + 3 = 6 Ω (ii) The field of view of a convex mirror is large.
Now the equivalent resistance of circuit (iii) The image is real.
1 = 1 + 1
R eq R1 R2 39. Attempt either option A or B.
A. (i) With the help of a suitable circuit diagram
=1+1 =2
prove that the reciprocal of the equivalent
6 6 6
resistance of a group of resistances joined in
R eq = 6 = 3 Ω parallel is equal to the sum of the reciprocals
2
of the individual resistances.
(b) According to ohm’s law,
(ii) In an electric circuit two resistors of 12 Ω
V = IR eq each are joined in parallel to a 6 V battery.
Find the current drawn from the battery.
I = V = 6 = 2A Ans :
R eq 3
(i) R1 , R2 and R3 are three resistance connected in
37. A student passes a ray of light from air into glass. parallel to one another and R is the equivalent
He claims that the ray bends towards the normal. resistance of the circuit. A battery of V
(i) Is the claim correct? volts has been applied across the ends of this
(ii) Explain why this happens. combination. When the switch of the key is
closed, current I flows in the circuit such that,
Ans :
(i) Yes, correct. Light bends towards the normal
while entering a denser medium from a rarer
medium.
(ii) This happens because the speed of light
decreases in a denser medium.

38. Convex mirror is used as a rear view mirror in

vehicles. Since the image of the object formed is
small in size, the field of view is increased. Convex
mirror is also used in street lights to diverge light
over a large area.

From Ohm’s law,

I = V ...(i)
R

I1 = V ...(ii)
R1

I2 = V ...(iii)
R2

I3 = V ...(iv)
R3
(i) In driver’s mirror, what type of image is formed I = I1 + I2 + I3 ...(v)
behind the vehicle ?
(ii) What can you say about field of view of a Substituting the values of I , I1 , I2 and I3 in equation
convex mirror ? (v), we have
(iii) A convex mirror is used to form the image of an V =V +V +V
object. What is the nature of formed image ? R R1 R2 R3
page 156 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

A convex mirror is a diverging mirror. Light rays o

diverge after reflection and appear to come from a B. A wire is cut into three equal parts and then
point behind the mirror, forming a virtual image. connected in parallel. How will its :
The reason correctly explains the assertion. (a) resistance
33. The magnification produced by a plane mirror is (b) resistivity get effected ?
always +1. Ans OD 2012, Delhi 2010
A. What does the positive sign indicate?
(a) Let resistance of a wire be R Ω .
B. Why is the size of the image equal to the object?
When it is cut into three equal parts Resistance
C. Can a plane mirror form a real image? of each part
Ans
=RΩ

3
A. Positive sign shows the image is erect.
When these are connected in parallel equivalent
B. Plane mirrors reflect rays symmetrically,
resistance, R p is given by
making the image equal in size.
C. No, it always forms virtual images. 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 9
Rp R/3 R/3 R/3 R

Rp = R
9

(b) Resistivity will remain same.

35. Write about power of accommodation of human eye.

Explain why the image distance in the eye does not
change when we change the distance of an object
from the eye ?
Ans Delhi 2017

The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length

is called power of accommodation.
34. Attempt either option A or B.
A. Three 2 Ω resistors A, B and C are connected as The focal length of the eye lens is adjusted so that
the image distance does not change. Thus, the
shown in figure. Each of them dissipates energy
image distance is equal to distance from the centre
and can withstand a maximum power of 18 W
of the eye lens to the retina.
without melting. Find the maximum current
that can flow through the three resistors. 36. n the given circuit, find :

Ans OD 2013, OD 2011

Maximum current through resistor A can be

calculated by

I = P = 18 A = 3 A
R 2 (a) Total resistance of the network of resistors
(b) Current through ammeter A
Also, resistors B and C are connected in parallel
combination and they have equal resistance. Ans OD 2019

Thus, the maximum current through resistors B (a) In the given circuit diagram 4 Ω and 2 Ω
and C each is 3 # 1 A = 1.5 A . resistances are connected in series combination
2
and 3 Ω and 3 Ω resistance are also connected
SAMPLE PAPER 13

Turmeric acts as a natural acid-base indicator. It 24. Assertion (A) : Ethene is an unsaturated
remains yellow in acidic and neutral solutions but hydrocarbon.
turns reddish-brown in basic solutions. Since soap Reason (R) : Ethene molecules contain a double
solution is alkaline (basic), it causes the observed bond between two carbon atoms.
colour change on the turmeric stain. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
21. Which of the following substances, when dissolved
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
in water, will not produce hydrogen ions (H+)?
explanation of A.
(a) Hydrochloric acid
(c) A is true but R is false.
(b) Sulphuric acid (d) A is false but R is true.
(c) Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )
Ans A
(d) Acetic acid
Ans (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(c) Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Ethene (C2H4) is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
Acids are substances that dissociate in water to because it contains a double bond between two
produce hydrogen ions (H+). While hydrochloric, carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons that contain double or
sulphuric, and acetic acid are all acids, glucose is a triple bonds are termed unsaturated since they can
covalent compound that dissolves in water but does undergo addition reactions to accommodate more
not ionize to produce H+ ions. hydrogen. The presence of the C=C double bond in
ethene is exactly why it is classified as unsaturated.
22. Over time, silver articles turn black and copper
vessels turn green when exposed to air. These are 25. State any two characteristic physical properties of
examples of: ionic compounds.
(a) Reduction
Ans
(b) Melting
(c) Corrosion 1. High Melting and Boiling Points: Ionic
(d) Sublimation compounds have strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between their positive and negative
Ans ions. A significant amount of energy is required
(c) Corrosion to break these bonds, resulting in high melting
Corrosion is the process where metals are gradually and boiling points.
deteriorated by chemical reactions with their 2. Electrical Conductivity: Ionic compounds do
environment. Silver reacts with sulphur compounds not conduct electricity in the solid state because
in the air to form black silver sulphide, and copper the ions are held in fixed positions. However,
reacts with moist carbon dioxide to form green they conduct electricity in the molten state or
copper carbonate. when dissolved in water, as the ions become free
to move and carry charge.
23. For the reaction of steam on iron, the balanced
chemical equation is 26. Attempt either option A or B.
xFe (s) + yH 2 O (g) " Fe 3 O 4 (s) + zH 2 (g) A. (i) What is the thermite reaction?
The values of x, y, and z are: (ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the
reaction.
(a) x=2, y=3, z=3
(iii) State one important application of this
(b) x=3, y=4, z=4
reaction.
(c) x=3, y=4, z=2
(d) x=1, y=2, z=2 o
B. Explain the process of extracting a moderately
Ans reactive metal like zinc from its sulphide
(b) x=3, y=4, z=4 ore (zinc blende). Write balanced chemical
To balance the equation, we need 3 Fe atoms on the left equations for the reactions involved.
(x=3). This requires 4 O atoms from water, so y=4. Ans
This produces 8 H atoms on the right, so z=4. The
balanced equation is 3Fe + 4H 2 O " Fe 3 O 4 + 4H 2 . A (i) The thermite reaction is a highly exothermic
displacement reaction between a metal
page 158 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Vc 1 m = Vc 1 + 1 + 1 m I3 = V = 6 = 0.2 A
R3 30
R R1 R2 R3
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 (ii) Total current in the circuit
R R1 R2 R3
I = I1 + I2 + I3
(ii) Given, Two resistors of 12 Ω connected in
= 1.2 + 0.6 + 0.2 = 2.0 A

parallel.
(iii) Total effective resistance of the circuit
V = 6 Volt
1 = 1 + 1 R eq = V = 6 = 3.0 Ω
I 2.0
Req R1 R2

= 1 + 1 = 2

12 12 12

Req = 12 = 6 Ω
2
According to ohm’s law,
V = IR
6 = I#6
**********
6 =I
6
I = 1 ampere.
o
B. For the circuit diagram given below, calculate :
(i) the value of current through each resistor.
(ii) the total current in the circuit.
(iii) the total effective resistance of the circuit.

Ans :
(i) Since the three resistances, shown in the circuit
have been joined in parallel, hence voltage
across each of them is same having a value 6 V.
Current I1 through resistance R1 = 5 Ω ,

I1 = V = 6 = 1.2 A
R1 5
Current I2 through resistance R2 = 10 Ω ,

I2 = V = 6 = 0.6 A
R2 10
and current I3 through resistance R3 = 30 Ω ,
SAMPLE PAPER 14

Sample Paper 14
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(a) Budding
SECTION-A (b) Spore Formation
(c) Fission
1. In plant cells, the process of photosynthesis, which (d) Vegetative propagation
converts light energy into chemical energy, occurs Ans
within which specific organelle?
(d) Vegetative propagation
(a) Mitochondrion
Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual
(b) Ribosome reproduction where new plants are grown from the
(c) Chloroplast vegetative parts of a parent plant, such as a stem
(d) Nucleus cutting, leaf, or root. The new plant is genetically
identical to the parent.
Ans
(c) Chloroplast 4. The evolutionary process by which new biological
Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, species arise from existing ones, often due to
which absorbs sunlight. They are the specialized geographical or reproductive isolation, is called:
sites within a plant cell where all the reactions of (a) Natural Selection
photosynthesis take place to produce glucose. (b) Speciation
(c) Genetic Drift
2. The hindbrain is composed of several parts that (d) Artificial Selection
control various bodily functions. Which part acts as
Ans
a bridge, relaying signals between the cerebrum and
cerebellum, and helps regulate respiration? (b) Speciation
(a) Medulla Speciation occurs when a population becomes
(b) Pons reproductively isolated from other populations of
(c) Cerebellum the same species. Over time, through processes like
(d) Thalamus natural selection and genetic drift, it accumulates
unique genetic changes and evolves into a new,
Ans distinct species.
(b) Pons
5. Which of the following best defines an ecosystem?
The pons is a key structure in the brainstem that
(a) The group of all organisms of the same species
serves as a communication and coordination center
in an area.
between the two hemispheres of the brain. It plays
(b) All the living organisms found within a specific
a role in controlling breathing rhythm and relays
geographical area.
sensory information.
(c) The non-living components like water, soil, and
3. A gardener takes a cutting from a rose plant and air in an area.
plants it in the soil, where it grows into a new, (d) All the living organisms in an area interacting
complete rose plant. This method of asexual with each other and their non-living
reproduction is known as: environment.
page 160 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct

(d) All the living organisms in an area interacting explanation of A.
with each other and their non-living environment. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
An ecosystem encompasses both the biotic (living) explanation of A.
community of organisms and the abiotic (non- (c) A is true but R is false.
living) physical factors of their environment, along (d) A is false but R is true.
with the interactions between them. Ans
6. Consider the following statements about the human (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
digestive process: explanation of A.
(i) The chemical digestion of starch begins in the The process of spermatogenesis is highly sensitive
mouth with the help of salivary amylase. to temperature. The placement of the testes
(ii) The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid, which in the scrotum allows them to be maintained at
helps to kill harmful bacteria in food. a temperature 2-3°C cooler than the core body
temperature, which is optimal for sperm production.
(iii) The final and complete digestion of all food
components occurs in the large intestine. 9. Assertion (A) : Opting for public transport over
(iv) The small intestine has numerous villi on its private vehicles can help reduce air pollution in
inner surface to increase the area for absorption. cities.
Which of the above statements are correct? Reason (R) : Public transport vehicles are designed
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv) to run without releasing any pollutants.
(b) (i) and (iii) only (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(c) (ii), (iii), and (iv) explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
Ans explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv) (d) A is false but R is true.
Digestion of starch starts in the mouth, and the Ans
stomach’s acid kills germs. The small intestine,
with its villi, is the site of complete digestion and (c) A is true but R is false.
absorption. Statement (iii) is incorrect; the large The assertion is true because public transport
intestine primarily absorbs water. reduces the total number of vehicles on the road,
leading to a net decrease in pollution per person. The
7. The level of glucose in the blood is tightly controlled reason is false as most public transport vehicles, like
by a negative feedback loop. This regulation is buses, still burn fossil fuels and release pollutants.
primarily managed by which pair of hormones
secreted by the pancreas? 10. Veins are equipped with valves, while arteries
(a) Adrenaline and Noradrenaline generally are not. Justify this anatomical difference
(b) Oestrogen and Progesterone based on the function of these blood vessels.
(c) Insulin and Glucagon Ans
(d) Thyroxine and Calcitonin
Blood in arteries flows under high pressure directly
Ans from the pumping action of the heart, so there is no
(c) Insulin and Glucagon chance of it flowing backward. In contrast, blood
in veins flows at a much lower pressure and often
When blood sugar is high, the pancreas releases
against gravity. The valves are essential to prevent
insulin, which promotes glucose uptake by cells.
the backflow of blood and ensure it continues to
When blood sugar is low, it releases glucagon, which
move towards the heart.
stimulates the liver to release stored glucose.
11. Student to attempt either option A or B
8. Assertion (A) : In human males, the testes are
located within the scrotum, outside the abdominal A. List two different ways in which plants excrete
cavity. their waste products.
Reason (R) : The formation of sperm requires a o
temperature that is slightly lower than the normal B. What is the function of the rings of cartilage
internal body temperature. present in the human trachea (windpipe)?
SAMPLE PAPER 14

Ans
Example Bending Folding of leaves
A. Two ways plants excrete waste are: of a shoot of the ‘touch-me-
1. Gaseous Waste: They get rid of excess towards light not’ plant when
oxygen (a by-product of photosynthesis) (phototropism). touched.
and carbon dioxide (from respiration)
through stomata. 14. The gene for brown eyes (B) is dominant over the
2. Stored Waste: They store solid and liquid gene for blue eyes (b). A man with brown eyes
wastes in their leaves, bark, or fruits, which marries a woman with blue eyes, and their first
are then shed from the plant. Some wastes child has blue eyes.
are also secreted into the soil. (i) What is the genotype of the man and the
o woman?
B. The rings of cartilage are C-shaped structures (ii) What is the probability that their second child
that provide support and rigidity to the trachea. will also have blue eyes? Show the cross.
Their primary function is to ensure that the
air passage does not collapse when there is less Ans
air in it, thereby keeping the airway open for (i) For a child to have blue eyes (bb), they must
breathing at all times. inherit a ‘b’ allele from both parents. Since
the man has brown eyes but has a blue-eyed
12. Our food chain is a part of a larger ecosystem. For child, his genotype must be heterozygous (Bb).
instance, in a forest, grass is eaten by deer, which The woman has blue eyes, so her genotype is
in turn is eaten by a tiger. What is the role of homozygous recessive (bb).
organisms like bacteria and fungi in this ecosystem? (ii) Cross: Bb (Man) x bb (Woman)
Ans
B b
Organisms like bacteria and fungi are decomposers.
Their role is to break down the complex organic b Bb bb
matter in dead organisms (like dead grass, deer, b Bb bb
and tigers) and their waste products into simple
inorganic substances. This process returns essential The possible genotypes of the offspring are Bb and
nutrients to the soil, making them available for bb in a 1:1 ratio. The probability that their second
producers like grass to use again, thus completing child will also have blue eyes (bb) is 2 out of 4, or
the nutrient cycle. 50%.

15. A student is studying the cross-section of a leaf as

13. Differentiate between tropic movements and
nastic movements in plants, giving three points of shown in the diagram.
distinction.
Ans

Feature Tropic Movement Nastic Movement

Direction It is a directional It is a non-
movement, directional
determined by movement,
the direction of independent of
the stimulus. the direction of
the stimulus.
Growth It is a growth- It may or may
dependent not be a growth
movement. movement (often
due to turgor
changes).
Speed The response is The response is
generally slow. often rapid.
Cross-section of a leaf.
page 162 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

A. Identify the pores on the leaf surface. Name 1. They produce large quantities of light,
the cells that surround these pores and regulate dry pollen grains.
their opening and closing. 2. The flowers are small, not brightly
o coloured, and lack nectar or scent.
The stigmas are often large and
B. What are the three main events that occur
feathery to trap airborne pollen.
during the process of photosynthesis?
(iii) Cross-pollination involves the transfer of
C. Why do these pores generally remain closed at
pollen between flowers of two different
night in most plants? plants. This allows for the fusion of
Ans gametes from different parents, combining
their genetic material and creating new
A. The pores are called stomata (singular: stoma). variations in the offspring.
They are surrounded by a pair of specialized
o
cells called guard cells, which regulate their
opening and closing. B. (i) A diagram of the human male reproductive
system should be drawn, labelling testes,
o
scrotum, vas deferens, seminal vesicle,
B. The three main events of photosynthesis are: prostate gland, urethra, and penis.
1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll. (ii) 1. Testes: Produce male gametes
2. Conversion of light energy into chemical (sperms) and the male sex hormone
energy and the splitting of water molecules (testosterone).
(photolysis).
2. Seminal Vesicles: Produce a fluid that
3. Reduction of carbon dioxide to form provides nourishment to the sperm and
carbohydrates (glucose). makes up a significant part of semen.
C. Stomata generally remain closed at night
(iii) The normal human body temperature
because photosynthesis cannot occur in the
(around 37°C) is too high for the proper
absence of sunlight. Keeping the stomata closed
development of sperm. The scrotum is
helps the plant to conserve water by preventing
located outside the abdominal cavity and
its loss through transpiration when there is no
has a temperature about 2-3°C lower,
need for carbon dioxide intake.
which is the optimal temperature for sperm
16. Attempt either option A or B. production.
A. (i) Define pollination. What is the significance
of pollination?
(ii) List two characteristics of wind-pollinated SECTION-B
flowers.
(iii) How does cross-pollination promote genetic 17. In the reaction CuO (s) + H 2 (g) " Cu (s) + H 2 O (l),
variation?
Which substances are oxidized and reduced
o respectively?
B. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the human male
(a) H2 is oxidized, CuO is reduced.
reproductive system.
(b) CuO is oxidized, H2 is reduced.
(ii) State the functions of the testes and the
seminal vesicles. (c) Both CuO and H2 are oxidized.
(iii) Why is it important for the testes to (d) Both CuO and H2 are reduced.
be located in the scrotum outside the
abdominal cavity? Ans

Ans (a) H2 is oxidized, CuO is reduced.

In this reaction, hydrogen (H2) gains oxygen to form
A. (i) Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains water, so it is oxidized. Copper oxide (CuO) loses
from the anther to the stigma of a flower. its oxygen to form copper, so it is reduced. This is a
Its significance is that it is a prerequisite for classic example of a redox reaction.
fertilization, which leads to the formation
of seeds and fruits. 18. When an acid reacts with a metal hydrogen
(ii) Characteristics of wind-pollinated flowers: carbonate, the products formed are:
SAMPLE PAPER 14

(a) Salt, water, and hydrogen gas 22. An aqueous solution of which of the following
(b) Salt and water only compounds is used for whitewashing walls?
(c) Salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas (a) Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
(d) Salt and carbon dioxide gas only (b) Calcium oxide (CaO)
Ans (c) Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
(c) Salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas (d) Calcium sulphate (CaSO4)
The general reaction between an acid and a metal Ans
hydrogen carbonate always yields a corresponding
salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas, which is (b) Calcium oxide (CaO)
typically observed as a brisk effervescence. Calcium oxide (quicklime) is mixed with water to
form calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). This solution
19. Which of the following metals exists as a liquid at is applied to walls and reacts with CO2 from the air
room temperature? to form a hard, shiny layer of calcium carbonate.
(a) Sodium
23. When an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate is
(b) Iron
mixed with an aqueous solution of barium chloride,
(c) Mercury
a white insoluble substance is formed. What is the
(d) Gold
chemical formula of this substance?
Ans (a) BaSO4
(c) Mercury (b) NaCl
Most metals are solid at room temperature. (c) BaS
Mercury is a unique exception, existing as a liquid (d) Na2Cl2
due to its low melting point, which makes it useful
Ans A
in thermometers and barometers.
This is a double displacement reaction that forms
20. Based on the reactivity series, which of the following a precipitate. Barium chloride and sodium sulphate
metals will not displace hydrogen from dilute acids? exchange ions, forming soluble sodium chloride and
(a) Zinc insoluble barium sulphate (BaSO4), which appears
(b) Magnesium as a white solid.
(c) Iron
(d) Copper 24. Assertion (A) : Ionic compounds are generally hard,
crystalline solids.
Ans Reason (R) : There are strong electrostatic forces
(d) Copper of attraction between the oppositely charged ions in
Metals that are placed above hydrogen in the their structure.
reactivity series (like zinc, magnesium, and iron) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
can displace hydrogen from dilute acids. Copper is explanation of A.
below hydrogen, making it less reactive and thus (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
unable to cause this displacement. explanation of A.
21. The organic compound propanone contains which of (c) A is true but R is false.
the following functional groups? (d) A is false but R is true.
(a) Aldehyde (-CHO) Ans
(b) Alcohol (-OH)
(c) Carboxylic acid (-COOH) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(d) Ketone (C=O)
Ionic compounds are hard, crystalline solids because
Ans of the very strong electrostatic forces between their
(d) Ketone (C=O) oppositely charged ions. These powerful attractions
The suffix “-one” in the IUPAC name indicates lock the ions into a rigid, ordered crystal lattice,
a ketone functional group. A ketone consists of a which requires significant energy to overcome,
carbonyl group (C=O) where the carbon atom is resulting in their hardness and solid state at room
bonded to two other carbon atoms. Propanone is temperature.
the simplest ketone.
page 164 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

25. Explain why covalent compounds are generally poor 27. A student burns a magnesium ribbon in the air,
conductors of electricity. holding it with a pair of tongs.
Ans
Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of
electrons between atoms, which does not create any
free charged particles (ions). Since the conduction
of electricity depends on the movement of free ions
or electrons, their absence in covalent compounds
makes them poor conductors of electricity.

26. Attempt either option A or B.

A. You are given three metals: Sodium, Magnesium,
and Copper.
(i) Arrange them in decreasing order of their
(a) What is the dazzling white light produced, and
reactivity.
what is the chemical nature of the white powder
(ii) Describe a simple experiment to establish
formed?
the reactivity order between Magnesium
and Copper. (b) Write the balanced chemical equation for this
o reaction.
(c) What type of chemical reaction is this?
B. (i) What is meant by the anodising of
aluminium? Ans
(ii) How does this process make aluminium (a) The dazzling white light is a characteristic of
resistant to further corrosion? magnesium’s combustion. The white powder
Ans formed is magnesium oxide (MgO), which has a
basic nature.
A. (i) The decreasing order of reactivity is:
Sodium Magnesium Copper. (b) The balanced chemical equation is:
(ii) To compare the reactivity of Magnesium 2Mg (s) + O 2 (g) " 2MgO (s)
and Copper, we can use a displacement (c) This is a combination reaction because two
reaction. reactants combine to form a single product. It
Procedure: Place a clean strip of magnesium is also an example of a redox reaction.
ribbon into a test tube containing a blue
solution of copper sulphate (CuSO4). 28. At a hospital, doctors use a white powder which,
Observation: After some time, the blue when mixed with water, sets into a hard solid
colour of the solution fades, and a reddish- mass to support fractured bones. This substance is
brown layer of copper deposits on the obtained by carefully heating gypsum at 373 K.
magnesium strip. This proves magnesium is (a) Identify this white powder. Write its chemical
more reactive than copper as it displaces it name and chemical formula.
from its salt solution. (b) Explain why this substance must be stored in a
o moisture-proof container.
B. (i) Anodising is an electrochemical process (c) Write the balanced chemical equation for the
used to create a thick, protective layer of preparation of this substance from gypsum.
aluminium oxide (Al2O3) on the surface o
of an aluminium object by making it the (c) Write the balanced chemical equation for
anode during the electrolysis of dilute the reaction that occurs when this powder is
sulphuric acid. mixed with water. What is the hard solid mass
(ii) The aluminium oxide layer is extremely produced known as?
hard, durable, and non-reactive. This tough
Ans
layer adheres strongly to the metal surface,
preventing it from coming into contact with (a) The white powder is Plaster of Paris. Its
air and moisture, thereby protecting it from chemical name is calcium sulphate hemihydrate,
further corrosion. and its formula is CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O .
SAMPLE PAPER 14

(b) Plaster of Paris must be stored in a moisture- chain (the hydrophobic tail) points inwards,
proof container because it readily absorbs water while the ionic end (the hydrophilic head,
from the air and hardens into gypsum, making e.g., − COO− Na+ ) faces outwards towards
it unusable for its intended purpose. the water.
(c) The balanced equation for its preparation is: (b) When cleaning, the hydrophobic tails of
373K soap molecules attach to the oil/grease,
CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O (s)
while the hydrophilic heads remain in the
CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O (s) + 32 H 2 O (g)
water. This forms a micelle, trapping the
(Gypsum) (Plaster of Paris) oily dirt in its core. When rinsed, the water
washes away the entire micelle, removing
o the dirt from the fabric.
(c) The balanced equation for the setting process (c) Soaps react with the calcium and
is: magnesium ions present in hard water to
CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O (s) + 32 H 2 O (l) "
form an insoluble, sticky precipitate called
scum. This prevents the soap from forming
CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O (s)
lather and reduces its cleaning effectiveness.
(Plaster of Paris) (Gypsum) o
The hard solid mass produced is known as gypsum. B. (a) Structural isomers are compounds that
share the same molecular formula but have
29. Attempt either option A or B. different arrangements of atoms in their
A. (a) Draw the structure of a micelle formed when structures, leading to different properties.
soap is dissolved in water. Clearly label the (b) Isomers of Pentane (C5H12):
hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the 1. n-pentane:
soap molecule. CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 3
(b) With the help of the micelle structure,
2. isopentane (2-methylbutane):
explain the cleansing action of soap on an
oily spot. CH 3 - CH (CH 3) - CH 2 - CH 3
(c) Why are soaps not effective cleaning agents [Link] (2,2-dimethylpropane): A
in hard water? central carbon atom bonded to four
o CH3 groups.
B. (a) What are structural isomers? (c) Propane has only three carbon atoms. To
(b) Draw the structures of the three possible create a branch, a carbon atom must be
structural isomers of pentane (C5H12). removed from the end of the chain and
placed on a middle carbon. In a three-
(c) Explain why a branched-chain isomer is not
carbon chain, there is only one “middle”
possible for propane (C3H8).
carbon, and moving an end carbon to it
Ans would just re-form the same straight chain.
A. (a) Structure of a Micelle:

SECTION-C
30. A student is studying the formation of images by a
concave mirror. He makes the following observations:
I. When the object is placed at the center of curvature,
the image is formed at the same position.
II. When the object is placed at infinity, the image
is formed at the principal focus and is highly
diminished.
III. When the object is placed between the pole
and the principal focus, a real, inverted image
is formed.
The diagram should show soap molecules Choose from the following the correct option that
arranged spherically. The long hydrocarbon lists the correct statements.
page 166 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(a) I and II C. State the nature of the image.

(b) I and III
Ans
(c) I, II and III
(d) II and III A. f = 15 cm, v ≈ 8.6 cm.
Ans B. m = +0.43 → image size = 2.15 cm.
C. Virtual, erect, diminished.
(a) I and II
When the object is at C, the image is at C and is
the same size. When the object is at infinity, the
image is at F. When the object is between P and F,
the image is virtual and erect.

31. When a red light is shone on a prism, it does not

produce a spectrum. What is the reason for this?
(a) Red light does not undergo refraction.
(b) The prism only separates white light.
(c) Red light is a single wavelength and cannot be
dispersed further. 34. Attempt either option A or B
(d) The prism absorbs the red light. A.
Ans
(c) Red light is a single wavelength and cannot be
dispersed further.
A spectrum is formed by the dispersion of white
light, which is a mixture of colors of different
wavelengths. Red light is a single color (or a narrow
band of wavelengths), so it cannot be dispersed.

32. Assertion (A) : The moon appears to be very large

in size at the time of rising.
Reason (R) : This is due to atmospheric refraction, 1. Find out the equivalent resistance of the
as the moon’s light travels through a greater circuit
thickness of the atmosphere near the horizon. 2. Whai the current flow through this
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct combination ?
explanation of A. Ans Delhi 2013
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A. A. 1. In the given circuit, resistors R1 = 2 Ω
(c) A is true but R is false. and R2 = 4 Ω are connected in parallel
combination.
(d) A is false but R is true.
So, equivalent resistance R is given by :
Ans
1 = 1 + 1
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct R R1 R2
explanation of A.
The apparent enlargement of the moon near the = 1+ 1 = 2+1 = 3

2 4 4 4
horizon is an optical illusion caused by atmospheric
refraction. The light from the moon is bent as 1 = 3 thus R = 4 Ω
it travels through a greater thickness of the R 4 3
atmosphere, making it appear larger. 2. Now, the current flowing through the
resistors is given by :
33. An object 5 cm long is placed 20 cm in front of a
convex mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm. I =V = 4 = 3A
R 4/3
A. Find the focal length of the mirror and image
distance.
o
B. Calculate the size of the image.
B.
SAMPLE PAPER 14

and combines into original white light. This proves

that white light is made of seven colours.

In the above circuit diagram calculate :

(a) the value of current through each resistor. Figure : Recombination of the spectrum of white
(b) the total current in the circuit. light.
Ans SQP 2013
36. Draw a circuit diagram of an electric circuit
Let, R1 = 5 Ω , R2 = 10 Ω , R3 = 30 Ω containing a cell, a key, an ammeter, a resistor of
4Ω in series with a combination of two resistors (
and voltage, V = 6 Volt
8Ω each) in parallel and a voltmeter across parallel
(a) I1 = V = 6 A = 1.2 A combination. Each of them dissipate maximum
R1 5 energy and can withstand a maximum power of
16W without melting. Find the maximum current
I2 = V = 6 A = 0.6 A that can flow through the three resistors.
R2 10
Ans Delhi 2018
I3 = V = 6 A = 0.2 A
R3 30
We know, P = I 2R
(b) I = I1 + I2 + I3
= 1.2 + 0.6 + 0.2 = 2 A

35. State the cause of dispersion of white light by a

glass prism. How did Newton using two identical
glass prism, show that white light is made of seven
colours ? Draw a ray diagram to show the path of a
narrow beam of while light through a combination
of two identical prisms arranged together in
inverted position with respect to each other when it
is allowed to fall obliquely on one of the faces of the
first prism of the combination ?
Ans OD 2017 P = 16 W
Light is formed of different colours which travel P
Now, I = R
at their own speed inside a prism. The light bends
through different angles with respect to the incident So, maximum Current of 4 Ω resistor,
ray, as they pass through a prism. The red light
16 =
bends the least while the violet the most causing I = 4 2 A
dispersion.
Newton showed that the reverse of dispersion of So, current through each 8Ω resistor will be,
light is also possible. He kept two prisms close to
= 1 #2 = 1 A

each other in erect position and the other in an 2
inverted position. The light gets dispersed when
passes through the first prism. The second prism
receives all the seven coloured rays from first prism
page 168 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

37. A student shines white light through a glass prism.

He claims that seven colours are obtained on a
screen.
(i) Is the student correct?
(ii) Name the phenomenon.
Ans :
(i) Yes, correct. White light disperses into seven
colours (VIBGYOR).
She is able to see the subject matter on the
(ii) The phenomenon is dispersion of light. black board while sitting in the front row in the
classroom but is unable to see the same matter
38. Lenses are objects made of transparent materials
while sitting in the last row.
such as glass or clear plastic that has curved surfaces.
Diverging lenses are thicker at their edges than at Which of the above four lenses will she require
their centres and makes light rays passing through to correct the defect in her vision? Why ?
them spread out. Converging lenses are thicker in o
their middle than at this edges and make light rays D. Natasha places an object on the principal axis
passing through them focus at a point. These are of above given lens A. One end of this object
used in spectacles to help people with poor vision see coincides with the focus F and the other end
better. The converging lenses magnify by bending with 2F. What will be the nature of the image
the rays of light that pass through them to meet at formed by the lens on the other side ?
a point called focus. Thicker the converging lens is Ans :
at its centre, the more its magnifies and closer the
focus is to the lens. A. Distance of image I 2 will be less than distance
of I 1 from the lens.
A. Ravi uses two lenses A and B of same size and
same material as shown. P1 and P2 are the B. P1 < P2
powers of A and B. An object is kept at the C. She will require lens C. Because, she is suffering
same distance from the lens between F and 2F from myopia and in myopia concave lens is
of each lens on the principal axis in turn. Let required to correct it.
I 1 and I 2 be the image formed by two lenses o
respectively. What is the relation of image
distances of both lens ? D. The nature of the image formed will be infinite
in size.

39. Attempt either option A or B.

A. When a current is passed through the circular
loop of wire, a magnetic field lines near the coil
are nearly circular and concentric. At the centre
of the circular loop, the magnetic field lines are
straight.
The strength of the magnetic field produced
by a current-carrying circular coil (or circular
(a) Distance of image I 2 will be less than
wire) depends on :
distance of I 1 from the lens.
(a) current flowing through the coil.
(b) Distance of image I 2 will be greater than
distance of I 1 from the lens. (b) radius of the circular coil.
(c) Size of image I 1 will be equal to size I 2 . (c) number of turns of wire in the circular coil.
(d) Size of image I 2 will be less than size I 2 . The direction of the field lines can be found
B. Write down the relation between the power of by applying Right-Hand Thumb Rule.
lens of both lenses ?
Attempt either subpart C or D.
C. Meenakshi uses above two lenses A and B along
with another two lenses C and D, as shown :
SAMPLE PAPER 14

(iv) When a current flows through a straight

conductor, a magnetic field is produced
around it. How can the direction of this
magnetic field be determined?
Ans :
(i) North pole to south pole.
(ii) The strength of magnetic field is higher in this
region.
(iii) AC voltage can be stopped up and transmitted
over long distances without much loss of energy.

(i) State Right-hand Thumb rule.

(ii) A long horizontal power line is carrying a
current of 100 A in the east-west direction.
What is the direction of magnetic field at a
point 1.0 m below it ?
(iii) What type of curve we get, between
magnetic field and distance along the axis **********
of a current carrying circular coil ?
(iv) If a current carrying straight conductor is
placed in east-west direction, then find the
direction of the force experienced by the
conductor due to earth’s magnetic field.
Ans :
(i) According to right hand thumb rule, imagine a
straight conductor in your right-hand such that
the thumb points in the direction of current.
The direction of curl of fingers of the right-hand
gives the direction of magnetic field lines.
(ii) The current flows in the east-west direction.
From right-thumb rule, we get the direction
of magnetic field as from north to south. The
direction of magnetic field will be same at every
point below the power line.
(iii) At smaller distances, the magnetic field will be
described by concentric circles around the wire.
As the distance increases, the circles become
larger and larger. At the centre of the loop/coil,
the magnetic field will appear as straight line.
(iv) The force will act in upward direction
perpendicular to both, the direction of current
as well as to the field. The direction of force
experienced by the conductor gets reversed, i.e.,
in the downward direction.
o
B. Answer the following questions :
(i) What is the direction of magnetic field lines
outside a bar-magnet ?
(ii) The magnetic field lines in a given region
are getting crowded. What does it indicate
?
(iii) State one advantage of AC over DC.
page 170 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP
SAMPLE PAPER 15

Sample Paper 15
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(c) Multiple Fission

SECTION-A (d) Fragmentation
Ans
1. What is the muscular wall that separates the right
(c) Multiple Fission
and left sides of the human heart, preventing the
In multiple fission, the nucleus of the parent cell
mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?
undergoes repeated division to produce a large
(a) Valve
number of nuclei. Each nucleus then acquires a
(b) Atrium
small amount of cytoplasm and a cell membrane
(c) Ventricle before being released as multiple daughter cells.
(d) SeptumS
Ans 4. Mendel’s experiments with pea plants led to the
formulation of several laws of inheritance. Which law
(d) Septum states that alleles for different traits are inherited
The septum is a thick partition that runs down the independently of one another?
middle of the heart, dividing it into a right side (a) Law of Dominance
that handles deoxygenated blood and a left side (b) Law of Segregation
that handles oxygenated blood. This separation is (c) Law of Independent Assortment
vital for efficient double circulation. (d) Law of Unit Factors
2. The main thinking part of the human brain, which Ans
is the site of learning, memory, intelligence, and
(c) Law of Independent Assortment
voluntary actions, is the:
This law describes how different genes independently
(a) Cerebellum
separate from one another when reproductive cells
(b) Cerebrum
develop. It means that the inheritance of one trait
(c) Medulla
(like seed colour) does not affect the inheritance of
(d) Pons another trait (like seed shape).
Ans
5. Ozone is a molecule that plays a crucial role in
(b) Cerebrum protecting life on Earth. What is the correct
The cerebrum is the largest and most developed chemical formula for an ozone molecule?
part of the brain. It is responsible for all higher- (a) O
order cognitive functions, making it the center of (b) O2
our thoughts, personality, and conscious actions. (c) O3
(d) CO2
3. The malarial parasite, Plasmodium, exhibits a
specific type of asexual reproduction where a Ans
single parent cell divides into many daughter cells
(c) O3
simultaneously. This process is known as:
A standard oxygen molecule that we breathe
(a) Budding
(dioxygen) consists of two oxygen atoms (O2). Ozone
(b) Binary Fission
is a triatomic molecule, meaning it is composed of
page 172 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

three oxygen atoms bonded together, giving it the Ans

chemical formula O3. (d) A is false but R is true.
The assertion is false; essentially no digestion
6. Consider the following statements about the parts
occurs in the large intestine. The reason is true; the
of a typical flower:
large intestine’s main role is to absorb water and
(i) The stamen is the male reproductive part, electrolytes, and to form and store faeces.
consisting of the anther and filament.
(ii) The pistil (or carpel) is the female reproductive 9. Assertion (A) : Geographical isolation of a
part, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary. population can lead to speciation.
(iii) Petals are often brightly coloured to attract Reason (R) : The separated population accumulates
insects for pollination. different genetic variations over time, which can
(iv) Sepals are the primary reproductive organs of lead to it becoming reproductively incompatible
the flower. with the original population.
Which of the above statements are correct? (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(a) (i) and (ii) only
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(b) (i), (ii), and (iii)
explanation of A.
(c) (iii) and (iv) only
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) All are correct.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
Ans
(b) (i), (ii), and (iii)
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
The stamen and pistil are the male and female
explanation of A.
reproductive parts, and petals attract pollinators.
When a physical barrier separates a population, the
Statement (iv) is incorrect because sepals are non-
two groups can no longer interbreed. They are then
reproductive parts that primarily serve to protect
subject to different selective pressures and genetic
the flower in its bud stage.
drift, causing them to evolve independently and
7. The human excretory system removes metabolic potentially form new species.
wastes from the body. What is the main nitrogenous
10. Aquatic animals like fish have a much faster rate of
waste product found in human urine?
breathing compared to terrestrial animals. Provide
(a) Ammonia
a scientific reason for this observation.
(b) Uric acid
(c) Creatine Ans
(d) Urea The amount of dissolved oxygen in water is very
Ans low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air.
Therefore, aquatic animals need to breathe faster
(d) Urea and pass a larger volume of water over their gills
The breakdown of proteins in the body produces to extract the required amount of oxygen for their
highly toxic ammonia. The liver converts this metabolic needs, whereas terrestrial animals can
ammonia into a less toxic substance called urea, obtain sufficient oxygen with a slower breathing
which is then transported by the blood to the rate.
kidneys for filtration and removal via urine.
11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
8. Assertion (A) : Very little digestion takes place in A. What is the function of the enzyme salivary
the large intestine. amylase? Where is it found, and what would
Reason (R) : The primary function of the large happen to starch digestion if this enzyme were
intestine is the absorption of water from undigested absent?
food. o
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
B. What are the two main conducting tissues in
explanation of A.
plants? Name the substance that each of them
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
transports.
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false. Ans
(d) A is false but R is true.
SAMPLE PAPER 15

(i) Yes, correct.

(ii) Water droplets act like tiny prisms, refracting
and dispersing sunlight, then internally reflecting
it, and refracting again to form a rainbow.

38. The image formed by a convex lens depends on the

position of the object in front of the lens. When
the object is placed anywhere between focus and
infinity, the image formed by convex lens is real and
Figure : Dispersion of white light by a glass prism. inverted. The image is not obtained on the screen
why the object is placed between the focus and the
lens. The distance between the optical centre O of
36. The values of current I flowing in a given resistor
the convex lens and the focus point F1 and F2 is its
for the corresponding values of potential difference
focal length.
V across the resistor are given below:
When the object shifts from - 3 to F1 , the image
I (ampere) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 moves from F2 to + 3.
V (volt) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2

Plot a graph between V and I and calculate the

resistance of the resistor.
Ans 2018

When the object shifts from F1 to O, the image

moves - 3 to O.

A student did an experiment with a convex lens.

He put an object at different distances from the
lens. In each case, he measured the distance of the
image from the lens. The results were recorded in
the following table.
From the graph, we can take values of V and I .
Object distance (in cm) Image distance (in cm)
V = (6.7 − 3.4) = 3.3 Volt
25 100
I = (2.0 − 1.0) = 1.0 A
30 24
R = V = 3.3 = 3.3 Ω 40 60
I 1.0
So, Resistance = 3.3 Ω (ohm) 60 30
120 40
37. A student states that a rainbow is formed due to
reflection, refraction, and dispersion of sunlight by Unfortunately, his results are written in the wrong
water droplets. order.
(i) Is the statement correct? (i) What is the focal length of this lens ?
(ii) Explain briefly. (ii) Rewrite the image distances in the correct
order.
Ans :
o
page 174 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans complex organisms, it is limited to tissue

A. It is called double circulation because the blood repair and is not a mode of reproduction.
passes through the heart twice during each (iii) Another organism with a high capacity for
complete cycle. One cycle carries deoxygenated regeneration is Hydra or a starfish.
blood from the body to the heart and then to o
the lungs. The second cycle carries oxygenated B. (i)
blood from the lungs back to the heart and then (a) Ovary: Produces female gametes
to the rest of the body. (eggs or ova) and secretes female sex
o hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
B. Pulmonary circulation is the movement of (b) Oviduct (Fallopian tube): It is the site
deoxygenated blood from the heart (right where fertilization of the egg by the
ventricle) to the lungs for oxygenation and the sperm takes place.
return of oxygenated blood from the lungs to (ii) The placenta is a special disc-like tissue
the heart (left atrium). Systemic circulation is that connects the developing fetus to the
the movement of oxygenated blood from the uterine wall of the mother. Its two main
heart (left ventricle) to all body parts and the functions are to provide nourishment and
return of deoxygenated blood from the body oxygen to the fetus and to remove waste
back to the heart (right atrium). products from the fetus’s blood.
C. Deoxygenated blood from body tissues is (iii) If fertilization does not occur, the thick
collected by veins and poured into the right and spongy lining of the uterus is no longer
atrium. The right atrium contracts, pumping needed. It breaks down and is discharged
the blood into the right ventricle. The right through the vagina along with blood and
ventricle then contracts and pumps this mucus. This is known as menstruation.
deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery,
which carries it to the lungs for oxygenation.

16. Attempt either option A or B.

SECTION-B
A. (i) Draw a diagram to show regeneration in
Planaria. 17. The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen
(ii) How is this process different from to produce ammonia is represented as
reproduction? xN 2 (g) + yH 2 (g) " zNH 3 (g). The values of x, y,
(iii) Name another organism that shows a high and z required to balance the equation are:
capacity for regeneration. (a) x=1, y=3, z=2
o (b) x=2, y=3, z=2
(c) x=1, y=2, z=3
B. (i) State the function of the following parts of
(d) x=2, y=2, z=3
the human female reproductive system:
(a) Ovary, Ans
(b) Oviduct. (a) x=1, y=3, z=2
(ii) What is the placenta? List its two main To balance the equation, we start with 2 N atoms
functions. on the right (z=2), which means we need 2 N atoms
(iii) What happens to the uterine wall if on the left (x=1). This results in 6 H atoms on
fertilization of the egg does not occur? the right (2NH3), so we need 6 H atoms on the left
Ans (y=3).
A. (i) A diagram should be drawn showing a 18. A solution turns red litmus paper blue. Its pH is
Planaria cut into three pieces (head, middle, likely to be:
tail), with each piece shown growing into a (a) 1
complete new Planaria. (b) 4
(ii) Regeneration is the regrowth of lost or (c) 5
damaged body parts. While in some simple (d) 10
organisms like Planaria it can result in a
new individual from a body fragment (a Ans
form of asexual reproduction), in more (d) 10
SAMPLE PAPER 15

A. Salivary amylase is found in saliva in the mouth. 3. Duration of The effect is The effect is
Its function is to begin the digestion of starch, Effect short-lived. usually long-
breaking it down into simpler sugars (maltose). lasting.
If it were absent, the chemical digestion of starch
would not begin in the mouth and would have
14. In a cross between a pea plant with violet flowers
to be carried out entirely in the small intestine,
(VV) and a pea plant with white flowers (vv):
potentially making the process less efficient.
(i) What will be the phenotype of the F1
o
generation?
B. The two main conducting tissues are: (ii) If the F1 plants are self-pollinated, what will be
1. Xylem: It transports water and dissolved the ratio of violet to white flowered plants in
minerals from the roots to the rest of the the F2 generation?
plant. (iii) What is this type of cross, involving a single
2. Phloem: It transports soluble food products trait, called?
(sucrose) from the leaves to other parts of
the plant. Ans
(i) The phenotype of the F1 generation will be
12. What are producers, consumers, and decomposers?
all violet flowers, as violet (V) is the dominant
Give one example of each from a forest ecosystem.
trait. The genotype will be heterozygous (Vv).
Ans (ii) The ratio of violet to white flowered plants in
1. Producers: Organisms that produce their own the F2 generation will be 3 (Violet) : 1 (White).
food, usually through photosynthesis. They (iii) This type of cross, which studies the inheritance
form the first trophic level. Example: Trees, of a single pair of contrasting traits, is called a
grass. monohybrid cross.
2 Consumers: Organisms that obtain energy by
feeding on other organisms. Example: Deer 15. The diagram below shows a schematic representation
(primary consumer), Tiger (secondary/tertiary of blood circulation in humans.
consumer).
3 Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead
organic matter and waste products, returning
nutrients to the ecosystem. Example: Fungi,
Bacteria.

13. Tabulate three key differences between the nervous

system and the endocrine system for control and
coordination in animals.
Ans

Feature Nervous Endocrine

System System
1. Mode of Transmits Transmits
Transmission information information
via electrical via chemical
impulses messengers
along nerve (hormones)
fibres. through the A. Why is the circulation in humans referred to as
bloodstream. ‘double circulation’ ?
2. Speed of The response The response o
Response is immediate is generally B. Differentiate between pulmonary circulation
and rapid slow and takes and systemic circulation.
(within time (seconds, C. Trace the flow of deoxygenated blood from the
milliseconds). minutes, or body tissues until it is oxygenated in the lungs.
hours).
page 176 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

the pure magnesium to react readily with oxygen (a) Solution B is neutral. A neutral solution has a
upon heating. pH value equal to 7.
(b) Solution C is alkaline (or basic) as its pH value
26. Attempt either option A or B.
is greater than 7.
A. Explain the process of extracting mercury from
its chief ore, cinnabar (HgS). Write balanced (c) A lower pH indicates a higher concentration of
H+ ions. Therefore, the increasing order of H+
chemical equations for the reactions involved.
ion concentration is: C (pH 10) < B (pH 7) <
o
A (pH 4).
B. What are amphoteric oxides? Give an example
of an amphoteric oxide and support your answer 28.
A substance ‘X’, which is a yellowish-white
by writing one balanced chemical equation for powder, is used for disinfecting drinking water and
its reaction with an acid and one with a base. for bleaching cotton in the textile industry. It is
Ans produced by the action of chlorine gas on dry slaked
lime.
A. Mercury is a metal of low reactivity. It is
(a) Identify the substance ‘X’ and write its chemical
extracted from its sulphide ore, cinnabar,
formula.
simply by heating it in the air. This process
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the
involves two steps:
preparation of ‘X’.
1. Roasting: Cinnabar is first converted into
(c) When ‘X’ is left exposed to air, it gradually loses
mercuric oxide (HgO) by heating it in the
its chlorine content. Why does this happen?
presence of excess air.
Write a relevant chemical equation.
Heat
2HgS (s) + 3O 2 (g) o
2HgO (s) + 2SO 2 (g) (c) State any two uses of substance ‘X’ apart from
those mentioned in the question.
2. Reduction: The mercuric oxide formed
is unstable and decomposes upon further Ans
heating to give liquid mercury metal.
Heat
(a) The substance ‘X’ is Bleaching Powder. Its
2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O 2 (g) chemical formula is CaOCl2.
o (b) The balanced chemical equation for its
B. Amphoteric oxides are metal oxides that preparation is:
exhibit both acidic and basic properties. They Ca (OH) 2 (s) + Cl 2 (g) " CaOCl 2 (s) + H 2 O (l)
react with both acids and bases to form salt and
water. (c) Bleaching powder reacts with the carbon
dioxide present in the air to produce calcium
Example: Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) is an
carbonate and chlorine gas. This slow reaction
amphoteric oxide.
is the reason it loses its chlorine content upon
Reaction with an acid (HCl): It reacts as a base. exposure to air.
Al 2 O 3 (s) + 6HCl (aq) " 2AlCl 3 (aq) + 3H 2 O (l) CaOCl 2 (s) + CO 2 (g) " CaCO 3 (s) + Cl 2 (g)
Reaction with a base (NaOH): It reacts as an o
acid.
(c) Two other uses of bleaching powder are:
Al 2 O 3 (s) + 2NaOH (aq) "
1. As an oxidising agent in many chemical
2NaAlO 2 (aq) + H 2 O (l)
industries.
(Sodium Aluminate) 2. For making wool unshrinkable.

27. A student is given three solutions labelled A, B, 29. Attempt either option A or B.
and C with pH values of 4, 7, and 10, respectively. A. (a) Write the IUPAC names for the following
Answer the following questions: compounds: (i) CH 3 - CH 2 - Br (ii) HCHO
(a) Which solution is neutral? Justify your answer. (b) What is an addition reaction? Illustrate
(b) Which solution is alkaline? with the help of a balanced chemical
equation.
(c) Arrange the three solutions in increasing order
of their hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. (c) Why are addition reactions characteristic of
unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Ans o
SAMPLE PAPER 15

B. (a) What is a substitution reaction?

(b) Give an example of a substitution reaction
SECTION-C
involving an alkane. Write the balanced
chemical equation. 30. A student is studying the image formed by a plane
(c) Differentiate between soaps and detergents mirror and makes the following statements:
based on their chemical composition and I. The image formed is always virtual and erect.
their effectiveness in hard water. II. The image is laterally inverted.
Ans III. The size of the image is always smaller than the
size of the object.
A. (a) (i) Bromoethane
Choose from the following the correct option that
(ii) Methanal
lists the correct statements.
(b) An addition reaction is a reaction in which
(a) I and II
an unsaturated hydrocarbon (containing a
(b) I and III
double or triple bond) reacts with another
substance (like hydrogen or halogens) to (c) I, II and III
form a single, saturated product. (d) II and III
Example: Hydrogenation of ethene. Ans
Ni catalyst
CH 2 = CH 2 (g) + H 2 (g)
(a) I and II
CH 3 - CH 3 (g) A plane mirror always forms a virtual and erect
image that is laterally inverted The size of the
(Ethene) (Ethane)
image is the same as the size of the object.
(c) Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double
or triple bonds which are regions of high 31. A person suffering from hypermetropia is unable to
electron density and are relatively weak see nearby objects clearly. Which of the following
compared to single bonds. These bonds can correctly describes the reason for this defect?
easily break to allow atoms to add across (a) The image of a nearby object is formed in front
them, leading to a more stable saturated of the retina.
compound. (b) The image of a nearby object is formed on the
o retina.
B. (a) A substitution reaction is a reaction in which (c) The image of a nearby object is formed behind
one or more hydrogen atoms in a saturated the retina.
hydrocarbon are replaced by another atom (d) The eye lens is a concave lens.
or group of atoms (like halogens).
Ans
(b) Example: Chlorination of methane in the
presence of sunlight. (c) The image of a nearby object is formed behind
Sunlight the retina.
CH 4 (g) + Cl 2 (g) CH 3 Cl (g) + HCl (g)
In hypermetropia, the eyeball is too short, or the
^Methaneh ^Chlοrοmethaneh
focal length of the eye lens is too long. The light
(c) from nearby objects is focused behind the retina,
leading to blurred vision.
Feature Soaps Detergents
Chemical Sodium or Sodium salts 32. Assertion (A) : A ray of light passing through
Composition potassium salts of long-chain the focus of a convex lens becomes parallel to the
of long-chain benzene principal axis after refraction.
carboxylic sulphonic acids Reason (R) : The principal focus is the point on the
(fatty) acids. or alkyl hydrogen principal axis where all parallel rays converge after
sulphates. refraction.
Action in Ineffective. Effective. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Hard Water They form They do not explanation of A.
insoluble scum form insoluble (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
with calcium precipitates with explanation of A.
and magnesium the ions in hard (c) A is true but R is false.
ions. water. (d) A is false but R is true.
page 178 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans
=1+1 =1Ω

(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct 3 6 2
explanation of A. Rp = 2 Ω
Assertion A is correct; it is one of the standard Current in parallel,
rules for ray tracing. Reason R is also correct, as it
defines the principal focus. However, the reason is a Ip = V = 6 V = 3 A
Rp 2Ω
definition and does not explain why the ray passing
through the focus becomes parallel. o
B. Calculate the equivalent resistance from the
33. An object 7 cm tall is placed 27 cm in front of a following combination of resistors.
concave mirror of focal length 18 cm.
A. Calculate the image distance.
B. Find the size of the image.
C. State the nature of the image.
Ans
A. v = 54 cm.
B. m = –2 → image size = –14 cm.
C. Real, inverted, magnified.

Ans :
In the given circuit 4 Ω and 2 Ω are connected
series. Hence the equivalent resistance is given by
Rs = R1 + R2
= 4Ω+2Ω = 6Ω

Also, equivalent resistance in parallel is :
1 = 1 + 1 + 1
34. Attempt either option A or B. Rp R1 R2 R3
A. Two resistors of resistances 3 Ω and 6 Ω
respectively are connected to a battery of 6 V or Rp = 1 + 1 + 1 = 6 = 1 Ω
2 3 6 6
so as to have :
(a) Maximum resistance, 35. What is dispersion of white light ? State it cause.
(b) Maximum current. Draw a ray diagram to show the dispersion of white
(i) How will you connect the resistances in light by a glass prism.
each case ?
Ans OD 2014
(ii) Calculate the strength of the current in the
circuit in both cases. Dispersion of white light : When a beam of white
light is passed through a triangular glass prism, the
Ans
white light splits up-to form a band of seven colours
(i) For maximum resistance, resistors are to be on a white screen. This splitting of white light into
connected in series. seven colours on passing through a transparent
medium like a glass prism is called dispersion of
Rs = R1 + R2 = 3 + 6 = 9 Ω
light.
Current in series, The dispersion of white light occurs be-
cause the angle of refraction (or angle of deviation)
Is = V = 6 V = 0.67 A
Rs 9Ω of light of different colours is different when pass-
(ii) For maximum current, resistance has to be ing through the glass prism. So, when white light
minimum and so resistors are to be connected consisting of seven colours passes through a glass
in parallel. prism, each colour of it is refracted (or deviated) by
a different angle with the result that seven colours
1 = 1 + 1
Rp R1 R2 are spread out to form a spectrum.
SAMPLE PAPER 15

A solution that turns red litmus blue is basic in Ans

nature. Basic solutions have a pH value greater (c) Nitrogen
than 7. Among the given options, only 10 is greater The oxidation of fats and oils in food items, known
than 7, indicating a basic solution. as rancidity, leads to a bad smell and taste. To
prevent this, an unreactive gas like nitrogen is used
19. Most non-metals are not lustrous. Which of the
to flush out the oxygen from the packaging.
following non-metals possesses lustre?
(a) Sulphur 23. Brass is an important alloy used in making
(b) Oxygen decorative items and musical instruments. It is an
(c) Nitrogen alloy of:
(d) Iodine (a) Copper and Tin
Ans (b) Copper and Zinc
(c) Aluminium and Copper
(d) Iodine (d) Lead and Tin
Lustre, or a shiny appearance, is a characteristic
property of metals. However, iodine is a non-metal Ans
that is an exception to this rule; it has a shimmering, (b) Copper and Zinc
metallic lustre in its solid state. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals, or a
metal and a non-metal. Brass is a well-known alloy
20. Which of the following is considered a weak acid?
consisting primarily of copper and zinc, which gives
(a) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
it desirable properties like hardness and acoustic
(b) Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
quality.
(c) Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
(d) Nitric acid (HNO3) 24. Assertion (A) : Butane and Propane are members
Ans of the same homologous series.
Reason (R) : Members of a homologous series have
(c)Acetic acid (CH3COOH) the same general formula and successive members
Strong acids (like HCl, H2SO4, HNO3) completely differ by a - CH 2 group.
ionize in water to produce a high concentration of
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
H+ ions. Weak acids, like acetic acid, only partially
explanation of A.
ionize, resulting in a lower concentration of H+ ions.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
21. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only carbon-carbon explanation of A.
single bonds. Which of the following is a saturated (c) A is true but R is false.
hydrocarbon? (d) A is false but R is true.
(a) Ethene (C2H4) Ans
(b) Propyne (C3H4)
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(c) Butane (C4H10)
explanation of A.
(d) Ethyne (C2H2)
Both statements are true, and the reason correctly
Ans explains the assertion. Propane (C3H8) and butane
(c) Butane (C4H10) (C4H 10) belong to the same homologous series
Saturated hydrocarbons, or alkanes, have the because they share the general formula for alkanes
general formula C n H 2n + 2 . Only Butane (C4H10) (CnH 2n+2) and, as successive members, their chemical
fits this formula (4 × 2 + 2 = 10). The others are formulas differ by exactly one CH2 group.
unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes or alkynes) 25. Why is it recommended to clean a magnesium
containing double or triple bonds.
ribbon with sandpaper before burning it in air?
22. To prevent the oil and fats in potato chips from Ans
getting oxidised, manufacturers fill the bags with
A magnesium ribbon, when exposed to air, reacts
which gas? with oxygen to form a thin, protective layer of
(a) Oxygen magnesium oxide (MgO) on its surface. This layer is
(b) Hydrogen stable and can prevent or slow down the combustion
(c) Nitrogen of the magnesium underneath. Cleaning the ribbon
(d) Carbon dioxide with sandpaper removes this oxide layer, allowing
page 180 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(iii) What is the minimum distance between an (iii) What is the frequency of current in case (b)
object and its real image formed by a convex in our country ?
lens ? (iv) On the basis of these graphs list two
Ans : differences between the two currents.
(v) Out of the two which one is used in
(i) When the object distance equals the image transmitting electric power over long
distance, they are at twice the focal length distances and why ?
;from the lens.
Ans :
When, 2F = 60 cm A. (i) Direct current and alternating current
F = 30 cm respectively.
When an object is placed at focus ^F = 30 cmh (ii) Battery and AC generator respectively.
of a convex lens, the image formed is at infinity. (iii) Frequency of AC in our country, 50 Hz.
But infinity is not any observation in the given (iv) (a) Magnitude of current in DC remains
table. fixed, while in AC it changes
continuously.
Hence, F = 30 cm is not possible. (b) Direction of current in DC remains
Now, when, 2F = 40 cm fixed, while in AC it changes after every
1
2 n second, where n is the frequency of
F = 20 cm AC.
(ii) Correct order : 100, 60, 40, 30, 24 (v) For transmitting electric power over
o long distances AC is used instead
of DC because loss of energy during
(iii) 4f
transmission is comparatively very
39. Attempt either option A or B. small.
A. In our daily life we use two types of electric o
current whose current time graphs are given B. The flow of current in a circular loop of wire
below : creates a magnetic field at its center. How may
existence of this field be detected ? State the
rule which helps to predict the direction of this
magnetic field.

Ans :
Take a cardboard sheet. Drill two fine holes P and
Q on it along a straight line at a suitable distance.
(i) Name the type of current in two cases. Take an insulated copper wire loop and pass it
through the holes so that the loop is in a vertical
(ii) Identify any one source for each type of plane. Connect a 6-12 V battery B and a plug
current. key K with the ends of wire loop. Put a sensitive
SAMPLE PAPER 15

compass at the center point O of the cardboard.

The compass rests in north-south direction. Now
put the plug in key K so that a current begins to
flow in the loop as shown in Figure. We observe that
the compass needle gets deflected. It shows that a
magnetic field is set up at the center of current-
carrying circular loop.
The direction of field is given by right-hand rule.

**********
page 182 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP
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Sample Paper 16
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(c) To host the implantation and development of

SECTION-A the embryo.
(d) To secrete the hormone progesterone.
1. During intense physical activity, when there is a lack Ans
of sufficient oxygen, the muscle cells in the human
(c) To host the implantation and development of
body convert pyruvate into which substance?
the embryo.
(a) Ethanol and Carbon dioxide
The uterus, or womb, is a muscular organ with a
(b) Lactic acid and Energy
rich blood supply. Its main function is to receive
(c) Acetic acid and Energy
a fertilized egg, allow it to implant in its wall, and
(d) Carbon dioxide and Water provide a nurturing environment for the complete
Ans development of the foetus during pregnancy.
(b) Lactic acid and Energy 4. A genetic cross between two pea plants produces
Under anaerobic conditions in muscle cells, glucose offspring in which approximately 50% are tall
is partially oxidized to pyruvate, which is then and 50% are dwarf. What are the most probable
converted into lactic acid, releasing a small amount genotypes of the parent plants? (T = Tall, t =
of energy. The accumulation of lactic acid is what dwarf)
causes muscle cramps and fatigue. (a) TT × tt
(b) Tt × Tt
2. The tendrils of a pea plant coil around a support
(c) Tt × tt
structure, allowing the plant to climb. This
(d) TT × Tt
directional growth in response to touch is known as:
(a) Phototropism Ans
(b) Geotropism
(c) Tt × tt
(c) Chemotropism
This is a test cross. A cross between a heterozygous
(d) Thigmotropism
tall plant (Tt) and a homozygous dwarf plant (tt)
Ans will yield offspring with genotypes Tt and tt in a
1:1 ratio, resulting in a 1:1 phenotypic ratio of tall
(d) Thigmotropism
to dwarf plants.
Thigmotropism is the movement or growth of a
plant in response to contact with a solid object. 5. What is the term for the position an organism
This response enables climbing plants to find and occupies in a food chain, such as producer, primary
attach to supports, helping them grow towards consumer, or secondary consumer?
sunlight. (a) Niche
3. In the human female reproductive system, what is (b) Trophic level
the primary role of the uterus? (c) Habitat
(a) To produce the female gamete, the ovum. (d) Population
(b) To serve as the site where fertilization takes Ans
place.
(b) Trophic level
page 184 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Each step or level in a food chain is called a trophic (c) A is true but R is false.
level. It represents the flow of energy, starting with (d) A is false but R is true.
producers at the first trophic level and moving to
Ans
consumers at higher levels.
(d) A is false but R is true.
6. Consider the following statements about excretion The assertion is false; wind pollination is indeed
in plants : less likely in such plants, but the statement format
(i) Oxygen, a byproduct of photosynthesis, can be implies it’s a testable fact. Rephrased for clarity
considered a waste product that is released. : The statement “Wind pollination is common in
(ii) Plants get rid of excess water through the plants with large flowers” is false. The reason is
process of transpiration. a true statement explaining that such flowers are
(iii) Some plant wastes are stored in cellular vacuoles adapted for insect pollination.
or in tissues like old xylem as resins and gums.
9. Assertion (A) : The inner wall of the stomach is
(iv) Unlike animals, plants do not possess specialized protected from the action of its own acidic secretions.
excretory organs.
Reason (R) : The stomach’s inner lining is coated
Which of the above statements are correct? with a thick layer of mucus.
(a) (i) and (ii) only (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(b) (iii) and (iv) only explanation of A.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) only (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(d) All are correct. explanation of A.
Ans (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
(d) All are correct.
All four statements accurately describe how plants Ans
manage their waste products. They release gases (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
via stomata, transpire excess water, store solid/ explanation of A.
liquid wastes in various parts, and lack a dedicated The stomach secretes highly corrosive hydrochloric
excretory system like kidneys. acid. The layer of mucus secreted by the gastric
7. What is the microscopic junction between the axon glands acts as a physical barrier, preventing the
acid from damaging and digesting the stomach wall
terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another,
itself.
across which nerve impulses are transmitted?
(a) Synapse 10. The pH of the digestive tract changes from alkaline
(b) Reflex arc in the mouth to highly acidic in the stomach and
(c) Myelin sheath back to alkaline in the small intestine. How do
(d) Effector digestive enzymes manage to function effectively
despite these drastic changes?
Ans
Ans
(a) Synapse
Digestive enzymes are highly specific to the pH of
The synapse is a crucial structure that allows a
their environment. Salivary amylase in the mouth
neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to
works in a slightly alkaline medium. In the stomach,
another neuron. It ensures the unidirectional flow of
pepsin is adapted to function only in a highly acidic
information within the nervous system.
medium. In the small intestine, enzymes like trypsin
8. Assertion (A) : Wind pollination is less likely to and lipase require an alkaline medium (created by
occur in plants with large, brightly coloured flowers. bile juice) to work effectively. Each enzyme is active
Reason (R) : Large, colourful petals are adaptations only in its specific part of the tract.
to attract insect pollinators, not for wind dispersal 11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
of pollen.
A. What is the role of haemoglobin in the blood?
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct Where is it found?
explanation of A.
o
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A. B. How is the small intestine designed to maximize
the absorption of digested food?
SAMPLE PAPER 16

neutralize this alkali before the pH can (like nickel or palladium) to form a
drop enough for the curd to set, thus taking saturated hydrocarbon.
a longer time. Industrial Application : It is used to convert
unsaturated vegetable oils (liquids) into
29. Attempt either option A or B. saturated vegetable fats (solids), such as
A. An organic compound ‘A’ is widely used as a vanaspati ghee.
preservative in pickles and has the molecular (b) (i) The next homologue of ethanol
formula C 2 H 4 O 2 . (2carbons) is Propanol (3 carbons,
(a) Identify ‘A’ and draw its electron-dot CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH ).
structure. (ii) The next homologue of ethanoic acid (2
(b) This compound reacts with absolute ethanol carbons) is Propanoic acid (3 carbons,
in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a CH 3 CH 2 COOH ).
sweet-smelling compound ‘B’. Identify ‘B’. (c) Methane is a saturated hydrocarbon with
(c) Write the chemical equation for the a low percentage of carbon. It undergoes
formation of ‘B’. complete combustion, producing a clean
(d) How can compound ‘A’ be obtained back blue flame. Camphor is an unsaturated
from compound ‘B’ ? Name the reaction. compound with a much higher percentage
o of carbon. It undergoes incomplete
combustion, leaving unburnt carbon
B. (a) What is hydrogenation? State its main
particles that glow yellow, producing a
industrial application.
sooty flame.
(b) Give the IUPAC name for the next
homologue of : (i) Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
(ii) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
(c) Explain why methane burns with a clean, SECTION-C
blue flame whereas camphor burns with a
yellow, sooty flame. 30. A student is experimenting with a convex mirror
Ans and makes the following statements about the
images formed:
A. (a) Compound ‘A’ is Ethanoic Acid
I. The image is always formed behind the mirror.
(CH3COOH).
Electron-dot structure : (Reference : NCERT II. The image is always virtual and erect.
Class 10 Chemistry Textbook (2025-26), III. The image is always magnified.
Page 62) The structure shows a carbon atom Choose from the following the correct option that
bonded to three hydrogens and another lists the correct statements.
carbon, which is double-bonded to one (a) I and II
oxygen and single-bonded to another oxygen, (b) I and III
which in turn is bonded to a hydrogen. (c) I, II and III
(b) The sweet-smelling compound ‘B’ is an ester (d) II and III
called Ethyl ethanoate (CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 )
Ans
(c) Equation (Esterification):
CH 3 COOH (l) + CH 3 CH 2 OH (l)

Acid (a) I and II
A convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and
CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O (l)
diminished image behind the mirror. The image is
(d) Compound ‘A’ (ethanoic acid) can be never magnifie(d)Thus, statement III is incorrect.
obtained back from ‘B’ (ethyl ethanoate)
31. Which of the following phenomena explains why an
by reacting it with an alkali or an aci(d)
This reaction is called saponification (if an object submerged in water appears to be raised?
alkali is used) or ester hydrolysis. (a) Total internal reflection
o (b) Reflection
(c) Scattering
B. (a) Hydrogenation is an addition reaction
(d) Refraction
where hydrogen is added across the
double or triple bond of an unsaturated Ans
hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst (d) Refraction
page 186 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

o 1. Growth of facial hair (beard and

B. The first step is ultrafiltration : High pressure moustache).
in the glomerulus (a bundle of blood capillaries) 2. The voice becomes deeper or cracks.
forces water and small solutes like glucose, (ii) The fallopian tubes are the site of
amino acids, salts, and urea from the blood into fertilization. If they are blocked, the
the Bowman’s capsule. Large molecules like sperm will not be able to reach the egg for
proteins and blood cells remain in the blood. fertilization, and the woman will be unable
C. As the initial filtrate passes through the long to conceive naturally.
tubular part of the nephron, useful substances (iii) The uterus has two main functions :
like glucose, amino acids, salts, and a major 1. It is where the fertilized egg (embryo)
amount of water are reabsorbed back into implants and develops during
the blood. This process is called selective pregnancy.
reabsorption. 2. Its muscular walls contract during
childbirth to expel the baby.
16. Attempt either option A or B.
A. (i) What is fission as a mode of reproduction?
(ii) Differentiate between binary fission and SECTION-B
multiple fission, giving one example for
each.
17. The reaction between an aqueous solution of silver
(iii) Draw a series of diagrams to show binary
nitrate and sodium chloride, which forms a white
fission in Amoeba.
precipitate of silver chloride, is an example of a :
o (a) Combination reaction
B. (i) What is puberty? List two changes that (b) Decomposition reaction
occur specifically in boys during this phase. (c) Double displacement reaction
(ii) What is the consequence if the fallopian (d) Displacement reaction
tubes in a woman are blocked?
Ans
(iii) State the function of the uterus in the
human female reproductive system. (c) Double displacement reaction
In this reaction, the ions Ag+ and Na+ exchange
Ans places with NO -3 and Cl-. Since there is an exchange
A. (i) Fission is a method of asexual reproduction of ions between the two reactants to form new
in unicellular organisms where the parent compounds, it is a double displacement reaction. It
cell divides to form two or more new is also a precipitation reaction.
individuals.
18. A few drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added
(ii) 1. Binary Fission : The parent cell divides
into two daughter cells. Example : to a solution of sodium hydroxide. The colour of the
Amoeba, Bacteria. solution will change to :
2. Multiple Fission : The parent cell (a) Red
divides simultaneously into many (b) Pink
daughter cells. Example : Plasmodium (c) Blue
(malarial parasite). (d) Remain colourless
(iii) A series of diagrams should be drawn Ans
showing :
1. A parent Amoeba with a nucleus. (b) Pink
2. The nucleus elongating. Phenolphthalein is an acid-base indicator that is
colourless in acidic and neutral solutions. In basic
3. The nucleus dividing and cytoplasm
or alkaline solutions, such as sodium hydroxide, it
constricting.
turns a distinct pink colour.
4. Two separate daughter Amoebae.
o 19. Which of the following metals is the best conductor
B. (i) Puberty is the age at which the reproductive of electricity?
organs become functional, and secondary (a) Gold (b) Silver
sexual characteristics develop. Two changes (c) Copper (d) Aluminium
in boys are :
SAMPLE PAPER 16

Now, two 4 Ω resistors are in series.

So, total resistance,
RTotal = 4 Ω + 4 Ω = 8 Ω
Total current,

ITotal = V = 2 = 1 A
R 8 4
Voltage across equivalent resistance of two 8 Ω
resistors
Ans Delhi 2017
V = ITotal = 1 # 4
R eq 4
(a) Incorrect.
= 1V
3 – Turmeric (Yellow)
1 – Chilli powder (Red)
37. A student claims that the twinkling of stars is due
(b) The colour of solution of copper sulphate is blue to atmospheric refraction.
which is at position 5, while the signal used to
(i) Is this true?
move the vehicles is green in colour which is at
position 4. (ii) Explain.
(c) Incorrect. Violet bends the most and red bends Ans :
the least. (i) Yes, correct.
36. Study the given electric circuit and calculate : (ii) Light from stars bends continuously due to
varying air density in the atmosphere, causing
(i) the current flowing through the 4 Ω resister and
apparent change in position and brightness of
(ii) potential difference across the combination of stars.
two resistor of 8 Ω each.
38. Study the following table for a convex lens for
different positions of object and answer the following
questions:

Position of Position of Relative size of

object image image
At infinity At focus F2 Highly
diminished point
sized
Beyond 2F1 Between F2 Diminished
and 2F2
Ans Delhi 2017
At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size
(i) As we know that,
Between F1 Beyond 2F2 Enlarged
V = IR
and 2F1
2V = I # 4 Ω
At focus F1 At infinity Infinitely
I = 0.5 A large or highly
(ii) Two 8 Ω resistors are in parallel, so then enlarged
equivalent resistance. Between focus On the same Enlarged
1 =1+1 F1 and optical side of the lens
R eq 8 8 centre O as the object
=2Ω
(i) What is the nature of the image, if an object is
8 placed at infinity ?
=1Ω
(ii) Identify the nature of the image for which the
4
object is between focus and optical centre.
R eq = 4 Ω Attempt either subpart C or D.
page 188 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

26. Attempt either option A or B. (b) The reaction is the oxidation of copper:
A. (i) What is the saponification reaction? Heat
2Cu (s) + O 2 (g) 2CuO (s)
(ii) Write a general chemical equation for the
(c) The black copper oxide can be reduced back to
preparation of soap using this reaction.
brown copper by passing hydrogen gas over the
o
heated oxide.
B. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated
Heat
hydrocarbons. Give one example for each CuO (s) + H 2 (g) Cu (s) + H 2 O (l)
category.
28. Tooth decay begins when the pH in the mouth falls
Ans below 5.5.
A. (i) Saponification is the chemical process of (a) Explain why the pH in the mouth falls after a
making soap. It involves the hydrolysis of person eats sugary foods.
an ester (like fats or oils, which are esters (b) How does this drop in pH lead to damage of
of fatty acids and glycerol) with an alkali the tooth enamel, even though it is the hardest
(like sodium hydroxide) to produce soap (a substance in the body?
sodium salt of a fatty acid) and glycerol. (c) Why are people advised to use toothpaste
(ii) General Equation: to prevent tooth decay? What is the general
Fat/Oil + Sodium Hydroxide
Heat
Soap chemical nature of toothpaste?
+ Glycerol o
o (d) A milkman adds a very small amount of baking
B. soda to fresh milk.
(i) Why does this shift the pH of the fresh milk
Saturated Unsaturated from 6 to slightly alkaline?
Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons (ii) Why does this milk then take a longer time
to set as curd?
These are hydrocarbons These are hydrocarbons
that contain only single that contain at least Ans
bonds between carbon one double or triple
(a) Bacteria present in the mouth act on the sugar
atoms. bond between carbon
and leftover food particles to produce acids,
atoms.
such as lactic acid. The production of this acid
They are generally less They are generally lowers the pH in the mouth.
reactive. more reactive due to (b) Tooth enamel is made of calcium hydroxyapatite.
the presence of double/ It is very hard but begins to corrode and get
triple bonds. damaged when the pH in the mouth falls below
Example : Ethane Example : Ethene 5.5 due to the action of the acids produced by
(CH 3 - CH 3 ) or (CH 2 = CH 2 ) or bacteria.
Methane (CH4) Ethyne (CH / CH ) (c) Toothpastes are generally basic (alkaline) in
nature. Using toothpaste helps to neutralize
the excess acid produced in the mouth and thus
27. A shiny brown-coloured element ‘X’ when heated in
prevents tooth decay by stopping the corrosion
the air becomes black in colour.
of the enamel.
(a) Identify the element ‘X’ and the black-coloured
compound formed o
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the (d) (i) The milkman adds baking soda (sodium
reaction. hydrogencarbonate), which is a mild base,
(c) How can this black compound be converted to the milk. This neutralizes the lactic acid
back into the original element ‘X’ ? Write the that might form, preventing the milk from
relevant chemical equation. turning sour quickly and making it slightly
alkaline.
Ans (ii) Curd is formed when bacteria convert
(a) The shiny brown element ‘X’ is Copper (Cu). the lactose in milk into lactic acid, which
The black-coloured compound formed is requires an acidic pH. Since the milkman
Copper(II) Oxide (CuO). has made the milk slightly alkaline, the
acid produced by the bacteria must first
SAMPLE PAPER 16

Ans 23. Cellular respiration is the process by which living

(b) Silver cells break down glucose to produce energy. This
While gold, copper, and aluminium are all excellent process is considered an exothermic reaction
conductors, silver has the highest electrical because :
conductivity of any element. However, it is not (a) Energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
commonly used for wiring due to its high cost (b) Energy is released during the reaction.
compared to copper. (c) The reaction requires light energy to occur.
20. Alkynes are a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons. (d) The products have more energy than the
What is the general formula for the alkyne series? reactants.
(a) C n H 2n + 2 Ans
(b) C n H 2n (b) Energy is released during the reaction.
(c) C n H 2n - 2
Exothermic reactions are chemical reactions that
(d) C n H 2n - 1 release energy, usually in the form of heat or light.
Ans During respiration, the chemical bonds in glucose
are broken down, releasing a significant amount of
(c) C n H 2n - 2 energy for the body’s vital functions.
The general formula for alkanes (saturated) is
24. Assertion (A) : Carbon forms a vast number of
C n H 2n + 2 . For alkenes (one double bond), it is C n H 2n
. For alkynes (one triple bond), it is C n H 2n - 2 , where compounds, more than any other element.
‘n’ is the number of carbon atoms (n ≥ 2). Reason (R) : Carbon exhibits the property of
catenation (self-linking) and has a valency of four
21. Hard water contains dissolved salts of calcium (tetra-valency).
and magnesium, which makes it difficult to lather. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Which of the following salts is used to remove the explanation of A.
permanent hardness of water? (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(a) Sodium Chloride (NaCl) explanation of A.
(b) Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)
(c) A is true but R is false.
(c) Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
(d) Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4) (d) A is false but R is true.

Ans Ans

(b) Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda) is
used to soften hard water. It reacts with the soluble
25. Give a scientific reason for each of the following
calcium and magnesium salts present in hard water
statements :
to form insoluble carbonates, which can be removed.
(a) Platinum, gold, and silver are used to make
22. Which of the following metals is highly reactive and jewellery.
must be stored under kerosene to prevent it from (b) Sodium and potassium are stored under oil.
reacting vigorously with air and moisture?
Ans
(a) Iron
(b) Copper (a) Platinum, gold, and silver are very unreactive
(c) Sodium metals and do not corrode or tarnish easily
(d) Gold when exposed to air and water. They are also
lustrous and malleable, making them ideal for
Ans
crafting jewellery.
(c) Sodium (b) Sodium and potassium are highly reactive
Sodium is a very reactive alkali metal. It reacts metals that react vigorously and exothermically
explosively with both the oxygen and moisture with oxygen and moisture in the air, often
present in the air. To prevent these reactions, it catching fire. Storing them under oil prevents
is stored submerged in an unreactive liquid like their contact with air.
kerosene.
page 190 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from (a) Total resistance in the circuit and
one medium to another. When light rays from a (b) Total current flowing in the circuit.
submerged object travel from water to air, they Ans :
bend away from the normal, making the object
appear closer to the surface. (a) 1 = 1 + 1
RA R1 R2
32. Assertion (A) : Myopia can be corrected by using a 1 = 1 + 1 = 5
concave lens. RA 10 40 40
Reason (R) : A concave lens converges the light rays
RA = 8 Ω
before they reach the eye lens, causing the image to
form on the retina. 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
Similarly,
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct RB R3 R 4 R5
explanation of A. 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 6
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct RB 30 20 60 60
explanation of A. RB = 10 Ω
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true. Total resistance R = RA + RB
Ans = 8 + 10 = 18 Ω

(c) A is true but R is false. (b) Total flowing current,
Assertion A is true. A concave lens is used to correct
I = V = 12 = 2 A
myopia However, Reason R is false. A concave R 18 3
lens is a diverging lens, so it diverges light rays to o
increase the focal length of the eye system, causing
B. A torch bulb is rated 5.0 V and 500 mA.
the image to form on the retina.
Calculate
33. Find the focal length of a lens of power –2 D. (i) its power,
A. Show the relation between power and focal (ii) resistance when it is lighted for four hours.
length. Ans :
B. State the type of lens.
Potential difference, V = 5.0 Volt
C. Give one use of such a lens.
Ans Current, I = 500 mA

A. f = 100/P = –50 cm. = 500 = 0.5 A

1000
B. Concave lens.
(i) Power, P = I#V
C. Used to correct myopia.
= 0.5 # 5 = 2.5 W

34. Attempt either option A or B.
A. If in figure A, R1 = 10 Ω , R2 = 40 Ω , R3 = 30 Ω, (ii) Resistance, R = V = 5 = 10 Ω
I 0.5
R 4 = 20 Ω , R5 = 60 Ω and a 12 V battery are
connected to the arrangement, calculate : 35. A beam of white light falling on a glass prism gets
split up into seven colours. A student makes the
statement :
(a) The colour at positions marked 1 and 3 are
similar to the colour of ‘turmeric’ and the
colour of ‘chilli powder’ respectively. Is the
above statement correct or incorrect ? Justify.
(b) Which two positions correspond to the colour of
solution of copper sulphate and signal used to
move the vehicles ?
(c) Light of colour of chilli powder bends the most
while the light of colour of brinjal bends the
least. Is the statement correct ? Justify.
SAMPLE PAPER 16

Ans Ans
A. The role of haemoglobin is to transport oxygen 1. Homologous Organs are those which have a
from the lungs to all the cells of the body for similar basic structural design and origin but
cellular respiration. It is a red-coloured protein perform different functions. Example : The
pigment found inside the Red Blood Cells forelimbs of a human, a bat, and a whale.
(RBCs). 2. Analogous Organs are those which have different
o basic structures and origins but perform similar
B. The small intestine has two key adaptations for functions. Example : The wings of a bird and
maximum absorption: the wings of an insect.
1. It is very long, providing a large surface Homologous organs provide better evidence of
area and time for absorption. a common ancestry, as the similarity in basic
structure suggests that the organisms evolved
2. Its inner lining is folded into millions of tiny,
from a common ancestor.
finger-like projections called villi, which
The diagram shows a single, highly coiled tubule
vastly increase the surface area available
which is a part of the human excretory system.
for the absorption of nutrients into the
bloodstream.

12. Suggest any four personal habits or practices you

would adopt to contribute towards the effective
management of waste in your neighborhood.
Ans
Four practices for effective waste management are:
1. Segregation : Separate biodegradable waste
(kitchen scraps) from non-biodegradable waste
(plastic, glass) at home.
2. Reduce and Reuse : Reduce consumption of
single-use items and reuse items like glass jars
and plastic containers whenever possible.
3. Composting : Create a compost pit for
biodegradable waste, which can be used as
manure for plants.
4. Recycling : Ensure that non-biodegradable
waste like paper, plastic, and glass is sent for
recycling instead of being thrown away.

13. Give one example of a plant hormone that is a

growth promoter and one that is a growth inhibitor.
State one key function of each.
15. Attempt either subpart A or B.
Ans
A. What is this coiled tubule called? What is its
(i) Growth Promoter : Auxin. primary function?
1. Function : It promotes cell elongation and o
is responsible for the growth of the plant B. Describe the first step of urine formation that
shoot towards light (phototropism). occurs in the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
(ii) Growth Inhibitor : Abscisic acid (ABA). C. What happens to the useful substances, such as
1. Function : It inhibits growth, promotes the glucose and amino acids, that are part of the
dormancy of seeds and buds, and causes the initial filtrate? Name this process.
wilting of leaves.
Ans
14. Differentiate between homologous and analogous
A. This coiled tubule is called a nephron : Its
organs. Which of the two provides better evidence primary function is to filter waste products
of a common ancestry? from the blood and produce urine.
page 192 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(iii) What is position of image, when object is place

at focus (f1) ?
o
(iv) What is the focal length of a lens for an object
placed 50 cm from the lens producing virtual
image at a distance of 10 cm in front of the lens.
Ans :
(i) When the object is at infinity, nature of the
image will be real, inverted, highly diminished,
point sized.
(ii) Virtual and erect
(iii) Infinity (iii) Soft iron core is used to make electromagnets as
o it gains and looses magnetism quickly.
(iv) The strength of an electromagnet can be
(iv) Given,
increased by:
Object distance, u =− 50 cm (a) increasing the current.
Image distance, v =− 10 cm (b) increasing the number of turns in the coil.
o
As we know that, 1-1 = 1
v u f B. (i) Write Joule’s law of heating.
(ii) Compute the heat generated while
-1 - 1 =1 transferring 96000 coulomb of charge in two
10 - 50 f
hours through a potential difference of 40V.
−5 + 1 = 1
50 f Ans :
(i) Joule’s Law of Heating : It states that the
f =− 50 amount of heat produced in a conductor is:
4
=− 12.5 cm (a) directly proportional to the square of
current flowing through it, i.e.,
39. Attempt either option A or B.
H ? l2
A. (i) What is an electromagnet? List any two
uses. (b) directly proportional to the resistance of
the conductor for a given current and time
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show how an
i.e.,
electromagnet is made.
(iii) State the purpose of soft iron core used in H ?R
making an electromagnet. (c) directly proportional to the time for which
(iv) List two ways of increasing the strength current is flowing through it, i.e.,
of an electromagnet, if the material of the
electromagnet is fixed H ?t
Ans : Combining these, we get

(i) An electromagnet refers to a magnetised solenoid H ? l2 Rt

which behaves like a magnet as long as electric or H l2 Rt
current passes through it. An electromagnet
consists of a long insulated copper wire wound (ii) Given,
around a soft iron core. V = 40V , Q = 96000 C
The electromagnets are used in electric motors,
electric bells, loudspeakers, etc. Heat generated, H = V.Q.
(ii) Electromagnet diagram: = 40 # 96000

= 3.84 # 106 J

**********
SAMPLE PAPER 17

Sample Paper 17
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. The protozoan Leishmania, which causes the disease

SECTION-A kala-azar, reproduces asexually by binary fission.
What is a distinguishing feature of its division
process?
1. During photosynthesis, plants convert light energy (a) It divides into multiple daughter cells at once.
into chemical energy stored in glucose. Which gas is (b) It occurs in a definite longitudinal plane due to
released into the atmosphere as a major by-product its whip-like flagellum.
of this vital process? (c) It can divide in any plane, similar to Amoeba.
(a) Carbon Monoxide (d) It only divides after forming a protective cyst
(b) Oxygen around itself.
(c) Nitrogen Ans
(d) Hydrogen (b) It occurs in a definite orientation due to its
Ans whip-like structure.
Unlike Amoeba, Leishmania has a more defined
(b) Oxygen body structure with a flagellum at one end.
In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, Therefore, its binary fission must occur along a
water molecules (H2O) are split to provide electrons specific longitudinal axis to ensure both daughter
and protons. This process, called photolysis, cells are properly formed.
releases oxygen gas (O2) as a waste product into the
atmosphere. 4. In genetics, what is the fundamental unit of heredity
that is transferred from a parent to offspring and
2. Which gland in the human body has a dual function, determines some characteristic of the offspring?
acting as both an endocrine gland (releasing (a) Allele
hormones into the blood) and an exocrine gland (b) Genotype
(releasing enzymes into a duct)? (c) Gene
(a) Thyroid Gland (d) Trait
(b) Adrenal Gland
Ans
(c) Pituitary Gland
(c) Gene
(d) Pancreas
A gene is a specific segment of DNA that provides
Ans the instructions for building a particular protein
(d) Pancreas or functional RNA molecule. These proteins are
The pancreas produces hormones like insulin and responsible for expressing specific traits, making the
glucagon, which are released directly into the gene the basic unit of heredity.
bloodstream (endocrine function). It also produces 5. What is considered the most effective and
digestive enzymes that travel through the pancreatic
environmentally sound method for managing non-
duct to the small intestine (exocrine function).
biodegradable wastes such as plastics, glass, and
metals?
page 194 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(a) Burying them deep underground in landfills. (b) To provide cushioning and act as a shock
(b) Burning them at high temperatures in absorber for the brain.
incinerators. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds the
(c) Following the principle of Reduce, Reuse, and delicate brain and spinal cord, acting as a liquid
Recycle. cushion that protects them from mechanical injury
(d) Disposing of them in oceans and large water and sudden jolts. It also helps in nourishing the
bodies. brain and removing waste products.
Ans 8. Assertion(A) : A flower is the reproductive unit of
(c) Following the principle of Reduce, Reuse, and an angiosperm.
Recycle. Reason (R) : It contains the reproductive organs :
Since non-biodegradable wastes persist in the the stamen (male part) and the pistil (female part).
environment, the best approach is to minimize (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
their generation (Reduce), use items multiple times explanation of A.
(Reuse), and reprocess the material to make new (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
items (Recycle). explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
6. Consider the following statements about the (d) A is false but R is true.
mechanism of breathing in humans :
(i) During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and Ans
moves downwards. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(ii) The contraction of rib muscles during inhalation explanation of A.
lifts the ribs and expands the chest cavity. The primary biological function of a flower is
(iii) During exhalation, the diaphragm and rib reproduction. The reason correctly identifies that
muscles relax, decreasing the chest cavity this is because the flower possesses the essential
volume. male (stamen) and female (pistil) organs where
(iv) The decrease in chest volume during exhalation gametes are produced.
increases the pressure inside, forcing air out of 9. Assertion (A) : The wing of a bird and the wing of
the lungs. an insect are considered analogous organs.
Which of the above statements are correct? Reason (R) : Analogous organs are structures that
(a) (i) and (ii) only have the same evolutionary origin but perform
(b) (iii) and (iv) only different functions.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) only (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) All are correct. explanation of A.
Ans (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (c) A is true but R is false.
All four statements accurately describe the process (d) A is false but R is true.
of breathing. Inhalation is an active process of
expanding the chest cavity to draw air in, while Ans
exhalation at rest is a passive process of relaxing the (c) A is true but R is false.
muscles to force air out. The assertion is true; both wings are used for flight
7. The central nervous system is protected by a but are structurally very different. The reason
provides an incorrect definition. Analogous organs
fluid that fills the space between the meninges
have different evolutionary origins but perform a
(membranes). What is a primary function of this
similar function.
cerebrospinal fluid?
(a) To generate nerve impulses. 10. Herbivorous animals like cows have a longer small
(b) To provide cushioning and act as a shock intestine than carnivorous animals like tigers.
absorber for the brain. Provide a biological reason for this difference.
(c) To produce hormones that regulate sleep cycles.
Ans
(d) To connect the brain to the spinal cord.
Herbivores feed on plants, which are rich in cellulose.
Ans
The digestion of cellulose is a slow and complex
SAMPLE PAPER 17

Ans
=2Ω =1Ω

8 4
Here, R1 = 1 Ω , R2 = 2 Ω
R eq = 4 Ω
The resistance are connected in the series
Now, two 4 Ω resistors are in series. combination hence the equivalent resistance is given
So, total resistance, by
RTotal = 4 Ω + 4 Ω = 8 Ω R = R1 + R2 = 1 + 2 = 3 Ω
Total current,
I =V = 3 = 1A
R 3
ITotal =V = 2 = 1 A
R 8 4 Ammeter reading = 1 A
Voltage across equivalent resistance of two 8 Ω
resistors Voltmeter Reading = IR = 1 # 2 = 2 V
Voltmeter reading = 2 V
V = ITotal
R eq
37. What would be the reading of ammeter and
= 1 #4 = 1V
voltmeter in the given circuit?
4
35. A star appears on the horizon. What is the true
position of the star ? Explain with the help of a
diagram.
Ans
True position of the star is below the horizon.
Incident rays from star, travel through earth’s
atmosphere and reach observer’s eye. These
incident rays travel from rarer atmosphere to denser
atmosphere and bend towards the normal. Thus,
they appear to come from different position which
is slightly upwards.
Ans

Here, R1 = 1 Ω , R2 = 2 Ω
The resistance are connected in the series
combination hence the equivalent resistance is given
by
R = R1 + R2 = 1 + 2 = 3 Ω

I =V = 3 = 1A
R 3

36. What would be the reading of ammeter and Ammeter reading = 1 A

voltmeter in the given circuit? Voltmeter Reading = IR = 1 # 2 = 2 V
Voltmeter reading = 2 V

38. Is there a relationship between the radius of curvature

A. Name the primary site of gaseous exchange in together so that they will continue their
the lungs. Describe two structural features of growth as a single plant.
this site that facilitate this exchange. (ii) Two common examples are Mango and
o Apple.
B. Explain the mechanism of inhalation, mentioning (iii) Two desirable characteristics that can be
the roles of the rib cage and diaphragm. combined are :
C. Why does the air get warmed and moistened as 1. A high-quality fruit-producing part
it passes through the nasal passage? (scion) can be grafted onto a root
system (stock) that is resistant to
Ans diseases.
A. The primary site of gaseous exchange is the 2. A scion from a plant that produces
alveoli. Two structural features that facilitate excellent flowers can be grafted onto a
exchange are: stock that is well-adapted to the local
1. Thin Walls : The alveoli have extremely soil conditions.
thin walls (one-cell thick) which reduces the o
diffusion distance for gases. B. (i) Puberty is the period of life when a person’s
2. Rich Blood Supply : They are surrounded body undergoes changes to become sexually
by a dense network of blood capillaries, mature and capable of reproduction. Two
ensuring efficient transport of gases to and common changes are the growth of hair in
from the blood. the armpits and pubic region, and the skin
o becoming more oily.
B. During inhalation, the muscles between the ribs (ii) The scrotum holds the testes outside the
contract, lifting the ribs up and outwards, and main abdominal cavity. This keeps the
the diaphragm contracts and flattens. Both temperature of the testes 2-3°C lower than
actions increase the volume inside the chest the body temperature, which is essential for
cavity. This expansion lowers the pressure inside the production of healthy sperm.
the lungs compared to the outside atmosphere, (iii) A zygote is the single diploid cell formed by
causing air to rush in. the fusion of a sperm and an egg. A fetus is a
C. The nasal passage is lined with a mucous later stage of embryonic development, where
membrane that has a rich supply of blood all the major body parts are recognizably
vessels. As air passes over this warm, moist developed, typically from about the 8th
surface, it picks up heat and water vapour. This week of pregnancy until birth.
ensures that the air reaching the delicate lungs
is warm, moist, and filtered of dust particles.

16. Attempt either option A or B.

SECTION-B
A. (i) What is meant by grafting in plants?
17. A chemical reaction in which a single compound
(ii) Name two plants that are commonly
propagated using this technique. breaks down to give two or more simpler substances
(iii) List two desirable characteristics that can is known as a :
be combined in a plant through grafting. (a) Combination reaction
o (b) Decomposition reaction
B. (i) What is puberty? List two changes common (c) Displacement reaction
to both boys and girls during this period. (d) Redox reaction
(ii) What is the function of the scrotum in the Ans
human male?
(iii) Differentiate between a zygote and a fetus. (b) Decomposition reaction
A decomposition reaction is defined as a reaction
Ans
where one reactant breaks down into two or more
A. (i) Grafting is a technique of vegetative products. This process often requires an input of
propagation where parts of two different energy in the form of heat, light, or electricity.
plants (the scion and the stock) are joined
SAMPLE PAPER 17

18. Which gas is typically produced when a dilute acid, Ans

such as hydrochloric acid, reacts with an active (d) An antacid
metal like zinc? A yellowish-orange colour on pH paper indicates
(a) Oxygen an acidic solution (pH around 4-5). To change the
(b) Hydrogen colour to greenish-blue (indicating a basic pH of
(c) Chlorine 8-9), a basic substance must be added. An antacid
(d) Carbon dioxide is a mild base.
Ans 22. The most abundant metal in the earth’s crust is
(b) Hydrogen aluminium. Its chief ore, from which it is extracted,
When an acid reacts with a metal that is more is :
reactive than hydrogen, it displaces hydrogen from (a) Cinnabar
the acid to form a metal salt and hydrogen gas. (b) Calamine
The general reaction is : Acid + Metal ® Salt + (c) Haematite
Hydrogen gas. (d) Bauxite

19. The property of metals by which they can be beaten Ans

into thin sheets is called : (d) Bauxite
(a) Ductility Bauxite, with the chemical formula Al 2 O 3 $ 2H 2 O
(b) Malleability , is the primary ore of aluminium. Haematite is an
(c) Sonority ore of iron, Calamine is an ore of zinc, and Cinnabar
(d) Conductivity is an ore of mercury.

Ans 23. For the rusting of an iron object to occur, the

presence of which of the following is essential?
(b) Malleability
(a) Air only
Malleability is the physical property of metals that
allows them to be hammered, pressed, or rolled into (b) Water only
thin sheets without breaking. Ductility is the ability (c) Both air (oxygen) and water
to be drawn into wires. (d) Either air or water

20. Vinegar is a commonly used condiment in kitchens Ans

and for food preservation. It is a dilute aqueous (c) Both air (oxygen) and water
solution of : Rusting is the corrosion of iron. It is an oxidation
(a) Formic acid process that requires the presence of both oxygen
(b) Ethanoic acid (from the air) and water (or water vapour/moisture)
(c) Sulphuric acid to form hydrated iron(III) oxide, commonly known
(d) Tartaric acid as rust.
Ans 24. Assertion (A) : Detergents are more effective
(b) Ethanoic acid cleaning agents than soaps when used in hard water.
Vinegar is essentially a 5-8% solution of ethanoic Reason (R) : The charged ends of detergents do not
acid (CH3COOH), also known as acetic acid, in form insoluble precipitates with the calcium and
water. This gives it its characteristic sour taste and magnesium ions in hard water.
acidic properties. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
21. A sample of soil is mixed with water and allowed
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
to settle. The clear supernatant solution turns the
explanation of A.
pH paper yellowish-orange. Which of the following
would change the colour of this pH paper to (c) A is true but R is false.
greenish-blue? (d) A is false but R is true.
(a) Lemon juice Ans
(b) Vinegar
(c) Common salt (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) An antacid explanation of A.
page 198 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

25. What is the main difference between a displacement (iii) The bond is formed by the transfer of
reaction and a double displacement reaction? Write electrons from a metal (X) to a non-metal
one example equation for each. (Y). Therefore, the nature of the bond is
ionic.
Ans
o
In a displacement reaction, a more reactive element
B. An ionic bond is the chemical bond formed
displaces a less reactive element from its compound
through the complete transfer of one or more
Only one element is displaced
valence electrons from a metal atom to a
Example :
non-metal atom, resulting in the formation of
Fe (s) + CuSO 4 (aq) " FeSO 4 (aq) + Cu (s) oppositely charged ions that are held together
In a double displacement reaction, there is an by strong electrostatic forces.
exchange of ions between two reactant compounds Two properties of ionic compounds are:
to form two new compounds. 1. They are generally hard, crystalline solids
Example : due to the strong forces of attraction
Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + BaCl 2 (aq) " BaSO 4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq) between ions.
2. They have high melting and boiling points.
26. Attempt either option A or B. (Also acceptable : They are usually soluble
A. An element ‘X’ has an atomic number of 12, in water and conduct electricity in molten or
and an element ‘Y’ has an atomic number of 17. aqueous state).
(i) Write the electronic configuration for both
27. A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for whitewashing.
‘X’ and ‘Y’.
(a) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its chemical
(ii) Show the formation of a bond between ‘X’
formula.
and ‘Y’ using electron-dot structures.
(iii) What is the nature of the bond formed? (b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the
reaction of substance ‘X’ with water.
o
(c) Explain why a shiny finish appears on the walls
B. What is an ionic bond? List any two properties
two to three days after whitewashing.
of compounds formed by ionic bonds.
Ans Ans

A. (i) Electronic configuration of X (Magnesium) (a) The substance ‘X’ is Quicklime. Its chemical
: 2, 8, 2 formula is CaO (Calcium Oxide).
Electronic configuration of Y (Chlorine) : 2, (b) Quicklime reacts vigorously with water to
8, 7 produce slaked lime (calcium hydroxide).
(ii) X will lose 2 electrons to form X2+ and each CaO (s) + H 2 O (l) " Ca (OH) 2 (aq) + Heat
of the two Y atoms will gain one electron to
(c) The calcium hydroxide applied to the walls
form Y- .
reacts slowly with the carbon dioxide (CO2) in
the air. This forms a thin, hard layer of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3), which has a shiny finish.

28. Ethanol is a colourless liquid, soluble in water, and

has various industrial and commercial uses. It is
often produced by the fermentation of sugars.
(a) What happens when ethanol is heated with an
alkaline solution of potassium permanganate?
Name this type of reaction.
(b) What is observed when a small piece of sodium is
dropped into ethanol? Write the corresponding
chemical equation.
o
(b) The consumption of alcohol can have serious
health consequences. List any two harmful
effects of drinking alcohol.
SAMPLE PAPER 17

process that requires the help of symbiotic bacteria. (iii) Medulla

A longer small intestine provides a larger surface
Ans
area and more time for the complete digestion
and absorption of nutrients from this fibrous diet.
Carnivores eat meat, which is easier to digest, so
they have a shorter small intestine.

11. Student to attempt either option A or B.

A. What is the composition of blood plasma?
o
B. List two key differences between autotrophic
and heterotrophic nutrition.
Ans
A. Blood plasma is the pale yellow, liquid matrix
of blood. It consists of about 90% water and
10% dissolved substances, including proteins
(i) Cerebrum : The largest part of the brain,
(like albumin and fibrinogen), glucose, mineral
responsible for thinking, memory, and voluntary
ions, hormones, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous
actions.
wastes.
(ii) Cerebellum : Located at the back, responsible
o
for posture, balance, and coordinating voluntary
B. movements.
(iii) Medulla : The lowest part of the brainstem,
Autotrophic Heterotrophic
controlling involuntary actions like breathing
Nutrition Nutrition
and heartbeat.
1. Organisms synthesize Organisms obtain pre-
their own food from prepared organic food 14. “Evolution should not be equated with progress from
simple inorganic from other organisms. ‘lower’ to ‘higher’ forms.” Justify this statement.
raw materials (CO2,
Ans
water).
This statement is justified because evolution is
2. Chlorophyll and Chlorophyll and
simply the generation of diversity and the shaping
sunlight are required. sunlight are not
of that diversity by environmental selection. It does
required.
not follow a straight line towards advancement. For
3. Example : Green Example : Animals, example, bacteria have a very simple body design
plants, algae. fungi. compared to humans, but they are still one of the
most successful and widespread life forms, having
12. What is ozone? How does the ozone layer protect survived for billions of years in diverse habitats.
organisms on Earth? Name a class of synthetic This shows that complexity does not equal progress
chemicals responsible for its depletion. in evolutionary terms.
Ans 15. A patient visits a doctor complaining of shortness of
Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of breath. The doctor examines his respiratory system.
oxygen. The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects
organisms by absorbing most of the harmful high-
frequency ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
This radiation can cause skin cancer, cataracts, and
other health issues. A class of chemicals responsible
for its depletion is Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

13. Draw a neat diagram of the human brain and label

the following parts :
(i) Cerebrum
(ii) Cerebellum
page 200 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

31. What is the reason for the advanced sunrise and (a) Total resistance of the network of resistors
delayed sunset phenomenon? (b) Current through ammeter A
(a) Scattering of light Ans :
(b) Total internal reflection
(c) Atmospheric refraction (a) In the given circuit diagram 4 Ω and 2 Ω
resistances are connected in series combination
(d) Dispersion of light
and 3 Ω and 3 Ω resistance are also connected
Ans
in the series combination.
(c) Atmospheric refraction
Atmospheric refraction causes light from the sun R1 = 4 + 2 = 6 Ω
to bend as it enters the atmosphere. This bending R2 = 3 + 3 = 6 Ω
allows us to see the sun slightly before it has risen
Now the equivalent resistance of circuit
above the horizon and slightly after it has set.
1 = 1 + 1
32. Assertion (A) : The power of a concave lens is R eq R1 R2
negative.
Reason (R) : A concave lens is a diverging lens, =1+1 =2

6 6 6
which means its focal length is negative.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct R eq = 6 = 3 Ω
2
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct (b) According to ohm’s law,
explanation of A. V = IR eq
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true. I = V = 6 = 2A
R eq 3
Ans
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct o
explanation of A. B. Study the given electric circuit and calculate:
The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length. (i) the current flowing through the 4 Ω resister
Since a concave lens has a negative focal length (it’s and
a diverging lens), its power is also negative. The (ii) potential difference across the combination
reason correctly explains this relationship. of two resistor of 8 Ω each.
33. A doctor prescribes a corrective lens of power +1.5 D.
A. Find the focal length.
B. Identify whether the lens is converging or
diverging.
C. State which eye defect it corrects.
Ans
A. f = 100/1.5 = 66.7 cm.
B. Convex lens (converging).
C. hypermetropia.

34. Attempt either option A or B.

A. n the given circuit, find : Ans :
(i) As we know that,
V = IR
2V = I # 4 Ω
I = 0.5 A
(ii) Two 8 Ω resistors are in parallel, so then
equivalent resistance.
1 =1+1
R eq 8 8
SAMPLE PAPER 17

Ans o
(a) When ethanol is heated with alkaline potassium B. (a) Diagram of Electrolytic Refining of Copper:
permanganate (a strong oxidising agent), it is
oxidised to ethanoic acid. This is an oxidation
reaction.
(b) When a small piece of sodium is dropped into
ethanol, a brisk effervescence is observed due to
the evolution of hydrogen gas.
Equation :
2CH 3 CH 2 OH (l) + 2Na (s) "

2CH 3 CH 2 ONa (aq) + H 2 (g)

^Sοdium ethoxideh
o
(b) Two harmful effects of drinking alcohol are: The diagram should show a tank containing
1. It damages the liver, leading to conditions electrolyte, with two electrodes dipped in
like fatty liver and cirrhosis. it and connected to a battery. The anode
2. It acts as a depressant on the central should be shown as a thick, impure rod, and
nervous system, impairing judgment, the cathode as a thin, pure strip. Impurities
coordination, and reaction time, which can should be shown settling below the anode
lead to accidents. as ‘anode mud’.
(b) 1. Anode : A thick rod of impure copper.
29. Attempt either option A or B. 2. Cathode : A thin strip of pure copper.
A. (a) What is a homologous series? 3. Electrolyte : An acidified aqueous
(b) Write the name and formula of the fourth solution of a copper salt, such as copper
member of the alkane homologous series. sulphate (CuSO4).
(c) Write the name and draw the structure of
an aldehyde with 4 carbon atoms.
(d) Name the process by which vegetable oils SECTION-C
are converted into solid fats (vanaspati
ghee).
30. A student is analyzing the relationship between
o
object distance, image distance, and focal length
B. (a) Draw a neat, labelled diagram showing the for spherical mirrors and makes the following
electrolytic refining of an impure copper statements:
rod. I. The mirror formula is given by 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
(b) In this process, what is used as the anode,
the cathode, and the electrolyte? II. The magnification formula is m = h’/h =− v/u

Ans III. Both formulas are valid for plane mirrors as

well.
A. (a) A homologous series is a series of organic
Choose from the following the correct option that
compounds with the same functional group
lists the correct statements.
and similar chemical properties, in which
(a) I and II
successive members differ by a - CH 2
(b) I and III
group.
(c) I, II and III
(b) The fourth member of the alkane series (
(d) II and III
C n H 2n + 2 ) has 4 carbon atoms. Its name is
Butane and its formula is C4H10. Ans
(c) The aldehyde with 4 carbon atoms is (a) I and II
Butanal.
The mirror formula and magnification formula are
Structure : CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CHO correct for spherical mirrors. They are not explicitly
(d) The process is called Hydrogenation. used for plane mirrors because the image distance
is always equal and opposite to the object distance.
page 202 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(ii) For which type of mirrors above relation is the plane which is perpendicular to the wire
verified? carrying current.
Attempt either subpart C or D. (iv) Right hand thumb rule : The thumb is
(iii) What should be size of the aperture ? aligned to the direction of the current
and the direction in which the fingers are
o
wrapped around the wire will give the
(iv) Where is the principle focus of a spherical direction of the magnetic field.
mirror lies? o
Ans : B. Give reasons for the following:
(i) R = 2f (i) There is either a convergence or a divergence
(ii) Spherical of magnetic field lines near the ends of a
(iii) Small current carrying straight solenoid.
(ii) The current carrying solenoid when
o
suspended freely rests along a particular
(iv) Midway between the pole and centre of direction.
curvature (iii) The burnt out fuse should be replaced by
another fuse of identical rating.
39. Attempt either option A or B.
Ans :
A. PQ is a current carrying conductor in the plane
of the paper as shown in the figure below. B. (i) Magnetic field lines diverge from N-pole
and converge at S-pole because strength of
magnetic field is higher near the poles.
(ii) Current carrying solenoid acts as a bar
magnet which rests in North-south direction
when suspended freely.
(iii) The burnt out fuse cannot be reused. Also,
if a fuse with larger rating is used, the fuse
wire will melt and hence would fail to serve
the required purpose. So, new fuse of same
rating should be used for electrical safety.
(i) Find the directions of the magnetic fields
produced by it at points R and S ? Given
r1 2 r2, where will the strength of the
magnetic field be larger? Give reasons.
(ii) Field strength at which point will be
greater?
(iii) If the polarity of the battery connected
to the wire is reversed, how would the
direction of the magnetic field be changed?
**********
(iv) Explain the rule that is used to find the
direction of the magnetic field for a straight
current carrying conductor.
Ans :
A. (i) The magnetic field lines produced is into
the plane of the paper at R and out of it at
S.
(ii) Field at S 2 Field at P . Magnetic field
strength for a straight current carrying
conductor is inversely proportional to the
distance from the wire.
(iii) The current will flow from top to bottom
in the wire shown and the magnetic field
lines are now in the clockwise direction on
SAMPLE PAPER 18

Sample Paper 18
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(c) Production of urine and secretion of seminal

SECTION-A fluid.
(d) Production of testosterone and storage of
1. In the pulmonary circuit of the human circulatory sperm.
system, which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood Ans
from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart?
(b) Production of sperm and secretion of
(a) Aorta
testosterone.
(b) Superior Vena Cava The testes have dual functions : they produce the
(c) Pulmonary Artery male gametes (sperm) in the seminiferous tubules
(d) Pulmonary Vein and they secrete the male sex hormone, testosterone,
which is responsible for developing secondary sexual
Ans
characteristics.
(d) Pulmonary Vein
The pulmonary vein is an exception among veins. 4. In Mendelian genetics, what is the term used to
While most veins carry deoxygenated blood, the describe the first generation of offspring produced
pulmonary vein carries freshly oxygenated blood by crossing two pure-bred parent organisms with
from the lungs to the left atrium, from where it will contrasting traits?
be pumped to the rest of the body. (a) P generation
(b) F1 generation
2. The growth of a plant shoot towards a source of light (c) F2 generation
is an example of which type of tropic movement? (d) Hybrid generation
(a) Positive phototropism
Ans
(b) Negative phototropism
(c) Positive geotropism (b) F1 generation
(d) Negative geotropism The parental generation is denoted as ‘P’. The first
filial generation, abbreviated as F1, consists of the
Ans direct offspring from the cross of the P generation
(a) Positive phototropism parents. The F2 generation is produced by self-
pollinating the F1 generation.
Phototropism is a plant’s directional growth in
response to light. A plant shoot grows towards light 5. Waste can be categorized based on its source. Which
to maximize its ability to perform photosynthesis, of the following is an example of agricultural waste?
and this movement towards the stimulus is called (a) Discarded electronic devices
positive phototropism. (b) Plastic food wrappers
3. What are the two primary functions of the testes in (c) Used hospital syringes
the human male reproductive system? (d) Crop husks and cattle dung
(a) Production of eggs and secretion of oestrogen. Ans
(b) Production of sperm and secretion of
(d) Crop husks and cattle dung
testosterone.
page 204 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Agricultural waste consists of unwanted materials (c) A is true but R is false.

produced from farming activities. This includes (d) A is false but R is true.
organic materials like crop residues (husks, straw)
Ans
and animal manure, which are biodegradable.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
6. Consider the following statements about plant explanation of A.
hormones (phytohormones) : Arteries must withstand the high pressure of blood
(i) Auxins promote cell elongation and are being forcefully pumped from the heart. Their thick,
responsible for phototropism. muscular, and elastic walls allow them to stretch
(ii) Gibberellins play a role in stem elongation and and recoil with each heartbeat, maintaining blood
breaking seed dormancy. pressure and flow.
(iii) Cytokinins are primarily involved in promoting
9. Assertion (A) : Sexual reproduction is generally a
cell division.
more time-consuming and complex process than
(iv) Abscisic acid is a growth-promoting hormone
asexual reproduction.
that helps in flowering.
Reason (R) : Sexual reproduction is an extremely
Which of the above statements are correct? fast method of multiplication.
(a) (i) and (iv) only (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) only explanation of A.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(d) All are correct. explanation of A.
Ans (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii)
Auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins are primarily Ans
growth promoters with the specified functions. (c) A is true but R is false.
Statement (iv) is incorrect because Abscisic acid
The assertion is true; sexual reproduction involves
(ABA) is a growth-inhibiting hormone associated
finding a mate, gamete formation, and fertilization,
with dormancy and stress responses.
which is generally slower than asexual methods
7. The human kidney is composed of approximately like fission or budding. The reason is false; asexual
one million microscopic filtering units that are reproduction is the faster method of multiplication.
responsible for the formation of urine. What is this 10. Plants lack a specialised excretory system like
structural and functional unit of the kidney called? animals, yet they produce waste products. Justify
(a) Neuron this statement by explaining two ways plants
(b) Alveolus manage to get rid of their waste.
(c) Nephron
(d) Villus Ans

Ans Plants manage waste disposal in simpler ways than

animals:
(c) Nephron 1. Gaseous Waste Removal : They release gaseous
The nephron is the tiny tubular structure in the wastes like oxygen (from photosynthesis) and
kidney that filters blood, selectively reabsorbs carbon dioxide (from respiration) into the
necessary substances, and secretes waste products atmosphere through stomata on leaves and
to produce urine. It is the fundamental unit of the lenticels on stems.
excretory system. 2. Storing and Shedding : They store many solid
and liquid wastes in cell vacuoles or in tissues
8. Assertion (A) : The walls of arteries are thicker and
like old leaves, bark, or fruits. These parts are
more elastic than the walls of veins.
then shed from the plant, effectively removing
Reason (R) : In arteries, blood flows under high
the waste.
pressure as it is pumped from the heart.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct 11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
explanation of A. A. State the role of (i) bile juice and (ii) trypsin in
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct the human digestive system.
explanation of A.
SAMPLE PAPER 18

35. Why is Tyndall effect shown by colloidal particles ?

State four instances of observing the Tyndall effect.
Ans
Tyndall effect is shown by colloidal particles as they
scatter light.
Scattering of light is the change in the direction of
light on striking an obstacle (atom, molecule, dust
particles, smoke, water droplets etc.). When a beam
of light strikes such fine particles, the path of light
becomes visible. The phenomenon of scattering of
light by colloidal particles is Tyndall effect.
Four instances where we can observe Tyndall’s Ans
effect are : (a) Since the three resistances, shown in the circuit
1. When a fine beam of sunlight enters a smoke have been joined in parallel, hence voltage
filled room, smoke particles become visible due across each of them is same having a value 6 V.
to scattering of light by these particles. Current I1 through resistance R1 = 5 Ω ,
2. When sunlight passes through a canopy of a
I1 = V = 6 = 1.2 A
dense forest, tiny water droplets in the water R1 5
scatter light. Current I2 through resistance R2 = 10 Ω ,
3. Milk is a colloid that contains globules of fat
and protein. When a beam of light is directed I2 = V = 6 = 0.6 A
R2 10
at a glass of milk the light is scattered. That is
and current I3 through resistance R3 = 30 Ω ,
a great example of the Tyndall effect.
4. Blue colour of clear sky : The scattering of blue I3 = V = 6 = 0.2 A
R3 30
component of white an light by air molecules
present in the atmosphere causes the blue (b) Total current in the circuit
colour of the sky. I = I1 + I2 + I3
= 1.2 + 0.6 + 0.2 = 2.0 A
(c) Total effective resistance of the circuit

R eq = V = 6 = 3.0 Ω
I 2.0
37. A student places an object at infinity in front of a
convex lens. He claims the image is formed at the
focus.
(i) Is the statement correct?
(ii) What is the nature of the image?
Ans :
(i) Yes, correct. For an object at infinity, image is
formed at focus.
(ii) Image is real, inverted, and highly diminished
(a point image).

38. “Change in path of a light ray as it passes from one

medium to another medium is called refraction of
light.”
36. For the circuit diagram given below, calculate :
When light travels from a rarer medium to a denser
one, it bends towards the normal ^i > r h and when
(a) the value of current through each resistor.
(b) the total current in the circuit.
travels from a denser medium to a rarer one. it
(c) the total effective resistance of the circuit. bends away from the normal ^i < r h .
Where, i = Angle of incidence
page 206 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans undifferentiated cell masses, is not possible

A. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to as different cell types cannot be generated
the entire body, which requires generating very this way.
high pressure to travel long distances. The right o
ventricle only needs to pump deoxygenated B. (i) A diagram of the L.S. of a flower should
blood to the nearby lungs, which requires much be drawn, labelling sepals, petals, stamen
less pressure. Therefore, the left ventricle has a (anther, filament), and pistil/carpel
thicker muscular wall. (stigma, style, ovary).
o (ii) After landing on a suitable stigma, the
B. The septum is a muscular wall that completely pollen grain germinates. It grows a pollen
separates the oxygenated blood on the left side tube that travels down through the style
of the heart from the deoxygenated blood on to reach the ovule in the ovary. The male
the right side. This separation is crucial for an gamete moves through this tube to reach
efficient supply of oxygen to the body. the female gamete.
C. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the (iii) After fertilization:
right atrium ® right ventricle ® pulmonary 1. The ovule develops into the seed.
artery ® lungs. In the lungs, it gets oxygenated 2. The ovary develops into the fruit.
and returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein
into the left atrium ® left ventricle ® aorta,
which then distributes it to the entire body. SECTION-B
16. Attempt either option A or B.
A. (i) Describe the process of budding in Hydra. 17. In the reaction
(ii) Draw a series of labelled diagrams to MnO 2 + 4HCl " MnCl 2 + 2H 2 O + Cl 2 ,
illustrate this process. Which substance is oxidized?
(iii) Why can’t complex multicellular organisms
(a) MnO2 (b) HCl
like humans reproduce by budding?
o (c) MnCl2 (d) H2O
B. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the longitudinal Ans
section of a flower. (b) HCl
(ii) What happens to the pollen grain after it Oxidation is the loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen.
lands on a suitable stigma? In this reaction, HCl loses hydrogen to form Cl2.
(iii) What is the fate of the ovule and ovary Therefore, HCl is oxidized. Conversely, MnO2 loses
after fertilization? oxygen and is reduced.
Ans
18. Which of the following is a strong mineral acid?
A. (i) In Hydra, due to repeated cell division (a) Acetic acid
at one specific site, a bud develops as (b) Citric acid
an outgrowth on the parent’s body. This (c) Sulphuric acid
bud gradually grows into a miniature (d) Lactic acid
individual. When fully mature, it detaches
from the parent body and becomes a new, Ans
independent organism. (c) Sulphuric acid
(ii) A series of diagrams should be drawn Mineral acids are derived from inorganic minerals.
showing : Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is a strong mineral acid.
1. A parent Hydra. Acetic, citric, and lactic acids are organic acids,
2. A small bud appearing on its side. which are generally weaker than mineral acids.
3. The bud growing larger with tentacles.
4. The mature bud detaching. 19. Carbon is a non-metal that can exist in different
(iii) Complex organisms have a high degree of forms called allotropes. Which allotrope of carbon
cell and tissue specialisation. Reproduction is a good conductor of electricity?
is carried out by specialised reproductive (a) Diamond (b) Graphite
cells and organs. Budding, which involves (c) Fullerene (d) Coal
SAMPLE PAPER 18

Ans 23. The law of conservation of mass states that mass

(b) Graphite can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three reaction. This is the fundamental principle behind :
other carbon atoms, leaving one free electron (a) Writing the physical states of reactants.
per atom. These free electrons are able to move (b) Balancing chemical equations.
throughout the structure, allowing graphite to (c) Naming chemical compounds.
conduct electricity. (d) Predicting the speed of a reaction.

20. The characteristic properties of carboxylic acids are Ans

due to the presence of which functional group? (b) Balancing chemical equations.
(a) –OH (Hydroxyl) Chemical equations are balanced to ensure that the
(b) –CHO (Aldehyde) number of atoms of each element on the reactant side
(c) C=O (Ketone) is equal to the number of atoms of that element on
the product side, satisfying the law of conservation
(d) –COOH (Carboxyl)
of mass.
Ans
24. Assertion (A) : An iron nail placed in a copper
(d) –COOH (Carboxyl)
sulphate solution turns brownish in colour.
The carboxyl group (–COOH) is the functional
Reason (R) : Iron is more reactive than copper and
group that defines carboxylic acids. It consists of a
displaces it from its salt solution.
carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (–OH)
attached to the same carbon atom. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
21. Baking powder, used to make cakes soft and (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
spongy, is a mixture of baking soda (sodium explanation of A.
hydrogencarbonate) and a mild, edible acid. A (c) A is true but R is false.
common acid used for this is : (d) A is false but R is true.
(a) Hydrochloric acid
Ans
(b) Sulphuric acid
(c) Tartaric acid (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(d) Nitric acid
This is a classic example of a single displacement
Ans reaction According to the reactivity series, iron (Fe)
(c) Tartaric acid is more reactive than copper (Cu). When an iron
Tartaric acid is a mild, edible acid mixed with nail is dipped in a blue copper sulphate ( CuSO 4 )
baking soda to make baking powder. It reacts with solution, the more reactive iron displaces the copper,
the sodium carbonate produced during heating, forming iron sulphate ( FeSO 4 ) and solid copper.
neutralizing its bitter taste. This reddish-brown copper metal gets deposited on
the nail, causing the color change.
22. Solder is an alloy with a low melting point, making
25. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction?
it ideal for welding electrical wires together. Solder
Explain with the help of a suitable chemical
is an alloy of which two metals?
equation.
(a) Lead and Tin
(b) Copper and Zinc Ans
(c) Copper and Tin A precipitation reaction is a type of chemical
(d) Iron and Chromium reaction in which two soluble salt solutions are
mixed, resulting in the formation of an insoluble
Ans solid product. This insoluble solid is called a
(a) Lead and Tin precipitate.
Solder is an alloy composed of lead (Pb) and tin Example : When an aqueous solution of silver nitrate
(Sn). Its low melting point allows it to be easily is added to an aqueous solution of sodium chloride,
melted to join metal parts, and it solidifies upon a white precipitate of silver chloride is formed.
cooling to form a strong electrical connection. AgNO 3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) " AgCl (s) + NaNO 3 (aq)
page 208 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

26. Attempt either option A or B. makes them suitable for making bells that can
A. (i) What are structural isomers? be heard from a distance.
(ii) Draw the two structural isomers of butane (b) Metals are good conductors of heat. To prevent
(C4H10). heat from reaching the hand, handles are made
o of insulators like plastic or wood, which are
B. Draw the electron-dot structure for the following poor conductors of heat.
molecules: (c) Immersion rods work by passing electricity
(i) Methane (CH4) through a heating element. Metals are good
(ii) Ethene (C2H4) conductors of electricity and heat. This allows
the element to heat up efficiently and transfer
Ans that heat to the surrounding water.
A. (i) Structural isomers are compounds that
have the exact same molecular formula but 28. When electricity is passed through an aqueous
differ in the way their atoms are connected, solution of sodium chloride (brine), it decomposes.
i.e., they have different structural formulas. This process is called the chlor-alkali process.
(ii) Isomers of Butane (C4H10): (a) Why is the process given the name ‘chlor-alkali’ ?
1. n-butane : CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 3 (b) Name the three commercially important
products obtained from this process.
2. isobutane (2-methylpropane) :
(c) At which electrode (anode or cathode) is
CH 3 - CH (CH 3) - CH 3
hydrogen gas produced? At which electrode is
o
chlorine gas produced?
B. (i) Methane (CH4) : A central carbon atom
o
sharing one pair of electrons with each of
(d) Mention one important use for each of the three
the four surrounding hydrogen atoms.
products obtained in this process.
Ans
(a) The process is named ‘chlor-alkali’ because its
products are chlorine (‘chlor’) and an alkali,
sodium hydroxide (‘alkali’).
(ii) Ethene (C2H4) : Two carbon atoms sharing (b) The three products are Sodium Hydroxide
two pairs of electrons (a double bond) with (NaOH), Chlorine gas (Cl2), and Hydrogen gas
each other. Each carbon atom also shares (H2).
one pair of electrons with each of two (c) Hydrogen gas, being positively charged (H+
hydrogen atoms. ions), is produced at the cathode (negative
electrode). Chlorine gas, from negatively
charged chloride ions (Cl-), is produced at the
anode (positive electrode).
o
(d). Sodium Hydroxide : Used in the manufacture of
soaps and detergents.
27. Give a scientific reason for each of the following Chlorine : Used as a disinfectant for water
observations : treatment and in swimming pools.
(a) School bells are made of metals rather than Hydrogen : Used as a fuel, particularly rocket
wood. fuel, and for making ammonia for fertilizers.
(b) The handles of cooking utensils are made of
29. Attempt either option A or B.
plastic or wood.
A. (a) Give two points of difference between soaps
(c) Immersion rods used for heating water are made
and detergents.
of metallic substances.
(b) Draw a well-labelled diagram of a soap
Ans micelle.
(a) Metals are sonorous, meaning they produce a (c) Explain why scum is formed when soap is
loud, ringing sound when struck. This property used with hard water. Write the general
type of reaction that occurs.
SAMPLE PAPER 18

o Ans
B. What are the key differences between the (i) Insulin : Causes Diabetes Mellitus. A major
transport of materials in xylem and phloem? symptom is high blood sugar levels, leading to
Ans frequent urination and thirst.
(ii) Thyroxine : Causes Goitre. A major symptom
A. (i) Bile Juice : Produced by the liver, it
is the swelling of the thyroid gland in the neck.
emulsifies large fat globules into smaller
droplets, increasing the surface area for the (iii) Growth Hormone : Deficiency in childhood
enzyme lipase to act upon. It also makes causes Dwarfism. A major symptom is stunted
the medium in the small intestine alkaline. growth and short stature.
(ii) Trypsin : An enzyme secreted by the
14. “Geographical isolation is a major factor in the
pancreas, it digests proteins in the alkaline
medium of the small intestine, breaking speciation of sexually reproducing animals.” Explain
them down into smaller peptides. this statement with the help of an example.
o Ans
B. Geographical isolation prevents gene flow between
separated populations. Over time, genetic drift
Xylem Phloem and natural selection act differently on these
1. Transports water Transports food isolated groups, causing them to accumulate
and minerals. (sucrose). genetic differences. Eventually, they may become so
different that they can no longer interbreed even
2. Transport is Transport is if they come together, thus forming new species.
unidirectional bidirectional (upwards Example : If a population of beetles is split into
(upwards). and downwards). two by a new river, the two sub-populations cannot
3. Transport is a Transport is an active interbreed. Natural selection (e.g., preference by
physical process process requiring crows for green beetles on one side) and genetic
driven by energy (ATP). drift can lead to different allele frequencies, causing
transpiration pull. them to evolve into distinct species.

15. A patient is diagnosed with a condition affecting the

12. Suggest two effective methods that can be adopted
pumping action of their heart. Refer to a diagram of
at a household level to reduce the problem of waste
the human heart to the following.
generation.
Ans
Two effective methods are:
1. Composting : Biodegradable kitchen waste
like vegetable peels, leftover food, and garden
waste can be put into a compost pit. This waste
decomposes naturally to form nutrient-rich
manure, reducing landfill waste and providing
a useful product.
2. Practicing the 3 R’s (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
: Reducing consumption of disposable items,
reusing containers and bags, and sending
materials like paper, glass, and plastic for
recycling significantly cuts down the volume of A. Why is the muscular wall of the left ventricle
waste generated from a household. thicker than that of the right ventricle?
13. Name the disease caused by the deficiency of the o
following hormones and state one major symptom B. What is the function of the septum that
for each : separates the right and left sides of the heart?
(i) Insulin C. Trace the path of blood from the time it enters
(ii) Thyroxine the right atrium from the body to its exit from
(iii) Growth Hormone (during childhood) the left ventricle to the body.
page 210 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

32. Assertion (A) : When a light ray travels from a Find out the following in the above electric
denser medium to a rarer medium, it bends away circuit
from the normal. 1. Reading of the ammeter
Reason (R) : The speed of light is greater in a 2. Reading of the voltmeter
denser medium than in a rarer medium. Ans :
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
1. Here, R1 = 1 Ω , R2 = 2 Ω
explanation of A.
The resistance are connected in the series
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
combination hence the equivalent resistance is
explanation of A.
given by
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true. R = R1 + R2 = 1 + 2 = 3 Ω
Ans I =V = 3 = 1A
R 3
(c) A is true but R is false.
Assertion A is true. When light moves from a denser Ammeter reading = 1 A
to a rarer medium, it bends away from the normal. 2. Voltmeter Reading = IR = 1 # 2 = 2 V
Reason R is false. The speed of light is lower in a
denser medium and higher in a rarer medium. Voltmeter reading = 2 V
o
33. Define the principal focus of a concave mirror. B. For the circuit diagram given below, calculate :
A. Describe the behaviour of rays parallel to the
axis after reflection.
B. How is the principal focus represented in ray
diagrams?
C. Draw a ray diagram for this case.
Ans
A. Rays parallel to axis converge at F.
B. Represented as point F on axis.
C. Real, point image at focus.

(a) the value of current through each resistor.

(b) the total current in the circuit.
Ans :
(a) Since the three resistances, shown in the circuit
have been joined in parallel, hence voltage
across each of them is same having a value 6 V.
Current I1 through resistance R1 = 5 Ω ,
34. Attempt either option A or B.
A. I1 = V = 6 = 1.2 A
R1 5
Current I2 through resistance R2 = 10 Ω ,

I2 = V = 6 = 0.6 A
R2 10
and current I3 through resistance R3 = 30 Ω ,

I3 = V = 6 = 0.2 A
R3 30
(b) Total current in the circuit
I = I1 + I2 + I3
= 1.2 + 0.6 + 0.2 = 2.0 A

SAMPLE PAPER 18

o (b) Combination Example : Burning of

B. (a) Define combination and decomposition magnesium.
reactions. 2Mg (s) + O 2 (g) " 2MgO (s)
(b) Give one example of each type of reaction, Decomposition Example : Heating of
writing a balanced chemical equation. calcium carbonate.
(c) What type of chemical reaction is the Heat
CaCO 3 (s) CaO (s) + CO 2 (g)
digestion of food in our body?
(c) The digestion of food in our body is a
Ans decomposition reaction, where complex
A. (a) food substances like carbohydrates and
proteins are broken down into simpler
Soaps Detergents substances like glucose and amino acids.
1. They are sodium They are sodium salts

SECTION-C
or potassium salts of long-chain benzene
of long-chain fatty sulphonic acids or alkyl
acids. hydrogen sulphates.
2. They are not They are effective in 30. A student makes the following statements about the
effective in hard both soft and hard image formed by a concave lens:
water and form water and do not form I. The image is always located between the optical
scum. scum. center and the principal focus.
(b) Diagram of a Micelle: II. The image is always virtual and erect.
III. The image size decreases as the object moves
closer to the lens.
Choose from the following the correct option that
lists the correct statements.
(a) I and II
(b) I and III
(c) I, II and III
(d) II and III
Ans
(a) I and II
A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect, and
diminished image. This image is always formed
between the optical center and the principal focus.
The diagram should show a spherical As the object moves closer to the lens, the image
cluster of soap molecules with their size increases.
hydrophobic tails pointing inwards and
hydrophilic heads facing outwards. 31. Why is the sky blue and not violet, even though
(c) Hard water contains dissolved calcium violet light scatters the most?
(Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. Soap (a) The human eye is more sensitive to blue light.
molecules react with these ions to form (b) Violet light is absorbed by the atmosphere.
insoluble substances called scum. This is a (c) The sun emits more violet light than blue light.
precipitation reaction. This scum sticks to (d) The scattering of violet light is minimal
clothes and reduces the cleaning ability of compared to blue light.
the soap.
o Ans
B. (a) A combination reaction is a reaction where (a) The human eye is more sensitive to blue light
two or more reactants combine to form a Although violet light scatters slightly more than
single product. A decomposition reaction is blue light, our eyes are more sensitive to blue light.
a reaction where a single compound breaks Additionally, the amount of violet light emitted by
down into two or more simpler substances. the sun is less than blue light, so we perceive the
sky as blue.
page 212 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

and r = Angle of refraction Where, i = Angle of incidence,

We can see refraction in our daily life, some of the r = Angle of refraction
examples are given below :
e = Angle of emergence
The bottom of a tank or pond containing water
appears to be raised due to refraction of light which o
takes place when light rays pass from the pool of (iv) A lemon kept in water in a glass tumbler
water into the air. The letters appear to be raised appears to be bigger than its actual size, when
when viewed through a glass slab placed over the viewed from the sides.
document because of refraction of light.
When a light ray enters in a glass slab, then the 39. Attempt either option A or B.
emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but it is A. Study the diagram given below and answer the
shifted sideward slightly. questions that follow :
In this case, refraction takes place twice, first
when ray enters glass slab from air and second when
exits from glass slab to air.
(i) What do you mean by optically rarer and denser
medium ?
(ii) What is the cause of refraction ?
Attempt either subpart C or D.
(iii) Draw a ray diagram showing refraction through
a glass slab.
o
(iv) Give one example of refraction from our daily (i) Why do the iron filings arrange in such a
life experience other than the two examples pattern?
given above. (ii) What does this pattern demonstrate ?
Ans : (iii) Why do the iron filings near the bar magnet
(i) A medium in which the speed of light is more, seem to align in the shape of closed curves ?
is known as optically rarer medium and the (iv) Can magnetic field lines travel from the
medium in which speed of light is lesser is south pole to the north pole of a magnet?
known as optically denser medium. Explain the direction of magnetic field lines
(ii) Speed of light is different in different media. outside and inside the magnet.
It is lesser in denser medium and higher in Ans :
rarer medium. So, when light enters a denser
(i) The iron fillings arrange themselves in a pattern
medium, its speed reduces and it bends towards
because they get attracted by the bar magnet.
the normal and when it enters rarer medium,
The pattern that they form can also be called
its speed increases and it bends away from the
the magnetic field lines of the bar magnet.
normal
(ii) The pattern is demonstrated that the magnetic
(iii)
field is the strong at poles of the magnet and
the magnetic field becomes weaker if we goes
far from the magnet. Magnetic filed lines emerge
from the north pole of the magnet and ends at
the south pole of the magnet.
(iii) Iron fillings arrange themselves in closed loops
around a bar magnet because magnetic field
lines influences it which is closed curved
(iv) No, magnetic field lines do not travel from the
south pole to the north pole outside the magnet.
Magnetic field lines always travel from the north
pole to the south pole outside the magnet.
Inside the magnet, they move from the south
pole to the north pole, thus forming continuous
closed loops. This is because magnetic field
lines represent the direction of the magnetic
SAMPLE PAPER 18

force, which flows out of the north pole and

into the south pole in the space surrounding the
magnet.
o
B. (i) For the combination of resistors shown in
the following figure, find the equivalent
resistance between M and N . **********

(ii) State Joule’s law of heating.

(iii) Why we need a 5 A fuse for an electric iron
which consumes 1 kW power at 220 V?
(iv) Why is it impracticable to connect an electric
bulb and an electric heater in series?
Ans :
(i) In the above diagram R1 and R2 are connected
in series and R3 and R 4 are connected in parallel
combination.
(R1 + R2) + c 3 # 4 m
R R
R3 + R 4
(ii) Joule’s law of heating implies that heat produced
in a resistor is (a) directly proportional to the
square of current for a given resistance, (b)
directly proportional to resistance and (c)
directly proportional to the time for which the
current flows through the resistor.
H = I 2Rt
where, I = Current
R = Resistance
T = Time taken
(iii) For an electric iron which consumes 1 kW
electric power when operated at 220 V, a
current of (1000/220) A, i.e., 4.54 A will flow
in the circuit. In this case, a 5 A fuse must be
used.
(iv) In a series circuit the current is constant
throughout the electric circuit. Thus, it is
obviously impracticable to connect an electric
bulb and an electric heater in series, because
they need currents of widely different values to
operate properly.
page 214 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP
SAMPLE PAPER 19

Sample Paper 19
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in somequestions. A student is expected
to attempt only one of these questions.

Ans
SECTION-A (d) Rhizopus (Bread mould)
Rhizopus produces tiny, light spores inside a
1. What is the term for the wave-like muscular structure called a sporangium. When mature, the
contractions that move food along the length of the sporangium bursts, releasing the spores which can
alimentary canal? then travel through the air and germinate into new
(a) Translocation individuals under favourable conditions.
(b) Absorption 4. Which of Mendel’s laws states that when two different
(c) Peristalsis alleles for a trait are present in an individual, only
(d) Egestion one allele is expressed in the phenotype?
Ans (a) Law of Segregation
(b) Law of Dominance
(c) Peristalsis
(c) Law of Independent Assortment
Peristalsis is the involuntary, rhythmic contraction
(d) Law of Unit Inheritance
and relaxation of the muscles in the wall of digestive
organs like the oesophagus and intestines. This Ans
action propels food forward through the digestive
(b) Law of Dominance
tract.
The Law of Dominance explains that the expressed
2. The human brain is a very delicate organ that allele is dominant, while the allele that is not
requires protection. It is enclosed within a bony box expressed is recessive. This is why a heterozygous
known as the: individual (like Tt) will exhibit the dominant trait
(a) Cranium (b) Vertebral column (tallness).
(c) Rib cage (d) Sternum 5. Ozone (O3) is continuously formed and broken down
Ans in the stratosphere. How is ozone formed?
(a) By the reaction of oxygen with carbon monoxide.
(a) Cranium (b) By the action of high-energy UV radiation on
The cranium, or the skull, is the part of the oxygen (O2) molecules.
skeleton that encases the brain, providing a rigid (c) By the combination of nitrogen and oxygen
and protective barrier against physical injury. The during lightning.
vertebral column protects the spinal cord. (d) By the emission of gases from volcanoes.
3. Which of the following organisms typically Ans
reproduces asexually through the formation of
(b) By the action of high-energy UV radiation on
spores?
oxygen (O2) molecules.
(a) Amoeba
High-energy UV rays first split oxygen molecules
(b) Hydra (O2) into free oxygen atoms (O). These highly
(c) Planaria reactive atoms then combine with other oxygen
(d) Rhizopus (Bread mould) molecules (O2) to form ozone (O3).
page 216 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

6. Consider the following statements about the human (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
circulatory system: explanation of A.
(i) Double circulation involves two circuits: the Since asexual reproduction involves only one parent,
pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. the offspring are genetically identical (clones) to the
(ii) The pulmonary circuit transports blood parent, as there is no mixing of genetic material
between the heart and the lungs. from two different individuals.
(iii) The systemic circuit transports blood between 9. Assertion (A) : Anaerobic respiration releases much
the heart and the rest of the body. less energy than aerobic respiration.
(iv) A major advantage of this system is the mixing Reason (R) : In anaerobic respiration, the breakdown
of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. of glucose is incomplete.
Which of the above statements are correct? (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(a) (i) and (iv) only explanation of A.
(b) (ii) and (iii) only (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (c) A is true but R is false.
Ans (d) A is false but R is true.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) Ans
The first three statements correctly describe double (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
circulation. Statement (iv) is incorrect because the explanation of A.
primary advantage of the four-chambered heart and
Anaerobic respiration only partially breaks down
double circulation is that it prevents the mixing
glucose (e.g., into lactic acid), releasing only a
of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, ensuring
fraction of its stored energy. Aerobic respiration
efficient oxygen delivery.
completely oxidizes glucose to CO2 and water,
7. Which of the following plant hormones is known for releasing a much larger amount of energy.
promoting stem elongation, breaking the dormancy 10. The leaves of most plants appear green. What is the
of seeds, and stimulating the development of fruit? reason for this colour, and what is the function of
(a) Auxin this green pigment?
(b) Gibberellin
(c) Cytokinin Ans
(d) Abscisic acid The leaves appear green due to the presence of a
Ans pigment called chlorophyll inside the chloroplasts.
The primary function of chlorophyll is to absorb
(b) Gibberellin light energy from the sun, which is the crucial first
Gibberellins are a class of growth-promoting step for the process of photosynthesis, where plants
hormones. They are particularly effective in make their own food.
causing stem elongation in dwarf plants and are
commercially used to increase fruit size and break 11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
dormancy in seeds. A. What is the final product of the digestion of
fats? Where in the digestive tract does this
8. Assertion (A) : Asexual reproduction leads to process primarily occur?
offspring with very little genetic variation. o
Reason (R) : Asexual reproduction involves only a
B. What is ‘transpirational pull’ ? How does it aid
single parent and no fusion of gametes.
in the transport of water in plants?
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A. Ans
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct A. The final products of fat digestion are fatty acids
explanation of A. and glycerol. This process primarily occurs in
(c) A is true but R is false. the small intestine, aided by the enzyme lipase
(d) A is false but R is true. and the emulsifying action of bile juice.
o
Ans
SAMPLE PAPER 19

Ans The distinct properties of diamond and graphite

(b) Mild base are direct results of their atomic structures.
Acidity is caused by excess hydrochloric acid in Diamond’s incredible hardness is due to its rigid,
the stomach. To neutralize this excess acid, a mild 3D tetrahedral network of strong covalent bonds.
base is used. Milk of Magnesia is a suspension of Graphite’s softness and slippery feel come from
magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, which is a mild its layered hexagonal structure, where weak forces
base that acts as an antacid. between layers allow them to easily slide past one
another.
22. Food cans are typically made of steel coated with
25. What are alloys? Name the metallic constituents of
tin. They are not coated with zinc because:
(a) Zinc is more expensive than tin. (i) Brass and (ii) Bronze.
(b) Zinc has a higher melting point than tin. Ans
(c) Zinc is more reactive than tin. Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more
(d) Zinc is less reactive than tin. metals, or a metal and a non-metal, prepared to
enhance certain properties like strength, hardness,
Ans
or resistance to corrosion.
(c) Zinc is more reactive than tin. (i) Brass is an alloy of Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn).
Zinc is more reactive than tin (and iron). If food cans (ii) Bronze is an alloy of Copper (Cu) and Tin (Sn).
were coated with zinc, the zinc would react with
the acids present in the food, potentially making 26. Attempt either option A or B.
it unsafe for consumption. Tin is less reactive and A. Explain why saturated hydrocarbons generally
provides a protective barrier. burn with a clean, blue flame while unsaturated
hydrocarbons typically burn with a yellow,
23. During the electrolysis of water, a decomposition
sooty flame.
reaction takes place. The mole ratio of hydrogen gas
o
(H2) to oxygen gas (O2) liberated is:
(a) 1:1 B. (i) What is a homologous series?
(b) 2:1 (ii) Write the molecular formula of the second
(c) 1:2 and third members of the homologous series
(d) 4:1 whose first member is methane (CH4).

Ans Ans

(b) 2:1 A. (i) Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) have

The balanced equation for the electrolysis of water a relatively lower percentage of carbon
is 2H 2 O (l) " 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g). This equation shows compared to their hydrogen content. This
that for every one mole of oxygen gas produced, two allows for complete combustion in the
moles of hydrogen gas are produced. presence of sufficient oxygen, producing
CO2 and H2O and a clean, blue flame.
24. Assertion (A) : Diamond is extremely hard while (ii) Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and
graphite is a soft and slippery solid. alkynes) have a higher percentage of carbon.
Reason (R) : Diamond has a rigid three-dimensional They do not undergo complete combustion,
tetrahedral network structure, while graphite has a leaving behind unburnt carbon particles.
hexagonal layered structure where layers can slide These hot particles glow and produce a
over each other. yellow, sooty flame.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct o
explanation of A. B. (i) A homologous series is a series of organic
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct compounds that have the same functional
explanation of A. group and similar chemical properties.
(c) A is true but R is false. Successive members of the series differ by a
(d) A is false but R is true. - CH 2 group.
Ans (ii) The first member is methane (CH4), which
belongs to the alkane series.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct The second member is Ethane, with the
explanation of A. molecular formula C2H6.
page 218 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

B. (i) What is the significance of the testes being An oxidizing agent is a substance that gets reduced
located within the scrotum outside the itself (by gaining electrons or hydrogen). Here,
abdominal cavity? Chlorine (Cl2) gains hydrogen to form HCl, so it is
(ii) State the functions of the oviduct and the reduced and therefore acts as the oxidizing agent.
uterus in the female reproductive system.
18. Which of the following pH values represents the
(iii) Name one bacterial and one viral sexually
transmitted disease (STD). solution of the strongest acid?
(a) 7
Ans (b) 5
A. (i) Spore formation is a method of asexual (c) 2
reproduction where the organism produces (d) 11
numerous tiny, thick-walled reproductive Ans
units called spores. An example is the bread
mould fungus, Rhizopus. (c) 2
(ii) Two advantages are: The pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity. A
1. The thick wall protects the spores from lower pH value indicates a higher concentration of
harsh environmental conditions like hydrogen ions and thus a stronger acid. Among the
heat and dryness. given options, pH 2 represents the strongest acidic
2. A large number of spores are produced, solution.
increasing the chances of the species’ 19. Which of the following metals is reactive enough to
survival and dispersal.
react with cold water to produce hydrogen gas?
(iii) Fission is the division of a single parent (a) Iron
cell into two or more daughter cells. (b) Magnesium
Spore formation involves the creation of
(c) Calcium
specialized reproductive cells (spores)
(d) Zinc
within a structure (like a sporangium)
Ans
which are then released.
o (c) Calcium
B. (i) The production of sperm requires a Metals like potassium, sodium, and calcium
temperature about 2-3°C lower than the are highly reactive and react with cold water.
normal body temperature. The scrotum’s Magnesium reacts with hot water, while iron and
location outside the abdominal cavity zinc react only with steam.
provides this cooler environment, which is
essential for healthy sperm development. 20. The first member of the homologous series of
(ii) 1. Oviduct: It is the site of fertilization, ketones has the IUPAC name:
where the sperm meets and fuses with (a) Methanone
the egg. (b) Ethanone
2. Uterus: It is where the fertilized egg (c) Propanone
implants and the fetus develops during (d) Butanone
pregnancy. Ans
(iii) 1. Bacterial STD: Gonorrhoea or Syphilis.
2. Viral STD: AIDS or Genital Warts. (c) Propanone
A ketone functional group (C=O) requires the
carbonyl carbon to be bonded to two other carbon

SECTION-B atoms. Therefore, the simplest ketone must have

at least three carbon atoms, which is Propanone (
CH 3 COCH 3 ).
17. In the reaction H 2 S + Cl 2 " 2HCl + S , which
21. A person suffering from acidity is often given a
substance acts as the oxidizing agent?
solution of “Milk of Magnesia” for relief. This
(a) H2S (b) Cl2
substance works because it is a:
(c) HCl (d) S (a) Strong acid
Ans (b) Mild base
(c) Strong base
(b) Cl2 (d) Neutral salt
SAMPLE PAPER 19

B. Transpirational pull is the suction force created

in the xylem vessels due to the evaporation
of water from the stomata on the leaves
(transpiration). This force is strong enough to
pull the entire column of water upwards from
the roots to the top of the plant, facilitating the
ascent of sap.

12. Draw a simple food chain that might exist in a pond

ecosystem and label the different trophic levels.
Ans
A simple pond food chain:
Algae ® Protozoa ® Small Fish ® Large Fish
(Producer) ® (Primary Consumer) ® (Secondary
Consumer) ® (Tertiary Consumer) Trophic Level 1
® Trophic Level 2 ® Trophic Level 3 ® Trophic
Level 4

13. What is meant by a feedback mechanism? Using A. What is the function of the part labelled ‘M’
the regulation of thyroxine as an example, explain (Oesophagus)? Name the muscular movement
how it works. responsible for pushing food through it.
Ans o
A feedback mechanism is a biological regulatory B. Describe the role of the part labelled ‘N’
system where the output of a process influences (Stomach) in the process of digestion.
its own operation, either by inhibiting it (negative C. In which part of the alimentary canal (labelled
feedback) or stimulating it (positive feedback). O or P) is the process of digestion completed?
Example: The hypothalamus signals the pituitary
Ans
gland to release TSH (Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone). TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to A. The function of the oesophagus (M) is to
produce thyroxine. When thyroxine levels in the transport food from the pharynx to the stomach.
blood are sufficient, it sends a negative feedback The muscular movement responsible is called
signal to the pituitary and hypothalamus to stop peristalsis, which is a wave-like contraction and
producing TSH, thus regulating its own production. relaxation of its muscular walls.
o
14. List any three of the seven contrasting traits of
pea plants selected by Mendel for his experiments. B. The stomach (N) stores food, churns it into a
For any one of the traits, specify which form was semi-solid paste, and secretes gastric juice. The
gastric juice contains HCl, which kills germs
dominant and which was recessive.
and creates an acidic medium, and the enzyme
Ans pepsin, which begins the digestion of proteins.
Three contrasting traits studied by Mendel were: C. The process of digestion, where carbohydrates,
1. Flower Colour (Violet / White) fats, and proteins are completely broken down
2. Seed Shape (Round / Wrinkled) into their simplest forms, is completed in the
small intestine (Part O).
3. Plant Height (Tall / Dwarf)
For the trait of Plant Height: 16. Attempt either option A or B.
1. Dominant: Tall A. (i) What is meant by spore formation? Name
2. Recessive: Dwarf an organism that reproduces by this
method.
15. A meal is ingested and passes through the alimentary (ii) List two advantages of reproducing through
canal. Refer to the diagram of the human digestive spores.
system to the questions. (iii) How is this method different from fission?
o
page 220 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

The third member is Propane, with the Na 2 CO 3 (s) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)

molecular formula C3H8. o
27. A metal ‘M’ is dropped into a test tube containing (c) Two other uses of washing soda are:
dilute sulphuric acid. A gas ‘G’ is evolved which is 1. As a cleansing agent for domestic purposes.
collected and tested. It burns with a characteristic 2. In the manufacture of borax.
‘pop’ sound.
29. Attempt either option A or B.
(a) Identify the gas ‘G’.
A. (a) What is an esterification reaction? Write
(b) Suggest a possible metal that ‘M’ could be.
the chemical equation for the reaction
(c) Write the balanced chemical equation for the between ethanoic acid and ethanol.
reaction, using the metal you suggested in part (b) What is a saponification reaction? Write a
(b). chemical equation for this process.
Ans (c) Name the two main products obtained from
the saponification reaction.
(a) The gas which burns with a ‘pop’ sound is o
Hydrogen gas (H2).
B. (a) Define catenation.
(b) Any metal above hydrogen in the reactivity
series would work. A possible metal ‘M’ is Zinc (b) Explain why carbon is unique in its ability
(Zn) (or Magnesium, Iron). to exhibit catenation to a large extent.
(c) Draw the structures for the following
(c) The balanced chemical equation is:
organic compounds:
Zn (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) " ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g)
(i) Propanal
(ii) Butanone
28. A chemical compound ‘X’, prepared from sodium
(iii) Hexanoic acid
chloride, is used in the glass and paper industries
and is also used to soften hard water. Ans
(a) Identify the compound ‘X’ and write its chemical A. (a) Esterification is the reaction between
formula including its water of crystallisation. a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the
(b) What is the nature of an aqueous solution of ‘X’ presence of an acid catalyst to form a
(acidic/basic)? What happens to ‘X’ when it is sweet-smelling compound called an ester.
left exposed to open air? Equation:
(c) Write the balanced chemical equation showing CH 3 COOH (l) + CH 3 CH 2 OH (l)

Acid

the final step of its preparation (production

from sodium bicarbonate). CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O (l)

o (b) Saponification is the process of making
(c) List any two specific uses of compound ‘X’ soap by heating an ester (like fats or oils)
apart from those mentioned above. with an aqueous solution of an alkali (like
NaOH). It is essentially the hydrolysis of an
Ans ester.
(a) The compound ‘X’ is Washing Soda. Its Equation:
chemical formula is Na 2 CO 3 $ 10H 2 O (hydrated CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + NaOH (aq) "

sodium carbonate).
CH 3 CH 2 OH (l) + CH 3 COONa (aq)

(b) An aqueous solution of washing soda is basic
because it is a salt of a strong base (NaOH) (c) The two main products are an alcohol
and a weak acid (H 2 CO 3 ). When exposed to and the sodium salt of the carboxylic acid
air, it loses its water of crystallisation and turns (which is the soap).
into a white powder. This phenomenon is called o
efflorescence. B. (a) Catenation is the unique ability of an atom
(c) Washing soda is obtained by the recrystallization to form strong covalent bonds with other
of anhydrous sodium carbonate (soda ash), which atoms of the same element, forming long
is produced by heating sodium bicarbonate. chains, branched chains, or rings.
Heat (b) Carbon exhibits catenation to a large extent

2NaHCO 3 (s)
because of its small size and the strong
SAMPLE PAPER 19

Ans the x -axis of the coordinate system. In a spherical

(i) Inference from graph V ? I mirror, the distance of the object from its pole is
(ii) The law states the current passing through called the object distance ^u h . The distance of the
a conductor is directly proportional to the image from the pole of the mirror is called the image
potential difference across the ends, provided distance ^v h . Magnification produced by a spherical
the physical conditions like temperature, mirror gives the relative extent to which the image
density, etc., remain unchanges. This is ohm’s of an object is magnified with respect to the object
law. size. It is expressed as the ratio of the height of
(iii) The slope of the graph represents the resistance the image to the height of the object. It is usually
and the unit of resistance is ohm. represented by the letter ^m h .

37. The magnetic field lines are shown around a current-

carrying straight conductor. A student claims that
the magnetic field strength at point P is stronger
than at point Q.

(i) How can you calculate the magnification of a

spherical mirror ?
(ii) What does a negative sign in the value of
magnification indicates?
(iii) Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose
radius of curvature is 32 cm.
o
(i) Is the student’s claim correct? Give reason.
(iv) Why does the height of the object is taken to be
(ii) Redraw the diagram and mark the direction positive?
of magnetic field lines using right-hand thumb
Ans :
rule.
Ans : (i) If h is the height of the object and hl is the
height of the image, then the magnification m
(i) Yes, the claim is correct. Magnetic field produced by a spherical mirror is given by
m = Height of the image ^hlh /Height of
strength due to a current-carrying conductor is
the object ]h g
inversely proportional to the distance from the
conductor (B ? 1/r) . Since point P is closer to
the conductor than Q, the magnetic field at P m = hl
is stronger than at Q. h
(ii) (ii) A negative sign in the value of the magnification
indicates that the image is real.
(iii) Radius of curvature ^Rh of a convex mirror
= 32 cm .
Radius of curvature ^Rh = 2 # Focal length ^ f h

So, Focal length, ^ f h = R = 32

2 2

f = 16
The focal length of a convex mirror will be
16 cm.
38. While dealing with the reflection of light by spherical o
mirrors, we shall follow a set of sign conventions (iv) As the object is usually placed above the
called the New Cartesian Sign Convention. In this principal axis so the height of the object is
convention, the pole (P) of the mirror is taken as taken to be positive.
the origin. The principal axis of the mirror is take as
page 222 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Calculate = 3+6#6

6+6
(a) the current through each resistor, = 3+
36
(b) the total circuit resistance, and 12

Ans Delhi 2019 = 3 + 30 = 6 Ω

(b) Current through the ammeter A is given by
Given, R1 = 10 Ω , R2 = 20 Ω , R3 = 30 Ω
V = IR eq
Voltage, V = 2 Volt
(i) Current in each resistor, I = V
R eq
I1 = V = 12 = 6 A = 6 = 1A
R1 10 5 6

I2 = V = 12 = 6 = 3 A 35. (a) State two main causes of developing far-

R2 20 10 5
sightedness.
I3 = V = 12 = 6 = 2 A (b) How can this defect of vision be corrected ?
R3 30 15 5
(ii) All the resistors are connected in the series Ans AI 2012
combination. Hence the equivalent resistance is
(a) (i) The eye ball is too small.
given by
(ii) The focal length of eye lens is too large.
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 (b) This eye defect is corrected by using a convex
RP R1 R2 R3
lens of suitable focal length.
= 1 + 1 + 1

10 20 30 36. V -I graph for a conductor is as shown in figure.
= 6 + 3 + 2 = 11

60 60

RP = 60 Ω
11
o
B. In the given circuit, find :

(i) What do you infer from this graph ?

(ii) State the law expressed here
(iii) Name the physical quantity represented by the
slope of this graph and its unit.
SAMPLE PAPER 19

strength of the carbon-carbon covalent 32. Assertion (A) : A ray of light passing through the
bond. This allows it to form stable chains center of curvature of a concave mirror is reflected
and rings with a large number of carbon back along the same path.
atoms. Reason (R) : The ray of light hits the mirror at a
(c) Structures: right angle to the surface, and thus the angle of
(i) Propanal: CH 3 - CH 2 - CHO incidence is zero.
(ii) Butanone: CH 3 - CO - CH 2 - CH 3 (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(iii) Hexanoic acid: explanation of A.
CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - COOH
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
SECTION-C (d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
30. A student makes the following statements about the (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
properties of a convex lens: explanation of A.
I. It is thicker at the center than at the edges. Any line from the center of curvature to the mirror
II. It is a converging lens. surface is a normal. Therefore, a ray passing through
C strikes the mirror normally (at 90 degrees), the
III. It can form a real image.
angle of incidence is zero, and it reflects back on
Choose from the following the correct option that itself.
lists the correct statements.
(a) I and II 33. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 32
(b) I and III cm.
(c) I, II and III A. Find its focal length.
(d) II and III B. Which formula is used here?
C. State whether it is concave or convex if it
Ans
produces real images.
(c) I, II and III
Ans
A convex lens is thicker at the center, converges
light rays, and can form a real image. All three A. f = 16 cm.
statements correctly describe the properties and B. R = 2f.
function of a convex lens.
C. Concave mirror.
31. A student is trying to find the focal length of a
concave mirror. Which of the following methods
would work?
(a) Placing a distant object and measuring the
distance of the real image.
(b) Placing an object at the center of curvature and
measuring the image distance.
(c) Using the mirror formula with a known object
and image distance.
(d) All of the above methods.
Ans 34. Attempt either option A or B
A. In the circuit given below, the resistors R1 , R2
(d) All of the above methods.
and R3 have the values 10 Ω , 20 Ω and 30 Ω
All three methods can be used to find the focal respectively, which have been connected to a
length of a concave mirror. For a distant object, the battery of 12 V.
image forms at the focus ( f = v ). For an object at
C, f = u/2 . The mirror formula can be used for any
valid object position.
page 224 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

39. Attempt either option A or B.

A. Find out the following in the electric circuit
given in figure :

(i) Effective resistance of two 8 Ω resistors in (i) Find the directions of the magnetic fields
the combination. produced by it at points R and S ? Given
(ii) Current flowing through 4 Ω resistor. r1 2 r2, where will the strength of the
(iii) Potential difference across 4 Ω resistance. magnetic field be larger? Give reasons.
(iv) Power dissipated in 4 Ω resistor. (ii) Field strength at which point will be
(v) Difference in ammeter readings, if any. greater?
(iii) If the polarity of the battery connected
Ans :
to the wire is reversed, how would the
A. (i) Effective resistance of two resistances in direction of the magnetic field be changed?
parallel combination is given by, (iv) Explain the rule that is used to find the
1 = 1 + 1 direction of the magnetic field for a straight
R R1 R2 current carrying conductor.
Ans :
= R1 + R2
R1 R2 B. (i) The magnetic field lines produced is into
or R = R1 R2 the plane of the paper at R and out of it at
(R1 + R2) S.
=b8+8l= 4Ω
8#8 (ii) Field at S 2 Field at P . Magnetic field

strength for a straight current carrying
(ii) Current flowing through 4 Ω resistor, conductor is inversely proportional to the
distance from the wire.
I =V = 8 = 2A
R 4 (iii) The current will flow from top to bottom
in the wire shown and the magnetic field
(iii) Potential difference across 4 Ω resistor,
lines are now in the clockwise direction on
V = IR = 2 # 4 = 8 V the plane which is perpendicular to the wire
(iv) Power dissipated in 4 Ω resistor, carrying current.
(iv) Right hand thumb rule: The thumb is
P = I 2 R = 22 # 4 = 16 W
aligned to the direction of the current
(v) No difference can be seen in ammeter’s and the direction in which the fingers are
reading. As same current flows through wrapped around the wire will give the
each element in a series circuit. direction of the magnetic field.
o
B. PQ is a current carrying conductor in the plane
of the paper as shown in the figure below.

**********
SAMPLE PAPER 20

Sample Paper 20
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(a) Ovulation
SECTION-A (b) Implantation
(c) Gestation
1. The chemical digestion of food begins in the mouth. (d) Menstruation
Which enzyme, present in saliva, is responsible for Ans
the initial breakdown of starch into simpler sugars?
(b) Implantation
(a) Pepsin
Implantation is a critical step in pregnancy where
(b) Lipase
the blastocyst (an early-stage embryo) adheres to
(c) Amylase
the wall of the uterus. This attachment allows the
(d) Trypsin
embryo to receive oxygen and nutrients from the
Ans mother to continue its growth.
(c) Amylase 4. In genetics, a trait that is only expressed in the
Saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase (also phenotype when an individual has two identical
known as ptyalin). It starts the digestion of complex alleles for that particular gene is known as a:
carbohydrates (starch) by breaking them down into (a) Dominant trait
smaller sugar molecules like maltose. (b) Recessive trait
(c) Co-dominant trait
2. How is a nerve impulse transmitted from one neuron
(d) Heterozygous trait
to the next across a synapse?
(a) By the flow of hormones. Ans
(b) By the movement of blood cells. (b) Recessive trait
(c) By the direct transfer of electric charge. A recessive allele is masked by a dominant allele.
(d) By the release of chemical substances called Therefore, for a recessive trait to be physically
neurotransmitters. expressed, an individual must be homozygous for
that allele, meaning they must have inherited two
Ans copies of it (e.g., ‘tt’).
(d) By the release of chemical substances called
neurotransmitters. 5. In a grassland food chain, which group of organisms
When an electrical impulse reaches the end of an represents the primary consumers?
axon, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters (a) Carnivores, like lions.
into the synaptic gap. These chemicals then diffuse (b) Decomposers, like bacteria.
across the gap and bind to the next neuron, (c) Producers, like grass.
initiating a new electrical signal. (d) Herbivores, like deer.
Ans
3. After fertilization, the zygote begins to divide and
develops into an embryo. What is the process called (d) Herbivores, like deer.
when this embryo attaches itself to the inner wall Primary consumers are organisms that feed directly
of the uterus? on producers. In a grassland ecosystem, the
producers are the grass and other plants. Herbivores,
page 226 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

such as deer, are the animals that eat these plants, (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
placing them at the second trophic level. explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
6. Consider the following statements regarding the (d) A is false but R is true.
evidence for evolution:
(i) Fossils provide a record of past life forms and Ans
show how species have changed over time. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(ii) Homologous organs have a similar basic explanation of A.
structure but different functions, suggesting a By routing the signal through the spinal cord for an
common ancestor. immediate response without waiting for processing
(iii) Analogous organs have different structures but by the brain, the reflex arc provides an involuntary
perform similar functions, suggesting convergent and near-instantaneous reaction, which is a crucial
evolution. survival mechanism.
(iv) The embryos of all vertebrates are identical 9. Assertion (A) : Organisms at the highest trophic
throughout their entire development. level often have the highest concentration of non-
Which of the above statements are correct? biodegradable toxins in their bodies.
(a) (i) and (iv) only Reason (R) : Harmful chemicals accumulate at each
(b) (i), (ii), and (iii) successive trophic level in a food chain.
(c) (ii) and (iv) only (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) All are correct. explanation of A.
Ans (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(b) (i), (ii), and (iii)
(c) A is true but R is false.
Fossils, homologous structures, and analogous (d) A is false but R is true.
structures are all valid lines of evidence for evolution.
Statement (iv) is incorrect; while vertebrate embryos Ans
show remarkable similarities in their early stages, (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
they diverge significantly as they develop. explanation of A.
7. What is the primary function of the protein This process, called bio-magnification, occurs
haemoglobin, which gives red blood cells their because toxins are stored in an organism’s tissues.
When that organism is eaten, the toxins are passed
characteristic colour?
to the next trophic level. This accumulation results
(a) To defend the body against pathogens.
in the highest concentration at the top of the food
(b) To initiate the blood clotting process.
chain.
(c) To transport oxygen from the lungs to the
body’s tissues. 10. What is the primary function of blood platelets?
(d) To carry digestive enzymes in the blood. What would be a major consequence if a person has
Ans a significantly low platelet count?

(c) To transport oxygen from the lungs to the Ans

body’s tissues. The primary function of blood platelets is to initiate
Haemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that the process of blood clotting at the site of an injury.
readily binds with oxygen in the high-oxygen They gather at the wound and form a plug. If a
environment of the lungs. It then travels through person has a very low platelet count, their blood will
the bloodstream and releases this oxygen to cells not clot easily. This can lead to excessive bleeding
throughout the body for aerobic respiration. and loss of blood even from a minor cut or injury.

8. Assertion (A) : Reflex arcs allow for extremely 11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
rapid responses to stimuli. A. What is ‘double circulation’ ? Name the two
Reason (R) : The nerve pathway in a reflex arc circulations that comprise it.
bypasses the brain and is processed directly in the o
spinal cord. B. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct with the help of simple diagrams showing each
explanation of A. step.
SAMPLE PAPER 20

(a) The most acidic solution is P (pH 1). The most Structure (But-1-yne):
basic solution is S (pH 13). CH / C - CH 2 - CH 3
(b) A higher pH means a lower H+ concentration. (b) Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels
Therefore, the increasing order of H+ because they have a high calorific value,
concentration is: S < R < Q < P. meaning they release a large amount of
(c) For solution R (pH 8), a weak base, the universal heat and energy upon combustion.
indicator would show a blue colour. For solution (c) A substitution reaction is a reaction where
P (pH 1), a strong acid, it would show a red one or more hydrogen atoms in a saturated
colour. hydrocarbon are replaced or substituted by
o another atom or group of atoms.
Example: Reaction of methane with
(c) Adding solution P (strong acid) to solution S
chlorine in sunlight.
(strong base) would cause the pH of solution
S to decrease (move towards 7). The type of Sunlight
CH 4 (g) + Cl 2 (g) CH 3 Cl (g) + HCl (g)
reaction that occurs is a neutralisation reaction.

29. Attempt either option A or B.

A. (a) Define the functional group present in SECTION-C
butanoic acid and draw its structure.
(b) What is observed when ethanoic acid reacts
30. A student is studying the sign conventions for
with solid sodium carbonate? Write the
spherical lenses and makes the following statements:
balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
I. The object distance (u) is always negative.
(c) What is vinegar?
II. The focal length of a convex lens is positive.
o
III. The focal length of a concave lens is negative.
B. (a) Write the IUPAC name and draw the
structure of the third member of the alkyne Choose from the following the correct option that
homologous series. lists the correct statements.
(b) State the main reason why carbon and (a) I and II
its compounds are used as fuels for most (b) I and III
applications. (c) I, II and III
(c) What are substitution reactions? Give a (d) II and III
balanced chemical equation for an example.
Ans
Ans
(c) I, II and III
A. (a) The functional group in butanoic acid is According to the New Cartesian Sign Convention,
the carboxyl group. It consists of a carbon object distance is always negative. The focal length
atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom of a converging lens (convex) is positive, and a
and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group. diverging lens (concave) is negative.
Structure: -COOH
(b) When ethanoic acid reacts with solid 31. What is the condition for a light ray to undergo
sodium carbonate, a brisk effervescence is total internal reflection?
observed due to the evolution of carbon (a) The ray must travel from a rarer to a denser
dioxide gas. medium.
Equation: (b) The angle of incidence must be less than the
2CH 3 COOH (aq) + Na 2 CO 3 (s) "
critical angle.
(c) The angle of incidence must be greater than the
2CH 3 COONa (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)

critical angle.
(c) Vinegar is a 5-8% aqueous solution of
(d) The angle of incidence must be equal to the
ethanoic acid (acetic acid).
critical angle.
o
B. (a) The alkyne series (C n H 2n - 2 ) starts with Ans
ethyne (n=2). The third member has n=4. (c) The angle of incidence must be greater than the
IUPAC Name: Butyne critical angle.
page 228 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

A. What is the primary purpose of forming urine (ii) A low-lying, flexible branch is bent down
in the human body? to the ground. A section of this branch is
o stripped of leaves and covered with moist
soil, leaving the tip exposed. Roots develop
B. Describe the process of ‘selective reabsorption’.
from the covered part. Once roots are well-
Where does it primarily occur?
formed, the branch is cut from the parent
C. A person meets with an accident, and both plant.
kidneys are severely damaged. Name the
(iii) Two advantages are:
procedure that can be used as a life-support 1. It is a faster and more reliable method
system. of reproduction than growing from
Ans seed.
2. It produces plants that are genetically
A. The primary purpose of forming urine is to identical to the parent, thus preserving
filter out and remove toxic nitrogenous waste desired traits like fruit quality or flower
products, such as urea and uric acid, from the colour.
blood. It is also essential for regulating the
o
body’s water and salt balance (osmoregulation).
B. (i) Ovulation is the process of release of a
o mature egg (ovum) from one of the ovaries.
B. Selective reabsorption is the process where This typically occurs once every menstrual
useful substances are absorbed back into the cycle.
blood from the initial filtrate. As the filtrate (ii) After being ejaculated into the vagina,
passes through the tubular part of the nephron, sperms travel through the cervix, into
substances like glucose, amino acids, salts, and the uterus, and then up into the oviducts
most of the water are reabsorbed. This process (fallopian tubes). It is in the oviduct where
primarily occurs in the proximal convoluted one sperm may meet and fertilize the egg.
tubule (PCT).
(iii) The placenta provides a large surface area
C. The life-support procedure is called hemodialysis for the exchange of nutrients and oxygen
(or simply dialysis). It involves using an from the mother’s blood to the fetus. It also
artificial kidney machine to filter the patient’s allows waste products from the fetus, like
blood outside the body. carbon dioxide and urea, to pass into the
mother’s blood for disposal.
16. Attempt either option A or B
A. (i) What is layering? Name a plant that is
commonly propagated by this method.
(ii) How is this technique performed?
SECTION-B
(iii) State two advantages of vegetative
propagation methods like layering and 17. Which of the following processes is an example of an
cutting. exothermic reaction?
o (a) Dissolving ammonium chloride in water
B. (i) What is ovulation? (b) Burning of natural gas
(ii) Describe the journey of a sperm from the (c) Melting of ice
point of ejaculation to the site of fertilization (d) Decomposition of silver chloride in sunlight
in the human female. Ans
(iii) What is the function of the placenta during
(b) Burning of natural gas
the development of a fetus?
Exothermic reactions release heat. Burning of
Ans natural gas (methane) is a combustion reaction that
A. (i) Layering is a method of vegetative releases a large amount of energy in the form of heat
propagation where a branch of a plant is and light. The other options are endothermic, as
bent and a part of it is covered with moist they absorb heat from the surroundings.
soil while it is still attached to the parent
18. Litmus solution is a purple dye that is commonly
plant. A plant commonly propagated this
way is Jasmine. used as an acid-base indicator. It is extracted from
which of the following?
SAMPLE PAPER 20

(a) A fungus skin. This acid causes the characteristic burning

(b) A bacterium and stinging sensation.
(c) A lichen
22. Stainless steel is a widely used alloy prized for its
(d) An alga
strength and resistance to rust. To make stainless
Ans steel, iron is mixed with:
(c) A lichen (a) Copper and Zinc
Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes (b) Nickel and Chromium
extracted from lichens. It is purple in its natural (c) Tin and Lead
state and is used to test for acidity and alkalinity, (d) Aluminium and Magnesium
turning red under acidic conditions and blue under
alkaline conditions. Ans
(b) Nickel and Chromium
19. An element ‘X’ reacts with oxygen to form an oxide
Standard stainless steel is an alloy of iron with
X2O. A solution of this oxide turns red litmus blue.
chromium and nickel. The chromium forms a
The element ‘X’ is likely to be:
passive layer of chromium oxide, which prevents the
(a) Carbon
iron from rusting. Nickel adds to its hardness and
(b) Sulphur
durability.
(c) Potassium
(d) Silicon 23. The spoilage of food due to the oxidation of fats and
Ans oils is called rancidity. This can be prevented by:
(a) Storing food at a higher temperature.
(c) Potassium
(b) Exposing food to direct sunlight.
An oxide solution that turns red litmus blue is
(c) Adding antioxidants.
basic. Basic oxides are typically formed by metals.
Potassium is a highly reactive metal that forms the (d) Using containers made of iron.
oxide K2O, which dissolves in water to form the Ans
strong base potassium hydroxide (KOH).
(c) Adding antioxidants.
20. How many single covalent bonds are present in a Antioxidants are substances that prevent oxidation.
molecule of ethane (C2H6)? Adding them to foods containing fats and oils
(a) 6 slows down the process of rancidity. Storing food
(b) 8 in airtight containers or flushing with nitrogen also
(c) 7 helps prevent it.
(d) 5
24. Assertion (A) : Aluminium, despite being a highly
Ans reactive metal, is resistant to corrosion.
(c) 7 Reason (R) : Aluminium reacts with oxygen in the
The structure of ethane is CH 3 - CH 3 . It contains air to form a thin, tough, and non-porous protective
one carbon-carbon single bond (C-C) and six layer of aluminium oxide on its surface.
carbon-hydrogen single bonds (C-H), for a total of (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
1 + 6 = 7 single covalent bonds. explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
21. The painful, stinging sensation from a nettle plant’s explanation of A.
leaf is caused by the injection of which chemical into (c) A is true but R is false.
the skin? (d) A is false but R is true.
(a) Acetic acid
(b) Formic acid (Methanoic acid) Ans
(c) Citric acid (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) Tartaric acid explanation of A.
Ans Although aluminum is highly reactive, it doesn’t
corrode easily. This is because it instantly reacts
(b) Formic acid (Methanoic acid) with atmospheric oxygen to form a thin, tough, and
The stinging hairs of the nettle leaf inject methanoic non-porous layer of aluminum oxide ( Al 2 O 3 ). This
acid (commonly known as formic acid) into the
page 230 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

passive layer strongly adheres to the surface and The diagram should show the spherical structure
protects the underlying metal from further attack. with tails inwards and heads outwards.
o
25. Translate the following statement into a balanced
B. Hard water contains dissolved salts of calcium
chemical equation: “Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in
and magnesium. Soft water is free from these
air to give water and sulphur dioxide.”
salts. Soap lathers easily in soft water but forms
Ans scum in hard water.
The statement describes the reaction between Cleansing Action of Soap: Most dirt is oily in
hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S ) and oxygen (O2) from nature. The hydrophobic tails of soap molecules
the air to produce water (H2O) and sulphur dioxide in a micelle attach to the oily dirt, trapping
(SO2). it in the center of the micelle. The hydrophilic
The unbalanced equation is: heads on the outside allow the entire micelle to
be washed away with water, thus pulling the
H 2 S + O 2 " H 2 O + SO 2
dirt off the surface of the cloth.
The balanced chemical equation is:
2H 2 S g) + 3O 2 (g) " 2H 2 O (l) + 2SO 2 (g)
( 27. A metal ‘X’ is found in nature as its sulphide ore,
XS. This metal is used in the galvanising process to
(2 marks for the correct balanced equation) protect iron from rusting.
(a) Identify the metal ‘X’.
26. Attempt either option A or B.
A. (i) What is a micelle? (b) Describe how the metal is extracted from its
sulphide ore. Write the relevant chemical
(ii) Explain why micelles form when soap is
equations.
dissolved in water.
(iii) Draw a neat diagram of a micelle. Ans
o (a) The metal ‘X’ used for galvanising iron is Zinc
B. What is the difference between hard water and (Zn).
soft water? Explain the cleansing action of soap. (b) Zinc is extracted from its sulphide ore (zinc
Ans blende, ZnS) using the following steps:
A. (i) A micelle is an aggregate or spherical cluster 1. Roasting: The sulphide ore is heated
of soap molecules formed in a solution. strongly in the presence of excess air to
convert it into zinc oxide.
(ii) Soap molecules have two distinct parts: Heat
a long hydrophobic (water-repelling) 2ZnS (s) + 3O 2 (g)
2ZnO (s) + 2SO 2 (g)
hydrocarbon tail and a short hydrophilic 2. Reduction: The zinc oxide is then reduced
(water-attracting) ionic head. When in to zinc metal by heating it with carbon
water, the molecules arrange themselves (coke).
to keep the hydrophobic tails away from Heat
ZnO (s) + C (s)
Zn (s) + CO (g)
the water, clustering them at the core,
while the hydrophilic heads face outwards
28. A student tests four different solutions P, Q, R, and
towards the water. This arrangement forms
S and finds their pH values to be 1, 6, 8, and 13,
the micelle structure.
respectively.
(iii) Diagram of a Micelle:
(a) Which solution is the most acidic, and which is
the most basic?
(b) Arrange the four solutions in increasing order of
their hydrogen ion (H+) concentration.
(c) What colour would you expect a universal
indicator to show for solution R and solution P?
o
(c) What would be the effect on the pH if a few
drops of solution P were added to solution S?
Name the type of reaction that would occur.
Ans
SAMPLE PAPER 20

Ans Flowchart: Stimulus (Heat from hot object)

A. Double circulation is a system where blood ® Detected by Receptors (in skin) ® Sensory
flows through the heart twice for each complete Neuron sends signal ® Spinal Cord (Relay Neuron
circuit of the body. This prevents the mixing of processes signal) ® Motor Neuron carries command
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The two ® Effector (Muscle in arm) ® Response (Hand is
circulations are: withdrawn).
1. Pulmonary Circulation: (Heart ® Lungs ® 14. Differentiate between acquired traits and inherited
Heart)
traits by providing two points of distinction and one
2. Systemic Circulation: (Heart ® Body example for each.
Tissues ® Heart)
o Ans
B. Amoeba exhibits holozoic nutrition through a
process called phagocytosis. Feature Acquired Trait Inherited Trait
1. Ingestion: It extends its pseudopodia to 1. Origin Developed Present
engulf a food particle. during an from birth
2. Digestion: It forms a food vacuole around individual’s as they are
the food, into which digestive enzymes are lifetime due to determined by
secreted to break it down. environmental an individual’s
influences or genetic makeup
3. Absorption & Assimilation: The digested
experience. (DNA).
food diffuses into the cytoplasm and is used
for energy and growth. 2. Inhe- Cannot be Can be passed
4. Egestion: The undigested waste is expelled ritance passed on on from parents
by rupturing the cell membrane. (Simple to the next to offspring
diagrams for each of the 4 steps should be generation as through the
drawn) they do not genes in
change the gametes.
12. In the following food chain, 100,000 J of energy was DNA of the
available to the plants from the sun. How much gametes.
energy would be available to the lion? 3. Example Knowing how Natural eye
Plants ® Deer ® Lion to swim, having colour, hair
Which law governs the flow of energy in this food a scar. texture.
chain?
15. A doctor is examining a report on a patient’s kidney
Ans
function. Refer to the structure of a nephron to the
According to the 10% Law: following.
1. Energy available to Deer = 10% of 100,000 J =
10,000 J.
2. Energy available to Lion = 10% of 10,000 J =
1,000 J.
The law that governs this is the Ten Percent Law,
which states that only about 10% of the energy is
transferred from one trophic level to the next.

13. What is a reflex arc? Draw a neat flowchart to

show the sequence of events that occur when you
accidentally touch a hot object.
Ans
A reflex arc is the neural pathway that a nerve
impulse follows during a reflex action. It includes a
sensory receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron (in
the spinal cord), motor neuron, and an effector.
page 232 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Total internal reflection occurs when a ray travels

from a denser to a rarer medium and the angle of
incidence is greater than the critical angle for the
two mediums.

32. Assertion (A) : The magnification of a plane mirror

is always +1.
Reason (R) : The image formed by a plane mirror
is always virtual, erect, and the same size as the
object.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A. (a) Total resistance in the circuit and
(c) A is true but R is false. (b) Total current flowing in the circuit.
(d) A is false but R is true. Ans :
Ans 1 = 1 + 1
(a)
RA R1 R2
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A. 1 = 1 + 1 = 5
Magnification is the ratio of image height to object RA 10 40 40
height. Since a plane mirror forms an image of the
same size, the magnification is 1. The positive sign RA = 8 Ω
indicates that the image is virtual and erect. The 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
reason is a correct explanation for the assertion. Similarly,
RB R3 R 4 R5

33. A concave mirror produces a magnified real image 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 6

three times the size of the object at 10 cm in front. RB 30 20 60 60
A. Where is the image formed? RB = 10 Ω
B. State the mirror formula used.
Total resistance R = RA + RB
C. What is the nature of the image?
Ans = 8 + 10 = 18 Ω

(b) Total flowing current,
A. v = 30 cm.
B. Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u. I = V = 12 = 2 A
R 18 3
C. Real, inverted, enlarged.
o
B. A torch bulb is rated 5.0 V and 500 mA.
Calculate
(i) its power,
(ii) resistance when it is lighted for four hours.
Ans :

Potential difference, V = 5.0 Volt

Current, I = 500 mA

= 500 = 0.5 A

1000
34. Attempt either option A or B.
A. If in figure A, R1 = 10 Ω , R2 = 40 Ω , R3 = 30 Ω, (i) Power, P = I#V
R 4 = 20 Ω , R5 = 60 Ω and a 12 V battery are
connected to the arrangement, calculate : = 0.5 # 5 = 2.5 W

SAMPLE PAPER 20

(ii) Resistance, R = V = 5 = 10 Ω (ii) The strength of magnetic field is higher in this

I 0.5 region.
35. What are the causes of the following defects of (iii) AC voltage can be stopped up and transmitted
vision and how can they be corrected ? over long distances without much loss of energy.
(a) Cataract
38. Harish is a student of class X. He is very passionate
(b) Presbyopia.
about doing science experiment. Recently, he
Ans Comp 2014 visited Delhi with his parents to witness science
fair. He purchased different types of lenses, mirrors
(a) Cataract : Sometimes the crystalline lens
and other articles. One day, during games period,
becomes milky and cloudy in old age. This
causes partial or complete loss of eyesight. a student of same class fell down and lips started
Correction : Through a cataract surgery. bleeding. On observation, it was found by Physical
Education teacher that very fine pieces of glass,
(b) Presbyopia : The power of accommodation
difficult to observe, stranded over there. Harish
of eye decreases with age. So, the near point
reaches away. It is due to weakening of ciliary immediately rushed to Physics Lab and bought
muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye a lens. The bigger image of stranded glass pieces
lens. In this defect a person may suffer from eased the first aid job.
both myopia and hypermetropia. (i) Name the lens and mirror bought by Harish.
Correction : By wearing spectacles having (ii) Draw the ray diagram showing formation of
bifocal lens. very big image of object by lens. What should
be the position of object to get such image ?
36. An electric iron consumes energy at a rate of 840 W
Ans :
when heating is at the maximum rate and 360 W
when the heating is at the minimum. The voltage (i) Harish will bring the double convex lens because
is 220 V. What are the current and the resistance it forms the magnified image, thus it will help
in each case ? to see the fine pieces of glass.
(ii)
Ans Foreign 2010

From, P = VI

we have, I =P
V
(a) When heating is at maximum rate.

Current, I = 840 W = 3.82 A

220 V

and resistance, R = V = 220 = 57.6 Ω

I 3.84
(b) When heating is at the minimum rate.
39. Attempt either option A or B.
Current, I = 360 W = 1.64 A A. An electric lamp of resistance 20 Ω and a
220 V
conductor of resistance 4 Ω are connected to a
and resistance, R = V = 220 V = 134.15 Ω 6 V battery as shown in the circuit. Calculate :
I 1.64 A
37. Answer the following questions :
(i) What is the direction of magnetic field lines
outside a bar-magnet ?
(ii) The magnetic field lines in a given region are
getting crowded. What does it indicate ?
(iii) State one advantage of AC over DC.
Ans Delhi 2017

(i) North pole to south pole.

page 234 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(i) the total resistance of the circuit, (a) To obtain minimum current, the two
(ii) the current through the circuit, resistors should be connected in series so
(iii) the potential difference across the (a) that the equivalent resistance,
electric lamp and (b) conductor, and Rs = 10 Ω + 15 Ω = 25 Ω
(iv) power of the lamp.
Ans : Thus, I min = 12 V = 0.48 A
25 Ω
(i) Given, (b) To obtain maximum current, the two
R1 = 20 Ω , R2 = 4 Ω resistors should be connected in parallel so
that the equivalent resistance,
Since, in Series,
R = R1 + R2 R p = 15 Ω # 10 Ω = 6 Ω
15 Ω # 10 Ω
Total resistance of circuit,
Thus, I max = 12 = 2 A
R = 20 + 4 = 24 Ω 6Ω
(ii) Current through circuit, (ii) Resistivity is a fundamental property of a
material that measures its ability to resist
V = 6 Volt , R = 24 Ω
the flow of electric current. It is denoted
According to ohm’s law,
by the symbol t (rho) and is expressed in
V = IR ohm-meters (Ω·m).

So, I = V = 6 = 1 = 0.25 ampere

R 24 4
(iii) (a) Potential difference across electric lamp,

I = 1 A , R = 20 Ω
4

V1 = IR1 = 1 # 20 = 5 V **********
4
(b) Potential difference across conductor,

V2 = IR2 = 1 # 4 = 1 V
4
(iv) Power of lamp,
P = I 2R1

= b 4 l # 20
1 2

= 1 # 1 # 20

4 4

= 5 = 1.25 watt

4
o
B. (i) Two resistors with resistances 10 Ω and
15 Ω are to be connected to emf 12 V so as
to obtain :
(a) minimum current
(b) maximum current.
How will you connect the resistance in each
case ? Calculate the strength of the total
current in the circuit in the two cases.
(ii) What do you mean by resistivity ?
Ans :
B. (i)
SAMPLE PAPER 21

Sample Paper 21
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

Ans
SECTION-A (a) Self-pollination
Self-pollination occurs when pollen from a flower’s
1. The nephron is the filtering unit of the kidney. What anther lands on the stigma of the same flower or
is the name of the cup-shaped structure at the start another flower on the same plant. This method of
of the nephron that encloses a ball of capillaries? reproduction leads to less genetic variation in the
(a) Ureter offspring.
(b) Bowman’s capsule 4. In genetics, the set of observable characteristics
(c) Collecting Duct of an individual, such as its height, eye colour, or
(d) Glomerulus flower colour, is referred to as its:
Ans (a) Genotype
(b) Phenotype
(b) Bowman’s capsule
(c) Allele
The Bowman’s capsule is the initial, cup-like part
(d) Genome
of the nephron. It surrounds a cluster of blood
capillaries called the glomerulus, and it is here that Ans
the filtration of blood begins.
(b) Phenotype
2. In a ‘fight or flight’ emergency situation, which The phenotype is the physical expression of an
endocrine gland is stimulated to release a hormone organism’s genetic makeup (genotype). It includes all
that prepares the body for rapid, intense action? of the organism’s observable traits that result from
(a) Pituitary gland the interaction of its genes with the environment.
(b) Thyroid gland 5. Organisms that can produce their own food from
(c) Adrenal gland inorganic sources like sunlight, water, and carbon
(d) Pancreas dioxide form the base of every food chain. These
Ans organisms are at the first trophic level and are
known as:
(c) Adrenal gland
(a) Carnivores
The adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys,
(b) Herbivores
secrete adrenaline (also called epinephrine). This
(c) Decomposers
hormone quickly increases heart rate, breathing
(d) Producers
rate, and blood flow to muscles, preparing the body
for immediate response to stress. Ans

3. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the (d) Producers
stigma of the very same flower is known as: Producers, also called autotrophs, are the
(a) Self-pollination foundation of ecosystems. They convert light energy
(b) Cross-pollination into chemical energy through photosynthesis,
(c) Fertilization providing the energy source for all other organisms
(d) Germination (consumers) in the food chain.
page 236 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

6. Consider the following statements about the human The assertion describes a known plant behaviour.
male reproductive system: The reason correctly identifies this behaviour as
(i) The testes are located in the scrotum to positive geotropism, which is the directional growth
maintain a temperature lower than the body towards the stimulus of gravity. This helps anchor
for sperm production. the plant and find water.
(ii) The hormone testosterone is responsible for 9. Assertion (A) : Using disposable plates made from
the development of male secondary sexual banana leaves is a more environmentally sound
characteristics. choice than using disposable plastic plates.
(iii) The vas deferens is a tube that transports Reason (R) : Plastic is a non-biodegradable
sperm from the epididymis towards the urethra. material that persists in the environment and causes
(iv) Seminal vesicles and the prostate gland add pollution.
their secretions to the sperm to form semen. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Which of the above statements are correct? explanation of A.
(a) (i) and (ii) only (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(b) (iii) and (iv) only explanation of A.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) only (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) All are correct. (d) A is false but R is true.
Ans Ans
(d) All are correct. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
All four statements accurately describe the structure explanation of A.
and function of the male reproductive system. The The assertion is a valid environmental
location of the testes, the role of testosterone, the recommendation. The reason correctly explains why:
path of sperm, and the composition of semen are all banana leaves are biodegradable and break down
correctly stated. naturally, whereas plastic is non-biodegradable and
contributes to long-term pollution, making it a less
7. What are the tiny pores present on the surface of desirable choice.
plant leaves that are responsible for the exchange
of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen with the 10. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart
atmosphere? with the right and left sides completely separated.
(a) Stomata (b) Lenticels Why is this separation necessary, and what is the
(c) Hydathodes (d) Cuticle structure responsible for it?
Ans Ans
(a) Stomata This separation is necessary to prevent the mixing of
Stomata are small openings, typically on the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This ensures a
underside of leaves, which are flanked by two guard highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body, which
cells. They regulate gas exchange, allowing CO2 to is essential for warm-blooded animals to maintain
enter for photosynthesis and O2 to be released. a constant body temperature. The structure
responsible for this separation is the muscular wall
8. Assertion (A) : The roots of a plant always grow called the septum.
downwards.
11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
Reason (R) : The downward growth of roots is an
example of positive geotropism. A. List the functions of the following plant
hormones:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A. (i) Auxin and
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct (ii) Cytokinin.
explanation of A. o
(c) A is true but R is false. B. What is the key difference between inhalation
(d) A is false but R is true. and exhalation regarding the movement of the
rib cage?
Ans
Ans
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
SAMPLE PAPER 21

36. (i) What is meant by resistance of a conductor? electric current then flows through the circuit.
Define its SI unit. (iii) (a) 5A, (b) 15A
(ii) List two factors on which the resistance of a
rectangular conductor depends. 38. In a small town fair Amit took his friend and
(iii) How will the resistance of a wire be affected if showed him a mirror in which his image showed
its. upper half body very fat and lower body very thin.
Amit’s friend got upset but Amit explained him by
(1) length is doubled, and
showing his similar image in the mirror.
(2) radius is also doubled ?
(i) Name two mirrors used in this fair shop.
Give justification for your answer.
(ii) Name the mirror in which the size of image is
Ans : OD 2023 small.
(i) Resistance is defined as the property of a Ans :
conductor to resist the flow of charges through
(i) Concave and convex mirror.
it. The resistance of a conductor is numerically
given as the ratio of the potential difference (ii) Convex mirror gives small size image.
across its length to the current flowing through
39. Attempt either option A or B.
it.
A. (i) What is a solenoid ? Draw the pattern
Its SI unit is ohm The resistance of a conductor
of magnetic field lines around a current
is said to be 1 ohm if a current of 1 ampere
carrying solenoid.
flows through it when the potential difference
across it is 1 volt. (ii) What is the pattern of field lines inside a
solenoid? What do they indicate ?
(ii) Resistance of a conductor depends on :
(iii) How is the magnetic field produced in a
(1) Length of the conductor. solenoid used ?
(2) Area of cross section of the conductor. Ans :
(iii) (1) Resistance is directly proportional to
the length. Hence, if length is doubled, (i) A solenoid is a long coil containing a large
resistance is also doubled. number of close turns of insulated copper wire.
(2) The resistance of a wire is inversely
proportional to the area of cross-section
the wire. Thus, if the radius is doubled,
the area increases four times and hence the
resistance becomes one-fourth.

37. (i) What is the function of earth wire in electrical

instruments?
(ii) Explain what is short circuiting an electric
supply.
(iii) What is the usual current rating of the fuse wire A solenoid is used to magnetize any magnetic
in the line to feed material
(a) Lights and fans? (ii) The field lines inside the solenoid are in the
(b) Appliances of 2kW or more power? form of parallel straight line.
Ans : It indicates that the magnetic field is uniform.
(i) Function of earth wire in electrical instruments. (iii) A solenoid is used to magnetize a soft iron piece
The earth wire is a safety device used in the to obtain electromagnets.
electric circuits. At the time of leakage of o
current, most of the electric current goes into B. A metallic coil, connected to a 220 V supply,
the earth, so we get protected from electric has a resistance of 110 ohm (while hot). How
shocks and also the appliance is not damaged. long will it take for this coil to heat 1 kg of
(ii) Short circuiting an electric supply. When water from 20°C to 70°C ? Assume that whole
accidentally, live wires and neutral wires of an of the heat produced by the coil is taken up by
electric circuit come into direct contact, it is water. (Specific heat of water = 4186 J/kgcC )
called short circuiting. A very large quantity of Ans :
page 238 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

1. It creates a highly acidic medium which is

required for the enzyme pepsin to begin
protein digestion.
2. It kills harmful bacteria and other germs
that may have entered the body along with
food.
o
B. Bile juice, produced by the liver (N), emulsifies
fats. This means it breaks down large fat
globules into smaller droplets. This increases
the surface area for the enzyme lipase to act on
the fats and digest them more efficiently in the
small intestine. (ii) 1. Stamen : It is the male reproductive
C. The final absorption of water from the part that produces pollen grains, which
remaining undigested food material takes place contain the male gametes.
in the large intestine (Part P). 2. Carpel : It is the female reproductive
part that contains the ovary, where the
16. Attempt either option A or B. ovules (containing the female gamete)
A. (i) What is vegetative propagation? are located.
(ii) List two advantages of growing plants using (iii) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from
this method. the anther to the stigma. Fertilization is the
(iii) Name two plants that are commonly fusion of the male gamete with the female
propagated by layering. gamete inside the ovule to form a zygote.
o Pollination must occur before fertilization
can take place.
B. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the longitudinal
section of a typical flower.
(ii) What is the function of the stamen and the
carpel in a flower? SECTION-B
(iii) Differentiate between pollination and
fertilization. 17. In the reaction Fe 2 O 3 + 3CO " 2Fe + 3CO 2 , which
Ans substance acts as the reducing agent?
(a) Fe2O3
A. (i) Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual (b) CO
reproduction where new plants are grown (c) Fe
from the vegetative parts of a parent plant (d) CO2
like its root, stem, or leaf, rather than from
seeds. Ans
(ii) Two advantages are: (b) CO
1. Plants grown this way bear flowers and A reducing agent is a substance that gets oxidized
fruits much earlier than those grown itself (by gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen). In this
from seeds. reaction, Carbon Monoxide (CO) gains oxygen to
2. It allows for the preservation of form Carbon Dioxide (CO2), so it is oxidized and
desirable parental characteristics, as acts as the reducing agent.
the offspring are genetically identical.
18. Which of the following acids is not organic in
(iii) Two plants commonly propagated by
layering are Jasmine and Strawberry. nature?
(a) Acetic acid
o
(b) Formic acid
B. (i)
(c) Nitric acid
(d) Lactic acid
Ans
(c) Nitric acid
SAMPLE PAPER 21

Organic acids are naturally derived, weak acids (d) Melting the ore to remove impurities.
containing carbon atoms. Acetic acid (in vinegar),
Ans
formic acid (in ant stings), and lactic acid (in
milk) are organic. Nitric acid (HNO3) is a strong, (b) Heating a carbonate ore strongly in a limited
inorganic mineral acid. supply or absence of air.
Calcination is specifically the process of heating a
19. Which of the following non-metals exists as a liquid carbonate ore to high temperatures in the absence
at room temperature? of air to drive off carbon dioxide, leaving behind the
(a) Carbon metal oxide.
(b) Sulphur
(c) Bromine 23. The chemical formula for rust, which forms on the
(d) Iodine surface of iron when exposed to moist air, is:
Ans (a) FeO
(b) Fe2O3
(c) Bromine
Most non-metals are either solids or gases at room (c) Fe3O4
temperature. Bromine is the only non-metal that (d) Fe 2 O 3 $ xH 2 O
exists as a reddish-brown liquid at standard room
Ans
temperature and pressure.
(d) Fe 2 O 3 $ xH 2 O
20. A molecule of ammonia (NH 3 ) has: Rust is not just iron oxide; it is hydrated iron(III)
(a) Only single bonds oxide. The ‘x’ in the formula indicates a variable
(b) Only double bonds amount of water molecules associated with the
(c) Only triple bonds iron oxide, which gives rust its characteristic flaky,
(d) One double bond and two single bonds reddish-brown appearance.
Ans
24. Assertion (A) : Unsaturated hydrocarbons like
(a) Only single bonds ethene undergo addition reactions.
In an ammonia molecule, the central nitrogen atom Reason (R) : The double and triple bonds in
shares one pair of electrons with each of the three unsaturated hydrocarbons are weak and can easily
hydrogen atoms. This results in the formation of break to add other atoms.
three N-H single covalent bonds. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
21. The reaction between an acid and a base to give a
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
salt and water is known as a:
explanation of A.
(a) Combination reaction
(c) A is true but R is false.
(b) Decomposition reaction
(d) A is false but R is true.
(c) Neutralisation reaction
(d) Displacement reaction Ans
Ans (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(c) Neutralisation reaction
Unsaturated hydrocarbons like ethene
A neutralisation reaction is a specific type of double
characteristically undergo addition reactions.
displacement reaction where an acid and a base
However, the reason provided is incorrect. Double
react quantitatively with each other. The H+ ions
and triple bonds are, in total, stronger than single
from the acid and OH– ions from the base combine
bonds. The reactivity comes from the fact that
to form water.
the pi bond, a component of the multiple bond,
22. Calcification is a process used in metallurgy to is weaker and more exposed than a sigma bond,
convert an ore into its oxide. The process involves: allowing it to break and form new single bonds
(a) Heating a sulphide ore strongly in the presence 25. What is galvanization? Why is this process carried
of excess air. out on iron articles?
(b) Heating a carbonate ore strongly in a limited
supply or absence of air. Ans
(c) Reducing an oxide ore with carbon.
page 240 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Galvanisation is the process of applying a protective (a) The blue colour of the copper sulphate solution
coating of zinc to iron or steel. This is done to will gradually fade and the solution will become
prevent the iron from rusting. The zinc layer acts as colourless.
a sacrificial coating; being more reactive than iron, (b) A reddish-brown deposit of copper metal will
it corrodes first, thereby protecting the iron article be formed on the surface of the zinc strip.
even if the zinc layer is scratched.
(c) Equation:
26. Attempt either option A or B. Zn (s) + CuSO 4 (aq) " ZnSO 4 (aq) + Cu (s)
A. How is ethanol manufactured on a large This is a displacement reaction.
commercial scale? Write the chemical equation
for the reaction involved in the process. 28. A white crystalline solid ‘X’ is a common ingredient
o found in kitchens. It is used in baking to make
B. (i) Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic cakes rise and is also an active ingredient in some
acid considered an oxidation reaction? antacids. When heated, it decomposes to form
(ii) What is the role of alkaline KMnO 4 in this sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide.
reaction? (a) Identify ‘X’ and write its chemical name and
chemical formula.
Ans (b) Explain the role of ‘X’ in making a cake soft
A. Ethanol is manufactured commercially by the and spongy.
fermentation of sugars like glucose and fructose, o
which are found in sources like molasses (from (c) Write the balanced chemical equation for the
sugarcane) or grapes. The process is carried out decomposition of ‘X’ upon heating.
by yeast, which contains enzymes that convert (d) Explain why ‘X’ can be used as an antacid.
the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide in the Write the balanced chemical equation for its
absence of air. reaction with excess acid (HCl) in the stomach.
Equation:
Yeast
Ans
C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq)
(a) ‘X’ is Baking Sod (a) Its chemical name
2C 2 H 5 OH (aq) + 2CO 2 (g)
is Sodium hydrogen-carbonate (or sodium
o bicarbonate), and its formula is NaHCO3.
(b) When baking soda is heated during baking,
B. (i) The conversion of ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
it decomposes to produce carbon dioxide gas.
to ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) involves the
These gas bubbles get trapped in the dough,
addition of an oxygen atom and the removal
causing the cake to rise and become soft and
of hydrogen atoms. By definition, the spongy.
addition of oxygen is oxidation. Therefore,
o
it is an oxidation reaction.
(c) The balanced equation for its decomposition is:
(ii) Alkaline potassium permanganate (KMnO 4
Heat
) is a strong oxidising agent. Its role is to
2NaHCO 3 (s)
provide the necessary oxygen to oxidise the
Na 2 CO 3 (s) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)

ethanol to ethanoic acid.
(d) Baking soda is a mild, non-corrosive base. As an
27. A student places a clean strip of zinc metal in a antacid, it neutralizes the excess hydrochloric
blue-coloured solution of copper sulphate. acid produced in the stomach, providing relief
(a) What change in the colour of the solution will from acidity and indigestion.
the student observe after some time? Equation:
(b) What will be observed on the surface of the zinc NaHCO 3 (s) + HCl (aq) "

strip?
NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)

(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the
reaction and identify the type of reaction. 29. Attempt either option A or B.
Ans A. (a) What is the reactivity series of metals?
(b) How does this series help in predicting the
feasibility of a single displacement reaction?
SAMPLE PAPER 21

(c) You are given solutions of FeSO 4 , ZnSO 4 ,

and CuSO4 and metal pieces of Fe, Zn, and
SECTION-C
Cu. Suggest a set of three experiments to
arrange these metals in order of decreasing 30. A student makes the following statements about
reactivity. image formation by lenses:
o I. A convex lens can form both real and virtual
B. (a) Define a functional group in the context of images.
organic compounds. II. A concave lens always forms a virtual image.
(b) Identify the functional group present in the III. A convex lens always forms a real and inverted
following compounds: (i) CH3CH2OH (ii) image.
CH 3 COCH 3 (iii) HCOOH Choose from the following the correct option that
(c) Write the name of the third member of the lists the correct statements.
alcohol homologous series. (a) I and II
Ans (b) I and III
(c) I, II and III
A. (a) The reactivity series is a list of metals (d) II and III
arranged in the order of their decreasing
Ans
chemical reactivity.
(b) A more reactive metal (placed higher in the (a) I and II
series) can displace a less reactive metal A convex lens forms real images for objects beyond
(placed lower in the series) from its salt F and a virtual image for objects between O and F.
solution. If the metal is less reactive than A concave lens always forms a virtual image. Thus,
the metal in the salt solution, no reaction III is incorrect.
will occur.
31. What is the unit of power of a lens?
(c) Experiment 1: Add a piece of Zn metal
to FeSO 4 solution. Observation: Reaction (a) Meter (b) Centimeter
occurs, Zn is more reactive than Fe. (c) Diopter (d) Watt
Experiment 2 : Add a piece of Fe metal Ans
to CuSO4 solution. Observation: Reaction
(c) Diopter
occurs, Fe is more reactive than Cu.
The S.I. unit of power of a lens is the diopter (D).
Experiment 3 : Add a piece of Cu metal to
One diopter is the power of a lens with a focal
ZnSO 4 solution. Observation: No reaction,
length of one meter.
Cu is less reactive than Zn.
Conclusion: The decreasing order of 32. Assertion (A) : The color of the warning signal is
reactivity is Zn Fe Cu. red.
o Reason (R) : The red color has the longest
B. (a) A functional group is an atom or a group of wavelength and scatters the least, so it can be seen
atoms within a molecule that is responsible from a long distance.
for the characteristic chemical reactions of (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
that molecule. explanation of A.
(b) (i) CH3CH2OH: –OH (Alcohol/Hydroxyl (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
group) explanation of A.
(ii) CH 3 COCH 3 : C=O (Ketone group) (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
(iii) HCOOH: -COOH (Carboxylic acid
Ans
group)
(c) The third member of the alcohol homologous (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
series is Propanol (C 3 H 7 OH ). explanation of A.
The red color has the longest wavelength in the
visible spectrum. Due to this, it is scattered the
least by atmospheric particles and can travel long
distances without significant loss of intensity,
making it an ideal color for warning signals.
page 242 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

33. Explain refraction of light through a rectangular R =V

glass slab. I
A. What happens to the ray when it enters from
= 2.4 = 9.6 Ω

air into glass? 0.25
B. What happens when it emerges back into air?
o
C. State the relation between emergent and
incident rays. B. Give two reasons why the nichrome alloy is used
for making the heating elements of electrical
Ans appliances.
A. Bends towards normal in glass. Ans :
B. Bends away from normal on exit. Reasons are :
C. Emergent ray is parallel to incident ray. (i) Nichrome has very high resistivity due to which
the heating element made of nichrome has a
high resistance and produces a lot of heat on
passing current.
(ii) Nichrome does not undergo oxidation (or burn)
easily even at high temperature. Due to this
nichrome can be kept red-hot without burning
or breaking in air.

35. Study the diagram below and answer the following

questions :

34. Attempt either option A or B.

(i) Name the defect of vision depicted in the
A. The current flowing through a resistor connected
diagram.
in a circuit and the potential difference
(ii) List two causes of the above defect.
developed across its ends are as shown in
the diagram by milliammeter and voltmeter (iii) Draw a ray diagram for the correction of the
readings respectively : above defect using an appropriate lens.
(a) What are the least counts of these meters? Ans :
(b) What is the resistance of the resistor? (i) Name of the defect is hypermetropia.
(ii) He is suffering from hyper-metropia.
Convex lens of suitable focal length is required
to correct this defect.
Causes of hypermetromia :
(a) Focal length of eye lens is too long.
(b) Eye ball has become too small.
(iii) Diagram for correction :

Ans : OD 2019

(a) 10 mA and 0.1 V

(b) Given, V = 2.4 volt
I = 250 mA = 0.25 A
As we know that,
SAMPLE PAPER 21

A. (i) Auxin : Promotes cell elongation and growth 14. A cross was made between a pure-breeding pea
of the plant, especially in the shoots. It is plant having round, yellow seeds (RRYY) and a
responsible for phototropism. pure-breeding pea plant having wrinkled, green
(ii) Cytokinin : Promotes cell division and is seeds (rryy).
found in high concentrations in areas of (i) What would be the phenotype of the plants in
rapid growth, like fruits and seeds. the F1 generation?
o (ii) Write the genotypes of the gametes produced
B. During inhalation, the muscles of the rib cage by the F1 plants.
contract, causing it to move upwards and (iii) What type of cross is this?
outwards to increase the chest cavity volume.
During exhalation, these muscles relax, and Ans
the rib cage moves downwards and inwards, (i) The phenotype of all plants in the F1 generation
decreasing the chest cavity volume to push air would be Round and Yellow seeds, as these are
out. the dominant traits.
(ii) The F1 plant has the genotype RrYy. The
12. “The flow of energy in a food chain is unidirectional.”
gametes it would produce are: RY, Ry, rY, and
Justify this statement. What happens to the energy ry.
captured by producers that is not passed on to
(iii) This is a dihybrid cross because it involves the
consumers?
inheritance of two pairs of contrasting traits.
Ans
15. Refer to the diagram of the human alimentary canal
The flow of energy is unidirectional because energy
flows from the sun to producers, then to consumers, to the questions.
and is not transferred back in the reverse direction.
An organism at a higher trophic level cannot be eaten
by an organism at a lower one. The energy captured
by producers that is not passed on is used by the
producers for their own life processes (like respiration
and growth) or is lost to the environment as heat.

13. Draw a neat diagram of a neuron (nerve cell) and

label the following parts:
(i) Cell Body
(ii) Axon
(iii) Dendrite
Ans

Figure:- Human Alimentary canal

A. What is the role of HCl in the part labelled ‘N’

(Stomach)?
o
B. Describe the function of bile juice in digestion.
Which organ produces it? C. Where does the
final absorption of water from undigested food
take place?
(i) Cell Body (Cyton) : The main part of the
neuron containing the nucleus. Ans
(ii) Axon : A long projection that transmits nerve A. The hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach (N)
impulses away from the cell body. serves two functions:
(iii) Dendrite : Short, branched extensions that
receive information from other neurons.
page 244 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Potential difference,V = 220 Volt

Resistance, R = 110 Ω
2
Power, P =V
R
(220) 2
=
= 440 W
110
Energy = P # t = 440t
(i) Mass of water,
m = 1 kg
Change in temperature,
Tt = (70 − 20) cC = 50cC
Heat energy,
Q = ms Tt
= 1 # 4186 # 50

= 209300 Joule

(ii) From (1) and (2), we get :
440t = 209300

t = 209300
440
= 475.6 s

**********
SAMPLE PAPER 22

Sample Paper 22
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(b) Inside the pollen grain

SECTION-A The pollen grain is the male gametophyte of a
seed plant. It contains the male reproductive cells
(gametes) and is transferred from the anther to the
1. The liver is the largest gland in the human body
stigma during pollination to enable fertilization.
and performs many vital functions. Which of the
following is NOT a function of the liver? 4. An organism’s genetic constitution is called its
(a) Production of bile juice genotype. What is the term for its observable
(b) Detoxification of harmful substances physical appearance?
(c) Production of the hormone insulin (a) Phenotype
(d) Regulation of blood sugar levels (b) Genome
Ans : (c) Allele
(c) Production of the hormone insulin (d) Karyotype
While the liver is crucial for metabolizing Ans :
carbohydrates and regulating blood sugar, the (a) Phenotype
hormone insulin is produced by the beta cells of the The phenotype includes all of an organism’s observable
pancreas, not the liver. characteristics, such as its morphology, development,
and behaviour. It is the result of the expression of the
2. The secretion of hormones is often regulated in a way
organism’s genotype in a given environment.
that the final product controls its own production.
This type of self-regulating control is known as a: 5. The “3 R’s” principle is a widely promoted strategy
(a) Reflex arc for effective waste management. This principle
(b) Feedback mechanism stands for:
(c) Voluntary action (a) Rebuild, Repair, Restore
(d) Nerve impulse (b) Remove, Replace, Replant
Ans : (c) Rely, Restrict, Regulate
(b) Feedback mechanism (d) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Feedback mechanisms are essential for homoeostasis. Ans :
For example, high levels of a hormone in the blood
can signal the gland that produces it to stop (d) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
secretion, preventing overproduction. This is known This strategy provides a hierarchy for managing
as a negative feedback loop. waste. The most effective approach is to reduce the
amount of waste created, followed by reusing items,
3. In flowering plants, where is the male gamete and finally, recycling materials to create new products.
located before pollination occurs?
6. Consider the following statements about the human
(a) Inside the ovule
(b) Inside the pollen grain menstrual cycle:
(c) On the surface of the stigma (i) It is a recurring cycle in females that involves
(d) Inside the ovary the shedding of the uterine lining if pregnancy
does not occur.
Ans :
page 246 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(ii) Ovulation, the release of a mature egg from the 9. Assertion (A) : The forelimbs of a frog and a lizard
ovary, occurs during the cycle. have a similar basic bone structure.
(iii) The cycle is regulated by hormones like Reason (R) : This is an example of analogous
oestrogen and progesterone. organs.
(iv) The breakdown of the thickened uterine wall (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
leads to bleeding, known as menstruation. explanation of A.
Which of the above statements are correct? (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(a) (i) and (ii) only explanation of A.
(b) (iii) and (iv) only (c) A is true but R is false.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) only (d) A is false but R is true.
(d) All are correct. Ans :
Ans : (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) All are correct. The assertion is true; the bone pattern in the
All four statements accurately describe key events forelimbs of these vertebrates is similar. The reason
and regulatory aspects of the menstrual cycle, which is false because this similarity in structure despite
prepares the female body for a potential pregnancy different functions is an example of homologous
each month. organs, which indicate a common ancestry.

7. What is the molecule that serves as the main 10. The separation of the right side and the left side
energy currency of the cell, produced during cellular of the heart is useful to keep oxygenated and
respiration? deoxygenated blood from mixing. How does this
(a) ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) separation benefit birds and mammals?
(b) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Ans :
(c) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) This separation allows for a highly efficient supply
(d) NADP (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide of oxygen to the body. This is crucial for warm-
phosphate) blooded animals like birds and mammals, which
Ans : have high energy needs to maintain a constant body
(b) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) temperature. An efficient oxygen supply supports
ATP captures the chemical energy released from the the high rate of respiration required to meet these
breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel energy demands.
other cellular processes. It is often referred to as the
11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
‘energy currency’ because it can be ‘spent’ to power
cellular work. A. How many chambers are there in the heart of a
fish? How does blood circulate in its body?
8. Assertion (A) : Blood clotting is a mechanism that o
prevents excessive loss of blood from an injury. B. Explain the mechanism by which water is
Reason (R) : Blood platelets aggregate at the site of transported upwards in plants.
the injury to form a temporary plug, initiating the Ans :
clotting process.
A. Fishes have a two-chambered heart (one atrium
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct and one ventricle). Deoxygenated blood is
explanation of A. pumped from the heart to the gills, where it
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct gets oxygenated. This oxygenated blood is then
explanation of A. supplied directly to the rest of the body. Thus,
(c) A is true but R is false. blood goes through the heart only once during
(d) A is false but R is true. one cycle.
Ans : o
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct B. Water is transported upwards through the
explanation of A. xylem tissue. The evaporation of water from
The assertion states the purpose of clotting. The the leaves (transpiration) creates a suction
reason correctly describes the crucial first step of pressure, known as transpirational pull. This
this mechanism, where platelets form a plug that pull is strong enough to draw the continuous
helps seal the wound and triggers a cascade of column of water from the roots up to the
reactions to form a stable clot. highest parts of the plant.
SAMPLE PAPER 22

o
(iii) Approximate value of magnification for distance
object - 20 cm and image distance + 60 cm is
3.

Region A has stronger magnetic field.

It is so because the strength of the field is
proportional to the relative closeness of field lines.
o
B. State the formula co-relating the electric
current flowing in a conductor and the voltage
39. Attempt either option A or B.
applied across it. Also show this relationship by
A. Briefly explain an activity to plot the magnetic
drawing a graph.
field lines around a bar magnet. Sketch the field
What would be the resistance of a conductor if
pattern for the same specifying field directions.
the current flowing through it is 0.35 ampere
A region A has magnetic field lines relatively
when the potential difference across it is 1.4
closer than another region B . Which region
volt ?
has stronger magnetic field ? Give reason to
support your answer. Ans :
Ans : It states that “Physical conditions remaining same
the current flowing through a conductor is directly
Take a small compass and a bar magnet. Place the
proportional to the potential applied across its two
magnet on a sheet of white paper fixed on a drawing
ends.”
board. Mark the boundary of the magnet. Place the
compass near the north pole of the magnet. The The graph is as shown below :
south pole of the needle points towards the north
pole of the magnet. The north pole of the compass
is directed away from the north pole of the magnet.
Mark the position of two ends of the needle. Move
the needle to a new position such that its south
pole occupies the position previously occupied by
its north pole. In this way, proceed step by step till
reach the south pole of the magnet. Join the points
marked on the paper by a smooth curve. This curve
represents a field line. These lines represent the
magnetic field around the magnet. These are known
as magnetic field lines.

Given V = 1.4 Volt , I = 0.35 A . Now, resistance is

given by the expression

R = V = 1.4 = 4 Ω
I 0.35

**********
page 248 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

1. The ovule develops into the seed. Generally, non-metals react with oxygen to form
2. The ovary enlarges and ripens to acidic oxides. Sulphur is a non-metal that forms
become the fruit. sulphur dioxide (SO2), which dissolves in water to
3. The sepals, petals, and stamens wither form sulphurous acid. Metals typically form basic
and fall off. oxides.
(ii) Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen
from the anther to the stigma of the same 20. How many structural isomers can be drawn for
flower or another flower on the same plant. pentane (C5H12)?
Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen (a) 2 (b) 3
from the anther of a flower on one plant to (c) 4 (d) 5
the stigma of a flower on another plant of Ans :
the same species.
(b) 3
Pentane (C5H12) has three structural isomers: n-pentane
(a straight chain), isopentane (2-methylbutane), and
SECTION-B neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane). Each has the
same molecular formula but a different arrangement
Electrolysis of carbon atoms.
17. The reaction 2H 2 O (l) 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
is an example of a: 21. The chemical formula for Plaster of Paris, which is
(a) Combination reaction used for setting fractured bones, is:
(b) Displacement reaction (a) CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O
(c) Double displacement reaction (b) CaSO 4 $ H 2 O
(d) Decomposition reaction
(c) CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O
Ans :
(d) CaSO4
(d) Decomposition reaction
Ans :
A decomposition reaction is one where a single
compound breaks down into two or more simpler (c) CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O
substances. In this case, water decomposes into Plaster of Paris is calcium sulphate hemihydrate,
hydrogen and oxygen with the help of electrical meaning half a molecule of water of crystallisation
energy. is associated with each formula unit of calcium
18. Which of the following is a strong base? sulphate. Its formula is CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O .
(a) Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) 22. According to the reactivity series, what will happen
(b) Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) when a strip of lead metal is placed in a solution of
(c) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) copper(II) chloride?
(d) Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) (a) No reaction will occur.
Ans : (b) Lead will displace copper from the solution.
(c) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) (c) Copper will displace lead from the solution.
A strong base is one that completely ionizes in water (d) Both metals will dissolve.
to produce a high concentration of hydroxide ions Ans :
(OH-). Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and Sodium
(b) Lead will displace copper from the solution.
hydroxide (NaOH) are examples of strong bases.
Lead is placed above copper in the reactivity series,
The others are considered weak or moderately
which means it is more reactive. Therefore, lead
strong bases.
will displace the less reactive copper from its salt
19. Which of the following elements would form an solution, forming lead chloride and solid copper.
acidic oxide upon reacting with oxygen?
23. In the balanced chemical equation for the formation
(a) Sodium
of magnesium oxide from magnesium and oxygen,
(b) Magnesium
aMg + bO 2 " cMgO , the coefficients a, b, and c are
(c) Sulphur
respectively:
(d) Aluminium
(a) 1, 1, 1 (b) 2, 1, 2
Ans : (c) 1, 2, 1 (d) 2, 2, 2
(c) Sulphur Ans :
SAMPLE PAPER 22

12. What are the problems caused by the non- o

biodegradable waste that we generate? Suggest one B. Lentils are rich in protein. Where does the
method for its effective disposal. digestion of protein begin, and which enzyme is
Ans : involved?
Non-biodegradable wastes, such as plastics and C. Ghee is primarily fat. Describe how fats are
metals, cannot be broken down by microorganisms. digested in the small intestine.
They persist in the environment for long periods, Ans :
causing land and water pollution. They can also A. The digestion of starch (from rice) will begin in
enter the food chain and harm living organisms the mouth. The enzyme responsible is salivary
through biomagnification. One effective method amylase, which is present in saliva and breaks
for disposal is recycling, where materials like glass, down starch into simpler sugars.
plastic, and metal are collected, processed, and used o
to make new products.
B. The digestion of protein begins in the stomach.
13. How does chemical coordination in plants differ The enzyme involved is pepsin, which functions
from that in animals? in the acidic medium of the stomach to break
down proteins into smaller fragments.
Ans :
C. In the small intestine, bile juice from the liver
Chemical coordination in plants is carried out first breaks down large fat globules into smaller
by hormones that are produced in one part and ones (emulsification). Then, the enzyme lipase,
diffuse to other parts; the response is generally secreted by the pancreas, acts on these smaller
slow and growth-related. In animals, chemical fat droplets to break them down into their
coordination involves a more complex endocrine simpler components: fatty acids and glycerol.
system with specific glands that secrete hormones
into the bloodstream for transport to target organs, 16. Attempt either option A or B.
leading to a wider range of faster and more specific A. (i) A farmer wants to grow banana plants.
responses. Which method of reproduction should
he use, seeds or vegetative propagation?
14. In a Mendelian experiment, a pea plant with pure Justify your answer.
round green seeds (RRyy) was crossed with a plant
(ii) What is the main advantage and
with pure wrinkled yellow seeds (rrYY). disadvantage of this method?
(i) What will be the phenotype of the F1 o
generation? B. (i) What are the changes that occur in a flower
(ii) If F1 plants are self-pollinated, what phenotypic after fertilization? (List any three)
ratio would be observed in the F2 generation? (ii) Differentiate between self-pollination and
(iii) State the law of inheritance that explains this cross-pollination.
ratio. Ans :
Ans :
A. (i) The farmer should use vegetative
(i) The phenotype of the F1 generation will be propagation. Commercial banana plants
all Round and Yellow seeds, as these are the have lost their capacity to produce viable
dominant traits. seeds, so they can only be propagated
(ii) The phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation will asexually from parts of the parent plant like
be 9 (Round, Yellow) : 3 (Round, green) : 3 suckers.
(Wrinkled, Yellow) : 1 (Wrinkled, green). (ii) 1. Advantage: All new plants are
(iii) The Law of Independent Assortment explains genetically identical to the parent,
this ratio. It states that the alleles for different preserving desirable traits like fruit
traits (like seed shape and seed colour) are taste and size. They also bear fruit
inherited independently of one another. faster.
15. A person’s diet consists of rice, dal (lentils), and 2. Disadvantage: Lack of genetic variation
makes the entire crop susceptible to the
ghee. Based on this, the following questions about
same diseases.
the process of digestion.
o
A. The digestion of which food component
B. (i) Three post-fertilization changes in a flower
will begin in the mouth? Name the enzyme
are:
responsible.
page 250 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

this process called? three pairs of electrons (a triple bond)

o between them. Each carbon atom shares
(c) Write the balanced chemical equation for the one pair of electrons with one hydrogen
process mentioned in part (b) atom.
(d) In the process mentioned in part B, name the H : C : : : C: H
product obtained at the anode and the product o
obtained at the cathode. B. (a) Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single
Ans : covalent bonds between their carbon atoms.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least
(a) Two important chemicals prepared from NaCl one double or triple covalent bond between
are Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Baking
their carbon atoms.
Soda (NaHCO3). (Also acceptable: Washing
(b) Test: This can be tested using the Bromine
Soda, Bleaching Powder).
Water Test.
(b) This process is called the Chlor-alkali process.
Procedure: Add a few drops of bromine
o water (which is reddish-brown) to the oil
(c) The balanced chemical equation is: sample and shake it.
Electrolysis
2NaCl (aq) + 2H 2 O (l)
Observation: If the oil is unsaturated, the
reddish-brown colour of the bromine water
2NaOH (aq) + Cl 2 (g) + H 2 (g)
will disappear. If the oil is saturated, there
(d) (i) Product at the Anode (positive electrode): will be no change in colour.
Chlorine gas (Cl2) (c) Unsaturated fats are generally considered
(ii) Product at the Cathode (negative healthier for consumption as they are linked
electrode): Hydrogen gas (H2) to better cardiovascular health compared to
saturated fats.
29. Attempt either option A or B.
A. (a) What is a homologous series?
(b) To which homologous series do C3H4 and
C4H6 belong? SECTION-C
(c) Write the name and formula of the first
member of this series.
30. A student is studying the types of mirrors and
(d) Draw the electron-dot structure for the first
makes the following statements:
member of this series.
o I. A concave mirror is used in solar cookers to
B. (a) What is the main structural difference concentrate sunlight.
between saturated and unsaturated II. A convex mirror is used by dentists to get a
hydrocarbons? magnified view of teeth.
(b) How can you test chemically if a given III. A plane mirror is used in periscopes.
sample of cooking oil is saturated or Choose from the following the correct option that
unsaturated? Describe the procedure and lists the correct statements.
expected observation. (a) I and II
(c) Between saturated and unsaturated fats, (b) I and III
which one is generally considered healthier (c) I, II and III
for human consumption? (d) II and III
Ans : Ans :
A. (a) A homologous series is a series of organic (b) I and III
compounds with the same functional group, Concave mirrors are used in solar cookers to focus
similar chemical properties, and where sunlight at a single point. Plane mirrors are used
successive members differ by a - CH 2 in periscopes. Dentists use concave mirrors for
group. magnification.
(b) They belong to the alkyne series, which has
31. What is the least distance of distinct vision for a
the general formula C n H 2n - 2 .
normal human eye?
(c) The first member (n=2) is Ethyne, with the
formula C2H2. (a) 15 cm (b) 25 cm
(d) Electron-dot structure of Ethyne (c) 30 cm (d) 50 cm
(Acetylene): Two carbon atoms sharing Ans :
SAMPLE PAPER 22

(b) 25 cm
The least distance of distinct vision is the minimum
distance at which an object can be seen clearly and
distinctly without any strain. For a normal eye, this
distance is about 25 cm.

32. Assertion (A) : The focal length of a concave lens

is negative.
Reason (R) : A concave lens is a converging lens.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans :
Ans : Delhi 2020
(c) A is true but R is false.
Assertion A is true. The focal length of a concave From the graph, we infer that as the current in the
lens is negative. Reason R is false. A concave lens is nichrome wire increases, the potential difference
a diverging lens, not a converging lens. across it increases linearly. Thus, the graph follows
the ohm’s law.
33. State Snell’s law of refraction.
A. Write the relation between angle of incidence
and angle of refraction.
B. Define refractive index using Snell’s law.
C. Draw the ray diagram showing refraction.
Ans :
A. sin i / sin r = constant.
B. Refractive index = ratio of sine of angles for a
medium pair.
C. Diagram shows incident, refracted, and
emergent rays.
o
B. Give reasons for the following :
(i) What do you understand by the term fuse
in an electric circuit ?
(ii) Fuse wire is placed in series with the device.
Ans : SQP 2015

(i) Fuse is the weakest link placed in series in an

electric circuit which melts when the circuit
gets over loaded or short circuited.
(ii) It melts and stops the flow of any unduly high
electric current and breaks the circuit.

35. What are the causes of the following defects of

vision and how can they be corrected ?
(a) Cataract
(b) Presbyopia.
Ans : Comp 2014
34. Attempt either option A or B.
(a) Cataract : Sometimes the crystalline lens
A. A V -I graph for a nichrome wire is given below.
becomes milky and cloudy in old age. This
What do you infer from this graph? Draw a
causes partial or complete loss of eyesight.
labelled circuit diagram to obtain such a graph.
Correction : Through a cataract surgery.
page 252 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(b) Presbyopia : The power of accommodation Ans : Delhi 2016, Foreign 2011
of eye decreases with age. So, the near point Take a cardboard sheet. Drill two fine holes P and
reaches away. It is due to weakening of ciliary Q on it along a straight line at a suitable distance.
muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye Take an insulated copper wire loop and pass it
lens. In this defect a person may suffer from through the holes so that the loop is in a vertical
both myopia and hypermetropia. plane. Connect a 6-12 V battery B and a plug
Correction : By wearing spectacles having key K with the ends of wire loop. Put a sensitive
bifocal lens. compass at the center point O of the cardboard.
The compass rests in north-south direction. Now
36. (a) List the factors on which the resistance of a
put the plug in key K so that a current begins to
conductor in the shape of wire depends.
flow in the loop as shown in Figure. We observe that
(b) Why are metals good conductors of electricity the compass needle gets deflected. It shows that a
whereas glass is a bad conductor of electricity? magnetic field is set up at the center of current-
Give reason. carrying circular loop.
(c) Why are alloys commonly used in electrical The direction of field is given by right-hand rule.
heating devices? Give reason.
Ans : Comp. 2018 38. Analyse the following observation table showing
variation of image distance (v) with object distance
(a) Resistance of a conductor depends directly on
(u) in case of convex lens and answer the questions
its length, inversely proportional to the area
of cross-section, directly proportional to the that follow, without doing any calculations.
temperature and it depends on the nature of Object distance u (cm) Image distance v (cm)
the conductor.
1. - 90 + 18
(b) Metals have free electrons which can move and
conduct electricity, whereas glass does not have 2. - 60 + 20
free electrons which can flow freely to conduct - 30 + 30
3.
electricity.
(c) The resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than 4. - 20 + 60
that of pure metal. Alloys do not oxidise (burn) 5. - 18 + 90
readily at higher temperatures. Therefore,
6. - 10 + 100
conductors of electric heating devices, such as
toasters and electric irons, are made of an alloy (i) What is the focal length of the convex lens ?
rather than pure metal. Give reason in support of your answer.
(ii) Write the serial number of that observation
37. The flow of current in a circular loop of wire creates which is not correct. How did you arrive at this
a magnetic field at its center. How may existence of conclusion?
this field be detected ? State the rule which helps to o
predict the direction of this magnetic field. (iii) Take an appropriate scale to draw ray diagram
for the observation at S. No. 4 and find the
approximate value of magnification.
Ans : Foreign 2012

(i) From S. No. 3 we can say that the radius of

curvature of the lens is 30 cm because when an
object is placed at the centre of curvature of a
convex lens, its image is formed on the other
side of the lens at the same distance from the
lens. We know that focal length is half of the
radius of curvature. Thus, the focal lengths of
the lens is +15 cm.
(ii) S. No. 6 is not correct as the object distance is
between focus and pole, so for such cases the
image formed is always virtual but in the case
a real image is forming as the image distance is
positive.
SAMPLE PAPER 22

(b) 2, 1, 2 decreasing chemical reactivity. The most

To balance the equation, we need 2 O atoms on the reactive metal is at the top, and the least
left, so we put a 2 in front of MgO (c=2). This gives reactive is at the bottom.
2 Mg atoms on the right, so we need 2 Mg atoms (ii) The correct decreasing order of reactivity
on the left (a=2). The oxygen is already balanced is: Potassium Iron Copper Silver
(b=1). The balanced equation is 2Mg + O 2 " 2MgO o
B. (i) Ionic compounds consist of a crystal lattice
24. Assertion (A) : Sanctification is the alkaline of positively and negatively charged ions
hydrolysis of esters. held together by very strong electrostatic
Reason (R) : Saponification is used for the forces of attraction. A large amount of
commercial preparation of soaps. thermal energy is required to break these
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct strong forces, which is why they have high
explanation of A. melting points.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct (ii) In the solid state, the ions are held in fixed
explanation of A. positions in the lattice and are not free to move.
(c) A is true but R is false. In the molten state, the high temperature
(d) A is false but R is true. provides enough energy to overcome the
Ans : lattice forces, allowing the ions to become
mobile and carry an electric current.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A. 27. Give a scientific reason for each of the following
Both statements are correct. Saponification is the statements:
base-catalysed hydrolysis of an ester, and this
(a) Carbon forms a very large number of compounds.
process is indeed used to make soap. However, the
(b) Diamond is extremely hard, whereas graphite is
reason (R) is simply stating a use of the process, not
soft.
explaining why it is called alkaline hydrolysis.
(c) Ethene undergoes addition reactions, while
25. What is rancidity? Suggest one method that can be ethane does not.
used to prevent it. Ans :
Ans : (a) Carbon forms a large number of compounds
Rancidity is the process of slow oxidation of the due to two unique properties: catenation (the
oils and fats present in food materials, resulting ability to form strong bonds with other carbon
in a change in their smell and taste, making them atoms to create long chains and rings) and tetra-
unpleasant. valency (having a valency of four, allowing it to
Method to prevent it: Rancidity can be bond with four other atoms).
prevented by adding antioxidants to the food, or (b) In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four
by packaging the food in an unreactive atmosphere other carbon atoms in a rigid three-dimensional
like nitrogen gas. (Also acceptable: Storing food in tetrahedral network. In graphite, carbon atoms
airtight containers or at low temperatures). are arranged in flat hexagonal layers that are
held by weak forces and can slide over each other.
26. Attempt either option A or B. (c) Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with
A. (i) What is meant by the reactivity series of a double bond. This double bond can easily
metals? break to add new atoms. Ethane is a saturated
(ii) Arrange the following metals in order of hydrocarbon with only strong single bonds,
their decreasing reactivity: Potassium (K), so it does not undergo addition reactions and
Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe). instead undergoes substitution reactions.
o
B. (i) Explain why ionic compounds generally 28. Common salt (NaCl) is an essential part of our
have high melting points. diet and also an important raw material for various
(ii) Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity chemicals.
in the molten state but not in the solid (a) Name two important chemicals that are prepared
state? using sodium chloride as a raw material.
Ans : (b) When electricity is passed through a
concentrated aqueous solution of NaCl (brine),
A. (i) The reactivity series is a list of metals
it decomposes to form three products. What is
arranged vertically in the order of their
page 254 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP
SAMPLE PAPER 23

Sample Paper 23
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(a) Budding
SECTION-A (b) Regeneration
(c) Spore formation
1. In the human digestive system, the breakdown of (d) Binary fission
which food component begins in the stomach? Ans
(a) Carbohydrates
(d) Binary fission
(b) Proteins
Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction
(c) Fats
where a parent cell divides into two genetically
(d) Vitamins
identical daughter cells. In Amoeba, this division
Ans can happen in any plane as the organism lacks a
defined shape.
(b) Proteins
While some digestion starts in the mouth, the 4. In the study of heredity, what is the correct term for
digestion of proteins is initiated in the stomach. The a specific, observable characteristic of an individual,
acidic environment activates the enzyme pepsin, such as height or seed colour?
which begins to break down large protein molecules (a) Gene
into smaller peptides. (b) Allele
2. What is the function of receptors in an organism’s (c) Trait
nervous system? (d) Genotype
(a) To transmit commands from the brain to Ans
muscles.
(c) Trait
(b) To detect specific types of stimuli from the
A trait is a distinct variant of a phenotypic
environment.
characteristic of an organism. It is the feature that
(c) To form a protective sheath around the axon.
is physically expressed, such as blue eyes or curly
(d) To release chemical messengers into a synapse.
hair, as a result of the organism’s genetic makeup.
Ans
5. Why are synthetic materials like plastic considered
(b) To detect specific types of stimuli from the non-biodegradable?
environment. (a) Because they are too hard to be broken
Receptors are specialized cells or nerve endings physically.
that respond to stimuli like light, sound, heat, or (b) Because they are man-made and not natural.
chemicals. They convert these stimuli into electrical (c) Because the enzymes of decomposer
signals that can be transmitted through the nervous microorganisms cannot break them down.
system.
(d) Because they are soluble in water and wash
3. The unicellular organism Amoeba reproduces by away.
splitting into two identical daughter cells when it Ans
reaches its full size. This common method of asexual
(c) Because the enzymes of decomposer
reproduction is called:
microorganisms cannot break them down.
page 256 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Biodegradation is a biological process where (d) A is false but R is true.

microorganisms use enzymes to break down complex
Ans
organic matter. The chemical bonds in synthetic
polymers like plastic are alien to these enzymes, so (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
they cannot be decomposed. explanation of A.
Green plants are called producers because they are
6. Consider the following statements about human autotrophs. The reason correctly explains this by
blood vessels: stating that they perform photosynthesis to create
(i) Arteries have thick, elastic walls and carry their own food, forming the base of the food chain.
blood away from the heart.
(ii) Veins have thinner walls than arteries and carry 9. Assertion (A) : The testes in human males are
blood towards the heart. located inside the main abdominal cavity.
(iii) The pulmonary artery is a unique artery that Reason (R) : The scrotum maintains a temperature
carries deoxygenated blood. slightly lower than the body temperature, which is
necessary for sperm production.
(iv) Capillaries are thick-walled vessels that connect
arteries and veins. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Which of the above statements are correct?
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(a) (i) and (iv) only explanation of A.
(b) (i), (ii), and (iii) (c) A is true but R is false.
(c) (ii) and (iv) only (d) A is false but R is true.
(d) All are correct.
Ans
Ans
(d) A is false but R is true.
(b) (i), (ii), and (iii)
The assertion is false; the testes are located outside
The first three statements are correct descriptions. the abdominal cavity in the scrotum. The reason is
Statement (iv) is incorrect because capillaries have a true statement that correctly explains why this
extremely thin walls (one-cell thick) to facilitate external placement is necessary for optimal sperm
the efficient exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste formation.
between the blood and body tissues.
10. The movement of the diaphragm muscle is essential
7. Which of the following plant hormones is known as for breathing. Explain the role of the diaphragm
a growth inhibitor and is responsible for effects like during the process of inhalation and exhalation.
the wilting of leaves and promoting seed dormancy?
(a) Auxin Ans
(b) Gibberellin During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and
(c) Cytokinin flattens, moving downwards. This increases the
(d) Abscisic acid (ABA) volume of the thoracic cavity, which reduces the
pressure inside and causes air to rush into the lungs.
Ans
During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves
(d) Abscisic acid (ABA) upwards to its original dome shape, decreasing the
Abscisic acid generally acts to inhibit growth volume of the thoracic cavity and pushing air out.
processes. It plays a crucial role in helping plants
respond to environmental stress, such as closing 11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
stomata during a drought to conserve water. A. Differentiate between blood and lymph.
o
8. Assertion (A) : Green plants form the first trophic
B. How do plants get rid of their gaseous waste
level and are called producers.
products?
Reason (R) : They can synthesize their own food
from inorganic raw materials using light energy. Ans
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct A. Blood is a red-coloured fluid containing RBCs,
explanation of A. WBCs, platelets, and plasma; it transports
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct oxygen, nutrients, and wastes throughout
explanation of A. the body via arteries and veins. Lymph is a
(c) A is true but R is false. colourless fluid containing plasma and WBCs
SAMPLE PAPER 23

CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2

Ni catalyst
CH 3 − CH 3 Ans
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
SECTION-C Raindrops act like tiny prisms, causing the dispersion
of sunlight into a spectrum. Total internal reflection
within the drops and another refraction as the light
30. A student makes the following statements about exits are also key parts of the process.
image formation by spherical mirrors:
I. A concave mirror can form a real, inverted, and 33. Half of a convex lens is covered with black paper.
magnified image. A. State whether this lens will still produce an
II. A convex mirror can form a real, inverted, and image of the object.
diminished image. B. Explain how the brightness of the image will be
III. A concave mirror can form an erect, virtual affected.
image. C. Suggest an experiment to verify your answer.
Choose from the following the correct option that Ans
lists the correct statements.
A. Yes, it still produces a complete image.
(a) I and II B. Brightness reduces because less light enters the
(b) I and III lens.
(c) I, II and III
C. Cover half a convex lens and observe an image
(d) II and III of a distant object – the image remains complete
Ans but dimmer.
(b) I and III
A concave mirror can form a real, inverted, and
magnified image (between F and C). It can also
form an erect, virtual image (between P and F). A
convex mirror always forms a virtual image.

31. Which of the following phenomena is responsible for

the splitting of white light into its constituent colors
by a prism?
(a) Refraction
(b) Reflection
(c) Dispersion
(d) Scattering
Ans
(c) Dispersion
Dispersion is the phenomenon where white light
splits into its seven constituent colors when passing
through a prism. This occurs because the refractive
index of the prism is different for different colors.

32. Assertion (A) : The rainbow is a natural spectrum 34. Attempt either option A or B.
appearing in the sky after a rain shower. A. Two identical resistors of 24 Ω each are
Reason (R) : The raindrops act as a prism and an connected to a battery of 6 V. Calculate the
internal reflection occurs which causes dispersion of ratio of the power consumed by the resulting
light. combinations with
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (a) minimum resistance and
explanation of A. (b) maximum resistance.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct Ans
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false. Here R max = 24 + 24 = 48 Ω
(d) A is false but R is true.
page 258 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

B. (i) What are the functions of the testes in the 18. Which one of the following is true for an acidic
human male reproductive system? solution?
(ii) What is the role of the placenta during (a) pH 7
pregnancy? (b) pH < 7
(iii) Name two barrier methods of contraception. (c) pH = 7
(d) pH = 14
Ans
Ans
A. (i) Plasmodium reproduces asexually by
multiple fission. The nucleus of the (b) pH < 7
parent cell divides repeatedly to form The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen
many daughter nuclei, which then acquire ions. An acidic solution has a high concentration of
cytoplasm and form numerous daughter H+ ions, which corresponds to a pH value of less
cells within a cyst. than 7.
(ii) This method is advantageous as it allows
19. The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wires is
the rapid production of a large number of
known as:
offspring from a single parent cell, enabling
the parasite to multiply quickly inside the (a) Malleability
host’s body. (b) Sonority
(c) Lustre
(iii) In multiple fission, one parent cell divides
into many daughter cells simultaneously. In (d) Ductility
binary fission, one parent cell divides into Ans
only two daughter cells.
(d) Ductility
o
Ductility is the physical property of a material that
B. (i) The testes have two primary functions: allows it to be stretched into a wire under tensile
1. Production of male gametes (sperms). stress. Malleability is the ability to be beaten into
2. Secretion of the male sex hormone, thin sheets.
testosterone.
20. Which of the following organic compounds contains
(ii) The placenta is a vital link that provides a carbon-carbon triple bond?
nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s (a) Ethene (b) Ethane
blood to the developing fetus. It also (c) Ethyne (d) Ethanol
removes waste products from the fetus’s
blood. Ans
(iii) Two barrier methods of contraception are (c) Ethyne
condoms and diaphragms. Ethane (C2H6) is an alkane with a single bond.
Ethene (C2H4) is an alkene with a double bond.
Ethyne (C2H2) is an alkyne, characterized by a
SECTION-B carbon-carbon triple bond.

21. The chemical name for washing soda, a salt used for
17. In the reaction ZnO + C " Zn + CO , which softening hard water, is:
substance undergoes reduction? (a) Sodium carbonate
(a) C (b) Sodium chloride
(b) CO (c) Sodium hydrogencarbonate
(c) Zn (d) Sodium carbonate decahydrate
(d) ZnO
Ans
Ans
(d) Sodium carbonate decahydrate
(d) ZnO Washing soda is the hydrated form of sodium
Reduction is the loss of oxygen. In this reaction, carbonate. Its chemical formula is Na 2 CO 3 $ 10H 2 O
Zinc Oxide (ZnO) loses its oxygen atom to become and its chemical name is sodium carbonate
Zinc (Zn). Therefore, ZnO is the substance that is decahydrate, indicating the presence of ten
reduced. molecules of water of crystallisation.
SAMPLE PAPER 23

22. Roasting is a process in metallurgy primarily used Ans

for converting: (i) Malleability: Metals are generally malleable,
(a) Sulphide ores into oxides. meaning they can be beaten into thin sheets
(b) Carbonate ores into oxides. without breaking. Non-metals are non-
(c) Oxide ores into metals. malleable; they are brittle and will break if
(d) Sulphide ores into sulphates. hammered.
Ans (ii) Electrical Conductivity: Metals are good
conductors of electricity because they have
(a) Sulphide ores into oxides. free electrons that can move and carry charge.
Roasting involves heating an ore, typically a sulphide Non-metals are generally poor conductors of
ore, to a high temperature in the presence of excess electricity (except for graphite).
air. This process converts the metal sulphide into a
metal oxide. 26. Attempt either option A or B.
A. (i) What is hydrogenation?
23. The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost
(ii) State the industrial application of this
is an example of:
process.
(a) An endothermic reaction
(iii) Write a balanced chemical equation for a
(b) A displacement reaction
typical hydrogenation reaction.
(c) An exothermic reaction
o
(d) A neutralisation reaction
B. (i) Why are detergents considered better
Ans cleansing agents than soap, especially in
(c) An exothermic reaction hard water?
During the decomposition of organic matter by (ii) Briefly explain the cleansing action of
microorganisms, energy is released in the form of detergents.
heat. Any reaction that releases heat is classified as Ans
an exothermic reaction.
A. (i) Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that
24. Assertion (A) : Ethanoic acid is considered a weak involves the addition of hydrogen across a
acid. double or triple bond in an unsaturated
Reason (R) : It does not ionise completely when hydrocarbon, converting it into a saturated
dissolved in an aqueous solution. hydrocarbon. This reaction usually requires
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct a catalyst like nickel or palladium.
explanation of A. (ii) The main industrial application is the
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct hardening of vegetable oils to produce solid
explanation of A. vegetable fats (vanaspati ghee).
(c) A is true but R is false. (iii) Equation:
Ni catalyst
(d) A is false but R is true. CH 2 = CH 2 (g) + H 2 (g)

Ans CH 3 - CH 3 (g)

(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct o
explanation of A. B. (i) Detergents are better than soap because
The strength of an acid is defined by its degree of they work effectively in both soft and hard
ionization in water. Ethanoic acid ( CH 3 COOH ) is water. Unlike soaps, detergents do not
considered a weak acid precisely because it partially react with the calcium and magnesium ions
ionizes when dissolved. Unlike strong acids that present in hard water to form an insoluble
dissociate completely, most ethanoic acid remains precipitate (scum).
as intact molecules, establishing an equilibrium in (ii) Similar to soaps, detergent molecules have
the solution. hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends. The
hydrophobic end attaches to oily dirt,
25. Differentiate between metals and non-metals on the
forming micelles that trap the dirt. The
basis of their
hydrophilic end remains in water, allowing
(i) malleability and the entire micelle to be washed away with
(ii) electrical conductivity. the dirt.
page 260 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

27. A science student takes a small amount of quicklime 29. Attempt either option A or B.
in a beaker and slowly adds water to it. A. (a) Draw the electron-dot structure for a
(a) What two noticeable observations will the molecule of nitrogen (N 2 ). How many
student make? covalent bonds are there between the two
(b) Name the product formed and write its chemical nitrogen atoms?
formula. (b) What are the two unique properties of
carbon that lead to the formation of a very
(c) What is the chemical nature of the product
large number of organic compounds?
formed (acidic/basic/neutral)?
(c) Write the name and draw the structure of
Ans the saturated hydrocarbon containing 3
carbon atoms.
(a) The student will observe:
o
1. A hissing sound is produced.
B. An organic compound ‘A’ (a liquid) on heating
2. The beaker becomes hot as the reaction is
with excess concentrated H2SO4 at 443 K forms
highly exothermic.
an unsaturated compound ‘B’. Compound ‘B’
(b) The product formed is Slaked Lime. Its chemical
on addition of one mole of hydrogen in the
formula is Ca(OH)2 (Calcium Hydroxide).
presence of a nickel catalyst forms a saturated
(c) The product, calcium hydroxide, is a base (or compound ‘C’.
alkali). (a) Identify the compounds A, B, and C,
assuming they all contain two carbon
28. Corrosion is a natural process that gradually atoms.
deteriorates refined metals. The rusting of iron is a (b) Write the chemical equation for the
prominent example of corrosion. conversion of A to (b)
(a) What is rust? Write its general chemical (c) Write the chemical equation for the
formula. conversion of B to (c)
(b) List the two essential conditions required for
Ans
the rusting of iron.
o A. (a) Electron-dot structure of N 2 : Two nitrogen
(c) Suggest two different methods that can be used atoms each sharing three pairs of electrons
to prevent the rusting of iron articles. with each other. `:N:::N:`
(d) When a copper object is left exposed to moist There is a triple covalent bond between the
air for a long time, it acquires a dull green two nitrogen atoms.
coating. What is the chemical name of this (b) The two unique properties of carbon are:
green substance? 1. Catenation: The ability to form strong
Ans covalent bonds with other carbon
atoms to form long chains, branched
(a) Rust is a reddish-brown, flaky substance that
chains, and rings.
forms on iron. It is hydrated iron(III) oxide. Its
chemical formula is Fe 2 O 3 $ xH 2 O . 2. Tetra-valency: Having a valency of
four, which allows it to bond with four
(b) The two essential conditions for rusting are:
other atoms.
1. Presence of Oxygen (from air)
(c) The saturated hydrocarbon with 3 carbon
2. Presence of Water (or moisture)
atoms is Propane (C3H8).
o
Structure: CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 3
(c) Two methods to prevent rusting are:
1. Painting or Oiling: Applying a coat of paint o
or oil creates a barrier between the iron and B. (a) (i) Compound A is Ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
the environment. (ii) Compound B is Ethene (CH 2 = CH 2 ).
2. Galvanisation: Coating the iron with a (iii) Compound C is Ethane (CH 3 - CH 3 ).
layer of a more reactive metal like zinc.
(d) The green coating on copper is a mixture of (b) Conversion of A to B (Dehydration):
443K
copper hydroxide and copper carbonate. This
CH 3 CH 2 OH Con (c) H 2 SO 4
CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O
substance is known as basic copper carbonate.
(c) Conversion of B to C (Hydrogenation):
SAMPLE PAPER 23

but no RBCs; it circulates in lymphatic vessels t Tt tt

and is primarily involved in immunity and fat
absorption. (ii) The phenotypes will be Tall (Tt) and Dwarf
o (tt). The phenotypic ratio will be 1 (Tall) : 1
(Dwarf).
B. Plants get rid of gaseous BNwastes through
diffusion. Carbon dioxide from respiration and (iii) The genotypes are Tt and tt. The genotypic
excess oxygen from photosynthesis are released ratio will be 1 (Tt) : 1 (tt).
into the atmosphere through small pores on the
15. A person is advised to drink plenty of water to
leaves called stomata and through lenticels on
ensure the proper functioning of their excretory
the stem.
system. The following questions related to this
12. What does the Ten Percent Law state about the system.
transfer of energy in an ecosystem? Why does this A. What is the main function of the kidneys?
law limit the number of trophic levels in a food o
chain? B. Describe the three main steps involved in the
Ans formation of urine in a nephron.
C. What is the role of the urinary bladder and
The Ten Percent Law states that during the transfer
urethra in the excretory system?
of energy from one trophic level to the next, only
about 10% of the energy is stored in the body of the Ans
organism and made available to the next level. The
A. The main function of the kidneys is to filter
rest is lost as heat or used for metabolic activities.
waste products, primarily urea, from the blood
Because of this massive energy loss at each step,
to produce urine. They are also crucial for
the energy available becomes too little to support a
regulating the body’s water and salt balance
viable population after three or four trophic levels.
(osmoregulation) and maintaining blood pH.
13. What is phototropism? Explain the mechanism by o
which it occurs in a plant shoot. B. The three main steps are:
Ans 1. Ultrafiltration: Blood is filtered under
Phototropism is the directional growth movement high pressure in the glomerulus, forcing
of a plant part in response to a light stimulus. This water and small solutes into the Bowman’s
mechanism is controlled by the plant hormone auxin. capsule.
When light shines on a shoot from one side, auxin 2. Selective Reabsorption: As the filtrate
diffuses to the shaded side. The higher concentration passes through the tubule, useful substances
of auxin on the shaded side stimulates the cells like glucose, amino acids, and most of the
there to elongate more rapidly than the cells on the water are reabsorbed back into the blood.
illuminated side. This differential growth causes the 3. Tubular Secretion: Certain waste products
shoot to bend towards the light source. and ions are actively secreted from the
blood into the filtrate in the tubule.
14. In a cross between a heterozygous tall pea plant C. The urinary bladder is a muscular sac that
(Tt) and a homozygous dwarf pea plant (tt): stores urine temporarily. The urethra is a
(i) Show the possible genotypes of the offspring tube through which urine is expelled from the
using a Punnett square. bladder out of the body.
(ii) What will be the phenotypic ratio of the
offspring? 16. Attempt either option A or B.
(iii) What will be the genotypic ratio of the A. (i) How does Plasmodium (the malarial
offspring? parasite) reproduce asexually? Name the
process.
Ans (ii) How is this method advantageous fthe
(i) Punnett Square Cross: organism?
(iii) How does this method differ from binary
T t fission in Amoeba?
t Tt tt o
page 262 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

R min = 24 # 24 = 12 Ω When light ray from a star enters into earth’s

24 + 24 atmosphere, it travels from rarer to denser medium
2 and hence continues to bend towards the normal. As
Now, we have P =V a result, an observer on earth consider the apparent
R
position of star to be at a higher altitude as shown
62 in Figure.
Pp
Therefore = 122 = 48 = 4 : 1
Ps 6 12
36. (i) What is meant by resistance of a conductor?
48
Define its SI unit.
o (ii) List two factors on which the resistance of a
B. Write the importance of electricity in our rectangular conductor depends.
everyday life. (iii) How will the resistance of a wire be affected if
its.
Ans :
(1) length is doubled, and
Electricity is used for : (2) radius is also doubled ?
(a) Domestic purposes : It is used for lighting, Give justification for your answer.
heating, and for operating various electrical
Ans : OD 2023
appliances like cooler, geyser, washing machine,
T.V., etc. (i) Resistance is defined as the property of a
(b) Transportation : In running electric trains, conductor to resist the flow of charges through
trams, etc. it. The resistance of a conductor is numerically
(c) Running various machines in factories, industries, given as the ratio of the potential difference
food storage plants, etc. Electricity is also used across its length to the current flowing through
in shops, hospitals, hotels, offices, banks, etc. it.
Its SI unit is ohm The resistance of a conductor
35. The apparent altitude of stars appears to be is said to be 1 ohm if a current of 1 ampere
generally more than their true altitudes. Explain, flows through it when the potential difference
how. across it is 1 volt.
Ans : (ii) Resistance of a conductor depends on :
As we go up and up in earth’s atmosphere, it goes (1) Length of the conductor.
on becoming rarer and more rarer. As a result, (2) Area of cross section of the conductor.
the atmospheric layer near the earth’s surface has (iii) (1) Resistance is directly proportional to
maximum refractive index and the refractive index the length. Hence, if length is doubled,
gradually decreases with increase in height. resistance is also doubled.
(2) The resistance of a wire is inversely
proportional to the area of cross-section
the wire. Thus, if the radius is doubled,
the area increases four times and hence the
resistance becomes one-fourth.

37. Answer the following questions :

(i) What is the direction of magnetic field lines
outside a bar-magnet ?
(ii) The magnetic field lines in a given region are
getting crowded. What does it indicate ?
(iii) State one advantage of AC over DC.
Ans :
(i) North pole to south pole.
(ii) The strength of magnetic field is higher in this
region.
(iii) AC voltage can be stopped up and transmitted
over long distances without much loss of energy.
SAMPLE PAPER 23

38. After coming from playground, Tanu feels very

hungry. But still some more time was required by
her mother to cook food. While waiting on dining
table Tanu was playing with her spoon. All of
sudden she observed two different orientations of
her face when she looked her face from both sides
of spoon.
She was confused why the orientation of her
face changed in two cases. She was curious to know
why her reflected image appears upside down in the
Ans :
one surface of a spoon but the correct way up in the
opposite surface. (i) Erect image in convex surface and inverted
image in concave surface.
(ii) When object is place between focus and pole of
the mirror, it forms virtual and erect image. So
as we move concave surface of spoon towards
our face as soon as our face comes between
principal focus and pole we observe erect and
virtual image of our face.
(iii) Convex surface of the spoon will form the image
as depicted in the given ray diagram.
o
(iv) Image A is the correct image as concave mirror
forms real and inverted image of the same size
of the object when object is placed at centre of
(i) Which type of image is formed on the both curvature of the mirror.
surface of spoon?
39. Attempt either option A or B.
(ii) As tanu move concave surface of spoon towards
A. (i) Derive the relation for the equivalent
her face, again she find that there comes a
resistance when three resistors of resistances
point (provided the spoon is big enough) where
R1 , R2 and R3 are connected in parallel.
her image flips from inverted to upright. State
(ii) Find the minimum resistance that can be
the condition under which it happens ? Is this
made using four resistors, each of 20 Ω .
image real or virtual?
Ans :
(iii) The given ray diagram depict the correct
explanation of the image formed by one surface A. (i) It is observed that total current I is equal
of the spoon. Name the surface which can form to the sum of separate currents.
the image as depicted in given ray diagram? I = I1 + I2 + I3 ...(1)

Let Rp be the equivalent resistance of the

parallel combination of resistors.

o
(iv) Tanu was trying to form image using a concave
mirror. She got an inverted and real image of
same size of the object. Given figure shows four
possible positions of the image formed. Figure
out the correct position and justify it.
page 264 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

So, by applying ohm’s law

I =V
Rp
I1 = , I2 = V and I3 = V
V
R1 R2 R3
So, now from equation (1), we have
V =V +V +V
R p R1 R2 R3
**********
and 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
R p R1 R2 R3
Hence, if n resistors are connected in parallel,
then the equivalent resistance of the circuit is
given by -
1 1 1 1 1
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + ..... + Rn
(ii) To get the minimum resistance all the resistors
are connected in the parallel combination.
Hence the equivalent resistance is given by
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
R 20 20 20 20
1 = 4
R 20

R = 20 = 5 ohm
4
o
B. (i) List the factors on which the resistance of a
conductor in the shape of wire depends.
(ii) Why are metals good conductors of
electricity whereas glass is a bad conductor
of electricity? Give reason.
(iii) Why are alloys commonly used in electrical
heating devices? Give reason.
Ans :
B. (i) Resistance of a conductor depends directly
on its length, inversely proportional to the
area of cross-section, directly proportional
to the temperature and it depends on the
nature of the conductor.
(ii) Metals have free electrons which can move
and conduct electricity, whereas glass does
not have free electrons which can flow
freely to conduct electricity.
(iii) The resistivity of an alloy is generally
higher than that of pure metal. Alloys
do not oxidise (burn) readily at higher
temperatures. Therefore, conductors of
electric heating devices, such as toasters
and electric irons, are made of an alloy
rather than pure metal.
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SAMPLE PAPER 24

Sample Paper 24
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

1. The trachea (windpipe) is supported by rings of (d) Pollen grain

cartilage. What is the primary function of these The pollen grain is the male gametophyte of a plant.
cartilaginous rings? It is produced in the anther and contains the male
(a) To filter dust from inhaled air. reproductive cells (gametes) that are necessary to
(b) To warm the air before it reaches the lungs. fertilize the female gamete in the ovule.
(c) To secrete mucus to trap foreign particles.
4. A genetic cross that involves studying the inheritance
(d) To ensure that the air passage does not collapse.
of a single pair of contrasting traits is known as a:
Ans (a) Test cross
(b) Monohybrid cross
(d) To ensure that the air passage does not collapse.
(c) Dihybrid cross
The C-shaped rings of cartilage provide rigidity and
(d) Reciprocal cross
support to the trachea, ensuring that it remains open
for air to pass through continuously. This prevents Ans
the airway from collapsing when air pressure is low.
(b) Monohybrid cross
2. Which part of the human brain is responsible for A monohybrid cross is used to study the inheritance
coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining of one specific gene. For example, crossing a pure
the body’s posture and balance? tall pea plant with a pure dwarf pea plant to observe
(a) Cerebrum the inheritance of the single trait of height.
(b) Cerebellum
5. The depletion of the ozone layer is a significant
(c) Medulla
environmental problem. It is primarily caused by
(d) Pons
the release of which man-made chemicals into the
Ans atmosphere?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Cerebellum
(b) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
The cerebellum, located at the back of the brain,
(c) Sulphur dioxide
is crucial for motor control. It does not initiate
(d) Methane
movement but contributes to its coordination,
precision, and accurate timing, allowing for smooth, Ans
balanced actions.
(b) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
3. In a flower, the male gametes are contained within CFCs, formerly common in refrigerants and
a specific microscopic structure that is transferred aerosols, are very stable and rise to the stratosphere.
during pollination. This structure is the: There, UV radiation breaks them down, releasing
(a) Ovule chlorine atoms that catalytically destroy ozone (O3)
(b) Sepal molecules.
page 266 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

6. Consider the following statements about the reflex (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
arc: explanation of A.
(i) It is the neural pathway that controls a reflex The F1 generation inherits one allele for tallness (T)
action. and one for dwarfness (t), making them heterozygous
(ii) Its components typically include a receptor, (Tt). According to the Law of Dominance, the
sensory neuron, spinal cord, motor neuron, and dominant tall allele masks the recessive dwarf allele,
effector. so all plants exhibit the tall phenotype.
(iii) The brain is the main processing center for a 9. Assertion (A) : The transport of water upwards
simple reflex arc. through the xylem in plants is a passive process.
(iv) It enables a rapid and involuntary response to a Reason (R) : Xylem transport is an active process
stimulus. that requires the plant to expend energy in the form
Which of the above statements are correct? of ATP.
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) only explanation of A.
(c) (i) and (iv) only (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(d) All are correct. explanation of A.
Ans (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv)
Ans
The first, second, and fourth statements correctly
describe the reflex arc. Statement (iii) is incorrect (c) A is true but R is false.
because for a simple reflex, the processing occurs The assertion is true; the upward movement of water
in the spinal cord to ensure a very fast response, in the xylem does not require metabolic energy. The
bypassing the brain initially. reason is false because this transport is driven by
physical forces, primarily the suction pull created
7. What is the functional unit of the lung where the by transpiration, not by the expenditure of ATP.
exchange of gases between the air and the blood
occurs? 10. The inner lining of the small intestine is not smooth
(a) Alveolus but has millions of tiny, finger-like projections.
(b) Nephron What are these projections called, and what is their
(c) Neuron primary advantage?
(d) Bronchiole
Ans
Ans
These projections are called villi. Their primary
(a) Alveolus advantage is that they vastly increase the internal
The alveoli are tiny, bubble-like sacs at the end of surface area of the small intestine. This enormous
the respiratory passages. Their thin walls and close surface area allows for a much more efficient
contact with capillaries provide a large surface area and rapid absorption of digested food into the
for the efficient diffusion of oxygen into the blood bloodstream.
and carbon dioxide out of it.
11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
8. Assertion (A) : When a pure tall pea plant is crossed A. Differentiate between arteries and veins based
with a pure dwarf pea plant, all the plants in the F1 on two distinct features.
generation are tall. o
Reason (R) : The allele for tallness is dominant over B. What is transpiration? List two factors that can
the recessive allele for dwarfness. increase the rate of transpiration.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A. Ans
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct A.
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false. Feature Arteries Veins
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
SAMPLE PAPER 24

21. The characteristic blue colour of copper sulphate Ans

crystals is due to the presence of: (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(a) Copper ions explanation of A.
(b) Sulphate ions Both statements are true. An alloy is indeed a
(c) Water of crystallisation homogeneous mixture, and the purpose of making
(d) Covalent bonds alloys is to improve properties. However, the reason
Ans (R) states the purpose of making alloys, not the
scientific explanation of why they are homogeneous
(c) Water of crystallisation mixtures.
Anhydrous copper sulphate (CuSO4) is a white
powder. The blue colour of its crystals comes from 25. What happens when an aqueous solution of
the five molecules of water of crystallisation present lead(II) nitrate is mixed with an aqueous solution
in its hydrated form, CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O . of potassium iodide? Write the balanced chemical
equation for the reaction involved.
22. An element ‘X’ is soft and can be easily cut with
Ans
a knife. It reacts explosively with cold water. The
element ‘X’ is most likely: When the two solutions are mixed, a yellow
(a) Magnesium (b) Aluminium precipitate of lead(II) iodide is forme(d) This is a
(c) Potassium (d) Iron double displacement reaction.
Balanced Chemical Equation:
Ans
Pb (NO 3) 2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) " PbI 2 (s) + 2KNO 3 (aq)
(c) Potassium
Alkali metals like potassium and sodium are very 26. Attempt either option A or B.
soft and highly reactive. They react vigorously and A. Describe one chemical test to distinguish
exothermically with cold water to produce hydrogen between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
gas, which often ignites. o
23. The reaction of calcium oxide (quicklime) with B. Differentiate between ethanol and ethanoic acid
water to form calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is based on the following properties:
a/an: (i) Litmus test
(a) Endothermic and combination reaction (ii) Reaction with sodium carbonate
(b) Exothermic and combination reaction (iii) Odour
(c) Endothermic and decomposition reaction Ans
(d) Exothermic and decomposition reaction
A. (i) Test: Reaction with Sodium Carbonate or
Ans Sodium Hydrogencarbonate.
(b) Exothermic and combination reaction (ii) Procedure: Take two test tubes, one with
In this reaction, two substances (CaO and H2O) the given alcohol and the other with the
combine to form a single substance (Ca(OH)2), so it carboxylic acid. Add a small amount of
is a combination reaction. A large amount of heat solid sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) to both.
is released during this process, making it highly (iii) Observation: The test tube containing
exothermic. the carboxylic acid will show a brisk
effervescence due to the evolution of carbon
24. Assertion (A) : An alloy is a homogeneous mixture dioxide gas. The test tube containing the
of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal. alcohol will show no reaction.
Reason (R) : Alloys are prepared to improve the o
properties of metals, such as their hardness or B. (i) Litmus test: Ethanol is neutral and will
resistance to corrosion. show no change on litmus paper. Ethanoic
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct acid is an acid and will turn blue litmus
explanation of A. paper red.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct (ii) Reaction with sodium carbonate: Ethanol
explanation of A. does not react. Ethanoic acid reacts to
(c) A is true but R is false. produce brisk effervescence due to the
(d) A is false but R is true. evolution of carbon dioxide gas.
page 268 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

16. Attempt either option A or B. (a) Combination reaction

A. (i) What is tissue culture? (b) Photolytic decomposition reaction
(c) Displacement reaction
(ii) List two main advantages of propagating
plants using this technique. (d) Precipitation reaction
(iii) Name one ornamental plant commonly Ans
grown using tissue culture. (b) Photolytic decomposition reaction
o Photolytic decomposition is a type of decomposition
B. (i) What is meant by implantation? Where reaction that is initiated by energy from light
does this event take place in the human (photons). Silver chloride breaks down into silver
female? (which is grey) and chlorine gas upon absorbing
(ii) Describe the structure and function of the sunlight.
placenta.
18. Which of the following solutions will turn blue
(iii) Why is it important for a woman to have a
litmus paper red?
balanced diet during pregnancy?
(a) Sodium hydroxide solution
Ans (b) Pure water
A. (i) Tissue culture (or micropropagation) is a (c) Dilute hydrochloric acid
technique of growing new plants by taking (d) Baking soda solution
a small piece of plant tissue or cells from Ans
the growing tip of a plant and placing it in
an artificial, sterile nutrient medium. (c) Dilute hydrochloric acid
(ii) Two advantages are: 1. A very large number Litmus paper is an indicator used to test for acidity
of plants can be grown from a single parent or alkalinity. Blue litmus paper turns red in the
plant in a short time. 2. The plants grown presence of an acid. Dilute hydrochloric acid is
are disease-free. an acidic solution. The other options are basic or
neutral.
(iii) An ornamental plant grown using this
technique is the Orchid. 19. Which of the following metals is considered the
o most ductile?
B. (i) Implantation is the process where the (a) Aluminium
developing embryo attaches itself to the (b) Copper
thick, spongy inner lining of the uterus. (c) Silver
This event takes place in the uterus. (d) Gold
(ii) The placenta is a disc-like special tissue Ans
embedded in the uterine wall. It provides
a large surface for nutrients and oxygen to (d) Gold
pass from the mother’s blood to the embryo Ductility is the ability of a metal to be drawn into
and for waste products to pass from the thin wires. Gold is the most ductile of all metals; a
embryo to the mother’s blood. single gram of gold can be stretched into a wire over
(iii) A balanced diet is crucial during pregnancy 2 kilometers long.
to provide the necessary nutrients, vitamins,
20. A hydrocarbon has the molecular formula C3H4. It
and minerals for the proper growth and
healthy development of the fetus, as the belongs to the homologous series of:
developing child derives all its nutrition (a) Alkanes
from the mother via the placenta. (b) Alkenes
(c) Alkynes
(d) Alcohols

SECTION-B Ans
(c) Alkynes
17. When silver chloride is placed in a transparent The general formula for alkynes is C n H 2n - 2 . For
bottle and exposed to sunlight, it turns grey. This n=3, the formula would be C 3 H 2 (3) − 2 = C 3 H 4 . This
is an example of a: hydrocarbon is propyne and contains a triple bond.
SAMPLE PAPER 24

1. Walls Have thick, elastic Have thinner, (i) Thyroid gland: Located in the front of the neck,
walls to handle less muscular wrapped around the windpipe.
high-pressure walls as blood (ii) Pancreas: Located in the abdomen, behind the
blood flow. pressure is low. stomach.
2. Valves Do not have Have valves (iii) Adrenal glands: Situated on top of each kidney.
valves (except at to prevent the
14. A homozygous tall pea plant (TT) is crossed with a
the heart’s exit). backflow of
blood homozygous dwarf pea plant (tt).
(i) What will be the genotype and phenotype of
B. Transpiration is the biological process of water the F1 generation?
loss in the form of water vapour from the aerial
(ii) If the F1 plants are self-pollinated, what will be
parts of a plant, primarily through the stomata
the phenotypic and genotypic ratios in the F2
of leaves. Two factors that increase the rate are:
generation?
1. High Temperature: Increases the rate of
evaporation. Ans
2. High Wind Speed: Removes humid air from (i) Genotype of F1: Tt (All heterozygous tall).
around the leaves. Phenotype of F1: All tall plants
(ii) Phenotypic ratio in F2: 3 (Tall) : 1 (Dwarf).
12. Using the following organisms, construct a food web Genotypic ratio in F2: 1 (TT) : 2 (Tt) : 1 (tt).
with at least two interconnected food chains.
Organisms: Grass, Grasshopper, Frog, Snake, Hawk, 15. A person undergoes a medical examination of their
Rabbit respiratory system. The following questions based
on this system.
Ans
A. What happens to the air as it passes through
Food Web: the nasal cavity before entering the lungs?
1. Food Chain 1: Grass ® Rabbit ® Hawk o
2. Food Chain 2: Grass ® Grasshopper ® Frog ® B. Describe the process of anaerobic respiration
Snake ® Hawk that occurs in human muscle cells during
In the food web, the Hawk can eat both the Rabbit strenuous exercise and its consequence.
and the Snake, and potentially the Frog, showing
C. How is oxygen transported from the lungs to
the interconnectedness. The Grass is the producer
the various tissues of the body?
for both chains.
Ans
13. Draw a neat diagram showing the location of the
following endocrine glands in the human body: A. As air passes through the nasal cavity, it is
filtered by fine hairs that trap dust and other
(i) Thyroid gland
particles. It is also warmed and moistened by
(ii) Pancreas
the mucous lining, making it suitable for the
(iii) Adrenal glands delicate lung tissues.
Ans o
B. During strenuous exercise, the demand for
oxygen can exceed the supply. In this situation,
muscle cells switch to anaerobic respiration.
Glucose is broken down into lactic acid and
a small amount of energy is released. The
accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles is
what causes muscle cramps or fatigue.
C. Oxygen is transported by the blood. The
respiratory pigment haemoglobin, present in
red blood cells, has a high affinity for oxygen.
In the lungs, it binds with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin. This oxygenated blood is then
circulated throughout the body, where oxygen
is released to the tissues.
page 270 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(iii) Odour: Ethanol has a characteristic which is a base, to neutralize the excess acid in
pleasant, alcoholic smell. Ethanoic acid has the soil and raise the pH to a level suitable for
a pungent, vinegar-like smell. crop growth.
o
27. Explain the following metallurgical terms with one
(c) During indigestion, the stomach produces too
example for each.
much acid, and its pH decreases (becomes more
(a) Roasting
acidic).
(b) Calcination
(d) A traditional remedy is to apply a mild base
(c) Reduction (Smelting)
like baking soda paste to the affected are(a)
Ans The bee sting injects an acid, and the baking
soda, being a base, neutralizes the acid and
(a) Roasting: The process of heating a sulphide ore
provides relief from the pain.
strongly in the presence of excess air to convert
it into its oxide.
29. Attempt either option A or B.
Example:
Heat
A. (a) Draw the electron-dot structure for a
2ZnS (s) + 3O 2 (g) 2ZnO (s) + 2SO 2 (g) molecule of ethyne (C2H2).
(b) Calcination: The process of heating a carbonate (b) Give the IUPAC names for the following
ore strongly in the limited supply or absence of compounds:
air to convert it into its oxide. (i) CH 3 - CO - CH 2 - CH 3
Example: (ii) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH
Heat
CaCO 3 (s) CaO (s) + CO 2 (g) (c) What is the molecular formula of the next
(c) Reduction (Smelting): The process of heating a homologue of propene (C 3 H 6 )?
metal oxide with a suitable reducing agent, like o
carbon (coke), to obtain the molten metal. B. (a) What is saponification?
Example:
Heat
(b) Describe the cleansing action of soap with
ZnO (s) + C (s) Zn (l) + CO (g) the help of a labelled diagram of a micelle.
(c) Why do soaps form a sticky precipitate
28. The pH scale is crucial in understanding many (scum) when used in hard water?
biological and environmental processes. For
instance, the human body works within a narrow Ans
pH range of 7.0 to 7.8, and acid rain is defined as A. (a) Electron-dot structure of Ethyne (C2H2):
rain with a pH of less than 5.6. H : C : : : C: H
(a) Explain why acid rain is considered harmful to The structure shows a triple covalent bond
aquatic life. between the two carbon atoms.
(b) If a farmer finds the soil in his field to be too (b) IUPAC Names:
acidic, what can you infer about its pH? Why (i) Butan-2-one (or Butanone)
would he add slaked lime to the soil? (ii) Propan-1-ol (or Propanol)
o (c) Propene (C 3 H 6 ) is an alkene. The next
(c) During indigestion, what happens to the pH of homologue will have one more carbon atom
the stomach? and two more hydrogen atoms. Its formula
(d) The sting of a honeybee contains an acid. What will be C4H8 (Butene).
is a traditional remedy often applied to the o
area, and why does it provide relief? B. (a) Saponification is the process used to
Ans manufacture soap. It involves the alkaline
hydrolysis of fats or oils (which are esters)
(a) When acid rain flows into rivers and lakes, it using an aqueous solution of an alkali like
lowers the pH of the water body. This makes sodium hydroxide.
the water acidic, and the survival of aquatic
(b) Cleansing Action: Soap molecules have two
organisms like fish becomes difficult in such
ends: a hydrophobic tail that is attracted
conditions.
to oil/grease and a hydrophilic head that
(b) If the soil is too acidic, its pH is less than 7. The is attracted to water. These molecules
farmer adds slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), surround a dirt particle, with their tails
SAMPLE PAPER 24

37. Explain two ways to induce current in a coil. When (c) Presbyopia. These defects can be corrected by
is the induced current produced highest ? State the the use of suitable spherical lenses.
rule used to find direction of induced current. (i) What is the function of pupil in the human
Ans eye ?
(ii) What is the far point and near point of
(i) By moving a magnet towards or away from a human eye with normal vision ?
coil. Attempt either subpart C or D.
(ii) By varying current in one coil induced emf is (iii) A student has difficulty reading the
produced in the coil. blackboard while sitting in the last row.
The induced current is highest when the direction What could be the defect the child is
of motion of coil is perpendicular to the magnetic suffering from ?
field. o
Fleming’s right-hand rule is used to find direction (iv) What is the function of iris in human eye?
of induced current. Ans :
According to this rule, if we stretch the right-hand
(i) The pupil regulates and controls the amount of
such that the thumb, first finger, the central finger
light.
and the thumb are mutually perpendicular to each
other. If the first finger points along the direction (ii) The far point is infinity and near point is about
of the field and the thumb indicates the direction 25 cm of the normal human eye.
of motion of the conductor, then the direction of (iii) The student is suffering from short-sightedness
induced current is given by the direction of the or myopia.
central finger. o
(iv) Iris is a dark muscular diaphragm that controls
38. The human eye is like a camera. Its lens system
the size of the pupil.
forms an image on a light-sensitive screen called the
retina. Light enters the eye through a thin membrane 39. Attempt either option A or B.
called the cornea. It forms the transparent bulge
A. (i) Derive the relation for the equivalent
on the front surface of the eyeball as shown in the resistance when three resistors of resistances
figure. The crystalline lens merely provides the finer R1 , R2 and R3 are connected in parallel.
adjustment of focal length required to focus objects
(ii) Find the minimum resistance that can be
at different distances on the retina. We find a
made using four resistors, each of 20 Ω .
structure called iris behind the cornea. Iris is a dark
Ans :
muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the
pupil. The pupil regulates and controls the amount A. (i) It is observed that total current I is equal
of light entering the eye. to the sum of separate currents.
I = I1 + I2 + I3 ...(1)
Let Rp be the equivalent resistance of the
parallel combination of resistors.

The Human Eye

There are mainly three common refractive defects of

vision. These are
(a) myopia or near-sightedness, So, by applying ohm’s law
(b) hypermetropia or far-sightedness, and
page 272 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

35. While sitting in the last row, a student has difficulty

in reading the blackboard clearly. State the defect
of vision the student is suffering from. Mention two
causes of this defect. Suggest a suitable lens for the
correction of this defect.
Ans
(i) The student is suffering from myopia or short-
sightedness.
(ii) Causes of myopia :
(a) The distance of the retina from the eye
lens increases.
(b) The focal length of eye lens becomes small.
(iii) Correction of myopia : This defect can be
corrected by using a concave lens of approximate
focal length.
Ans
36. In the given circuit, find :
From the graph, we infer that as the current in the
nichrome wire increases, the potential difference
across it increases linearly. Thus, the graph follows
the ohm’s law.

pointing inwards, forming a structure called 32. Assertion (A) : The focal length of a convex lens is
a micelle. The hydrophilic heads on the positive.
outer surface allow the micelle (with the Reason (R) : The principal focus of a convex lens
trapped dirt) to be washed away by water. lies on the same side as the incident light, and
(A neat, labelled diagram of a micelle distances are measured from the optical center.
trapping an oil droplet must be drawn). (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(c) Soaps form scum because they react with explanation of A.
the calcium and magnesium ions present in
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
hard water to form insoluble calcium and
explanation of A.
magnesium salts of the fatty acid.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
SECTION-C Ans
(c) A is true but R is false.
30. A student is analyzing the relationship between Assertion A is true. The focal length of a convex
object distance and image formation for a concave lens is positive. However, Reason R is false. The
mirror and makes the following statements: principal focus of a convex lens is on the opposite
I. When the object is placed at infinity, the image side of the incident light, and distances are measured
is formed at the focus. from the optical center.
II. When the object is placed at the center of 33. A concave mirror of focal length 15 cm is used to
curvature, the image is formed at the same obtain an erect image.
position.
A. Explain the condition under which a concave
III. When the object is placed between the pole and mirror forms an erect and magnified image.
focus, the image is formed behind the mirror.
B. State the range of object distances for which
Choose from the following the correct option that this condition is satisfied.
lists the correct statements.
C. Draw the ray diagram for this case.
(a) I and II
(b) I and III Ans
(c) I, II and III A. When the object is placed between the pole (P)
(d) II and III and the focus (F).
Ans B. The object distance must be less than the focal
length (u < f).
(c) I, II and III
All three statements are correct. They describe C. The image is virtual, erect, and magnified.
standard cases of image formation by a concave
mirror. These positions of the object correspond to
specific and well-defined image locations.

31. A person cannot see objects far away. What is this

defect of vision called, and what kind of lens is used
for correction?
(a) Hypermetropia, Concave lens
(b) Hypermetropia, Convex lens
(c) Myopia, Concave lens
(d) Myopia, Convex lens
34. Attempt either option A or B.
Ans
A. A V -I graph for a nichrome wire is given below.
(c) Myopia, Concave lens What do you infer from this graph? Draw a
The inability to see distant objects is called myopia labelled circuit diagram to obtain such a graph.
or nearsightedness. It is corrected by using a concave
lens to diverge the light rays and focus the image
correctly on the retina.
page 274 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

I =V
Rp

I1 = V , I2 = V and I3 = V
R1 R2 R3
So, now from equation (1), we have
V =V +V +V
Rp R1 R2 R3 **********

and 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
Rp R1 R2 R3
Hence, if n resistors are connected in
parallel, then the equivalent resistance of
the circuit is given by
1 1 1 1 1
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + ..... + Rn
(ii) To get the minimum resistance all the
resistors are connected in the parallel
combination. Hence the equivalent
resistance is given by
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
R 20 20 20 20
1 = 4
R 20
R = 20 = 5 ohm
4
o
B. (i) List the factors on which the resistance of a
conductor in the shape of wire depends.
(ii) Why are metals good conductors of
electricity whereas glass is a bad conductor
of electricity? Give reason.
(iii) Why are alloys commonly used in electrical
heating devices? Give reason.
Ans :
B. (i) Resistance of a conductor depends directly
on its length, inversely proportional to the
area of cross-section, directly proportional
to the temperature and it depends on the
nature of the conductor.
(ii) Metals have free electrons which can move
and conduct electricity, whereas glass does
not have free electrons which can flow freely
to conduct electricity.
(iii) The resistivity of an alloy is generally
higher than that of pure metal. Alloys
do not oxidise (burn) readily at higher
temperatures. Therefore, conductors of
electric heating devices, such as toasters
and electric irons, are made of an alloy
rather than pure metal.
SAMPLE PAPER 25

Sample Paper 25
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. The bread mould fungus, Rhizopus, reproduces

SECTION-A asexually by producing microscopic reproductive
units that are protected by a thick wall and can
survive harsh conditions. These units are called:
1. What are the final, simple, and absorbable products (a) Buds
after the complete digestion of carbohydrates, (b) Gametes
proteins, and fats, respectively? (c) Spores
(a) Starch, Peptides, and Fatty acids (d) Fragments
(b) Glucose, Peptides, and Glycerol Ans
(c) Glucose, Amino acids, and Fatty acids &
Glycerol (c) Spores
(d) Sucrose, Amino acids, and Fats Spores are small, typically single-celled bodies that
are resistant to dehydration and heat. They are
Ans produced in large numbers inside a sporangium
(c) Glucose, Amino acids, and Fatty acids & and are dispersed by wind to germinate into new
Glycerol individuals when conditions are suitable.
Through the process of digestion, complex food 4. According to Mendel’s Law of Dominance, when
molecules are broken down into their simplest two different alleles for a character are present, the
forms: carbohydrates into glucose, proteins into trait that is expressed in the F1 generation is known
amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol, as the:
which can then be absorbed by the small intestine. (a) Recessive trait
(b) Dominant trait
2. The blooming of a dandelion flower during the day
(c) Hybrid trait
and its closing at night is a plant movement that is
(d) Parental trait
a response to the intensity of light, not its direction.
This type of movement is known as a: Ans
(a) Tropic movement
(b) Dominant trait
(b) Nastic movement
A dominant trait is one that appears in the
(c) Reflex action
phenotype even if only one copy of its allele is
(d) Geotropic movement
present in the genotype. It masks the effect of the
Ans other allele, which is known as the recessive allele.
(b) Nastic movement 5. Which of the following organisms acts as a producer
Nastic movements are non-directional responses of in its ecosystem?
plant parts to external stimuli. Since the flower’s (a) A wolf
opening and closing depend on the presence or (b) A mushroom
absence of light rather than its direction, it is (c) A grasshopper
classified as a nastic movement (photonasty). (d) A mango tree
Ans
page 276 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(d) A mango tree (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Producers are autotrophs that create their own food. explanation of A.
A mango tree, being a plant, uses photosynthesis (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
to convert light energy into chemical energy. Lions explanation of A.
and grasshoppers are consumers, and mushrooms (c) A is true but R is false.
are decomposers. (d) A is false but R is true.

6. Consider the following statements about the human Ans

heart and circulation: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(i) The heart is a four-chambered organ that acts explanation of A.
as a muscular pump. The assertion is a statement of fact. The reason
(ii) The right side of the heart handles deoxygenated correctly explains the anatomical and functional
blood, and the left side handles oxygenated basis for this fact: the oviduct (fallopian tube) is
blood. positioned to capture the egg and is the pathway for
(iii) The septum is a muscular wall that prevents blood sperm, making it the natural meeting point.
from mixing between the atria and ventricles.
9. Assertion (A) : The exchange of gases in the lungs
(iv) The pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries happens across the walls of the alveoli.
oxygenated blood.
Reason (R) : The walls of the alveoli are very thick
Which of the above statements are correct? to prevent the collapse of the air sacs.
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) only explanation of A.
(c) (i) and (iv) only (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(d) All are correct. explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Ans
(d) A is false but R is true.
(a) (i), (ii), and (iv) Ans
The first, second, and fourth statements are correct.
Statement (iii) is incorrect because the septum (c) A is true but R is false.
separates the right and left sides of the heart, while The assertion is true; alveoli are the sites of gas
valves separate the atria from the ventricles. exchange. The reason is false because the walls of
the alveoli are extremely thin (one-cell thick). This
7. Which part of the forebrain links the nervous thinness is a crucial adaptation that minimizes the
system to the endocrine system and regulates diffusion distance and allows for rapid gas exchange.
essential functions like body temperature, hunger,
and thirst? 10. What do the terms ‘systolic pressure’ and ‘diastolic
(a) Cerebrum pressure’ represent? State the normal values for a
(b) Cerebellum healthy adult.
(c) Medulla Ans
(d) Hypothalamus
1. Systolic pressure is the pressure of blood inside
Ans the artery during ventricular contraction
(d) Hypothalamus (pumping phase). The normal value is about
120 mm of Hg.
The hypothalamus is a vital control center located
in the brain that maintains the body’s internal 2. Diastolic pressure is the pressure in the artery
balance (homeostasis). It controls the pituitary during ventricular relaxation (filling phase).
gland and regulates many fundamental needs and The normal value is about 80 mm of Hg.
drives.
11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
8. Assertion (A) : In humans, fertilization typically A. State the functions of xylem and phloem in
occurs in the oviduct. plants.
Reason (R) : The oviduct is the site that receives o
the egg from the ovary and where sperm can travel B. List two key differences between aerobic and
to meet it. anaerobic respiration.
SAMPLE PAPER 25

22. The most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust is: 1. An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction
(a) Iron that releases energy into the surroundings,
(b) Copper usually in the form of heat. Example: Burning
(c) Aluminium of methane:
(d) Zinc CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) " CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O (l) + Heat
Ans 2. An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction
(c) Aluminium that absorbs energy from the surroundings.
Example: Decomposition of calcium carbonate:
By mass, aluminium is the most common metal
found in the Earth’s crust, making up about 8% CaCO 3 (s) + Heat " CaO (s) + CO 2 (g)
of the crust. It is the third most abundant element
after oxygen and silicon. 26. Attempt either option A or B.
A. Give a scientific reason for each of the following:
23. The reaction of magnesium burning in air ( (i) Most metal oxides are basic in nature.
2Mg + O 2 " 2MgO ) is an example of a/an: (ii) Copper is used to make electrical wires.
(a) Decomposition reaction
(iii) Reactive metals like sodium are found in
(b) Displacement reaction nature as compounds, not as free elements.
(c) Double displacement reaction
o
(d) Combination reaction
B. (i) What is corrosion?
Ans
(ii) Name two factors that promote the
(d) Combination reaction corrosion of iron.
A combination reaction is one in which two or more (iii) Suggest one method to prevent corrosion.
reactants combine to form a single product. Here,
Ans
magnesium and oxygen combine to form a single
product, magnesium oxide. A. (i) Metal oxides react with water to form metal
hydroxides, which are bases. For example,
24. Assertion (A) : Carbon forms covalent bonds with Na 2 O + H 2 O " 2NaOH . Hence, they are
other atoms. considered basic oxides.
Reason (R) : Carbon has four valence electrons (ii) Copper is used for electrical wires because
and can achieve a stable noble gas configuration by it is a very good conductor of electricity
sharing these electrons. and is highly ductile, allowing it to be
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct drawn into thin wires.
explanation of A. (iii) Metals like sodium are very high in the
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct reactivity series. They readily react with
explanation of A. oxygen, water, and other elements in the
(c) A is true but R is false. environment and therefore cannot exist as
(d) A is false but R is true. free elements in nature.
o
Ans
B. (i) Corrosion is the natural process of gradual
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct destruction or deterioration of a metal due
explanation of A. to its reaction with its environment (like
Carbon’s atomic structure is the key to its air, water, or chemicals).
bonding behavior. With four valence electrons, it’s
(ii) Two factors that promote the rusting of iron
energetically unfavorable for carbon to either lose
are the presence of oxygen (air) and water
four electrons or gain four electrons to form ions.
(moisture). The presence of impurities or
Instead, it achieves a stable octet (a full outer shell
salts (like NaCl) can accelerate the process.
like a noble gas) by sharing electrons with other
atoms. This sharing of electrons is precisely what (iii) Corrosion can be prevented by painting, oiling/
defines a covalent bond. greasing, or galvanisation (coating with zinc).

25. Differentiate between exothermic and endothermic 27. An organic acid ‘X’ is a liquid which often freezes
reactions. Give one example for each. during winter in cold climates. It has the chemical
formula C 2 H 4 O 2 .
Ans
page 278 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(ii) In simple organisms like Planaria, Ans

regeneration can result in a new individual, (b) Sodium hydrogencarbonate
thus acting as a mode of reproduction.
Soda-acid fire extinguishers use the reaction
However, in more complex organisms,
between an acid (like sulphuric acid) and sodium
regeneration is limited to tissue repair
hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3). This reaction
(like a lizard regrowing its tail) and cannot
produces a large amount of carbon dioxide gas,
create a new organism.
which smothers the fire by cutting off its oxygen
(iii) Complex organisms have a high degree of supply.
tissue differentiation and specialised organs.
Their cells lose the capacity to de-differentiate 19. An element ‘X’ is a solid at room temperature, is
and then re-differentiate to form all the very soft, and reacts vigorously with water. ‘X’ is
various cell types needed for a new individual. likely to be:
o (a) Copper
B. (i) 1. Testes: Produce male gametes (sperm) (b) Sodium
and the male sex hormone (testosterone). (c) Sulphur
2. Ovaries: Produce female gametes
(d) Carbon
(ova/eggs) and female sex hormones
(estrogen and progesterone). Ans
(ii) 1. Vasectomy (in males): The vas deferens
(b) Sodium
is cut and tied to prevent sperm from
being released. Sodium is an alkali metal that is soft enough to be
2. Tubectomy (in females): The fallopian cut with a knife. It is highly reactive and reacts
tubes are cut and tied to prevent the explosively with water. The other options do not fit
egg from reaching the uterus and this description.
meeting the sperm.
20. In which of the following hydrocarbons is the
(iii) The placenta is a special tissue that connects
carbon-carbon bond length the longest?
the developing fetus to the mother’s uterine
wall. It facilitates the transport of nutrients (a) Ethane (C2H6)
and oxygen to the fetus and the removal of (b) Ethene (C2H4)
waste products from the fetus. (c) Ethyne (C2H2)
(d) Benzene (C6H6)

SECTION-B Ans
(a) Ethane (C2H6)
The bond length is inversely related to the bond
17. In the reaction 2H 2 S + SO 2 " 3S + 2H 2 O , which
order. A single bond (in ethane) is longer than a
substance acts as the reducing agent?
double bond (in ethene), which is longer than a
(a) H2S (b) SO2 triple bond (in ethyne). Therefore, the C-C single
(c) S (d) H2O bond in ethane is the longest.
Ans
21. An aqueous solution with a pH value of 0 would be
(a) H2S considered:
A reducing agent is a substance that gets oxidized (a) Strongly acidic
(loses hydrogen or gains oxygen). In this reaction, (b) Strongly basic
hydrogen sulphide (H2S) loses its hydrogen atoms (c) Neutral
to form sulphur (S). Therefore, H2S is oxidized and
(d) Weakly acidic
acts as the reducing agent.
Ans
18. Which of the following substances is used in soda-
acid fire extinguishers? (a) Strongly acidic
(a) Sodium carbonate The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 0
(b) Sodium hydrogencarbonate represents the highest possible concentration of H+
(c) Sodium chloride ions in an aqueous solution, indicating that it is a
(d) Calcium hydroxide very strong acid.
SAMPLE PAPER 25

(c) The alkene series has the general formula (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
C n H 2n . explanation of A.
First member (n=2): Ethene, C2H4 (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
Second member (n=3): Propene, C 3 H 6 explanation of A.
(d) Ethene can be converted to ethane by (c) A is true but R is false.
hydrogenation, which is the addition of (d) A is false but R is true.
hydrogen gas across the double bond in the Ans
presence of a catalyst like nickel.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.

SECTION-C The twinkling of stars is due to the continuous

bending of starlight as it passes through the
fluctuating layers of the Earth’s atmosphere. The
30. A student is studying the formation of images by reason correctly explains the cause of the twinkling.
a convex lens and makes the following statements:
33. What is meant by refractive index of a medium?
I. When the object is at infinity, the image is
A. Define refractive index in terms of speed of
formed at the focus.
light.
II. The image formed is always real and inverted.
B. Give the formula.
III. The lens can form a virtual, erect, and magnified
C. State SI unit.
image.
Choose from the following the correct option that Ans
lists the correct statements. A. Ratio of speed of light in vacuum to that in
(a) I and II medium.
(b) I and III B. n = c/v.
(c) I, II and III
C. No unit (dimensionless).
(d) II and III
Ans 34. Attempt either option A or B.
A. (a) What precaution should be taken to avoid
(b) I and III
the overloading of domestic electric circuits?
A convex lens forms an image at the focus for a
distant object. It can also form a virtual, erect, and (b) An electric oven of 2 kW power rating is
magnified image when the object is between the operated in a domestic electric circuit (220
optical center and the focus. Therefore, statement V), that has a current rating 5 A. What
II is incorrect. result do you expect ? Explain.
Ans
31. What happens to a light ray when it passes from air
into water at an angle? (a) Following precautions should be taken to avoid
overloading :
(a) It speeds up and bends towards the normal.
(b) It slows down and bends away from the normal. (i) Too many high power rating electrical
(c) It slows down and bends towards the normal. appliances (electric iron, geyser, A.C.)
(d) It speeds up and bends away from the normal. should not be switched on at the same
time.
Ans (ii) Do not operate too many electrical
(c) It slows down and bends towards the normal. appliances on a single socket.
Light travels slower in water than in air. When a (b) P = 2 kW = 2000 W
ray passes from a rarer medium (air) to a denser
medium (water), it slows down and bends towards V = 220 Volt
the normal.
P = V#I
32. Assertion (A) : The twinkling of stars is caused by
I = P = 2000 = 9 A
atmospheric refraction. V 220
Reason (R) : As starlight enters the Earth’s Current drawn in electric oven is more than 5 A.
atmosphere, it travels through air layers of varying So, the fuse will melt and the power supply in this
refractive indices, causing its path to fluctuate. circuit would cut off.
page 280 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(a) Identify the compound ‘X’. o

(b) What is the common name given to its pure, B. (a) An aqueous solution of ammonium chloride
frozen form? will be acidic, as it is a salt of a strong acid
(c) Draw the electron-dot structure for a molecule (HCl) and a weak base (NH 4 OH ).
of ‘X’. (b) Sodium carbonate is a salt of a strong base
(NaOH) and a weak acid (H 2 CO 3 ). When
Ans dissolved in water, it undergoes hydrolysis.
(a) The compound ‘X’ is Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH). The carbonate ion (CO 2- 3 ) reacts with

(b) Its pure, frozen form is commonly called Glacial water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-),
Acetic Acid. which makes the solution basic or alkaline.
(c) Electron-dot structure of Ethanoic Acid: 29. Attempt either option A or B.
A. (a) What is the main difference between
roasting and calcination in metallurgy?
(b) Which of these two methods would you use
for a zinc sulphide ore and which for a zinc
carbonate ore?
(c) How is the zinc oxide obtained from these
processes converted to zinc metal? Write
the chemical equation for the reaction.
o
B. (a) What are hydrocarbons?
(b) What is a homologous series?
(c) Write the name and chemical formula
The structure shows a carbon atom bonded to three for the first two members of the alkene
hydrogens and another carbon, which is double- homologous series.
bonded to one oxygen and single-bonded to another (d) How can ethene be converted to ethane?
oxygen, which in turn is bonded to a hydrogen. Name the reaction.

28. Salts can be classified as acidic, basic, or neutral Ans

based on the strength of the acid and base from A. (a) Roasting is the process of heating an
which they are derived. ore (usually a sulphide ore) strongly in
A. (a) What is the nature of the salt formed from the presence of excess air. Calcination is
a strong acid and a strong base? What the process of heating an ore (usually a
would its approximate pH value be? carbonate ore) strongly in a limited supply
(b) Give an example of a salt that forms a basic or absence of air.
aqueous solution. Name the parent acid and (b) 1. For zinc sulphide ore (ZnS): Roasting
base that would form this salt. would be used.
o 2. For zinc carbonate ore (ZnCO 3 ):
B. (c) What will be the nature of an aqueous Calcination would be used.
solution of ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl )? (c) The zinc oxide (ZnO) obtained is converted
to zinc metal by reduction, typically by
(d) Explain why an aqueous solution of sodium
heating it with carbon (coke).
carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) is basic in nature.
Equation:
Ans Heat
ZnO (s) + C (s) Zn (s) + CO (g)
A. (a) The salt formed is neutral in nature. Its o
approximate pH value would be 7.
B. (a) Hydrocarbons are organic compounds
(b) An example is Sodium Acetate ( consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon
CH 3 COONa ). atoms.
(i) Parent Acid: Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)
(b) A homologous series is a series of compounds
(a weak acid)
with the same functional group and similar
(ii) Parent Base: Sodium Hydroxide
chemical properties in which the successive
(NaOH) (a strong base)
compounds differ by a - CH 2 group.
SAMPLE PAPER 25

Ans Example: The forelimbs of a human, a bat, a whale,

A. 1. Xylem: Transports water and dissolved and a frog have the same basic bone structure
minerals absorbed from the soil upwards to (humerus, radius, ulna, etc.) but are used for
all parts of the plant. different functions like grasping, flying, swimming,
2. Phloem: Transports soluble food products and hopping.
(sucrose) from the leaves (where they are
made) to other parts of the plant for use or 15. A person consumes a breakfast of boiled eggs and
storage. toast. The following questions about the digestion
o of this meal.
A. The digestion of which component (egg or
B.
toast) begins in the mouth? Name the enzyme
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration involved.
o
1. Oxygen Occurs in the presence
of oxygen. B. Eggs are rich in protein. Where does the
digestion of protein start in the alimentary
2. Energy Releases a large canal? Name the enzyme and the required
amount of energy condition for its action.
(approx. 38 ATP).
C. What is the role of villi in the small intestine?
3. Products End products are
carbon dioxide and Ans
water. A. The digestion of starch from the toast begins
in the mouth. The enzyme involved is salivary
12. What is ozone, and how does it protect living amylase.
organisms on Earth? o
Ans B. The digestion of protein from the boiled eggs
Ozone (O3) is a molecule made of three oxygen starts in the stomach. The enzyme is pepsin,
atoms. It forms a protective layer in the stratosphere. which requires an acidic medium (provided by
This layer shields the Earth’s surface by absorbing HCl) to become active.
most of the harmful high-energy ultraviolet (UV) C. Villi are finger-like projections in the small
radiation from the sun, which can cause skin cancer intestine that vastly increase the surface area
and other damage to living organisms. for the efficient absorption of the final digested
products (like glucose and amino acids) into the
13. Name the part of the human brain that is responsible bloodstream.
for the following functions:
(i) Voluntary actions and intelligence. 16. Attempt either option A or B.
(ii) Maintaining posture and balance. A. (i) Describe the process of regeneration with a
(iii) Controlling involuntary actions like blood suitable example.
pressure. (ii) How is it different from reproduction?
Ans (iii) Why can’t complex multicellular organisms
regenerate into new individuals?
(i) Cerebrum o
(ii) Cerebellum
(iii) Medulla in the hindbrain. B. (i) What are the functions of the testes and
ovaries in the human reproductive system?
14. What are homologous organs? How do they provide (ii) Name two surgical methods of contraception.
evidence in favour of evolution? Give one example. How do they work?
Ans (iii) What is the role of the placenta?

Homologous organs are those that have a similar Ans

basic structure and developmental origin but are A. (i) Regeneration is the ability of an organism
modified to perform different functions in different to regrow its lost or damaged body parts.
species. They provide strong evidence for evolution For example, if a Planaria is cut into several
by suggesting that the organisms possessing them pieces, each piece can grow into a complete
have evolved from a common ancestor. new individual.
page 282 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(iii) P18 = I 2R = b 1 l # 18 = 2 W
o 2

B. Two resistors with resistances 10 Ω and 15 Ω 3

are to be connected to emf 12 V so as to obtain:
36. Write some precautions in the use of electricity.
(i) minimum current
(ii) maximum current. How will you connect Ans
the resistance in each case ? Calculate the (a) Damaged plugs, switches, sockets, etc. should
strength of the total current in the circuit be replaced immediately.
in the two cases.
(b) Plugs, switches or sockets should not be touched
Ans with wet hands.
(i) To obtain minimum current, the two resistors (c) All electrical appliances should be given earth
should be connected in series so that the connections.
equivalent resistance, (d) All the connections and joints at different
switches and plugs must be tight to avoid
Rs = 10 Ω + 15 Ω = 25 Ω sparking.
Thus, I min = 12 V = 0.48 A (e) Rubber gloves and rubber shoes should be worn
25 Ω while handling a live circuit.
(ii) To obtain maximum current, the two resistors (f) The main circuit Should be switched off, if
should be connected in parallel so that the there is any sparking or fire in the circuit.
equivalent resistance, (g) Water should not be thrown in case of fire due
to electric short circuit.
R p = 15 Ω # 10 Ω = 6 Ω
15 Ω # 10 Ω
37. (i) What is the function of earth wire in electrical
Thus, I max = 12 = 2 A instruments?
6Ω
(ii) Explain what is short circuiting an electric
supply.
35. Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a
battery of six 2 V cells, a 6 Ω resistor, a 12 Ω resistor (iii) What is the usual current rating of the fuse wire
and a 18 Ω resistor and a plug key all connected in in the line to feed
series. Calculate the following (when key is closed): (a) Lights and fans?
(i) Electric current flowing in the circuit. (b) Appliances of 2kW or more power?
(ii) Potential difference across 18 Ω resistor. Ans :
(iii) Electric power consumed in 18 Ω resistor. (i) Function of earth wire in electrical instruments.
Ans : The earth wire is a safety device used in the
electric circuits. At the time of leakage of
The required diagram is shown below.
current, most of the electric current goes into
the earth, so we get protected from electric
shocks and also the appliance is not damaged.
(ii) Short circuiting an electric supply. When
accidentally, live wires and neutral wires of an
electric circuit come into direct contact, it is
called short circuiting. A very large quantity of
electric current then flows through the circuit.
(iii) (a) 5A, (b) 15A

38. Aditya and his friend Manoj placed a candle flame

In the above circuit all the resistances are connected
in front of a convex lens at various distances from
in series. The equivalent resistance is given by
it and obtained the image of the candle flame on a
Req = 6 + 12 + 18 = 36 Ω white screen.
He noted down the position of the candle, screen
(i) I = V = 12 = 1 A and the lens as under
Req 36 3
Position of candle = 20 cm
(ii) V18 = IR = 1 # 18 = 6 V
3
Position of convex lens = 50 cm
SAMPLE PAPER 25

39. Attempt either option A or B.

Position of the screen = 80 cm
A. (i) List two disadvantages of using a series
circuit in homes.
(ii) Calculate the effective resistance between
A and B in the circuit given below:

(i) What is the position of the image formed from

the convex Lens?
(ii) What is the focal length of the convex tens?
Attempt either subpart C or D.
(iii) Where will the image be formed, if he shifts the Ans :
candle towards the lens at a position of 35 cm? (i) (a) Current is constant in series combination,
o so it is impractical to connect a bulb and an
(iv) What is the nature of the image formed if electric heater in series.
Aditya shifts the candle towards the lens to (b) When one component fails, the circuit is
36m? broken and none of the components work.
Ans : (ii) In the above circuit 4 ohm and 6 ohm resistance
are connected in the series combination
(i) Image distance, Position of screen - Position of Equivalent resistance is given by
convex lens
R = 6 + 4 = 10 ohm
V = 80 − 50 cm = 30 cm
and the resistance 3 ohm and 3 ohm are
(ii) Object distance, Position of convex lens - connected in the series combination. Hence the
Position of candle equivalent resistance is given by
1 =1−1 R = 3 + 3 = 6 ohm
f v u
Now the circuit diagram becomes as follow
1 = 1 − −1
f 30 b 30 l

1 = 1 + 1 = 2
f 30 30 30
Hence, f = 15 cm

(iii) When the candle is shifted towards the lens at

a position of 35 cm.
Object distance, u =− (50 − 35) =− 15 cm
All the resistances are connected are in parallel
1 =1+1 combination hence the equivalent resistance
f v u between A and B is given by
1 =1+ 1
15 v 15 1 = 1 +1+ 1
R 10 6 15
1 =0 after solving the equation we get
v
f = 3 (Infinite) R = 3 ohm
When object is placed at focus, image is formed o
at infinity. B. A wire of resistance 6 Ω is bent to form a closed
o square. What is the resistance across a diagonal
of the square ?
(iv) The nature of the image formed will be virtual,
Ans :
erect and magnified.
page 284 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Total resistance of the wire = 6 Ω

AB = BC = CD = AD
R1 = R2 = R3 = R 4

= 6 = 1.5 Ω
4
Resistance across AC is given by R ,

1 = 1 + 1 > Rl = R1 + R2 H
R Rl Rll Rll = R3 + R 4
Rl = 1.5 + 1.5 = 3 Ω
Rll = 1.5 + 1.5 = 3 Ω
1 =1+1 =2
R 3 3 3

R = 3 = 1.5 Ω
2

**********
SAMPLE PAPER 26

Sample Paper 26
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. A potato tuber has several “eyes” on its surface

SECTION-A from which new plants can grow. These “eyes” are
actually:
(a) Roots (b) Flowers
1. An artificial kidney (dialyser) cleans the blood of (c) Seeds (d) Buds
patients with kidney failure. The process works on Ans
the principle of:
(a) Diffusion of solutes across a selectively (d) Buds
permeable membrane. The potato tuber is a modified underground stem.
The “eyes” are nodes on this stem that contain
(b) Active transport of waste products using ATP.
axillary buds. Each bud is capable of sprouting and
(c) Phagocytosis of waste particles by the machine. growing into a new potato plant, which is a form of
(d) Transpiration pull created by the dialysing vegetative propagation.
fluid.
4. The offspring formed as a result of sexual
Ans
reproduction exhibit more variations because:
(a) Diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable (a) The process of development is very slow.
membrane. (b) The genetic material is contributed by two
In dialysis, blood flows on one side of a semi- different parents.
permeable membrane and dialysing fluid on the (c) The gametes from the two parents are identical.
other. Waste products like urea move from a high (d) The genetic material comes from only one
concentration (in blood) to a low concentration (in parent.
the fluid) through diffusion.
Ans
2. What is the primary function of the dendrites in a (b) The genetic material is contributed by two
neuron? different parents.
(a) To acquire or receive information. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes
(b) To transmit the nerve impulse over long from two individuals. This combination of genes
distances. from different parents creates a new and unique
(c) To form a protective insulating layer. genetic makeup in the offspring, which is the
primary source of variation.
(d) To release chemical messengers.
Ans 5. Which of the following groups contains only
biodegradable items?
(a) To acquire or receive information.
(a) Grass, flowers, and plastic
Dendrites are branched, tree-like extensions at the (b) Vegetable peels, cow dung, and wood
beginning of a neuron. They are equipped with (c) Fruit peels, aluminum foil, and cake
receptors to receive electrochemical signals from the
(d) PVC, grass, and leather
axon terminals of other neurons and conduct these
signals towards the cell body. Ans
(b) Vegetable peels, cow dung, and wood
page 286 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Biodegradable items are those that can be broken (d) A is false but R is true.
down by microorganisms. Vegetable peels, cow
Ans
dung, and wood are all organic materials that can
be naturally decomposed. Plastic, aluminum, and (c) A is true but R is false.
PVC are non-biodegradable. The assertion is true; this response is a classic
example of thigmonasty. The reason is false because
6. Consider the following statements about the basic nastic movements are non-directional; the response
concepts of heredity : is the same regardless of the direction from which
(i) Heredity is the process of passing traits from the plant is touched.
parents to offspring.
(ii) A gene is a segment of DNA that holds the 9. Assertion (A) : In any food chain, the amount of
instructions for a specific protein. energy available at each successive trophic level
(iii) Alleles are the different forms or versions of a decreases.
single gene. Reason (R) : According to the 10% law, only about
10% of the energy from one trophic level is passed
(iv) An organism’s phenotype is determined solely
on to the next.
by its genotype, regardless of the environment.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Which of the above statements are correct?
explanation of A.
(a) (i) and (iv) only
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(b) (i), (ii), and (iii)
explanation of A.
(c) (ii) and (iv) only
(d) All are correct. (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
Ans
(b) (i), (ii), and (iii)
The first three statements are correct definitions. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Statement (iv) is incorrect because the phenotype explanation of A.
(observable traits) is a result of the interaction The assertion describes the consequence of energy
between the genotype and environmental factors loss in a food chain. The reason correctly states the
(e.g., nutrition affecting height). 10% law, which explains this energy loss, as most
of the energy is used for metabolic processes or lost
7. Which of the following organs is NOT a part of the as heat.
human excretory system?
(a) Kidneys 10. The small intestine is considered the site of complete
(b) Ureters digestion. Justify this statement by naming the
(c) Uterus secretions it receives for this purpose.
(d) Urinary Bladder Ans
Ans The small intestine is the site of complete digestion
(c) Uterus because it receives secretions from three different
sources that break down all components of food. It
The excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys,
receives:
a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra,
all involved in producing and eliminating urine. The 1. Bile juice from the liver to emulsify fats.
uterus is a part of the female reproductive system. 2. Pancreatic juice from the pancreas, containing
enzymes like trypsin and lipase.
8. Assertion (A) : The folding of leaves in a ‘touch-me- 3. Intestinal juice from its own walls, which
not’ plant upon being touched is a nastic movement. contains enzymes to complete the digestion of
Reason (R) : Nastic movements are directional carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
movements that depend on the direction of the
stimulus. 11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct A. What is lymph? State any two of its functions.
explanation of A. o
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct B. How are the lungs in humans designed to
explanation of A. maximize the area for the exchange of gases?
(c) A is true but R is false.
SAMPLE PAPER 26

Ans o
(a) (i) Electric meter : It is used to record the D. When a ray of light is incident normally on the
consumption of electrical energy in kWh in surface it retraces its path after reflection.
the circuit. Angle of incidence = Angle of refraction = 90°
(ii) Earthing : It prevents electric shock. The
earth wire is joined to the metal case of 39. Attempt either option A or B.
the appliance and provides a low resistance A. (i) Draw magnetic field lines produced around
conducting path for the current: a current carrying straight conductor
(b) (i) Too many appliances should not be passing through a cardboard. Name, state
connected to a single socket. and apply the rule to mark the direction of
(ii) Fuse of current rating 5 A and 15 A should these field lines.
be separately use in the domestic circuit. (ii) How will the strength of the magnetic field
change when the point where magnetic field
38. Mr. Rakesh was helping her daughter Aruna at is to be determined is moved away from the
home understanding about the basics of reflection straight wire carrying constant current?
of light. He found the simplest way to convey the Justify your answer.
role of curved mirrors using stainless steel teaspoon. Ans :
Aruna got surprised to know that virtual image is
A. (i) To mark the direction of magnetic field
that which can be seen but cannot be obtained on
lines, we use the right-hand thumb rule.
the screen. Mr. Rakesh then explained the formation
According to this rule, if we hold a current
of image using Ray diagrams.
carrying conductor in our right hand such
that thumb points towards the direction of
current, the direction in which the fingers
wrap the wire represent the direction of the
magnetic field. As we can see in the figure
that the current is going downwards, so the
direction of magnetic field lines is clockwise

A. What do you mean by reflection of light?

B. The angle between incident ray and reflected ray
is 60°. What is the value of angle of incidence?
Attempt either subpart C or D.
C. A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror at an
angle of 30°.what is the angle of reflection?
o
D. What happens to a light ray that is incident
normally on a surface? (ii) The strength of the magnetic field decreases
when the point where magnetic field is to be
Ans : determined is moved away from the straight
A. When a ray of light approaches a smooth wire carrying current because strength of
polished surface and the light ray bounces back, the magnetic field is inversely proportional
it is called the reflection of light. to the distance from the origin.
B. 30° o
C. The incident ray will have an angle of reflection B. (i) A circuit contains a battery, a variable
of 30° (made with a surface normal to the resistor and a solenoid. The figure below
mirror surface). The reflected ray will make an show the magnetic field pattern produced
angle of 60° (90°–30° degrees) with the mirror by the current in the solenoid.
surface.
page 288 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans part (carpel), but not both. Example :

A. The valves present inside the heart prevent the Papaya. Bisexual flowers contain both male
backflow of blood. The atrioventricular valves and female reproductive parts in the same
prevent blood from flowing back into the atria flower. Example : Hibiscus.
from the ventricles, and the semilunar valves o
prevent blood from flowing back into the B. (i) The menstrual cycle is the recurring series of
ventricles from the arteries. changes in the female reproductive system
o (specifically the uterus and ovary) that
B. The atria only need to pump blood into the make pregnancy possible. It occurs because
adjacent ventricles, which requires little each month the uterus prepares itself to
pressure. The ventricles, however, have to receive a fertilized egg. If fertilization does
pump blood with much greater force over long not occur, the uterine lining breaks down
distances (to the lungs or the entire body). and is shed, resulting in menstruation.
Therefore, they have thicker, more muscular (ii) 1. Vasectomy (in males) : The vas deferens
walls to generate this high pressure. is cut and tied. This blocks the path of
C. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried the sperm, preventing them from being
by the pulmonary vein to the left atrium of released in the semen.
the heart. The left atrium pumps it into the 2. Tubectomy (in females) : The fallopian
left ventricle. The left ventricle then contracts tubes are cut and tied. This blocks
powerfully to pump the oxygenated blood the path of the egg, preventing it from
into the aorta, which distributes it to all body reaching the uterus and meeting the
tissues. sperm.

16. Student to attempt either option A or B.

A. (i) Draw a neat labelled diagram of a
longitudinal section of a flower.
SECTION-B
(ii) Differentiate between unisexual and
bisexual flowers, giving one example of 17. In the reaction CuO + Mg " MgO + Cu , which
each. substance acts as the oxidizing agent?
o (a) Mg (b) Cu
B. (i) What is the menstrual cycle? Why does it (c) MgO (d) CuO
occur? Ans D
(ii) List two surgical methods of contraception An oxidizing agent is a substance that gets reduced
and explain their basic principle. by losing oxygen. In this reaction, Copper Oxide
Ans (CuO) loses its oxygen to magnesium, forming
copper. Thus, CuO is the oxidizing agent.
A. (i)
18. Our stomach produces an acid that helps in the
digestion of food without harming the stomach
lining. The acid produced is :
(a) Acetic acid
(b) Sulphuric acid
(c) Hydrochloric acid
(d) Nitric acid
Ans
(c) Hydrochloric acid
The parietal cells in the stomach wall secrete
hydrochloric acid (HCl). This acid creates a
low pH environment which helps to kill harmful
microorganisms and activate digestive enzymes like
(ii) Unisexual flowers contain either the male pepsin.
reproductive part (stamen) or the female
SAMPLE PAPER 26

19. Which of the following metals is the most reactive 23. When lead(II) nitrate powder is heated in a test
according to the reactivity series? tube, the emission of brown fumes is observed.
(a) Iron (Fe) These fumes are of which gas?
(b) Zinc (Zn) (a) Oxygen (O2)
(c) Potassium (K) (b) Lead oxide (PbO)
(d) Copper (Cu) (c) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Ans (d) Nitrogen (N 2 )
Ans
(c) Potassium (K)
(c) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
The reactivity series arranges metals in order of
decreasing reactivity. Potassium (K) is an alkali The thermal decomposition of lead nitrate produces
metal placed at the very top of the series, making it lead(II) oxide, oxygen gas, and nitrogen dioxide gas.
extremely reactive. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a reddish-brown gas with
a characteristic sharp odour.
20. Which of the following is not an allotrope of carbon?
24. Assertion (A) : Ethene and Propene belong to the
(a) Diamond
alkene homologous series.
(b) Graphite
(c) Fullerene Reason (R) : Their general formula is C n H 2n and
(d) Silica they have similar chemical properties due to the
presence of a double bond.
Ans (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) Silica explanation of A.
Allotropes are different structural forms of the same (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
element. Diamond, graphite, and fullerene are all explanation of A.
well-known allotropes of carbon. Silica is silicon (c) A is true but R is false.
dioxide (SiO 2 ), a compound of silicon and oxygen. (d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
21. An aqueous solution of which of the following salts
will have a pH value greater than 7? (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(a) NaCl explanation of A.
(b) NH 4 Cl A homologous series is a group of organic compounds
that have the same functional group and a similar
(c) CH 3 COONa
general formula. Ethene ( C2 H 4 ) and Propene (
(d) K 2 SO 4 C3 H6 ) both fit the alkene general formula, Cn H2n
Ans , and possess a carbon-carbon double bond, which
dictates their similar chemical properties.
(c) CH 3 COONa
A salt solution with a pH 7 is basic. This occurs 25. Why is respiration considered an exothermic
when the salt is formed from a weak acid and a reaction? Explain.
strong base. Sodium acetate (CH 3 COONa ) is
Ans
formed from the weak acetic acid (CH3COOH) and
the strong base sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Respiration is considered exothermic because
it releases energy. During respiration, glucose (
22. Electrolytic refining is a process used to obtain very C 6 H 12 O 6 ) from the food we eat reacts with oxygen
pure metals. This method is widely used for the in our body’s cells. This reaction breaks down
purification of : glucose into carbon dioxide and water, releasing
(a) Iron (b) Copper a large amount of energy that our body uses for
(c) Aluminium (d) Lead various life processes.
Ans 26. Attempt either option A or B.
(b) Copper A. (i) What type of chemical bonds are present in
Electrolytic refining is used for many metals like ionic compounds?
copper, zinc, tin, nickel, silver, and gold. In this (ii) Explain why ionic compounds are generally
process, the impure metal is made the anode and a hard solids.
thin strip of pure metal is the cathode, resulting in (iii) Why do they conduct electricity only in
the deposition of pure metal at the cathode. their aqueous solution or molten state?
page 290 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

o 28. Bleaching powder is a yellowish-white powder with a

B. Define the following terms with reference to strong smell of chlorine. It has several applications,
metallurgy: from disinfecting water to acting as an oxidising
(i) Mineral agent.
(ii) Ore (a) Write the chemical name and chemical formula
(iii) Gangue of bleaching powder.
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the
Ans
reaction involved in its preparation.
A. (i) Ionic compounds contain ionic bonds, which (c) State two important uses of bleaching powder
are strong electrostatic forces of attraction in different industries.
between oppositely charged ions. o
(ii) They are hard solids because of these strong (d) What happens when bleaching powder is left
inter-ionic forces of attraction, which hold exposed to air for a long time? Explain why this
the ions tightly in a rigid, crystalline lattice happens, with the help of a chemical equation.
structure.
(iii) In the solid state, ions are not free to move. Ans
In an aqueous solution or molten state, the (a) The chemical name is Calcium oxychloride. Its
ions become mobile and are free to move chemical formula is CaOCl2.
and carry an electric current. (b) It is prepared by the action of chlorine gas on
o dry slaked lime:
B. (i) Mineral : A naturally occurring substance
Ca (OH) 2 (s) + Cl 2 (g) " CaOCl 2 (s) + H 2 O (l)
found in the Earth’s crust, having a definite
chemical composition. (c) Two uses are:
(ii) Ore : A mineral from which one or more 1. For bleaching cotton and linen in the textile
metals can be extracted profitably and industry.
conveniently. All ores are minerals, but not 2. As an oxidising agent in many chemical
all minerals are ores. industries.
(iii) Gangue : The earthy or undesirable (Also acceptable : Disinfecting drinking
impurities, such as sand, soil, and rock, that water, bleaching wood pulp).
are associated with an ore in its natural state. o
(d) When exposed to air, bleaching powder
27. Differentiate between soaps and detergents on the
reacts with the carbon dioxide present in the
basis of the following :
atmosphere. This reaction liberates chlorine
(a) Their general chemical composition. gas, causing the bleaching powder to lose its
(b) Their cleansing action in hard water. effectiveness over time.
(c) Their biodegradability. Equation :
Ans CaOCl 2 (s) + CO 2 (g) " CaCO 3 (s) + Cl 2 (g)
(a) Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-
29. Attempt either option A or B.
chain fatty acids. Detergents are sodium salts
of long-chain benzene sulphonic acids or alkyl A. (a) Draw the electron-dot structure for a
hydrogen sulphates. molecule of propane (C3H8).
(b) Soaps are ineffective in hard water as they form (b) What are addition reactions? Give a
an insoluble precipitate (scum). Detergents are balanced chemical equation for one such
effective in hard water as they do not form reaction.
scum. (c) What are substitution reactions?
(c) Soaps are generally biodegradable as they o
are derived from natural fats and oils. Many B. (a) Give the IUPAC names of the following
detergents, especially those with branched compounds : (i) CH 3 CH 2 CHO (ii)
hydrocarbon chains, are non-biodegradable and CH3COOH (iii) C2H2
can cause water pollution. (b) Explain why it is not possible to have a
ketone with fewer than three carbon atoms.
Ans
SAMPLE PAPER 26

Ans
3. Purpose It is a protective It is a
A. Lymph is a colourless fluid similar to blood mechanism to deliberate
plasma but with fewer proteins and no RBCs. prevent harm to action
Its two functions are: the body. performed to
1. It transports digested fats from the small accomplish a
intestine. specific task.
2. It drains excess fluid from tissues back into
the blood and contains lymphocytes that 14. With the help of a suitable chart, explain the
fight infection. mechanism of sex determination in human beings.
o Ans
B. Inside the lungs, the airway divides into smaller
In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX),
and smaller tubes, which finally terminate in
and males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
balloon-like structures called alveoli. There
The sex of the child depends on which type of sperm
are millions of these alveoli, and their presence
fertilizes the egg.
provides a very large surface area (about 80 m²)
Chart:
for the exchange of gases, making the process
• A female produces only one type of gamete
highly efficient.
(egg), each with an X chromosome.
12. What is ozone, and why is its depletion a cause • A male produces two types of gametes (sperms)
in equal proportion : 50% with an X chromosome
for concern? Name the synthetic chemicals mainly
and 50% with a Y chromosome.
responsible for this depletion.
Ans Sperm from Father
Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of X Y
oxygen. Its depletion is a cause for concern because Egg from Mother (X) XX (Girl) XY (Boy)
the ozone layer in the stratosphere protects life
on Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation Since there is a 50% chance of either an X-sperm
from the sun, which can cause skin cancer. The or a Y-sperm fertilizing the egg, the statistical
main chemicals responsible are Chlorofluorocarbons probability of having a girl or a boy is equal.
(CFCs).
15. Refer to a diagram of the human heart to the
13. Differentiate between a reflex action and a following questions.
voluntary action like walking, giving three points
of distinction.
Ans

Feature Reflex Action Voluntary

(e.g., withdrawing Action (e.g.,
hand from flame) walking)
1. Control It is an It is a
involuntary voluntary
action, not under action,
our conscious performed
control. It is under our
controlled mainly conscious
by the spinal control by A. What prevents the back flow of blood inside the
cord. the brain chambers of the heart?
(cerebrum). o
2. Speed The response is The response B. Why do ventricles have thicker muscular walls
extremely rapid is slower as than the atria?
and immediate. it involves C. Trace the path of oxygenated blood from the
thinking. lungs back to the heart and then to the rest of
the body.
page 292 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

34. Attempt either option A or B. 35. The near point of a person suffering from
A. (a) Electric fuse is an important component of hypermetropia is 75 cm. Calculate the focal length
all domestic circuits. Why ? and power of the lens required to enable him to read
(b) An electric oven of rating 2 kW, 220 V the newspaper which is kept at 25 cm from the eye.
is operated in a domestic circuit with a Ans :
current rating of 5 A. What result would
you expect ? Explain. Given, u = − 25 cm , v = − 75 cm
Ans As we know that,
1-1 =1
(a) Electric fuse is a safety device which prevents v u f
electrical fires. So, it is an important component −1 1
of domestic circuit. b 75 l + b 25 l = 1
f
(b) The rating current drawn is given by
(− 1 + 3)
=1
I =P 75 f
V
2 =1
75 f
= 2000 W = 9.09 A

220 V 75
f = 2 = 37.5 cm
Since, current drawn by the oven is more than 5 A,
therefore, the fuse wire will melt. 1000
So, P = b 375 l
o
B. Study the following circuit and answer the = 2.6 D

following questions :
36. (a) List the factors on which the resistance of a
(a) State the type of combination of the two
conductor in the shape of wire depends.
resistors in the circuit.
(b) Why are metals good conductors of electricity
(b) How much current is flowing through : whereas glass is a bad conductor of electricity?
(i) 10 Ω and through, Give reason.
(ii) 15 Ω resistors. (c) Why are alloys commonly used in electrical
(c) What is the ammeter reading ? heating devices? Give reason.
Ans
(a) Resistance of a conductor depends directly on
its length, inversely proportional to the area
of cross-section, directly proportional to the
temperature and it depends on the nature of
the conductor.
(b) Metals have free electrons which can move and
conduct electricity, whereas glass does not have
free electrons which can flow freely to conduct
electricity.
Ans (c) The resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than
that of pure metal. Alloys do not oxidise (burn)
(a) Parallel combination.
readily at higher temperatures. Therefore,
(b) (i) I1 = V = 3 = 0.3 A conductors of electric heating devices, such as
R1 10 toasters and electric irons, are made of an alloy
rather than pure metal.
(ii) I2 = V = 3 = 0.2 A
R2 15
37. (a) Give the significance of the following in a
(c) Current flowing in the circuit is domestic circuit:
I1 + I2 = 0.3 + 0.2 = 0.5 A (i) Electric meter
(ii) Earthing.
Ammeter reading will be 0.5 A.
(b) List two precautions that should be taken to
avoid overloading.
SAMPLE PAPER 26

A. (a) Electron-dot structure of Propane : The (a) I and II

structure should show three carbon atoms When the object is between C and F, a magnified,
in a chain, each bonded by single covalent real, and inverted image is formed beyond C When
bonds. The terminal carbons are bonded to the object is at F, the image is at infinity. Statement
3 hydrogens each, and the central carbon III is incorrect because a concave mirror can also
is bonded to 2 hydrogens, fulfilling the form a virtual image.
octet for each carbon and duplet for each
31. A student is looking at a fish in a pond and notices
hydrogen.
that it appears shallower than it actually is. What
(b) An addition reaction is a reaction where
is the optical phenomenon responsible for this
atoms are added across a double or triple
bond in an unsaturated hydrocarbon, observation?
converting it into a saturated compound. (a) Scattering
Example (Hydrogenation) : (b) Reflection
CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2
Ni
CH 3 - CH 3 (c) Dispersion
(d) Refraction
(c) A substitution reaction is a reaction in
which one or more atoms (usually hydrogen) Ans
in a molecule are replaced by other atoms
(d) Refraction
or groups of atoms.
Light rays from the fish travel from the denser
o
medium (water) to the rarer medium (air) and bend
B. (a) IUPAC Names: away from the normal. When these refracted rays
(i) CH 3 CH 2 CHO : Propanal reach our eyes, the fish appears to be at a shallower
(ii) CH3COOH : Ethanoic acid depth.
(iii) C2H2 : Ethyne
32. Assertion (A) : A convex mirror is a diverging
(b) The functional group for a ketone is the
mirror.
carbonyl group (C=O). For a compound
Reason (R) : The light rays reflected by a convex
to be classified as a ketone, this carbonyl
mirror converge at a point.
carbon atom must be bonded to two other
carbon atoms. Therefore, a minimum of (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
three carbon atoms (one carbonyl carbon explanation of A.
and two adjacent carbons) are required to (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
form the simplest ketone, propanone. explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
SECTION-C Ans
(c) A is true but R is false.
30. A student makes the following statements about the
Assertion A is true. A convex mirror is a diverging
image formed by a concave mirror: mirror. Reason R is false. A convex mirror causes
I. When the object is between the center of parallel light rays to diverge, and they only appear
curvature and the principal focus, the image is to converge at a point behind the mirror.
real and magnified.
II. When the object is at the principal focus, the 33. State lens formula.
image is formed at infinity. A. Write the mathematical relation.
III. The image is always real and inverted. B. Define each term (u, v, f).
Choose from the following the correct option that C. State condition of sign convention.
lists the correct statements. Ans
(a) I and II
(b) I and III A. 1/f = 1/v – 1/u.
(c) I, II and III B. u = object distance, v = image distance, f =
(d) II and III focal length.
Ans C. Follows New Cartesian sign convention.
page 294 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(a) State how the magnetic field pattern

indicates regions where the magnetic field
is stronger?
(b) What happens to the magnetic field when
the current in the circuit is reversed?
(ii) State the direction of magnetic field in the
following case.

Ans :
(i) (a) Relative closeness of field lines indicates
the strength of magnetic field. Since field
lines are crowded around the ends of the
solenoid, hence these are the regions of
strongest magnetism.
(b) The direction of the field will also be
reversed.
(ii) The direction is perpendicular to the plane
of paper in the outward direction by using
Fleming’s left-hand rule.

**********
SAMPLE PAPER 27

Sample Paper 27
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(d) Spore formation

SECTION-A Ans
(c) Regeneration
1. What are the two main chemical products of Regeneration is the natural process of replacing or
photosynthesis? restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, or even
(a) Carbon dioxide and Water entire body parts. In organisms like Planaria, it also
(b) Glucose and Oxygen serves as a method of asexual reproduction.
(c) Starch and Water
4. How are hereditary traits transmitted from parents
(d) Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
to their offspring?
Ans (a) Through the mixing of blood.
(b) Through genes located on chromosomes.
(b) Glucose and Oxygen
(c) Through learned behaviours and skills.
In photosynthesis, plants use light energy to convert
(d) Through the nutritional status of the mother.
carbon dioxide and water into glucose, which is used
as chemical energy for the plant’s life processes. Ans
Oxygen is released as a by-product of this reaction.
(b) Through genes located on chromosomes.
2. A deficiency in the secretion of which hormone leads Genes are the basic units of heredity. They are
to diabetes mellitus, a condition characterized by segments of DNA found on chromosomes, which are
high blood glucose levels? passed from parents to offspring during reproduction,
(a) Thyroxine carrying the instructions for specific traits.
(b) Adrenaline
5. In a food chain, what is the role of animals that feed
(c) Growth Hormone
exclusively on plants?
(d) Insulin
(a) They are producers.
Ans (b) They are primary consumers.
(c) They are secondary consumers.
(d) Insulin
(d) They are decomposers.
Insulin is produced by the pancreas and is responsible
for regulating the uptake of glucose from the blood Ans
into cells. An insufficient amount of insulin results
(b) They are primary consumers.
in high blood sugar levels, the hallmark of diabetes.
Organisms that eat plants (producers) are known as
3. If a flatworm like Planaria is cut into multiple pieces, herbivores or primary consumers. They form the second
each piece has the ability to grow into a complete trophic level in a food chain, transferring energy from
new organism. This form of asexual reproduction plants to the carnivores that prey on them.
is called:
6. Consider the following statements about the human
(a) Budding
respiratory tract:
(b) Fragmentation
(i) The trachea, or windpipe, connects the larynx
(c) Regeneration
to the bronchi.
page 296 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(ii) The walls of the trachea are supported by The assertion states the anatomical position. The
cartilaginous rings that prevent it from reason correctly explains the physiological necessity
collapsing. for this position: spermatogenesis is optimal at a
(iii) The bronchi branch into smaller tubes called temperature about 2-3°C cooler than the internal
bronchioles, which terminate in alveoli. body temperature, which the scrotum provides.
(iv) The diaphragm is a large muscle that separates 9. Assertion (A) : The forelimbs of a human and the
the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. wings of a bird are considered homologous organs.
Which of the above statements are correct? Reason (R) : They have different basic structures
(a) (i) and (iii) only but perform similar functions.
(b) (ii) and (iv) only (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(c) (i), (ii), and (iv) only explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
Ans explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) All are correct.
(d) A is false but R is true.
All four statements accurately describe the
anatomy of the human respiratory system. The Ans
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli form the (c) A is true but R is false.
air passages, while the diaphragm is the primary The assertion is true. The reason is false because
muscle responsible for breathing. it incorrectly defines homologous organs.
Homologous organs have a similar basic structure
7. Which part of the human brain is responsible for
and evolutionary origin but have been adapted for
controlling most of the body’s vital involuntary
different functions (grasping vs. flying).
functions, such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood
pressure? 10. The blood circulatory system in humans is known
(a) Cerebrum as a ‘double circulation’ system. What does this
(b) Cerebellum term mean, and what is its primary advantage?
(c) Medulla
(d) Pons Ans
Double circulation means that for every one
Ans
complete circuit of the body, the blood passes
(c) Medulla through the heart twice. The first circulation pumps
The medulla oblongata, located in the brainstem, deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the second
acts as the autonomic control center for the body’s pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
most essential functions. Damage to this area is Its primary advantage is that it prevents the mixing
often fatal as it disrupts these vital life-sustaining of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, ensuring a
processes. highly efficient oxygen supply to the body’s cells.

8. Assertion (A) : The testes in human males are 11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
located in the scrotum, outside the main body A. What is the role of acid in our stomach? What
cavity. would happen if it were not produced?
Reason (R) : Sperm production requires a o
temperature slightly lower than the core body B. Explain the process of water transportation in
temperature. plants.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A. Ans
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct A. The acid (HCl) in our stomach creates an
explanation of A. acidic medium necessary for the enzyme pepsin
(c) A is true but R is false. to digest proteins. It also kills any harmful
(d) A is false but R is true. bacteria that may enter with food. If it were
not produced, the digestion of proteins in the
Ans
stomach would be hampered, and the risk of
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct food-borne infections would increase.
explanation of A. o
SAMPLE PAPER 27

22. In the thermite reaction, which is used for welding Fe (s) + H 2 O (g) " Fe 3 O 4 (s) + H 2 (g)
railway tracks, iron(III) oxide is reacted with which
Ans
highly reactive metal powder?
(a) Zinc Balanced Equation:
(b) Copper 3Fe (s) + 4H 2 O (g) " Fe 3 O 4 (s) + 4H 2 (g)
(c) Aluminium Type of reaction: This is a redox reaction
(d) Magnesium (specifically, a single displacement reaction where
Ans iron displaces hydrogen from steam).

(c) Aluminium 26. Attempt either option A or B.

The thermite reaction is a highly exothermic A. You are given three test tubes containing
displacement reaction where aluminium powder aqueous solutions of Zinc Sulphate, Copper
acts as a reducing agent to reduce a less reactive Sulphate, and Iron Sulphate. You are also
metal oxide, like iron(III) oxide, to its molten metal provided with pieces of zinc, copper, and iron
form. metals. Describe a procedure to arrange these
three metals in the correct order of decreasing
23. The reaction of hydrogen gas with oxygen gas to
reactivity.
form liquid water, 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) " 2H 2 O (l), is an
o
example of a:
(a) Decomposition reaction B. (i) What is corrosion?
(b) Combination reaction (ii) Name the chemical substance that
(c) Double displacement reaction constitutes the coating formed on (a) Silver
(d) Endothermic reaction and (b) Copper articles when they corrode.
Ans Ans
(b) Combination reaction A. Procedure:
A combination reaction is a reaction where two or 1. Place the iron piece into the copper sulphate
more reactants combine to form a single product. solution. Observation: A reaction occurs
Here, hydrogen and oxygen combine to form a single (iron gets a brown coating, blue solution
product, water. The reaction is also highly exothermic. fades), so Fe is more reactive than Cu.
2. Place the zinc piece into the iron sulphate
24. Assertion (A) : Propane burns with a clean, non-
solution. Observation: A reaction occurs
sooty flame. (zinc gets a greyish coating), so Zn is more
Reason (R) : Propane is a saturated hydrocarbon, reactive than Fe.
and the percentage of carbon is low, allowing for 3. Place the copper piece into the zinc sulphate
complete combustion. solution. Observation: No reaction occurs,
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct so Cu is less reactive than Zn.
explanation of A. Conclusion: The decreasing order of
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct reactivity is Zn Fe Cu.
explanation of A. o
(c) A is true but R is false. B (i) Corrosion is the process of gradual
(d) A is false but R is true. deterioration of metals due to the action
Ans of air, moisture, or chemicals in their
surroundings.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(ii) (a) Silver: The black coating is Silver
explanation of A.
Sulphide (Ag 2 S ).
Propane is a saturated hydrocarbon, which means (b) Copper: The green coating is basic Copper
its carbon content is relatively low compared to Carbonate ( CuCO 3 $ Cu (OH) 2 ).
unsaturated hydrocarbons. This allows it to undergo
complete combustion in a sufficient supply of air. 27. What are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
The carbon atoms are fully oxidized to carbon How can you chemically distinguish between them
dioxide, resulting in a clean, blue, non-sooty flame using a laboratory test?
25. Balance the following chemical equation and identify Ans
the type of reaction:
page 298 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

18. Which of the following is not a characteristic

property of a base?
(a) It feels soapy to the touch.
(b) It turns red litmus paper blue.
(c) It has a sour taste.
(d) It reacts with acids to form salt and water.
Ans
(c) It has a sour taste.
Bases are typically bitter in taste and feel soapy.
They turn red litmus blue and neutralize acids. A
sour taste is a characteristic property of acids.

19. The property of malleability is most pronounced in

which of the following metals?
(a) Iron (b) Aluminium
(iii) Complex organisms have highly specialised (c) Gold (d) Zinc
tissues and organs. A small group of cells Ans
from one part cannot generate all the
different specialised cell types needed to (c) Gold
form a complete new organism. Malleability is the ability of a metal to be beaten
o into thin sheets. Gold is the most malleable of all
B. (i) Ovulation is the release of a mature egg metals. It can be beaten into sheets so thin that
(ovum) from an ovary, which typically they become translucent.
happens once during each menstrual cycle. 20. The functional group present in the compound
(ii) The fallopian tubes (or oviducts) are the Butanal is:
site where fertilization of the egg by a sperm
(a) –OH (Alcohol)
usually takes place. They also transport the
egg from the ovary to the uterus. (b) –COOH (Carboxylic Acid)
(iii) If fertilization does not occur, the thick (c) –CHO (Aldehyde)
lining of the uterus, which had prepared (d) C=O (Ketone)
itself for implantation, is no longer needed.
Ans
This lining breaks down and is shed from the
body along with blood and the unfertilized (c) –CHO (Aldehyde)
egg. This process is called menstruation. The suffix “-al” in the IUPAC name Butanal
indicates the presence of an aldehyde functional
group (–CHO). This group consists of a carbonyl
SECTION-B center bonded to a hydrogen and an R group.

21. A white powder ‘P’ is used by doctors to set

fractured bones. It should be stored in a moisture-
17. In the reaction Zn + FeSO 4 " ZnSO 4 + Fe , which proof container to prevent it from hardening. ‘P’ is
substance is oxidized? chemically:
(a) Fe (a) Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
(b) Zn (b) Calcium Sulphate dihydrate (CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O )
(c) FeSO4 (c) Calcium Oxide (CaO)
(d) ZnSO4 (d) Calcium Sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O )
Ans Ans
(b) Zn (d) Calcium Sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O )
Oxidation can be defined as the loss of electrons. The substance described is Plaster of Paris. Its
In this reaction, Zinc (Zn) loses two electrons to chemical name is calcium sulphate hemihydrate,
become the Zn2+ ion in ZnSO4. Therefore, Zinc is and its formula is CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O . It hardens upon
oxidized. reacting with water.
SAMPLE PAPER 27

P1 = 1 and P2 = 1
f1 f2
P1 = f2
P2 f1
It is given that
P1 = 4
P2 1
f2 4
=
f1 1
So, she decided to make a refracting telescope. She
f1 1
bought two lenses, L1 and L2, out of which L1 was or =
f2 4
bigger and L2 was smaller. The larger lens gathers
and bends the light,while the smaller lens magnifies
39. Attempt either option A or B.
the image. Big, thick lenses are more powerful. So
A. Although electric kettle and electric toaster
to see far away, she needed a big powerful lens.
were used simultaneously in the kitchen to
Unfortunately, she realised that a big lens is very
heavy. prepare breakfast for the family, yet the two
devices could work efficiently due to ‘fuse’ used
Heavy lenses are hard to make and difficult
in the electric circuit.
to hold in the right place. Also since the light is
passing through the lens, the surface of the lens has
to be extremely smooth. Any flaws in the lens will
change the image. It would be like looking through
a dirty window.
A. Based on the diagram shown, what kind of lenses
would Sumati need to make the telescope?
B. What is the formula of magnification obtained
with a lens?
Attempt either subpart C or D.
C. Sumati did some preliminary experiment with (i) What is a fuse? Write the material used in
the lenses and found out that the magnification fuse wires. How is a fuse connected in an
of the eyepiece L2 is 3. If in her experiment with electric circuit ?
L2 she found an image at 24 cm from the lens, (ii) State the ratings of fuse used in electric
at what distance did she put the object? circuits.
(iii) What is the function of a fuse ? How does
o
it perform its function ?
D. If the powers of the lenses L1 and L2 are in the (iv) A device uses 1 kW electric power when
ratio of 4 : 1, what would be the ratio of the operated at 220 V. Calculate the rating of
focal length of L1 and L2? the fuse to be used.
Ans : Ans :
A. Convex lenses (i) An electrical fuse is a low melting point metal
B. Ratio of height of image to height of object wire that breaks due to heat caused by over-
C. We know that, voltage or high load to avoid short circuit or
failure to the device. Fuse wire is made of
m=v alloy of lead and tin having low melting point
u
of 200°C. Fuses are always connected in series
3 = 24 with the circuit components to be protected
u
from the over-current in the circuit.
u = 8 cm (ii) 13-amp fuse.
o (iii) The main function of the fuse is to provide over-
D. Let the focal length of L1 and L2 be f1 and f2 current protection, of either the load or source
respectively circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire
We know that, or strip that melts when too much current
flows through it, interrupting the circuit that it
P=1 connects.
f
page 300 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

1. Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that (c) Explain the formation of scum when soap is
contain only single covalent bonds between used to wash clothes in hard water.
carbon atoms. Example: Ethane (C2H6). o
2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons B. (a) What is an esterification reaction?
that contain at least one double or triple (b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the
covalent bond between carbon atoms. Example: preparation of a sweet-smelling ester.
Ethene (C2H4). (c) State one important use of esters.
3. Chemical Test (Bromine Water Test): Add a (d) How can an ester be converted back into its
few drops of bromine water (reddish-brown) parent alcohol and carboxylic acid? Name
to the given hydrocarbon and shake. If the the reaction and write the equation.
hydrocarbon is unsaturated, the reddish-brown
colour of the bromine water will disappear. If it Ans
is saturated, no colour change will be observed. A. (a) Electron-dot structure of CO2:
A central carbon atom sharing two pairs of
28. A student tests three unknown solutions A, B, and electrons (a double bond) with each of the
C with a universal indicator. Solution ‘A’ turns the two oxygen atoms.
indicator red, solution ‘B’ turns it blue, and solution : Ö: : C: : Ö:
‘C’ turns it green. (b) The next homologue of propanol (3 carbons)
(a) Arrange the solutions A, B, and C in the is Butanol (C 4 H 9 OH ).
increasing order of their pH values. (c) Hard water contains dissolved calcium (Ca2+)
(b) Which of these solutions would react with a and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. Soap molecules
magnesium ribbon to produce hydrogen gas? react with these ions to form insoluble calcium
(c) If a few drops of solution B are added to and magnesium salts of the fatty acid. This
solution A, what change in the pH of solution insoluble, sticky precipitate is called scum.
A would you expect? Name the type of reaction o
occurring.
B. (a) Esterification is a chemical reaction
o between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol,
(d) Give one common real-life example of a in the presence of an acid catalyst, to form
substance that could be solution A and one that an ester and water.
could be solution (b). (b) Equation:
Ans CH 3 COOH (l) + CH 3 CH 2 OH (l)

Acid

(a) Red indicates a strong acid (low pH), green CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O (l)

indicates neutral (pH 7), and blue indicates a
(c) Esters have sweet, fruity smells and are
base (high pH).
used in making perfumes and as flavouring
Increasing order of pH: A < C < B. agents in food.
(b) Solution A (the acid) would react with (d) This can be done by hydrolysing the ester
magnesium ribbon to produce hydrogen gas. with an alkali (like NaOH). This reaction is
(c) Adding solution B (base) to solution A (acid) called saponification.
would cause the pH of solution A to increase Equation:
(move towards 7). The reaction is called a CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 + NaOH "

neutralisation reaction.
CH 3 CH 2 OH + CH 3 COONa

o
(d) 1. Example for Solution A (Strong Acid):
Lemon juice or dilute Hydrochloric acid.
2. Example for Solution B (Base): Soap SECTION-C
solution or Sodium hydroxide solution.

29. Attempt either option A or B. 30. A student is analyzing the types of images formed by
A. (a) Draw the electron-dot structure for a a convex mirror and makes the following statements:
molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2). I. The image is always diminished.
(b) What is the IUPAC name of the next II. The image is always virtual and erect.
homologue of propanol (C 3 H 7 OH )?
SAMPLE PAPER 27

III. The image is always formed behind the mirror, Ans

between the pole and the principal focus. A. At the focus on other side.
Choose from the following the correct option that B. Real, inverted, highly diminished.
lists the correct statements.
C. Rays converge at F.
(a) I and II (b) I and III
(c) I, II and III (d) II and III
Ans
(c) I, II and III
A convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and
diminished image. This image is always located
between the pole and the principal focus behind the
mirror. All three statements are correct.

31. What is the cause of presbyopia in humans?

(a) Shortening of the eyeball
(b) Elongation of the eyeball
(c) Weakening of the ciliary muscles and reduced
flexibility of the eye lens 34. Attempt either option A or B.
(d) Change in the refractive index of the eye lens A. Suppose your parents have constructed a two
room house and you want that in the living
Ans room there should be a provision of one electric
(c) Weakening of the ciliary muscles and reduced bulb, one electric fan, a refrigerator and a plug
flexibility of the eye lens point for appliances of power up to 2 kilowatt.
Presbyopia is a vision defect that occurs with age. Draw a circuit diagram showing electric fuse
It is caused by the gradual weakening of the ciliary and earthing as safety devices.
muscles and the loss of flexibility of the eye lens, Ans
which affects the ability to focus on nearby objects.

32. Assertion (A) : The power of a convex lens is

positive.
Reason (R) : A convex lens is a converging lens and
its focal length is positive.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
o
The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal
length. Since a convex lens is a converging lens and B. How much will an electric iron draw from a
its focal length is positive, its power is also positive. 220 V source if the resistance of its elements
The reason correctly explains the assertion. when hot is 55 ohms ? Calculate the wattage of
the electric iron when it operates on 220 volts.
33. Describe image formation by convex lens when
Ans
object is at infinity.
A. Where is image formed? Given, V = 220 Volt , R = 55 Ω
B. What is nature and size of image? As we know that,
C. Draw the ray diagram.
V = IR
page 302 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

220 = I # 55 H = I 2Rt
I =4A (b) Given, charge,
q = 96000 C
Now, P = VI = 220 # 4 = 880 W
Time, t = 2 hrs
35. (i) Least distance of distinct vision of a long-
sighted person is 40 cm. He wishes to reduce it = 120 min = 7200 s

to 25 cm by using spectacles. Find the power Potential difference,
and nature of the lens used by him.
V = 40 volt
(ii) Draw a ray diagram to show the correction of
the defect by using an appropriate lens. We know that,
Heat H = VIt , where I is current ...(1)
Ans q
Also, I = t where q is charge and t is time in
(i) Given, u =− 25 cm , v =− 40 cm seconds. ...(2)
q
As we know that, Substituting I = t in equation (1) we get,
1 =1−1
H = dV # n # t
q
f v u t
= 1 − 1 Vqt
− 40 − 25 = = Vq
t
= 1.5
100
200 = 40 # 96000

f = 3 cm
= 3840000 Joule

1
Power, P = f
= 3840 kJ

= 100 # 3 = 3 =+ 1.5 D
200 2 37. A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a
(ii) Convex lens :
galvanometer. What would happen if a bar magnet
is :
(i) Pushed into the coil ?
(ii) Withdrawn from inside the coil ?
(iii) Held stationary inside the coil ?
Ans
(i) Due to change in magnitude flux linked with
coil, the galvanometer shows deflection (say
36. (a) Write the mathematical expression for Joule’s towards right).
law of heating. (ii) Due to change in magnetic flux linked with coil,
(b) Compute the heat generated while transferring the galvanometer shows deflection [say towards
96000 coulomb of charge in two hours through left opposite to that in case (i)].
a potential difference of 40 V. (iii) As it is stationary, no change in magnetic flux
linked with coil, so galvanometer shows no
Ans deflection.
(a) According to the Joule’s law of heating, heat
38. Sumati wanted to see the stars of the night sky. She
produced in a resistor is directly proportional
to the : knows that she needs a telescope to see those distant
(i) square of current I for a given resistance. stars. She finds out that the telescopes, which are
made of lenses, are called refracting telescopes
(ii) resistance R for a given current.
and the ones which are made of mirrors are called
(iii) the time t for which the current flows
reflecting telescopes.
through the resistor.
Mathematical form of Joule’s law of heating
is:
SAMPLE PAPER 27

B. Water is transported in plants through the B. Explain the mechanism of breathing in humans,
xylem tissue. Water absorbed by the roots detailing the roles of the rib muscles and
moves upwards due to a suction force called diaphragm.
transpiration-al pull, which is created by the C. Why does the breathing rate increase during
evaporation of water from the leaves. This strenuous physical exercise?
allows water to be transported even to the tops
of tall trees. Ans
A. The primary function of the alveoli is to provide
12. What is a food chain? In a four-level food chain, a large surface area for the exchange of gases.
if the energy available at the producer level is Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses from
20,000 J, how much energy will be transferred to the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide
the tertiary consumer? diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be
Ans exhaled.
A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms o
where nutrients and energy are transferred from one B. During inhalation, the rib muscles lift the ribs
organism to another. According to the 10% Law: up and out, and the diaphragm contracts and
1. Energy at Primary Consumer (Level 2) = 10% flattens. This increases the chest cavity volume,
of 20,000 J = 2,000 J causing air to enter the lungs. During exhalation,
the ribs move down and in, and the diaphragm
2. Energy at Secondary Consumer (Level 3) =
relaxes and moves up. This decreases the chest
10% of 2,000 J = 200 J
cavity volume, forcing air out.
3. Energy at Tertiary Consumer (Level 4) = 10%
C. During exercise, the body’s cells need more
of 200 J = 20 J
energy, so they respire faster. This requires more
13. Name the three main regions of the human brain. oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide. The
Write one important function of the cerebellum. breathing rate increases to supply the needed
oxygen more quickly and to remove the excess
Ans carbon dioxide from the blood.
The three main regions of the human brain are the
Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain. One important 16. Student to attempt either option A or B.
function of the cerebellum (part of the hindbrain) is A. (i) How does Hydra reproduce asexually?
to maintain the posture and balance of the body. It Name and describe the process.
also coordinates voluntary movements. (ii) Draw a diagram illustrating this process.
(iii) Why is this method not suitable for complex
14. A tall pea plant (TT) is crossed with a dwarf pea multicellular organisms?
plant (tt). o
(i) What will be the genotype and phenotype of
B. (i) What is meant by ovulation?
the F1 generation?
(ii) What is the function of the fallopian tubes
(ii) If the F1 plants are self-pollinated, what will
in the female reproductive system?
be the ratio of tall to dwarf plants in the F2
(iii) Describe the changes that take place in the
generation?
uterus if fertilization does not occur.
Ans
Ans
(i) 1. Genotype of F1: Tt (All heterozygous tall)
A. (i) Hydra reproduces asexually by budding.
2. Phenotype of F1: All tall plants A small bud develops as an outgrowth
(ii) The ratio of tall to dwarf plants in the F2 on the parent’s body due to repeated cell
generation will be 3 (Tall) : 1 (Dwarf). division. This bud grows, develops a mouth
and tentacles, and eventually detaches to
15. A person is having difficulty breathing. A doctor become an independent organism.
examines their respiratory system. The following (ii)
questions.
A. What is the primary function of the alveoli in
the lungs?
o
page 304 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(iv) Given,
Power = 1 kW = 1000 W

Voltage = 220 V
P = V#I
So, I =P
V
I = 1000 = 4.545 A
220
The fuse wire should able to pass at least 4.545 A
current. So, the rating should be 5 A.
o
B. (i) What do you mean by short-circuiting?
(ii) Write some precautions in the use of
electricity.
Ans :
(i) Short-circuiting occurs when an unintended
low-resistance path allows excessive current to
flow in a circuit. This can lead to overheating,
damage, or fire. It typically happens when
wires touch due to insulation failure. Fuses or
breakers are used to prevent damage by cutting
off power.
(ii) (a) Damaged plugs, switches, sockets, etc.
should be replaced immediately.
(b) Plugs, switches or sockets should not be
touched with wet hands.
(c) All electrical appliances should be given
earth connections.
(d) All the connections and joints at different
switches and plugs must be tight to avoid
sparking.
(e) Rubber gloves and rubber shoes should be
worn while handling a live circuit.
(f) The main circuit Should be switched off, if
there is any sparking or fire in the circuit.
(g) Water should not be thrown in case of fire
due to electric short circuit.

**********
SAMPLE PAPER 28

Sample Paper 28
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions :
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

which then grows and detaches. This method is

SECTION-A known as :
(a) Fragmentation
1. Autotrophic nutrition is the mode of nutrition (b) Budding
where an organism : (c) Spore formation
(a) Depends on other organisms for food. (d) Fission
(b) Synthesizes its own food from simple inorganic Ans
sources.
(b) Budding
(c) Breaks down dead and decaying organic matter.
Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where
(d) Lives on or inside another organism to derive
a new individual develops from an outgrowth or
nutrition.
bud on the parent. In unicellular yeast, a small bud
Ans forms, receives a nucleus, and separates to become
a new cell.
(b) Synthesizes its own food from simple inorganic
sources. 4. To ensure he began his genetic experiments with
Autotrophs, like green plants, are self-feeders. pure-bred (homozygous) pea plants, what initial
They use energy (usually from sunlight) to convert step did Gregor Mendel take?
inorganic raw materials like carbon dioxide and (a) He crossed different varieties of pea plants.
water into complex organic food molecules like (b) He self-pollinated the plants for several
glucose. generations.
2. Besides acting as a pathway for nerve signals (c) He only used the plants that grew the fastest.
between the brain and the rest of the body, what is (d) He imported seeds from different regions.
another major function of the spinal cord? Ans
(a) To control conscious thought and memory.
(b) He self-pollinated the plants for several
(b) To serve as the coordinating center for reflex
generations.
actions.
By self-pollinating plants over several generations
(c) To regulate body temperature and hunger.
and selecting only those that consistently produced
(d) To produce essential hormones for growth.
offspring with a specific desired trait, Mendel could
Ans be confident that the parental (P) generation plants
were genetically pure (homozygous).
(b) To serve as the coordinating center for reflex
actions. 5. What does a food chain illustrate in an ecosystem?
The spinal cord can process sensory information (a) The total number of species present.
and generate a motor response independently of the (b) The interaction between living and non-living
brain in a reflex arc. This allows for extremely fast, components.
involuntary reactions to protect the body from harm. (c) The linear pathway of energy and nutrient
3. The microorganism yeast reproduces asexually by transfer between organisms.
forming a small protuberance on the parent cell, (d) The complete life cycle of the top predator.
page 306 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct

(c) The linear pathway of energy and nutrient explanation of A.
transfer between organisms. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
A food chain shows a single pathway of energy explanation of A.
flow, starting from the producer and moving to the (c) A is true but R is false.
primary consumer, secondary consumer, and so on. (d) A is false but R is true.
It represents “who eats whom” in an ecosystem. Ans
6. Consider the following statements about digestive (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
enzymes in humans : explanation of A.
(i) Salivary amylase begins the chemical digestion The assertion states a fact. The reason correctly
of starch in the mouth. explains the primary function that makes the
(ii) Pepsin is an enzyme in the stomach that placenta such a vital connection, as it serves as
initiates the digestion of proteins. the life-support system for the foetus throughout
(iii) Lipase is the main enzyme responsible for the pregnancy.
breakdown of emulsified fats. 9. Assertion (A) : An ecosystem with a complex food
(iv) Trypsin is an enzyme found in the stomach that web is generally more stable than one with a few
digests carbohydrates. simple food chains.
Which of the above statements are correct? Reason (R) : A food web is composed of a single,
(a) (i) and (iv) only linear pathway for energy transfer.
(b) (ii) and (iii) only (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) explanation of A.
(d) All are correct. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
Ans explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) (d) A is false but R is true.
The first three statements are correct. Statement
(iv) is incorrect because trypsin is secreted by the Ans
pancreas into the small intestine and is responsible (c) A is true but R is false.
for digesting proteins, not carbohydrates. The assertion is true; greater biodiversity and more
complex feeding relationships in a food web provide
7. Which plant hormone, synthesized at the shoot tip,
stability. The reason is false because it describes
is responsible for the phenomenon of phototropism
a food chain. A food web consists of multiple,
(the bending of the plant towards light)?
interconnected pathways.
(a) Gibberellin
(b) Cytokinin 10. The inner wall of the small intestine has numerous
(c) Abscisic acid finger-like projections called villi, which are richly
(d) Auxin supplied with blood vessels. What is the advantage
of this structural feature?
Ans
Ans
(d) Auxin
The presence of millions of villi vastly increases
Auxin promotes cell elongation. When a plant is
the surface area of the inner lining of the small
exposed to unidirectional light, auxin diffuses to the
intestine. This large surface area is advantageous
shaded side of the shoot. This higher concentration
because it allows for a much more efficient and rapid
causes the cells on the shaded side to grow longer,
absorption of the final products of digestion into the
bending the shoot towards the light source.
bloodstream, which then transports the nutrients to
8. Assertion (A) : The placenta forms a vital all body cells.
connection between the mother’s body and the 11. Student to attempt either option A or B.
developing foetus.
A. What is the function of haemoglobin in our
Reason (R) : It facilitates the exchange of nutrients, body? What is the majconsequence of its
oxygen, and waste products between the maternal
deficiency?
and foetal blood.
SAMPLE PAPER 28

Ans 25. What is observed when a solution of potassium

(b) CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O iodide is added to a solution of lead(II) nitrate?
Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulphate. Its chemical Name the type of reaction.
formula is CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O , indicating that two Ans
molecules of water of crystallisation are associated
with each formula unit of calcium sulphate. Observation : When the two colourless solutions are
mixed, a bright yellow solid precipitate is formed
22. Which of the following metals is so unreactive that instantly.
it does not react with oxygen, even at very high Name of reaction : This is a double displacement
temperatures? reaction. (It is also a precipitation reaction).
(a) Zinc
26. Attempt either option A or B.
(b) Iron
A. An ore on being heated in the air produces
(c) Copper
sulphur dioxide gas.
(d) Gold
(i) What kind of ore is this?
Ans (ii) Describe the steps involved in its conversion
(d) Gold into the corresponding metal.
Gold and platinum are noble metals placed at the o
bottom of the reactivity series. They are extremely
unreactive and do not corrode or oxidize, even when B. Show the formation of magnesium chloride (
heated strongly in the air. MgCl 2 ) from its constituent elements using
electron-dot structures.
23. When balancing the chemical equation
Ans
Mg + O 2 " MgO , what is the stoichiometric
coefficient for magnesium (Mg) in the final balanced A. (i) An ore that produces sulphur dioxide on
equation? heating in air is a sulphide ore.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (ii) Steps involved :
(c) 3 (d) 4 1. Roasting : The sulphide ore is first
heated strongly in the presence of excess
Ans
air to convert it into the metal oxide.
(b) 2 2. Reduction : The metal oxide is then
The balanced equation is 2Mg + O 2 " 2MgO . To reduced to the metal, usually by heating
balance the oxygen atoms, a coefficient of 2 is it with a suitable reducing agent like
placed before MgO. This results in 2 Mg atoms on carbon (smelting).
the right, so a coefficient of 2 is required for Mg on o
the left. B. Formation of MgCl 2 :
24. Assertion (A) : Covalent compounds generally have 1. Magnesium atom (Mg) : Has 2 valence
low melting and boiling points. electrons. It will lose these 2 electrons to
form a stable cation, Mg2+.
Reason (R) : The forces of attraction between the
molecules of covalent compounds are very strong. 2. Chlorine atom (Cl) : Has 7 valence electrons.
It needs 1 electron to form a stable anion,
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Cl- .
explanation of A.
3. Process : One magnesium atom transfers
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
its two valence electrons, one to each of
explanation of A.
the two chlorine atoms. This forms one
(c) A is true but R is false.
Mg2+ ion and two Cl- ions, which are held
(d) A is false but R is true.
together by strong electrostatic forces.
Ans
(c) A is true but R is false.
Assertion (A) is true. Reason (R) is false because
the intermolecular forces of attraction between the
molecules of covalent compounds are weak. The
covalent bonds within the molecules are strong, but
the forces between separate molecules are weak.
page 308 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

B. (i) What is the role of the placenta during an electropositive element. Chlorine combines with
pregnancy? hydrogen, so chlorine is reduced.
(ii) What is the menstrual cycle?
18. The sting of a wasp is basic in nature. Which of the
(iii) List two contraceptive methods and state
their basic working principle. following would be suitable to apply to the affected
area for relief?
Ans (a) Baking soda solution
A. (i) Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual (b) Soap solution
reproduction where new plants are grown (c) Vinegar
from the vegetative parts of a parent plant like (d) Milk of Magnesia
its root, stem, or leaf, rather than from seeds. Ans
(ii) Two benefits are that plants grown this way
bear fruit faster than those from seeds, and (c) Vinegar
it allows for the preservation of desirable To neutralize a base, a mild acid is required. Vinegar
parental traits. contains acetic acid, which can neutralize the basic
(iii) Two examples are Rose (from cuttings) and venom of a wasp sting and provide relief. The other
Potato (from tubers). options are basic and would not be effective.
o 19. Which of the following non-metals is renowned for
B. (i) The placenta is a special tissue that provides its extreme hardness?
a large surface area for the transport of (a) Sulphur
nutrients and oxygen from the mother to (b) Graphite
the developing fetus, and for the removal of (c) Iodine
waste from the fetus to the mother. (d) Diamond
(ii) The menstrual cycle is the regular
natural change that occurs in the female Ans
reproductive system (specifically the uterus (d) Diamond
and ovary) that makes pregnancy possible. Diamond is an allotrope of carbon where each
It involves the preparation of the uterus carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms
for pregnancy, and if pregnancy does not in a rigid three-dimensional tetrahedral structure.
occur, the shedding of the uterine lining. This network makes diamond the hardest known
(iii) 1. Barrier Methods (e.g., Condoms) : natural substance.
They physically prevent the sperm
from meeting the egg. 20. The alkene with the molecular formula C4H8 is
2. Hormonal Methods (e.g., Oral Pills) : known as butene. How many hydrogen atoms are
They alter the body’s hormone levels present in one molecule of butene?
to prevent the release of the egg from (a) 4 (b) 6
the ovary (ovulation). (c) 8 (d) 10
Ans

SECTION-B (c) 8
The molecular formula C4H8 itself indicates the
number of atoms of each element in one molecule.
17. In the reaction H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) " 2HCl (g), which of The subscript ‘8’ next to hydrogen (H) signifies that
the following statements is correct? there are 8 hydrogen atoms.
(a) Hydrogen is oxidized, and Chlorine is reduced.
(b) Hydrogen is reduced, and Chlorine is oxidized. 21. Gypsum is a soft sulphate mineral used as a
(c) Both Hydrogen and Chlorine are oxidized. fertilizer and as the main constituent in many forms
(d) Both Hydrogen and Chlorine are reduced. of plaster. Its chemical formula is :
(a) CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O
Ans
(b) CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O
(a) Hydrogen is oxidized, and Chlorine is reduced.
Oxidation is the addition of an electronegative (c) CaSO 4 $ H 2 O
element. Hydrogen combines with chlorine, so (d) CaCO3
hydrogen is oxidized. Reduction is the addition of
SAMPLE PAPER 28

B : Defect of vision in patient Y

(i) Refer to fig. B and fig. A, showing the defects

of vision in patients Y and X . Infer the defects
which can be diagnosed from the given ray
diagrams.
(ii) Identify the eye defect resulting due to the eye
lens becoming cloudy.
(iii) Based on the spectacles given below, infer the
(i) Show the polarity acquired by each face of the
eye defect which can be diagnosed from it. Also
solenoid.
List two causes of this defect.
(ii) Draw the magnetic field lines of force inside the
coil and also show their direction.
(iii) Mention two methods to increase the strength
of the magnetic field inside the coil.
Ans
(i) The polarity acquired by the two ends is as
shown below. (A shows North and B shows o
South polarity). (iv) The patient X needs a lens of power –4.5D for
(ii) correction of his vision.
(a) What is the focal length of the corrective
lens?
(b) What is the nature of corrective lens?
Ans :
For patient X , the diagnosed defect is myopia
(i) For patient Y , the diagnosed defect is
hypermetropia.
(ii) Cataract is the eye defect resulting due to the
eye lens becomes cloudy.
(iii) Increase current, increase the number of turns (iii) The diagnosed eye defect is presbyopia.
in the coil, insert soft iron rod in the coil. Causes :
(a) Gradual weakening of ciliary muscle.
38. Figure A and B show the ray diagrams related to
(b) Diminishing flexibility of eye lens.
defects of vision. Study the diagrams and answer
o
the questions :
(iv) (a)
1 = −2 F =
− 4.5 a
=− 0.22 m

(b) Concave lens

39. Attempt either option A or B.

A. With the help of a diagram of experimental
A : Defect of vision in patient X setup, describe an activity to show that the force
acting on a current carrying conductor placed
in a magnetic field increases with increase in
field strength.
Ans :
Objective : To show through an activity that force
acting on a current carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field increases with increase in the field
page 310 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

27. Give a chemical test to distinguish between the (c) Write the name and chemical formula of the
following pairs of compounds : fourth member of the alcohol homologous
(a) Ethane and Ethene series.
(b) An alcohol and a Carboxylic acid (d) What is the difference in molecular mass (in
‘u’) between any two adjacent homologues?
Ans
o
(a) Ethane and Ethene (Bromine Water Test) : Add
a few drops of reddish-brown bromine water B. (a) What are substitution reactions?
to both compounds. Ethene (unsaturated) (b) Why are substitution reactions a
will decolourise the bromine water. Ethane characteristic property of saturated
(saturated) will show no change in colour. hydrocarbons?
(b) Alcohol and Carboxylic Acid (Sodium Carbonate (c) Describe what happens when methane
Test) : Add a small amount of solid sodium reacts with chlorine in the presence of
carbonate to both compounds. The carboxylic sunlight. Write the chemical equation for
acid will produce a brisk effervescence due to the formation of the first product.
the evolution of CO2 gas. The alcohol will show Ans
no reaction.
A. (a) A homologous series is a series of organic
28. Indicators are substances that show a distinct compounds having the same functional
colour change in acidic and basic media. A student group and similar chemical properties, in
tests three solutions X, Y, and Z. Solution X turns which successive members differ by a - CH 2
blue litmus red. Solution Y turns red litmus blue. group.
Solution Z shows no change on either litmus paper. (b) The functional group is Ketone (C=O).
(a) What is the chemical nature of solutions X, Y, (c) The fourth member of the alcohol series has
and Z? 4 carbon atoms.
(b) Which of these solutions would have a pH value Name : Butanol
of 7? Formula : C 4 H 9 OH
(d) The difference is that of a –CH 2 group. The
o
mass is 12 + (2 × 1) = 14 u.
(c) What colour change would be observed if o
phenolphthalein is added to solution Y?
B. (a) A substitution reaction is a chemical
(i) What colour change would be observed if
reaction during which one or more hydrogen
methyl orange is added to solution X?
atoms in a saturated hydrocarbon molecule
(ii) What would happen to the pH of solution
are replaced by another atom or a group of
Y if some of solution X is added to it?
atoms.
Ans (b) They are characteristic of saturated
(a) Solution X is acidic. Solution Y is basic. Solution hydrocarbons because these compounds
Z is neutral. have only strong single C-C and C-H
bonds, which do not break easily. Instead
(b) Solution Z would have a pH value of 7.
of addition, atoms are substituted.
o (c) When methane reacts with chlorine in
(c) Phenolphthalein turns pink in a basic solution diffused sunlight, a substitution reaction
like Y. occurs in a chain. A hydrogen atom is
(i) Methyl orange turns red in an acidic replaced by a chlorine atom one by one.
solution like X. First step : Methane reacts with chlorine to
(ii) The pH of solution Y (a base) would form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.
decrease (move towards neutral) if some Equation :
of solution X (an acid) is added to it. Sunlight
CH 4 (g) + Cl 2 (g) CH 3 Cl (g) + HCl (g)
29. Attempt either option A or B.
(Further reactions can lead to dichloromethane,
A. (a) What is a homologous series?
trichloromethane, and carbon tetrachloride).
(b) Identify the functional group in the
compound CH 3 COCH 3 .
SAMPLE PAPER 28

o (iii) What phenotypic ratio is expected in the F2

generation upon selfing the F1 plants?
B. How do plants transport water from the soil to
the leaves? Ans
Ans (i) The phenotype of all plants in the F1 generation
will be Round and Yellow seeds.
A. Haemoglobin is the red pigment in red blood cells
that has a high affinity for oxygen. Its function (ii) The genotype of all plants in the F1 generation
is to transport oxygen from the lungs to all will be heterozygous for both traits : RrYy.
the body tissues. A deficiency of haemoglobin (iii) The expected phenotypic ratio in the F2
impairs the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity, generation is 9 (Round, Yellow) : 3 (Round,
leading to a condition called anaemia, with green) : 3 (Wrinkled, Yellow) : 1 (Wrinkled,
symptoms like fatigue and breathlessness. green).
o
15. The human body needs to filter waste from the
B. Plants transport water through the xylem
blood. The following questions related to the
tissue. Water moves from the roots to the leaves
excretory system.
due to a suction force called transpiration-al
pull, created by the evaporation of water from A. What is the basic filtration unit of the kidney
the leaves (transpiration). This pull is strong called?
enough to draw water up even in very tall trees. o

12. What is a food chain? Give an example of a four- B. What is meant by selective reabsorption, and
step food chain that might operate in a grassland why is it important?
ecosystem. C. A person’s kidneys have failed. What is the
medical procedure used to filter their blood,
Ans and what is its basic principle?
A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms that
Ans
shows how energy is transferred from one living
organism to another. Each step in the chain is a A. The basic filtration unit of the kidney is called
trophic level. Example of a four-step grassland food the nephron.
chain : Grass (Producer) ® Grasshopper (Primary o
Consumer) ® Frog (Secondary Consumer) ® Snake
B. Selective reabsorption is the process where
(Tertiary Consumer)
useful substances like glucose, amino acids,
13. What are plant hormones? Name the plant hormone salts, and a major amount of water are
responsible for phototropism and briefly explain its reabsorbed back into the blood from the initial
mechanism. filtrate. It is important because it prevents the
loss of essential substances from the body while
Ans allowing waste products to be excreted.
Plant hormones are chemical compounds produced C. The procedure is called hemodialysis or using
by plants that regulate their growth, development, an artificial kidney. Its basic principle is to
and responses to environmental stimuli. The remove waste products from the blood by
hormone responsible for phototropism is auxin. diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane.
When light comes from one direction, auxin diffuses The patient’s blood flows on one side of the
to the shaded side of the shoot. The increased membrane, and dialysis fluid flows on the other,
concentration of auxin on the shaded side causes allowing waste to move from the blood into the
the cells there to elongate more, making the shoot fluid.
bend towards the light.
16. Attempt either option A or B.
14. In a dihybrid cross between a pea plant with round A. (i) What is meant by vegetative propagation?
yellow seeds (RRYY) and a plant with wrinkled
(ii) List two benefits for a farmer using this
green seeds (rryy), the following : method.
(i) What will be the phenotype of the F1 (iii) Give two examples of plants that are
generation? commonly grown using this method.
(ii) What will be the genotype of the F1 generation?
o
page 312 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

I = V = 220 = 5 A Hence, the lens becomes thick. This enables you

R 44 to see in nearby objects clearly.
(c) In parallel :
1 = 1 + 1
R R1 R2

= 1 Ω+ 1 Ω = 1 Ω

22 22 11
R = 11 Ω

I = V = 220 = 20 A
R 11
A normal eye is not able to see distinctly the
o objects placed closer than 25 cm, without
putting any strain on the eye. This is because
B. (i) Why are electric bulbs filled with chemically the ciliary muscles of eyes are unable to contract
inactive nitrogen or argon ? beyond a certain limit if the object are placed
(ii) What is meant by the statement that the at a distance less than 25 cm from the eye, then
rating of a fuse in a circuit is 5 A ? the objects appear blurred because light rays
Ans coming from the object meet beyond the retina.

(i) To prolong the life of filament. 36. Two electric lamps rated 100 W, 220 V and 25 W,
(ii) The maximum current that should flow in the 220 V are connected in parallel. Calculate the total
circuit is 5 A. If it exceeds this, the fuse will be electric current in the circuit.
blown off. Ans
35. With the help of ciliary muscles the human eye For the first bulb,
can change its curvature and thus alter the focal 2
length of its lens. State the changes that occur in Resistance, R1 = V
P1
the curvature and focal length of the eye lens while
viewing (i) a distance object, (ii) nearby object. (220) 2
R1 = = 484 Ω
100
Explain, why a normal eye is not able to the
distinctly the objects placed closer than 25 cm, For the second bulb,
without putting any stain on the eye. 2
Resistance, R2 = V
P2
Ans
(220) 2
(i) When we see distant objects, the ciliary muscles R2 = = 1936 Ω
25
relax to decrease the curvature and thereby
When connected in parallel, resultant resistance is
increase the focal length of the lens. Hence, the
given by,
lens becomes thin. This enables us to see the
distant object clearly. Thus, the focal length 1 = 1 + 1
of the eye lens increases while seeing distant R R1 R2
objects. 1 = 1 + 1
R 484 1936
1 = 4+1 = 5
R 1936 1936

R = 1936 = 387.2 Ω
5

Current, I =V
R

I = 220 = 0.56 A
387.2
(ii) To see nearby objects clearly, the focal length of
the lens should be shorter. For this, the ciliary 37. Diagram below shows a circuit containing a coil
muscles contract to increase the curvature and wound over a long and thin hollow cardboard tube.
thereby decrease the focal length of the lens. Copy the diagram.
SAMPLE PAPER 28

SECTION-C (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct

explanation of A.
A convex mirror is a diverging mirror that always
30. A student is studying the image formation by a forms a virtual and diminished image behind it. The
concave lens and makes the following statements : divergence of light rays is the reason for the image
I. The image is always formed on the same side of being diminished.
the object.
33. Describe image formation by concave lens for any
II. The image is always virtual and erect.
position of object.
III. The image is always magnified.
A. Where is image formed?
Choose from the following the correct option that
B. State nature and size.
lists the correct statements.
C. Draw ray diagram.
(a) I and II
(b) I and III Ans
(c) I, II and III
A. Always between F and O.
(d) II and III
B. Virtual, erect, diminished.
Ans
C. Diverging rays appear to meet at focus.
(a) I and II
A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect, and
diminished image on the same side of the lens as the
object. The image is never magnified.

31. A ray of light passes from air to a medium of

refractive index ‘n’. What is the correct relationship
between the angle of incidence ‘i’ and the angle of
refraction ‘r’ ?
(a) sin (i) = n $ sin (r)
(b) sin (i) = sin (r) /n
(c) sin (r) = n $ sin (i)
(d) sin (i) = sin (r) $ n2
Ans
(a) sin (i) = n $ sin (r)
This is the statement of Snell’s Law. When light
passes from a rarer medium (air) to a denser 34. Attempt either option A or B.
medium, the relationship between the angles is A. An electric heater connected to a 220 V line has
given by n1 sin (i) = n2 sin (r), where n1 = 1 for air, two resistance coils of 22 Ohms each.
giving sin (i) = n sin (r).
Calculate the current if these coils are used
32. Assertion (A) : The image formed by a convex (a) Separately
mirror is always diminished. (b) In series
Reason (R) : The convex mirror diverges the parallel (c) In parallel.
rays of light, causing them to appear to originate
from a point behind the mirror. Ans
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (a) Separately :
explanation of A.
Current, I = V = 220 = 10 A
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct R 22
explanation of A. (b) In series :
(c) A is true but R is false. R = R1 + R2
(d) A is false but R is true.
= 22 Ω + 22 Ω = 44 Ω

Ans
page 314 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

strength. (i) A solenoid is a coil with many circular turns of

Apparatus Required : Aluminium rod, two insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the
horseshoe magnets of different intensities, a clamp shape of a cylinder.
stand, a cell, a key, a rod and connecting wires, etc. (a) Magnetic field lines of current carrying
Procedure : solenoid :
(i) Firstly, the experimental set-up is arranged as
shown in figure.
(ii) Plug the key for the given set-up. The current
will flow through the rod from A and B and
note the displacement of rod.
(iii) In this step, the key is unplugged and the first
horseshoe magnet is removed. Now, place the
second horseshoe magnet of a higher magnetic
field strength in a similar manner as the first
one.
(b) Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet :

(ii) Distinguishing features between the two fields :

(a) The strength of magnetic field of the
solenoid can be changed by changing
(iv) Now, plug the key. The current again flows current while the magnetic field strength
through the rod from A to B. Again observe due to bar magnet is constant.
the deflection of the rod. (b) Solenoid produces magnetic field as long as
(v) Now, bring both the magnets closer (to ensure current flows in its coils while bar magnet
greater magnetic field than that of previous produces a permanent magnetic field.
case). Again observe the deflection of the rod.
Observation : Every time, the conductor deflects
faster than that of previous one. It is possible
only when the conductor gets more accelerated
every time which requires more applied force.
Thus, if the magnetic field strength is increased,
the rod will exert a greater force and deflects
even faster. **********
Conclusion : The force working on a current
carrying conductor kept in a magnetic field
increases with increase in the strength of field.
o
B. What is a solenoid? Draw the pattern of
magnetic field lines of
(i) a current carrying solenoid and a bar
magnet.
(ii) List two distinguishing features between
the two fields.
Ans :
SAMPLE PAPER 29

Sample Paper 29
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

(a) Stamen (b) Pistil

SECTION-A (c) Petal (d) Sepal
Ans

1. The energy released during cellular respiration is (b) Pistil

captured to form a molecule that acts as the energy The pistil (also known as the carpel) is the ovule-
currency for the cell. What is this molecule? producing part of a flower. The stigma at the top
(a) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) receives pollen, and the ovary at the base contains
(b) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) the ovules that will develop into seeds after
(c) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) fertilization.
(d) ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) 4. What are fossils?
Ans (a) The oldest living species found on Earth.
(b) The preserved remains or traces of organisms
(a) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
that lived in the past.
ATP is the primary carrier of energy within cells.
(c) Rocks that have been shaped by ancient
The energy from the breakdown of glucose is stored
organisms.
in the high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP, which
(d) The study of the history of life on Earth.
can then be broken to release energy for cellular
activities. Ans

2. A deficiency of iodine in the diet can lead to a (b) The preserved remains or traces of organisms
condition known as goitre, which is characterized by that lived in the past.
a swollen neck. This is caused by the enlargement Fossils are the evidence of ancient life preserved in
of which gland? rock. They can include bones, shells, imprints, or
(a) Pituitary gland even tracks. They provide a crucial record of how
(b) Adrenal gland life has evolved over millions of years.
(c) Pancreas 5. Which of the following is an example of a man-made
(d) Thyroid gland or artificial ecosystem?
Ans (a) A forest
(b) A pond
(d) Thyroid gland
(c) A desert
The thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesize
(d) An aquarium
the hormone thyroxine. When iodine is deficient,
the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to absorb Ans
more iodine from the blood, leading to the swelling
(d) An aquarium
known as goitre.
An artificial ecosystem is a system created and
3. What is the female reproductive part of a flower, maintained by humans. An aquarium, with its
which typically consists of the stigma, style, and controlled environment of water, plants, fish, and
ovary? support systems (like filters and lights), is a classic
example.
page 316 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

6. Consider the following statements about the human (d) A is false but R is true.
excretory system: Ans
(i) The main organs of excretion are the pair of
kidneys. (c) A is true but R is false.
(ii) The nephron is the basic filtration unit within The assertion is true. The reason is false because
the kidney. the scrotum maintains a temperature that is 1-3°C
lower, not higher, than the core body temperature.
(iii) The purpose of the system is to filter and
This cooler environment is essential for the healthy
remove nitrogenous wastes like urea from the
development of sperm.
blood.
(iv) All the fluid filtered into the nephron is excreted 9. Assertion (A) : Decomposers are essential for the
as urine without any reabsorption. stability and continuity of an ecosystem.
Which of the above statements are correct? Reason (R) : They break down dead organic matter
(a) (i) and (iv) only into simple inorganic nutrients that can be reused
(b) (ii) and (iii) only by producers.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) All are correct. explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
Ans
explanation of A.
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii) (c) A is true but R is false.
The first three statements are correct. Statement (d) A is false but R is true.
(iv) is incorrect because while filtration occurs,
Ans
the nephron is also responsible for the selective
reabsorption of useful substances like glucose, amino (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
acids, salts, and a major amount of water back into explanation of A.
the blood. The assertion states the importance of decomposers.
The reason correctly explains their vital role in
7. Which part of the human brain is considered the nutrient cycling: without decomposers, nutrients
main thinking part and is responsible for functions would remain locked in dead organic matter, and
like intelligence, memory, and voluntary actions? the ecosystem would eventually collapse.
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum 10. Plants produce waste products during their life
(c) Medulla processes. Explain two ways in which plants get rid
(d) Hypothalamus of their excretory products.
Ans Ans
(a) Cerebrum Plants get rid of waste products in the following
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and ways:
is divided into right and left hemispheres. It is the 1. Gaseous Wastes: Oxygen, a by-product of
center of higher-order functions, including conscious photosynthesis, and carbon dioxide from
thought, problem-solving, and interpreting sensory respiration are released into the atmosphere
information. through stomata on leaves and lenticels on the
stem.
8. Assertion (A) : In human males, the testes are 2. Stored Wastes: Many waste products are stored
located in the scrotum, outside the abdominal in cell vacuoles or in tissues that are eventually
cavity. shed, such as old leaves, bark, and fruits. Some
Reason (R) : The scrotum maintains a temperature wastes are also excreted into the soil.
1-3°C higher than the normal body temperature,
which is required for sperm formation. 11. Attempt either option A and B.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct A. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and
explanation of A. deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct o
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false. B. What is transpiration, and how does it help in
the upward movement of water in plants?
SAMPLE PAPER 29

(i) What type of lens should be used in his

spectacles?
(ii) What should be the focal length of the lens he
used ?
(iii) What will be the power of the lens ?
o
(iv) Write one possible cause of this defect.
Ans :
(i) Convex lens is to be used in his spectacles.
(ii) Here, d = 150 cm
Let l1 , l2 , and l3 be the current flow through the
D = 25 cm resistors R1 , R2 , and R3 connected through
each resistror is
v =− 150 cm
Ir V , I2 = V and
u =− 25 cm R1 R2
Using lens formula, I3 = V
R3
1 =1−1
f v u Let their equivalent resistance be RP then

=
1 − 1 V = IRP
− 150 cm − 25 cm
I =V
= −1 + 6
RP
150 cm
5 Total current through the circuit is
=

150 cm I = I1 + I2 + I3
or f = 30 cm
b R1 R2 R3 l
or V =V 1 + 1 + 1
RP
(iii) Power of the lens,
1 1 + 1 + 1
P = 100 D or
RP R1 R2 R3
f
= 100 D = 3.3 D (ii) For the given circuit,
30
(a) R5 and R 4 with paralled combination of
o R2 and R3 are in series.
(iv) Increase in focal length of the eye lens, when the (b) R2 and R3 are in parallel.
eye is fully relaxed is the cause of hypermetropia. (c) R2 and R3 in parallel gives RP = 1Ω ,RP ,
R5 and R 4 are in series, So, Req = 5 Ω R1
39. Attempt either option A or B. is not to be taken as it shorted.
A. (i) Deduce the expression for the equivalent
resistance of the parallel combination of Current flowing = I
three resistors R1 , R2 and R3 .
= V = 5 = 1A

(ii) Consider the following electric circuit. Req 5
(a) Which two resistors are connected in
series? o
(b) Which two resistors are connected in B. What is meant by magnetic force ? Name and
parallel? explain the rule to determine the direction
(c) If every resistors of the circuit is of 2 Q,
of force experienced by a current carrying
what current will flow in the circuit?.
conductor in a magnetic field. How does this
Ans : force gets affected on :
A. (i) Consider the following parallel circuit (i) doubling the magnitude of current.
shown below: (ii) reversing the direction of current flow and
(iii) reversing the direction of magnetic field?
page 318 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

2. It preserves the exact traits of the parent (c) FeSO4 solution and Silver metal
plant. (d) AgNO3 solution and Copper metal
o Ans
B. (i) The male reproductive part is the stamen
(consisting of anther and filament). The (d) AgNO3 solution and Copper metal
female reproductive part is the carpel or A displacement reaction occurs when a more
pistil (consisting of stigma, style, and reactive metal displaces a less reactive one. In the
ovary). reactivity series, copper is more reactive than silver.
(ii) After fertilization, the ovule develops into Therefore, copper will displace silver from the silver
the seed, and the ovary develops into the nitrate solution.
fruit.
20. In which of the following compounds is the functional
(iii) Petals are often brightly coloured and group –OH present?
scented to attract insects and other animals (a) Butanone
for pollination.
(b) Butanal
(c) Butanoic acid
(d) Butanol
SECTION-B Ans
(d) Butanol
17. The reaction Fe 2 O 3 + 2Al " Al 2 O 3 + 2Fe is an The –OH functional group is characteristic of
example of a: alcohols. The suffix “–ol” in the IUPAC name
(a) Combination reaction indicates an alcohol. Butanol is the alcohol with
(b) Double displacement reaction four carbon atoms.
(c) Decomposition reaction
(d) Displacement reaction 21. Gypsum is heated carefully at 373 K to form
another compound ‘X’ which is used as a plaster for
Ans supporting fractured bones. The chemical formula
(d) Displacement reaction of ‘X’ is:
In this reaction, the more reactive metal, Aluminium (a) CaSO4
(Al), displaces the less reactive metal, Iron (Fe), (b) CaSO 4 $ H 2 O
from its compound, iron(III) oxide. This is a (c) CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O
characteristic displacement reaction, also known as
(d) CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O
the thermite reaction.
Ans
18. A bee sting injects an acidic liquid into the skin,
causing pain and irritation. Which of the following (d) CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O
household items would provide relief if applied to When Gypsum (CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O ) is heated at 373 K,
the affected area? it loses water molecules to form Calcium Sulphate
(a) Lemon juice hemihydrate (CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O ), which is commonly
(b) Vinegar known as Plaster of Paris.
(c) Baking soda solution
22. Bauxite, with the formula Al 2 O 3 $ 2H 2 O , is the
(d) Orange juice
primary ore of which metal?
Ans (a) Iron
(c) Baking soda solution (b) Aluminium
To get relief from an acid sting, a mild base should be (c) Copper
applied to neutralize the acid. Baking soda (sodium (d) Zinc
hydrogencarbonate) is a mild base, making it suitable Ans
for this purpose. The other options are acidic.
(b) Aluminium
19. Which of the following pairs of reactants will result Bauxite is the main commercial source of aluminium.
in a displacement reaction? The aluminium is extracted from bauxite primarily
(a) NaCl solution and Copper metal through the Bayer process (to purify the ore)
(b) MgCl2 solution and Aluminium metal followed by the Hall-Héroult process (electrolysis).
SAMPLE PAPER 29

23. Which of the following processes is endothermic in (iii) Copper does not displace hydrogen from
nature? dilute acids.
(a) Respiration o
(b) Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost
(c) Decomposition of calcium carbonate B. Draw a neat and well-labelled diagram showing
(d) Burning of a candle the electrolytic refining of copper.

Ans Ans
A. (i) Water is a polar solvent, and it can overcome
(c) Decomposition of calcium carbonate
the strong electrostatic forces holding the
An endothermic process is one that absorbs heat
ions together in the ionic compound’s
from the surroundings. The decomposition of
lattice, causing it to dissolve.
calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide requires a significant input of heat energy to (ii) Aluminium reacts with oxygen from the air
proceed. The other options are exothermic. to form a thin, tough, and non-porous layer
of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) on its surface.
24. Assertion (A) : Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon. This layer prevents the metal underneath
Reason (R) : A saturated hydrocarbon contains only from further reaction.
carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds. (iii) Copper is below hydrogen in the reactivity
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct series, which means it is less reactive than
explanation of A. hydrogen and cannot displace it from dilute
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct acids.
explanation of A. o
(c) A is true but R is false. B. Diagram of Electrolytic Refining of Copper:
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
The reason correctly defines a saturated hydrocarbon
as a molecule containing only single covalent bonds.
Ethane (C2H6) has a structure with one carbon-
carbon single bond and six carbon-hydrogen single
bonds. Since ethane perfectly fits this definition, it
is correctly classified as a saturated hydrocarbon.

25. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should

chemical equations always be balanced?
Ans The diagram must show:
A balanced chemical equation is an equation where 1. An electrolytic tank containing an
the number of atoms of each element on the reactant electrolyte (acidified copper sulphate
side is equal to the number of atoms of that element solution).
on the product side. 2. A thick block of impure copper as the anode
Chemical equations must be balanced to satisfy (connected to the positive terminal).
the Law of Conservation of Mass, which states that 3. A thin strip of pure copper as the cathode
mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a (connected to the negative terminal).
chemical reaction.
4. A collection of impurities below the anode,
26. Attempt either option A or B. labelled as anode mud. (3 marks for a
A. Give a scientific reason for the following correct, labelled diagram)
statements: 27. What are isomers? Draw the three possible
(i) Ionic compounds are generally soluble in structural isomers of pentane (C5H12).
water.
(ii) Aluminium is a reactive metal, yet it is Ans
widely used for making cooking utensils.
page 320 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular B. (a) Define a homologous series.
formula but different structural arrangements of (b) Give the name and draw the structure of the
atoms, which gives them different physical and second member of the alkene homologous
chemical properties. series.
Three structural isomers of pentane (C5H12): (c) Write the molecular formula of the fourth
1. n-pentane: CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 3 member of the alkyne homologous series.
2. isopentane (2-methylbutane): Ans
CH 3 - CH (CH 3) - CH 2 - CH 3
A. (a) Electron-dot structure of Ethanoic Acid:
3. neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane): A central
carbon atom bonded to four CH3 groups. (2
marks for all three correct structures)

28. The electrolysis of a concentrated aqueous solution

of common salt (brine) is an important industrial
process.
(a) What is the common name for this industrial (b) Ethanoic acid, being an acid, reacts with
process? sodium hydroxide, a base, in a neutralisation
(b) Name the three main products formed during reaction to form a salt and water.
this process. Equation:
o CH 3 COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) "

(c) One of the products is a gas used for disinfecting CH 3 COONa (aq) + H 2 O (l)

drinking water. Name this gas and state at which (c) The common name of ethanoic acid is
electrode (anode or cathode) it is produced. Acetic acid.
(d) Another product obtained is a gas that burns o
with a ‘pop’ sound. Name this gas and give one B. (a) A homologous series is a series of organic
of its important industrial uses. compounds with the same functional group
Ans and similar chemical properties, where each
successive member differs by a –CH 2 group.
(a) This process is commonly known as the Chlor-
alkali process. (b) The alkene series starts with ethene. The
second member has 3 carbon atoms.
(b) The three main products are Sodium Hydroxide
Name: Propene
(NaOH), Chlorine gas (Cl2), and Hydrogen gas
(H2). Structure: CH 2 = CH − CH 3
(c) The alkyne series (C n H 2n - 2 ) starts with
o
n=2. The fourth member has n=5.
(c) The gas used for disinfecting water is Chlorine
Formula: C 5 H 2 (5) − 2 = C 5 H 8 (Pentyne)
(Cl2). Since chloride ions are negatively charged,
they are attracted to the positive electrode, so
chlorine gas is produced at the anode.
(d) The gas that burns with a ‘pop’ sound is SECTION-C
Hydrogen (H2).
Use: It is used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils
or in the manufacture of ammonia for fertilizers. 30. A student is learning about the use of different
lenses and makes the following statements:
29. Attempt either option A or B. I. A convex lens is used to correct myopia.
A. (a) Draw the electron-dot structure for a II. A concave lens is used to correct hypermetropia.
molecule of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).
III. A convex lens is used as a magnifying glass.
(b) How does ethanoic acid react with sodium
Choose from the following the correct option that
hydroxide? Write the balanced chemical
lists the correct statements.
equation for the reaction.
(a) I and II (b) I and III
(c) What is the common name of ethanoic
acid? (c) I, II and III (d) III only

o Ans
SAMPLE PAPER 29

Ans (ii) The expected phenotypic ratio in the F2

A. The separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated generation is 9 (Tall, Violet) : 3 (Tall, white) :
blood allows for a highly efficient supply of 3 (Dwarf, Violet) : 1 (Dwarf, white).
oxygen to the body’s cells. This is essential
for warm-blooded animals like mammals and 15. A person has a meal containing chapati (starch)
birds, which have high energy requirements to and paneer (protein and fat).
maintain a constant body temperature. A. In which part of the alimentary canal does the
o digestion of starch begin? Name the enzyme
involved.
B. Transpiration is the loss of water in the form
of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant. o
This loss creates a suction pressure, known as B. Where does the digestion of protein start?
transpiration-al pull, in the xylem. This force is
Name the enzyme and the condition required
strong enough to pull the water column upwards
for its action.
from the roots, facilitating water transport.
C. Which organ secretes a juice that helps in
12. What is a food chain? In a terrestrial ecosystem emulsifying fats?
containing grass, insects, birds, and snakes, Ans
construct a four-level food chain.
A. The digestion of starch from the chapati begins
Ans in the mouth. The enzyme involved is salivary
A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms amylase.
showing how energy and nutrients are transferred o
from one organism to another. A possible four-level B. The digestion of protein from the paneer starts
food chain from the given organisms is: Grass ® in the stomach. The enzyme is pepsin, and it
Insects ® Birds ® Snakes (Producer) ® (Primary requires an acidic medium (provided by HCl) to
Consumer) ® (Secondary Consumer) ® (Tertiary function.
Consumer)
C. The liver secretes bile juice, which helps in
13. What is a synapse? Explain how a nerve impulse emulsifying fats.
is transmitted from one neuron to the next across
16. Attempt either option A and B
this gap.
A. A gardener wants to grow multiple rose plants
Ans that are identical to a parent plant with
A synapse is a microscopic gap between the axon desirable flowers.
terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of the (i) Which method of reproduction should he
next. When an electrical impulse reaches the axon opt for? Justify your choice.
terminal, it triggers the release of chemicals called (ii) State two advantages of this method.
neurotransmitters into the synapse. These chemicals
o
diffuse across the gap and bind to receptors on the
next neuron, initiating a new electrical impulse. B. A student observes a flower in a garden.
(i) What are the male and female reproductive
14. In pea plants, tallness (T) is dominant over dwarfness parts of a flower called?
(t), and violet flowers (V) are dominant over white (ii) What happens to the ovule and ovary after
flowers (v). If a homozygous tall, violet-flowered fertilization?
plant (TTVV) is crossed with a homozygous dwarf, (iii) What is the function of the petals?
white-flowered plant (ttvv):
(i) What will be the genotype of the F1 generation? Ans
(ii) If F1 plants are self-pollinated, what phenotypic A. (i) The gardener should opt for vegetative
ratio is expected in the F2 generation? propagation (specifically, using cuttings).
This is an asexual method that produces
Ans plants genetically identical to the parent, thus
(i) The genotype of all plants in the F1 generation preserving the desirable flower characteristics.
will be heterozygous for both traits: TtVv. (ii) Two advantages are: 1. It is a faster method
of propagation than growing from seeds.
page 322 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

35. (a) Ravi kept a book at a distance of 10 cm from = 4ρ l = 4R

the eyes of his friend Hari. Hari is not able to A
read anything written on the book. Explain
i.e., it is 4 times of original resistance.
why ?
(b) A lens of focal length 5.0 cm is being used by a 37. Demonstrate that due to motion of a magnet near a
student in the laboratory as a magnifying glass. solenoid coil an induced current is set up in the coil.
His least distance of distinct vision is 25 cm.
Ans
What magnification is the student getting ?
Take a solenoid coil of insulated copper wire AB
Ans
having a number of turns (about 20 or more).
(a) Because least distance of distinct vision is Connect the ends of coil to a sensitive galvanometer.
25 cm. Now take a bar magnet NS and rapidly bring the
magnet towards the end B of coil as shown in Figure.
(b) u = ? , v =− 25 cm , f = 5 cm
The galvanometer suddenly gives momentary
1 =1−1 deflection in one direction. Now take the magnet
f v u away from the coil, the galvanometer again gives
1 =1−1 momentary deflection but in the opposite direction.
u v f It clearly shows that motion of magnet induces,
1 = 1 − 1 = −1 − 5 = −6 a current in the coil and it is the phenomenon of
u − 25 5 25 25
electro-magnetic induction.
− 25
u = 6 cm
v − 25 # 6
m =u = −
25
m =6

36. State the factors on which the resistance of a

cylindrical conductor depends. How will resistance
of a conductor change if it is stretched so that its
length is doubled ? Now fix the magnet in any one position so that it
Ans is stationary with respect to the coil. We find that
there is no deflection in galvanometer.
The resistance of a cylindrical conductor is
Again keep the magnet fixed and gently move the
directly proportional to its length (l) and inversely
coil AB either towards the magnet or away from
proportional to the area of cross-section (A). That
the magnet. We get deflection in galvanometer even
is,
now. Thus, it is proved that induced current due
R ? l and R ? 1 to electromagnetic induction is produced whenever
A
there is relative motion between the coil and the
On combining, we have magnet.
R ? l
A 38. A person is suffering from hypermetropia (long
sightedness). It is a defect in which a human eye can
R =ρl ...(1) see far off object clearly, but is unable to see nearby
A
object distinctly. The near point of the person is
Now according to the question
1.5 m. Assume that the near point of the normal
New length, ll = 2l eye is 25 cm.
As we know that volume of wire remains constant,
Al = All
Al = Al (2l)
Al = A/2

New resistance, R1 = ρ 2l
A
2
SAMPLE PAPER 29

(d) III only C. Shown with two rays (one parallel, one through
Myopia is corrected by a concave lens, and O).
hypermetropia is corrected by a convex lens. A
convex lens is indeed used as a magnifying glass,
which makes statement III the only correct one.

31. A student is asked to find the focal length of a

convex lens using a screen. Which of the following
conditions is required for this experiment?
(a) The object should be placed at the focal point.
(b) A real and inverted image should be formed on
the screen.
(c) The object should be placed between the focus
and optical center.
(d) A virtual and erect image should be formed on 34. Attempt either option A or B.
the screen. A. You have following material:
Ans An ammeter (0-1 A), a voltmeter (0-3 V), a resistor
of 20 Ω , a key, a rheostat, a battery of 3 V and
(b) A real and inverted image should be formed on
seven connecting wires.
the screen.
Using this material draw a labelled circuit diagram
A convex lens forms a real image of a distant object
to study the dependence of potential difference (V )
at its focus. A screen is needed to obtain a real
across a resistor on the current (I ) passing through
image. Virtual images cannot be formed on a screen.
it.
32. Assertion (A) : When an object is placed at the Ans
center of curvature of a concave mirror, the image
is real, inverted, and of the same size.
Reason (R) : All rays passing through the center of
curvature retrace their path after reflection.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
o
Both statements are true. Assertion A correctly
describes the image formation at the center of B. Give reasons for the following :
curvature. Reason R is also a correct rule of (i) What do you understand by the term fuse in an
reflection. However, the reason does not directly electric circuit ?
explain why the image formed is of the same size. (ii) Fuse wire is placed in series with the device.
33. An object is placed beyond 2F of a convex lens. Ans
A. Where will image form?
(i) Fuse is the weakest link placed in series in an
B. State size and nature. electric circuit which melts when the circuit
C. Draw ray diagram. gets over loaded or short circuited.
Ans (ii) It melts and stops the flow of any unduly high
electric current and breaks the circuit.
A. Between F and 2F on other side.
B. Real, inverted, diminished.
page 324 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

Ans :
B. The magnetic field produced by the conductor
exerts a force on a magnet placed in the vicinity
of the conductor is called magnetic field.
The rule to determine the direction of force
experienced by a current carrying conductor in
a magnetic field is
Field

Figure : fleming’s Left-hand rule

Fleming’s left hand rule : When the stretch

our thumb, forefinger and middle finger so that
they are mutually perpendicular to one another,
the forefinger points in the direction of the
magnetic field and the middle finger points in
the direction of the current, the thumb gives the
direction of the force acting on the conductor.
(i) on doubling the magnitude of current, force
does not get affected.
(ii) Reverse the direction of current flow, the
direction of force gets reversed.
(iii) Reverse the direction of magnetic field, the
direction of force gets reversed.

**********
SAMPLE PAPER 30

Sample Paper 30
Class X 2025-26
Science (086)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry and
Section C is Physics.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some-questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. Consider the following statements regarding the

SECTION-A process of human digestion:
(i) The digestion of starch begins in the mouth by
1. There are various methods to prevent pregnancy. the action of salivary amylase.
Which of the following contraceptive methods (ii) Pepsin is the primary enzyme in the stomach
also provides protection from acquiring sexually that digests proteins in an acidic medium.
transmitted diseases (STDs)? (iii) Bile juice, produced by the liver, contains
(a) Copper-T powerful enzymes for digesting fats.
(iv) Trypsin, found in the small intestine, acts on
(b) Oral Pills
proteins and breaks them down.
(c) Condom Which of the above statements are correct?
(d) Tubectomy (a) (i) and (iii) only
Ans (b) (i), (ii), and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iv) only
(c) Condom (d) All are correct.
Barrier methods like condoms physically prevent
the meeting of sperm and ovum. They are also Ans
effective in preventing the transmission of bodily (b) (i), (ii), and (iv)
fluids, thus offering protection against STDs like Statements (i), (ii), and (iv) are correct. Statement
HIV-AIDS, syphilis, and gonorrhoea, which other (iii) is incorrect because bile juice does not contain
methods do not. enzymes; it emulsifies fats (breaks large globules
into smaller ones), which increases the surface area
2. In a classic Mendelian monohybrid cross, when
for enzymes like lipase to act upon.
a heterozygous tall pea plant (Tt) from the F1
generation is self-pollinated, what is the resulting 4. The regulation of blood sugar levels is a classic
phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants in the F2 example of a hormonal feedback mechanism. Which
generation? hormones are responsible for lowering and raising
(a) 1:1 blood sugar levels, respectively?
(b) 1:2 (a) Glucagon and Insulin
(c) 3:1 (b) Insulin and Glucagon
(d) 2:1 (c) Adrenaline and Thyroxine
(d) Thyroxine and Adrenaline
Ans
Ans
(c) 3:1
(b) Insulin and Glucagon
Self-pollination of Tt results in offspring with
When blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas secretes
genotypes TT, Tt, and tt in a [Link] ratio. Since
insulin, which helps cells absorb glucose. When
both TT and Tt plants are phenotypically tall, the
blood sugar levels fall, the pancreas secretes
ratio of tall plants to dwarf (tt) plants is (1+2):1,
glucagon, which signals the liver to release stored
which simplifies to 3:1.
glucose, thus raising the levels back to normal.
page 326 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

5. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
prepare their own food. Which of the following are explanation of A.
the essential raw materials for this process? (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(a) Oxygen, Water, and Sunlight explanation of A.
(b) Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Water (c) A is true but R is false.
(c) Sunlight, Chlorophyll, and Oxygen (d) A is false but R is true.
(d) Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Sunlight Ans
Ans
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Sunlight The assertion is true; food chains are limited in
Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide from the air length. The reason is false because, according to
and water from the soil as chemical raw materials. the 10% law, a significant amount of energy (about
Sunlight provides the necessary energy, which is 90%) is lost at each trophic level, so the available
captured by the pigment chlorophyll to drive the energy drastically decreases.
chemical reaction.
9. Assertion (A) : Opting for public transport over
6. Hormones regulate various functions in the human private vehicles can help reduce air pollution in
body. Which hormone is primarily responsible for cities.
the development of secondary sexual characteristics Reason (R) : Public transport vehicles are designed
in males? to run without releasing any pollutants.
(a) Oestrogen (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(b) Testosterone explanation of A.
(c) Adrenaline (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
(d) Insulin explanation of A.
Ans (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
(b) Testosterone
Testosterone, produced in the testes, is the Ans
principal male sex hormone. During puberty, it (c) A is true but R is false.
triggers the development of male secondary sexual The assertion is true because public transport
characteristics like facial hair growth, deepening of reduces the total number of vehicles on the road,
the voice, and increased muscle mass. leading to a net decrease in pollution per person. The
reason is false as most public transport vehicles, like
7. The exchange of materials between the mother
buses, still burn fossil fuels and release pollutants.
and the developing foetus is crucial for a healthy
pregnancy. This exchange occurs through which 10. Unlike animals, plants do not have any excretory
specialized tissue? products as they do not eat food. Comment upon
(a) Ovary the statement with justification.
(b) Uterus
Ans
(c) Fallopian tube
(d) Placenta The statement is incorrect. Plants produce waste
products through their metabolic activities.
Ans For example, oxygen is a waste product of
(d) Placenta photosynthesis, and carbon dioxide is a waste
The placenta is a disc-like tissue embedded in the product of respiration. They get rid of these gaseous
uterine wall that connects the foetus to the mother. wastes through stomata. They also store some solid
It facilitates the transport of nutrients and oxygen wastes in old leaves and bark which are then shed.
from mother to foetus, and the removal of carbon
11. Attempt either option A or B.
dioxide and waste products from the foetus.
A. How many chambers are there in the heart of
8. Assertion (A) : Food chains in an ecosystem are the following organisms? How is the mixing of
generally short, usually consisting of three to four oxygenated and deoxygenated blood prevented
trophic levels. in their body?
Reason (R) : The amount of available energy increases (i) Fishes
at each successive trophic level in a food chain. (ii) Humans
SAMPLE PAPER 30

(a) Why do the iron filings arrange in such a

pattern?
(b) What does this pattern demonstrate ?
(c) Why do the iron filings near the bar magnet
seem to align in the shape of closed curves ?
Ans
(a) The iron fillings arrange themselves in a pattern
36. Draw a circuit diagram of an electric circuit because they get attracted by the bar magnet.
containing a cell, a key, an ammeter, a resistor of The pattern that they form can also be called
4Ω in series with a combination of two resistors ( the magnetic field lines of the bar magnet.
8Ω each) in parallel and a voltmeter across parallel (b) The pattern is demonstrated that the magnetic
combination. Each of them dissipate maximum field is the strong at poles of the magnet and
energy and can withstand a maximum power of the magnetic field becomes weaker if we goes
16W without melting. Find the maximum current far from the magnet. Magnetic filed lines emerge
that can flow through the three resistors. from the north pole of the magnet and ends at
the south pole of the magnet.
Ans
(c) Iron fillings arrange themselves in closed loops
We know, P = I 2R around a bar magnet because magnetic field
lines influences it which is closed curved

38. Is there a relationship between the radius of curvature

R , and focal length f , of a spherical mirror ? For
spherical mirrors of small apertures, the radius of
curvature is found to be equal to twice the focal
length. We put this as R = 2f . This implies that
the principal focus of a spherical mirror lies midway
between the pole and centre of curvature.
(i) Write relation between radius of curvature and
focal length.
(ii) For which type of mirrors above relation is
verified?
P = 16 W Attempt either subpart C or D.
(iii) What should be size of the aperture ?
P
Now, I = R o
So, maximum Current of 4 Ω resistor, (iv) Where is the principle focus of a spherical
mirror lies?
16 =
I = 4 2 A Ans :
So, current through each 8Ω resistor will be, (i) R = 2f
(ii) Spherical
= 1 #2 = 1 A
2 (iii) Small
37. Study the diagram given below and answer the o
questions that follow : (iv) Midway between the pole and centre of
curvature

39. Attempt either option A or B

A. What is meant by magnetic force ? Name and
explain the rule to determine the direction
of force experienced by a current carrying
conductor in a magnetic field. How does this
force gets affected on :
page 328 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

B. Boiled sweet potatoes are rich in starch. Its reproduce asexually, there is very little
digestion is initiated in the mouth. Saliva variation. Variations are generally good
contains the enzyme salivary amylase, which for a species as they allow it to adapt
breaks down starch into simpler sugars. to changing environmental conditions,
C. The small intestine (Part O) is where digestion increasing its chances of survival.
is completed, and it will have the maximum o
amount of digested food ready for absorption. B. (i) Annie will observe a significantly higher
number of fruits produced in glass house
15. About 100 acres of a grassland area was declared A. This is because pollinators are essential
a nature reserve. The following organisms were for transferring pollen, which leads to
predominant in the area: deer, grass, fox, tiger, and fertilization. Without pollination in glass
insects. Create a food web comprising two separate house B, fertilization will not occur, and
food chains using the above data. fruits will not develop.
Ans (ii) Three changes that occur in a flower after
fertilization are:
The two separate food chains are: 1. The ovule develops into the seed.
1. Food Chain 1: Grass ® Insects ® Fox 2. The ovary ripens and grows into the
2. Food Chain 2: Grass ® Deer ® Tiger fruit.
In a food web, the fox might also prey on insects, and 3. The petals, sepals, and stamens wither
the tiger on the fox, showing inter connectedness. and fall off.

16. Attempt either option A or B.

A. Puneet wanted to grow banana plants.
(i) Based on your knowledge of plant
SECTION-B
reproduction, should he opt for seeds or any
alternate method of reproduction? Justify 17. In the reaction C (s) + O 2 (g) " CO 2 (g), which of
your answer. the following statements is true?
(ii) Offsprings of a banana plant usually show (a) Carbon is reduced.
very little variation. What causes variation, (b) Oxygen is oxidized.
and are variations good or bad? Justify. (c) Carbon is oxidized.
o (d) It is a decomposition reaction.
B. Annie was conducting research on the number of Ans
fruits produced by watermelon under different (c) Carbon is oxidized.
conditions. She grew 25 watermelon plants each
Oxidation is the gain of oxygen. In this reaction,
in both glass house A and B. She introduced carbon gains oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
pollinators in glass house A only. Therefore, carbon is oxidized. This is a combination
(i) What difference will she observe in the and a redox reaction.
number of fruits produced in the two glass
houses? Explain with reason. 18. Tooth decay can be prevented by regularly brushing
(ii) List 3 changes that will occur in a flower teeth with toothpaste. The chemical nature of a
once it gets fertilized. typical toothpaste is:
(a) Acidic
Ans
(b) Basic
A. (i) He should opt for an alternate method, (c) Neutral
specifically vegetative propagation. This (d) Corrosive
is because commercial banana plants have
lost their ability to produce viable seeds, so Ans
they cannot be grown from them. They are (b) Basic
grown from suckers that arise from the base Bacteria in the mouth produce acids that lower
of the parent plant. the pH and cause tooth decay. Toothpastes are
(ii) Variation is caused by the process of generally basic (alkaline) to neutralize these acids
sexual reproduction, where genes from two and prevent damage to the tooth enamel.
different parents combine. Since bananas
SAMPLE PAPER 30

19. Which of the following metals reacts with both In electrolytic refining, less reactive impurities like
acids and bases to produce salt and hydrogen gas? gold, silver, and platinum do not dissolve in the
(a) Iron electrolyte and collect below the anode as a valuable
(b) Copper sludge called anode mud.
(c) Sodium
23. When green-coloured ferrous sulphate crystals are
(d) Aluminium
heated, a reddish-brown solid is formed and two
Ans gases are evolved. The gases are:
(d) Aluminium (a) Oxygen and Sulphur dioxide
Metals like aluminium and zinc are amphoteric. (b) Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide
They react with acids and strong bases to form salts (c) Oxygen and Sulphur trioxide
and liberate hydrogen gas. This is because their (d) Hydrogen and Sulphur dioxide
oxides are amphoteric in nature. Ans
20. Which of the following hydrocarbons is not (b) Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide
saturated? The decomposition of hydrated ferrous sulphate (
(a) Propane (C3H8) (b) Butane (C4H10) FeSO 4 $ 7H 2 O ) first loses water, then decomposes
(c) Pentene (C 5 H 10 ) (d) Cyclohexane (C 6 H 12 ) to form reddish-brown ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and the
pungent gases sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur
Ans trioxide (SO3).
(c) Pentene (C 5 H 10 )
24. Assertion (A) : Copper does not react with dilute
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) have the general HCl.
formula C n H 2n + 2 and contain only single bonds. Reason (R) : Copper is a less reactive metal than
Pentene (C 5 H 10 ) fits the general formula for alkenes hydrogen.
(C n H 2n ) and contains a double bond, making it (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
unsaturated. explanation of A.
21. An aqueous solution of salt ‘X’ turns blue litmus (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
paper red. The salt ‘X’ could be: explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(a) Sodium Acetate (CH 3 COONa ) (d) A is false but R is true.
(b) Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Ans
(c) Ammonium Chloride (NH 4 Cl )
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) Potassium Sulphate (K 2 SO 4 ) explanation of A.
Ans For a metal to react with a dilute acid like HCl, it
must be able to displace hydrogen. The ability to
(c) Ammonium Chloride (NH 4 Cl )
do this is determined by the metal’s position in the
A solution that turns blue litmus red is acidic. reactivity series. Copper is placed below hydrogen,
Acidic salt solutions are formed from a strong acid making it less reactive. Therefore, copper cannot
and a weak base. Ammonium chloride is a salt of displace hydrogen from dilute HCl, and no reaction
the strong acid HCl and the weak base NH 4 OH . occurs.
22. During the electrolytic refining of copper, the 25. What is a redox reaction? Identify the substance
impurities that are less reactive than copper settle oxidized and the substance reduced in the following
down below the anode. These impurities are known reaction: CuO + H 2 " Cu + H 2 O
as:
(a) Anode mud Ans
(b) Cathode sludge A redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which
(c) Gangue both oxidation (loss of electrons/gain of oxygen)
(d) Flux and reduction (gain of electrons/loss of oxygen)
occur simultaneously.
Ans
In the given reaction:
(a) Anode mud
1. Substance oxidized: Hydrogen (H2) gains oxygen
to form H2O.
page 330 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

2. Substance reduced: Copper oxide (CuO) loses 28. A white powder ‘X’ is obtained by heating gypsum
oxygen to form Cu. at 373 K. When this powder is mixed with water, it
sets into a hard solid mass, ‘Y’.
26. Attempt either option A or B. (a) Identify the substance ‘X’ and the substance
A. (i) Show the formation of Sodium Oxide ( ‘Y’.
Na 2 O ) by the transfer of electrons. (b) Write the chemical formula for both ‘X’ and
(ii) What is the nature of the chemical bond ‘Y’.
present in it? o
o (c) Write the balanced chemical equation for the
B. (i) What is this process called when iron conversion of Gypsum to ‘X’.
articles are coated with a layer of zinc? (d) State two important uses of substance ‘X’
(ii) Explain why this process protects iron from (Plaster of Paris).
rusting, even if the zinc coating is broken. Ans
Ans (a) ‘X’ is Plaster of Paris. ‘Y’ is Gypsum.
A. (i) Formation of Na2O: A Sodium atom (Na) (b) Formula for ‘X’: CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O . Formula for
has 1 valence electron and loses it to form ‘Y’: CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O .
Na+. An Oxygen atom (O) has 6 valence o
electrons and needs 2 electrons to form O2-
(c) The balanced chemical equation is:
Two sodium atoms each transfer one 373K
electron to one oxygen atom. CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O (s)

(A diagram showing two Na atoms CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O (s) + 32 H 2 O (g)

transferring one electron each to one O
(d) Two uses of Plaster of Paris are:
atom must be drawn).
(ii) The bond is formed by the complete 1. For making casts and plasters to support
transfer of electrons from a metal (Na) to fractured bones in the correct position.
a non-metal (O). Therefore, the bond is an 2. For making toys, decorative materials, and
ionic bond for smoothing surfaces.
o
29. Attempt either option A or B.
B. (i) The process is called Galvanisation. A. (a) Draw the electron-dot structure for a
(ii) Zinc is more reactive than iron. Therefore, molecule of ethene (C2H4).
even if the coating is broken, the zinc acts
(b) What is a substitution reaction? Give one
as a sacrificial metal. It reacts with air
example with a balanced equation.
and moisture and corrodes first, thereby
(c) Why does carbon form strong covalent
protecting the iron article underneath from
bonds with other carbon atoms?
rusting.
o
27. What is the main structural difference between an B. (a) What is the IUPAC name of the compound
alcohol and a carboxylic acid? Describe a reliable C2H5OH?
chemical test to distinguish between them. (b) What happens when this compound is
Ans heated with excess concentrated sulphuric
acid at 443 K? Write the balanced chemical
1. Structural Difference: The functional group in equation.
an alcohol is the hydroxyl group (–OH). The (c) What happens when this compound reacts
functional group in a carboxylic acid is the with a piece of sodium metal? Write the
carboxyl group (–COOH), which contains both balanced chemical equation.
a carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl (–OH) group Ans
on the same carbon atom.
A. (a) Electron-dot structure of Ethene (C2H4):
2. Chemical Test (Sodium Bicarbonate Test): Add
a small amount of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
powder to both liquids. The carboxylic acid will
react to produce a brisk effervescence due to
the evolution of carbon dioxide gas. The alcohol
will show no reaction.
SAMPLE PAPER 30

(b) A substitution reaction is a reaction where 31. A student notices that when a prism is used, the
an atom or a group of atoms in a saturated violet color of light bends the most. What is the
hydrocarbon is replaced by another atom or reason for this observation?
group. (a) The refractive index of the prism is the same for
Example: all colors.
CH 4 + Cl 2
Sunlight
CH 3 Cl + HCl (b) Violet light has the longest wavelength.
(c) Carbon forms strong bonds with other (c) Violet light travels slowest in the glass prism.
carbon atoms due to its small atomic size, (d) The angle of incidence is different for each color.
which allows the nucleus to hold the shared Ans
pair of electrons tightly.
o (c) Violet light travels slowest in the glass prism.
B. (a) The IUPAC name is Ethanol. The refractive index of glass is highest for violet
light, causing it to slow down the most and bend
(b) When ethanol is heated with excess con(c)
the most. Red light has the lowest refractive index
H2SO4 at 443 K, it undergoes dehydration
and travels fastest, bending the least.
to form ethene.
Equation: 32.
Assertion (A) : A ray of light incident at the pole of
443K

CH 3 CH 2 OH Con (c) H SO
a convex mirror is reflected such that the reflected
2 4

ray makes the same angle with the principal axis as

CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O the incident ray.
(c) When ethanol reacts with sodium metal, Reason (R) : This behavior is in accordance with
hydrogen gas is evolved with a brisk the laws of reflection.
effervescence, and sodium ethoxide is (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
formed. explanation of A.
Equation: (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
2CH 3 CH 2 OH (l) + 2Na (s) "
explanation of A.
2CH 3 CH 2 ONa (aq) + H 2 (g)
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans
SECTION-C (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
30. A student is learning about the properties of spherical The principal axis acts as the normal to the mirror
mirrors and makes the following statements: at the pole. Therefore, the ray follows the law of
I. A concave mirror is a converging mirror. reflection, and the angle of incidence equals the
angle of reflection. The reason correctly explains
II. A convex mirror is a diverging mirror.
the assertion.
III. A concave mirror is used in shaving mirrors to
get a magnified, erect image. 33. An object is placed at focus of convex lens.
Choose from the following the correct option that A. Where is image formed?
lists the correct statements. B. What is size and nature?
(a) I and II C. Draw ray diagram.
(b) I and III
(c) I, II and III Ans
(d) II and III A. At infinity.
Ans B. Real, inverted, highly magnified.
(c) I, II and III C. Rays parallel after refraction.
A concave mirror converges light rays, a convex
mirror diverges them. A concave mirror forms a
magnified, erect image when an object is placed
between its pole and principal focus, which is why
it is used as a shaving mirror.
page 332 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

B. Calculate the equivalent resistance from the

following combination of resistors.

34. Attempt either option A or B.

A. If in figure A, R1 = 10 Ω , R2 = 40 Ω , R3 = 30 Ω, Ans
R 4 = 20 Ω , R5 = 60 Ω and a 12 V battery are In the given circuit 4 Ω and 2 Ω are connected
connected to the arrangement, calculate : series. Hence the equivalent resistance is given by
Rs = R1 + R2
= 4Ω+2Ω = 6Ω

Also, equivalent resistance in parallel is :
1 = 1 + 1 + 1
Rp R1 R2 R3

Rp = 1 + 1 + 1
or
2 3 6
= 6 = 1Ω
6

35. Study the diagram below and answer the following

questions :
(a) Total resistance in the circuit and
(b) Total current flowing in the circuit.
Ans

(a) 1 = 1 + 1
RA R1 R2
1 = 1 + 1 = 5
RA 10 40 40
RA = 8 Ω (i) Name the defect of vision depicted in the
diagram.
Similarly, 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 (ii) List two causes of the above defect.
RB R3 R 4 R5
(iii) Draw a ray diagram for the correction of the
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 6 above defect using an appropriate lens.
RB 30 20 60 60
Ans
RB = 10 Ω
(i) Name of the defect is hypermetropia.
Total resistance, R = RA + RB
(ii) He is suffering from hyper-metropia.
= 8 + 10 = 18 Ω
Convex lens of suitable focal length is required
(b) Total flowing current, to correct this defect.
Causes of hypermetromia :
I = V = 12 = 2 A (a) Focal length of eye lens is too long.
R 18 3
(b) Eye ball has become too small.
o (iii) Diagram for correction :
SAMPLE PAPER 30

o independently inherited.
B. Explain the mechanism by which the water is Ans
transported in plants?
(i) The F1 generation will have the genotype RrYy.
Ans When self-pollinated, the gametes formed will
A. (i) Fishes have a two-chambered heart. Blood be:
is pumped to the gills for oxygenation and RY, Ry, rY, and ry.
then flows directly to the rest of the body, (ii) The traits are inherited independently in the F2
so there is no mixing in the heart. generation with a phenotypic ratio of 9 (Round,
(ii) Humans have a four-chambered heart. The Yellow) : 3 (Round, green) : 3 (Wrinkled, Yellow)
complete separation of the right and left : 1 (Wrinkled, green). This demonstrates the
sides by the septum prevents the mixing of independent inheritance of seed shape and seed
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. colour.
o
14. Neha consumed boiled sweet potatoes and boiled
B. Water is transported upwards in plants through
eggs for breakfast. Help her to understand some
the xylem tissue. The evaporation of water
steps in the process of digestion by answering the
from the leaves, a process called transpiration,
questions given below.
creates a suction force or ‘transpirational
pull’. This pull is strong enough to draw the A. Which of these food items is rich in proteins?
continuous column of water from the roots up In which part of the alimentary canal is the
to the highest parts of the plant. digestion of this component initiated? Name
the enzymes and conditions required.
12. Draw a diagram of a nerve cell and explain how o
nerve impulses are transmitted. B. Which of these food items is rich in starch?
Ans How is its digestion initiated?
C. The figure given below represents parts of the
human alimentary canal. Which of these parts
will have the maximum amount of digested food
as soon as the process of digestion is completed?

A nerve impulse is transmitted as an electrical

signal. Information is acquired at the dendrites,
travels through the cell body and along the axon to
its end. At the axon terminal, the electrical impulse
triggers the release of chemicals (neurotransmitters)
into the synapse (gap). These chemicals travel across
the synapse and start a similar electrical impulse in
the dendrite of the next neuron. Ans
13. In a genetic experiment, plants with pure round A. Boiled eggs are rich in proteins. The digestion
green seeds (RRyy) were crossed with plants with of protein is initiated in the stomach (Part
wrinkled yellow seeds (rrYY). N). The enzyme required is pepsin, which
(i) Show the gametes formed when the F1 functions only in an acidic medium provided by
generation was self-pollinated. hydrochloric acid.
(ii) Show the ratio in which these traits are o
page 334 Cbse Class 10th SCIENCE SP

(i) doubling the magnitude of current. When connected in parallel, resultant resistance is
(ii) reversing the direction of current flow and given by,
(iii) reversing the direction of magnetic field? 1 = 1 + 1
Ans : R R1 R2
The magnetic field produced by the conductor 1 = 1 + 1
exerts a force on a magnet placed in the vicinity of R 484 1936
the conductor is called magnetic field. 1 = 4+1 = 5
The rule to determine the direction of force R 1936 1936
experienced by a current carrying conductor in a R = 1936 = 387.2 Ω
magnetic field is 5
Current, I = V
R

I = 220 = 0.56 A
387.2

**********
Fleming’s left hand rule : When the stretch our
thumb, forefinger and middle finger so that they
are mutually perpendicular to one another, the
forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic
field and the middle finger points in the direction
of the current, the thumb gives the direction of the
force acting on the conductor.
(i) on doubling the magnitude of current, force
does not get affected.
(ii) Reverse the direction of current flow, the
direction of force gets reversed.
(iii) Reverse the direction of magnetic field, the
direction of force gets reversed.
o
B. Two electric lamps rated 100 W, 220 V and 25
W, 220 V are connected in parallel. Calculate
the total electric current in the circuit.
Ans :
For the first bulb,
2
Resistance, R1 = V
P1
(220) 2
R1 = = 484 Ω
100
For the second bulb,
2
Resistance, R2 = V
P2
(220) 2
R2 = = 1936 Ω
25

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