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Spectroscopy Techniques Overview

The document provides an overview of various spectroscopy techniques including UV-Vis, IR, and NMR, detailing their principles, equipment, and applications. It explains key concepts such as Beer-Lambert's Law, selection rules, and the importance of specific components like light sources and detectors. Additionally, it highlights safety precautions necessary when using NMR spectroscopy.

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28 views12 pages

Spectroscopy Techniques Overview

The document provides an overview of various spectroscopy techniques including UV-Vis, IR, and NMR, detailing their principles, equipment, and applications. It explains key concepts such as Beer-Lambert's Law, selection rules, and the importance of specific components like light sources and detectors. Additionally, it highlights safety precautions necessary when using NMR spectroscopy.

Uploaded by

brnj82952
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

OVERVIEW

CHIR 11 ( B. Tech. )
Dr. Projesh Kumar Roy
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry
NIT Trichy
Incident light Transmitted light

UV Visible Infra-Red Microwave Radio-


X-ray
(1nm – (400 nm – (700 nm – (1mm – frequency
(< 1nm)
400nm) 700nm) 1mm) 1m) ( > 1m)

XPS UV-Vis IR 1. Rotational NMR


2. ESR
I0 I
Beer-Lambert’s Law
c

𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝐼
= 𝑘1 𝐿 = 𝑘2 𝑐
𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝑐
❖ Valid for Monochromatic light in a
𝐼 𝐼 homogeneous solution.
or, = 𝑒 −𝑘1𝐿 or, = 𝑒 −𝑘2𝑐
𝐼0 𝐼0 ❖ 𝜖𝜆 = Molar Extinction Coefficient.
❖ 𝜖𝜆 is specific to a particular wave-
length.
𝐼
Beer’s Law Lambert’s Law ❖ Transmittance: %𝑇 = × 100%
𝐼0
𝐼
❖ Absorbance: 𝐴 = 𝜖𝜆 𝑐𝐿 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐼0
𝐼
= 𝑒 −𝜖𝜆 𝑐 𝐿
𝐼0
Infra-Red (IR) Spectroscopy

Symmetrical Assymmetrical
stretch stretch

Scissoring Rocking Wagging Twisting

Selection Rule:
Δ𝑠 = ±1
[Link]
[Link]
❖ IR source: nichrome wire (1100K)/Nernst Fourier Transform IR spectrometer
glower (1200-2200K)/globar(1300-
1500K).
❖ Splitter: Interferometer to control
wavelengths. +
❖ Detector: Absorb IR radiation and
converts into electricity (thermocouple)
+
❖ Sample: Solid/Liquid.

[Link]
Salt based
(KBr)
transparent
disk.

[Link]
UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Selection Rule:
LUMO
𝜎 → 𝜎∗
Energy

Δ𝐸
𝜋 → 𝜋∗
𝑛 → 𝜎∗
𝑛 → 𝜋∗
HOMO
❖ UV source: D2 arc lamp, Xeon arc lamp, UV-Vis spectrometer
Tungsten filament, LED (Visible).
❖ Monochromator: Splits the incident
radiation into specific wavelength using Due to high noise, Fourier transform is
a prism. generally not used.
❖ Detector: Absorb IR radiation and
converts into electricity.
❖ Sample: Solid/Liquid.

Manggala, B. et al., Natural and Life Sciences Communications. 22(3): e2023049 (2023)
Phenylalanine

Tryptophan

Tyrosine

Y-Axis
❖ UV-Vis: Absorption (high intensity difference → logscale gives better result).
❖ IR: Transmittance (less intensity difference).

Russell, Ben. (2017). Protein Encapsulated Gold Nanoclusters for Biological Applications. Ph.D. Thesis
NMR Spectroscopy

B0

H H

Spin-Spin splitting:
3-bond distance
❖ NO Metals and magnets: 10 feet radius
❖ NO Medical Implants: Pacemaker, metal
prosthetic, bone graft etc.
❖ Avoid Over-exposer: May lead to brain-
cancer.
❖ NO Gas cylinder: Explosion may occur.
❖ Maintain 5 –Gauss line.

[Link]
[Link]
Integration: Toreveal the total
number of hydrogen under a peak.

CH3CH2OH
13C NMR 1H NMR

[Link]
[Link]

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