GLASS

INTRODUCTION OF GLASS

• Glass is an item of luxury.

• The transparent and colouration have
made the glasses best suitable for
decorative and illumination purposes
in early days.
• Glass is generally an amorphous
material. When it breaks, it
breaks into many parts. We have
not control over the shape and the
size of the pieces.

• Definition of Glass:
“Glass is an inorganic product of
fusion, which has been cooled to
a solid state condition without
crystallizing”
 Definition
Glass is an amorphous, hard, brittle, transparent
or translucent super cooled liquid of infinite
viscosity, having no definite melting point
obtained by fusing a mixture of a number of
metallic silicates or borates of Sodium,
Potassium, Calcium, and Lead.

It possess no definite formula or crystalline

structure.
• “An inorganic product of fusion which has cooled to
a rigid condition without crystallizing”
• Does not have a specific meltingpoint
• Softens over a temperature range
Properties of glass
Glass is:

• Amorphous
• Brittle
• Transparent / Translucent
• Good electrical insulator
• Unaffected by air, water, acid or chemical reagents
• No definite crystal structure (glass has high
Compressive strength)
• Can absorb, transmit and reflect light
HOW GLASS IS USED IN CONSTRUCTION
 PROPERTIES OF GLASSES

THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROPERTIES:-

 Transparency:-
• This property of the glass make a connection to the
outer world.
• Its transparency can be permanently altered by
adding admixtures to the initial batch mix
• By using advent of technology clear glass panels in a
building can be made opaque.

 Strength:-
• Glass is a brittle material.
 Greenhouse Effect:-
• The greenhouse effect refers to circumstances where the short
wavelengths of visible light from the sun pass through glass and
are absorbed.
 Workability:
• It can be blown, drawn or pressed.
• It is possible to obtain glass with diversified properties
clear, colourless, diffused and stained.

 Recyclable:
• Glass can be recycled indefinitely and not lose its quality.
• Recycled glass is also called cullet.
• Cullet is used as raw materials in glass manufacturing.
• Visible transmittance is the fraction of visible
light that comes through the glass.
• 86% of total solar light can be transferred from
the glass.
• 90% of the total visible light can be transferred
from the glass.
Thermal Expansion:-
• The coefficient of linear thermal expansion is almost
constant, for most types of glass, for temperatures
up to 400~-600°C.
• The actual value depends on the chemical
constitution of the glass.

 The Weathering of Glass:-

• A reaction between sodium from the glass and
atmospheric water and carbon dioxide can lead to
the formation of sodium carbonate,which
crystallizes in fine needles.
 GLASS PRODUCTION
 Glass production involves 2 main methods:
•the float glass process which produces sheet glass
•Glassblowing which produces bottles and other
containers.

 GLASS CONTAINER FACTORIES :-

 Modern glass container factories are 3 part operations:
- the batch house, the hot end, and the cold end
•The batch house handles the raw materials
•The hot end handles the manufacture proper — the
furnaces, annealing ovens, and forming machines
•The cold end handles the product-inspection and
packaging equipment.
GLASS COMPONENTS

The most familiar, and

historically the oldest,
types of glass are based
on the chemical
compound silica (silicon
dioxide), the primary
constituent of sand.
Raw materials used in manufacturing glass

Raw Materials
• Sodium as Na2Co3 (used in softglass).
• Potassium as K2Co3 (used in Hard Glass).
• Calcium as lime stone, chalk and lime.
• Lead as litharge, red lead (flint glass).
• Silica arc quartz, white sand and ignited flint.
• Zinc is zinc oxide (Heat and shock proof glass).
• Borates are borax, Boric acid (Heat and shock proof glass).
• Cullets or pieces of broken glass to increase fusibility.
Glass Components
• Formers – Network Formation
SiO2, B2O3, P2O5, GeO2, V2O5, As2O3, Sb2O5
• Fluxes – Softeners
Na2O, K2O, LiO, Al2O3, B2O3, Cs2O
• Stabilizers – Provide Chemical Resistance
CaO, MgO, Al2O3, PbO, SrO, BaO, ZnO, ZrO
Manufacturing steps
 Melting

 Forming and Shaping

 Annealing

 Finishing
Melting process
Raw materials in proper proportions are mixed with
cullets. It is finely powdered and intimate mixture called
batch is fused in furnace at high temperature of 1800°C
this charge melts and fuses into a viscous fluid.

CaCO3 + SiO2  CaSiO3 + CO2 

Na2CO3 + SiO2  Na2SiO3 + CO2

. Heating is continued till clear molten mass is free from

bubbles is obtained and it is then cooled to about 800°C.
Forming, shaping, and annealing
• Forming and Shaping

The viscous mass obtained from melting is poured into

moulds to get different types of articles of desired shape by
either blowing or pressing between the rollers.

• Annealing

Glass articles are then allowed to cool gradually at room

temperature by passing through different chambers with
descending temperatures. This reduces the internal Strain
in the glass.
finishing
Finishing is the last step in glass manufacturing. It
involves following steps.

 Cleaning

 Grinding

 Polishing

 Cutting

 Sand Blasting
ADVANTAGES & DIS-ADVANTAGESOF GLASS

Advantages :-
-Can be made in different sizes
-Can be coloured or colourless
-Does not rust
-Waterproof

Disadvantages :-
-An expensive material
-Breaks easily-Melts in high temperatures
-When broken, the pieces may be sharp
TYPES OF GLASSES

The different types of glasses are different in their

properties and uses:-
 Soda glass or soda-lime glass
 Coloured glass
 Plate glass
 Safety glass
 Laminated glass
 Optical glass
 Pyrex glass
 Photo-chromatic glass
 Lead crystal glass
 SODA GLASS OR SODA-LIME GLASS

• It is the most common variety of glass.

• It is prepared by heating sodium carbonate and silica.
• It is used for making windowpanels, tableware, bottles and bulbs.
Sodalime or soft glass
• (sand), Calcium
About 90% of allcarbonate and soda glass
glass is soda-lime ash. made with silica
• The approximate composition is [Link].6SiO2.
• They are low cost, resistant to water but not to acids.
• They can melt easily and hence can be hot worked.

• Uses:
Window glass, Electric bulbs, Plate glass, Bottles, Jars,
cheaper table
wares, test tubes, reagent bottles etc
 COLOURED GLASS

• Small amounts of metallic oxides are mixed with the hot molten mixture of
sand, sodium carbonate and limestone. The desired colour determines the
choice of the metallic oxide to be added, as different metallic oxides give
different colours to the glass.
• Coloured glass is much in demand. It is used for decorating walls, making
sunglasses, and for making light signals for automobiles, trains and
aeroplanes.
 Stained Glass/ coloured glass

Generally refers to glass that

has been coloured by
adding metallic salts during
the manufacture.

The coloured glass is crafted

into stained glass windows in
which small pieces of glass are
arranged to form patterns or
pictures, held together by
strips of lead and supported by
a rigid frame.
Coloured glass
Addition of transition metal compounds to glass gives color to the glass. They
are outlined below.
Yellow: Ferric Salts Green: Ferrous and Chromium Purple: Magnese dioxide salt
salts

Red: Nickel and cuprous salts Lemon Yellow: Cadmium Fluorescent greenish yellow:
Cu2O sulphide Uranium oxide

Blue: Cobalt Salts, CuO Greenish Blue Color: Brown: Iron

Copper Sulphate

Opaque milky white: Cryolite Ruby : Auric Chloride

of Calcium phosphate
 PLATE GLASS
• Plate glass is thicker than ordinary glass. It has a very smooth surface. It
is made by floating a layer of molten glass over a layer of molten tin.
• It is also called Float glass.
• It is used in shop windows and doors.
 Float glass

Is made up of floating molten glass on a bed of

molten tin. This method gives the sheet uniform
thickness and very flat surfaces. Modern windows
are made from float glass.
Another Example Of Float Glass

• The example image above of the Lippo

Center by Paul Rudolph of Wong-
Ouyang ltd ( an Australian), the Lippo
Centre is said to resemble Koala bears
climbing a tree. The building is part
retail and part office spaces, the
innovation was constructed with float
glass and steel.
 SAFETY GLASS

• It can also be called shatterproof glass. It is made by placing a sheet of

plastic such as celluloid between sheets of glass. The special quality of this
glass is that in case of breakage the broken pieces stick to the plastic and
do not fly off. You must have noticed a broken window-pane of a bus or a
car still in its place. It is used in
automobiles. It is also used for making
bulletproof screens.
 Safety glass
• It is madeby fusingtwo to three flat sheets
of glass and in between them alternate
thin layer of vinyl plastic is introduced. It
is heated where both the layers merge
together and glass is toughened.

• Uses:
It is used as wind shield in automobiles and
airplanes. On breaking it pieces does not fly
apart because of the presence of the plastic
layer in between the glass layers.
LAMINATED GLASS

• It can also be called bulletproof glass. Several layers of safety glass are
bound together with a transparent adhesive. The larger the number of layers
used the greater is the strength of the glass. It is stronger than safety glass. It
is used in aeroplanes and windshields of cars.
 Types Of Glass
Laminated Glass
Type of safety glass thatholds together when
shattered
Held in place by interlayer, typically of
polyvinyl betrayal, between its two or more
layers of glass
Interlayer keeps it bonded when
broken.
Produces spider web pattern when broken.
Laminated glass
• The sheets of glass fiber or glass wool are soaked in a solution of
thermosetting plastic like phenol formaldehyde resin and placed one above
the other and then cured under heat or pressure. It is strong as steel. Non
flammable and insulating. In bullet resistant glass vinyl resins are added in
alternate layers.

• Uses:
Shatter, shock and Bullet proof Glass
OPTICAL GLASS/ Flint glass

• Optical glass is softer than any other glass. It is clear and transparent. Potassium
and lead silicates are used in making optical glass. It is also called flint glass.
The main use of flint glass is in the manufacture of lenses, prisms and other
optical instruments.
 Lead glass or flint glass
• It is made up of lead oxide fluxed with silica and K2CO3 is used instead
of sodium oxide.
• Its approximate composition is [Link].SiO2.
• To get dense optical glasses about 80% lead oxide is used. Lead glasses
has a lower softening temperature than soda glass and higher refractive
index and good electrical properties. It is bright lustrous and possess
high specific gravity.

• Uses:
High quality table wares, optical lenses, neon sign tubing, cathode ray
tubes, electrical insulators, crystal art objects or cut glass, Windows and
Shields for protection against X-rays and Gamma rays in medical and
atomic energy fields etc.
 Optical or crook’s glass
• It contains Phosphorus, PbCO3, silicates and Cerium oxide which has the property
to absorb harmful ultra-violet light. This glass is given through homogeneity by
heating it for a prolonged period of time. These glasses have low melting point and
are relatively soft.

• Uses:
They are used for making optical lenses.
PYREX GLASS

• Pyrex glass is highly heat resistant. In ordinary glass, silica is the main
constituent. In pyrex glass some of the silica is replaced by boron oxide. Boron
oxide expands very little when heated, thus, pyrex glass does not crack on
strong heating. Pyrex glass is also called borosilicate glass. It has a high melting
point and is resistant to many chemicals. Laboratory equipment and ovenware
are made of pyrex glass.
 Borosilicate / pyrex / jena glass
• It is common hard glass containing silica and boron
with small amount of alumina and less alkaline solids.

• It contains SiO2(80.5%), B2O3(13%), Al2O3(03%), K2

O(3%) and Na2O(0.5%). These glass have low thermal
coefficient of expansion, and high chemical resistance
i.e..shock proof.
• Uses:
Industrially used for pipeline of
corrosive liquids, gauge
glasses, superior laboratory
apparatus, kitchen wares, chemical
plants, television tubes, electrical
insulators etc.
PHOTO-CHROMATIC GLASS

• Photochromatic glass acquires a darker shade when exposed to bright light

and returns to its original lighter shade in dim light. This happens because
silver iodide is added to this glass. (silver iodide gets coloured with the
intensity of light.)
Photo-chromic glass
• The three dimensional silicate network
contains large no. of microscopic
particles of silver halide which on
exposure to light produce color.

• Uses:
In making tinted car glasses and
goggles.
LEAD CRYSTAL GLASS

• Lead crystal glass has high refractive index. It sparkles and is used for high
quality art objects and for expensive glassware. It is also called cut glass
because the surface of the glass objects is often cut into decorative patterns to
reflect light. In order to increase the refractive index, lead oxide is used as
flux in crystal glass, therefore it is called lead crystal glass.
 Poly-crystalline glass
• It is new type of glass which is produced by adding nucleating agents to a
conventional glass batch and then shaped into desired form. It is then
subjected to heating where nucleating agents forms large number of micro
crystallites. It is not ductile. It exhibits high strength and considerable
hardness.

• Uses:
For making specialized articles.
 Types Of Glass
Tinted Glass
There are many varieties into this type like tinted float glass, including colors
of dark blue, French green, dark green, dark grey, bronze and pink.
 Types Of Glass
Figured Glass
They are of two types.
1) Clear
2) Colored
The patterns are of flora, kasumi, mistlite,
Pin Head, Reeded, Yozura, Konoha,
Karatachi etc,
 Types Of glass
Beveled Glass
Usually made by taking one quarter inch
thick clear glass and creating a one inch
bevel on one side around the entire
periphery.

This bevels act like prisms in sunlight

creating interesting color diffraction
which both highlights the glasswork and
provides a spectrum of colors which are
usually absent in float glass.

These can vary from simple three or four

piece designs.
Types Of Glass
Toughened Glass
 Types Of Glass
Insulated Glass
Consists Of two or more lites of glass
separated by a hermitically sealed
space for thermal insulation and
condensation control.

Used Specially for windows, curtain walls

and skylights.
 Types Of Glass
Wired Glass

Involves steel wires rolled

into sheets of glass.

A wire mesh is inserted during the

manufacturing of plate glass, allowing
the glass to adhere together when
cracked.

Can Be qualified as safety glass for some

applications.
Wired glass
• Wired glass does not fall apart into splinters when it breaks and is fire
resistant. It is made by fusing wire in between the two glass layers.

Uses:
For making fire resistant doors, roofs, skylights and windows
Potash lime or hard glass
• Potash lime glass is made with silica (sand), Calcium carbonate and
potassium carbonate.
• The approximate composition is [Link].6SiO2.
• They posses high melting point, fuse with difficulty and are less
acted upon by acids, alkaline and other solvents than ordinary glass.

• Uses:
These glasses are costlier than soda lime glass and are used for
chemical apparatus, combustion tubes and glassware which are used
for heating operations.
Alumino-silicate glass
• The typical approximate composition
of this type of glass is SiO2(55%),
Al2O3(23%), MgO(09%), B2O3(07%),
CaO(05%) and Na 2O, K2O(01%).

• This type of glass possess

exceptionally high softening
temperature.

• Uses:
It is used for high pressure mercury
discharge tubes, chemical
combustion tubes and certain
domestic equipments.
96% silica glass
• It contains 96% Silica, 03% B2O3 and traces of
other materials.
• It is translucent, the coefficient of thermal
expansion is very low hence it has high
resistance to thermal shock, have high chemical
resistance to corrosive agents and are corroded
only by Hydrofluoric acid, hot phosphoric acids
and concentrated alkaline solutions.

• Uses:
Used only where high temperature resistance is
required (800°C). They are used in construction
of chemical plants, laboratory
crucibles, induction furnace lining and electrical
insulators.
99.5% silica glass / vitreosil
• It contains pure silica heated to its
melting point. It is translucent, the
coefficient of thermal expansion is very
low hence it has high resistance to
thermal shock, have high chemical
resistance to corrosive agents.
• If Vitreosil glass is heated above its
melting point, it becomes transparent and
is known as clear silica glass.

• Uses:
They are used in construction of chemical
plants, laboratory crucibles, induction
furnace lining, electrical insulators and
heaters and have high light transmission
properties.
Toughened glass
• It is made by dipping articles still hot in
an oil bath, so that chilling takes place.
This results in outer layer of articles
shrink and acquire a state of
compression while inner layer are in
state of tension. Such glass is more
elastic to mechanical and thermal shock.
It breaks into a fine powder.

• Uses:
For making window shields of fast
moving vehicles, windows of furnace and
automatic opening doors.
Fibre glass
• It is transformed into a fine thread of filament and has got a high
tensile strength.

Uses:
Found extensive use for the manufacture of fabric, reinforcing
plastics and production of thermal insulation materials etc
 Photosensitive glass
• These are glasses by which a
colored picture may be developed
by exposing the glass to black
and white negative in ultra violet
light. The appropriate
proportions of potash-alumina
 glass, mixed with LiSO3, cerium and Silver
salts have also been used as
photosensitive glass.

• Uses:
 Photographic development
Glass wool
• Glass wool consists of tiny fibers
formed by action of steam jets on
dripping molten glass down from
very fine hole.

• Uses:
Heat Insulation, for filtration of
Corrosive chemicals, sound
insulation etc
Neutral glass
• These glasses are highly resistant to chemical attacks and they are
specialized soda lime glass where alkali has been replaced by alumina,
boron oxide and zinc oxide.

• Uses:
Making Syringes, Injection Ampoules and vials etc.
Insulating glass
• Two or more plates of glass are filled with dehydrated air and the
edges are sealed air-tightly.

• Uses:
Provides thermal insulating and so houses remain cool in summer
and warm in winter.
Fracture / failure of glass
• Glass does not have crystal lattice structure hence it breaks. Fracture
is caused by small imperfections, flaws and irregularity on the
surface of the glass. Flaws are very fine cracks cause concentration
of stress and the crack proceeds quickly causing a fracture.
APPLICATIONS OF GLASS

• Glass is an unlimited and innovative material that has plenty of

applications. It is an essential component of numerous products
that we use every day, most often without noticing it.
• It is clear that modern life would not be possible without glass!
• Packaging (jars for food, bottles for drinks, falcon for cosmetics
and pharmaceuticals).
• Tableware (drinking glasses, plate, cups, bowls)
• Housing and buildings (windows, facades, conservatory, insulation,
reinforcement structures)
• Packaging (jars for food, bottles for drinks,
falcon for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals).
• Tableware (drinking glasses, plate, cups,
bowls)
• Housing and buildings (windows, facades,
conservatory, insulation, reinforcement
structures)
• Interior design and furniture (mirrors,
partitions, balustrades, tables, shelves,
lighting).
• Appliances and Electronics (oven doors, cook
top, TV, computer screens, smart-phones).
• Automotive and transport (windscreens,
backlights, light weight but reinforced
structural components of cars, aircrafts, ships,
etc.)
• Medical technology, biotechnology, life
science engineering, optical glass
• Radiation protection from X-Rays (radiology)
and gamma-rays (nuclear)
• Renewable energy (solar-energy glass, wind
turbines)
GLASS USEDFOR DIFFERENTPURPOSES
APPLICATION OF
GLASS
IN
BUILDING INDUSTRY
USEOF GLASS INEXTERIOR&INTERIOR
USEOF GLASS FOR WALL
FIXING OF GLASS