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16 views15 pagesInterpolation Using Tracers
The document describes different interpolation methods using tracers or splines. It explains linear, quadratic, and cubic tracers, detailing the equations and conditions for each. Cubic tracers provide the smoothest interpolation by matching the first and second derivatives between nodes.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views15 pagesInterpolation Using Tracers
The document describes different interpolation methods using tracers or splines. It explains linear, quadratic, and cubic tracers, detailing the equations and conditions for each. Cubic tracers provide the smoothest interpolation by matching the first and second derivatives between nodes.
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Interpolation
by means of
tracers.
NOMBRE: SEBASTIÁN LÓPEZ CUEVA.
ASIGNATURA: MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS.
CAREER: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
TEACHER: ENG. ROBERTO GARCÍA
FECHA: 09/12/2019
PERIOD 55
Interpolation by
tracers (Splines)
The concept of tracer originated in the drawing technique that
use a thin and flexible tape (called spline, in English), to
draw smooth curves through a set of points. The
The process is represented in figure 18.15 for a series of five
pins (data). In this technique, the drawer places a paper
on a wooden table and place pins or nails on the paper
(and the table) in the data location. A smooth cubic curve
it results from intertwining the ribbon between the pins. This is why it
has adopted the name 'cubic tracer' (in English: 'cubic
spline") for polynomials of this type.
Linear Trackers:
The simplest union between two points is a straight line.
first-degree tracers for an ordered set of data
they can be defined as a set of linear functions.
Example linear tracers:
Adjust the data in table 18.1 with first degree tracers.
Evaluate the function enx = 5.
We calculate the slope over an interval and determine the
line equation, evaluating we have that the value of f(x)
evaluated at 5 is equal to 1.3
A visual inspection of the linear tracer graph indicates
that the main disadvantage of them is that they are not soft.
Essentially, at the points where two tracers meet
(call nod), the slope changes abruptly.
Formally, the first derivative of the function is discontinuous at
those points. This deficiency is resolved using tracers.
higher degree polynomials that ensure smoothness in the
nodes when equating the derivatives at those points
Quadratic tracers:
To ensure that the m-th derivatives are continuous in the
nodes, a tracer of at least one degree must be used,
+ 1. In practice, polynomials of are used more frequently.
third degree or cubic splines that ensure first and
second continuous derivatives. Although the third derivatives
Orders and majors could be discontinuous when used.
cubic tracers usually cannot be detected in form
visual and, consequently, are ignored.
The goal of quadratic tracers is to obtain a polynomial.
of second degree for each interval between the data. Of
generally, the polynomial in each interval is represented
like:
Figure 18.17 will help to clarify the notation. For data (i= 0,
1, 2,...,n) exist
and, consequently, 3n unknown constants (the
a, b) for evaluation. By
Thus, 3 equations or conditions are required for evaluation.
the unknowns. These are:
1. The values of the adjacent polynomial function must be
equal at the interior nodes. This condition is represented
like:
nodes used are interior nodes only,
Equations (18.29) and (18.30) provide, each one, n – 1.
conditions; in total, 2n– 2 conditions.
2. The first and last function must go through the
extreme points. This adds two more equations:
3. The first derivatives at the interior nodes must be equal. The first
the derivative of equation 18.28 is:
Therefore, in general, the condition is represented as:
parai= 2 an. This provides other n –1 conditions, reaching a total of 2n
+ n – 1 = 3n – 1. Como se tienen 3nincógnitas, nos falta una condición más. A
unless we have any additional information regarding the functions or
its derivatives, we have to make an arbitrary choice to calculate the
constants. Although there are several options, we chose the following:
12
[Link] that in the first point the second derivative is zero. Since the
the second derivative of equation 18.28 is 2ai, then this condition can be
express mathematically as:
The visual interpretation of this condition is that the first two points are
They will be joined by a straight line.
13
Cubic markers:
The objective in cubic splines is to obtain a polynomial of
third degree for each interval between the nodes:
Thus, for n + 1 data points (i = 0, 1, 2,...,n), intervals exist and, in
consequence, 4 unknowns to evaluate. Like with the tracers.
quadratics, 4n conditions are required to evaluate the
unknowns. These are:
1. The values of the function must be equal at the interior nodes.
(2n - 2 conditions).
2. The first and last function must pass through the points
extremes (2 conditions).
3. The first derivatives at the interior nodes must be equal (n
- 1 conditions).
4. The second derivatives at the interior nodes must be equal (n
1 conditions).
5. The second derivatives at the extreme nodes are zero (2
conditions).
