ASSIGNMENT
FLUID MECHANICS
Bernoulli Equation AND Fluid kinematics:
Continuity Equation
SUBMITTED BY:
Name: ANIKET KUMAR PRABHAKAR
Program / Year / Semester: 3 RD
SEMESTER
Enrollment / Student ID: 62123
Institute / University: GOVIND BALLABH
PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Course: FLUID MECHANICS
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SUBMITTED TO:
Name: DR. DEEPAK KUMAR
Bernoulli’ s Equation
– Question 1
Water flows through a horizontal pipeline that gradually expands from a
diameter of 0.10 m at the inlet to 0.25 m at the outlet over a length of 25
m.
The inlet velocity is 3.2 m/s and the inlet pressure is 220 kPa.
The Darcy friction factor for the pipe is 0.022.
Using Bernoulli’s equation for real fluids, calculate the outlet pressure by
considering friction head loss and change in velocity due to varying pipe
diameter.
Solution
A1 = π(0.10²)/4 = 0.00785 m²
A2 = π(0.25²)/4 = 0.0491 m²
Q = A1 × V1 = 0.0251 m³/s
V2 = Q / A2 = 0.51 m/s
Friction head:
hf = f × (L/D) × (V1² / 2g)
hf = 0.022 × (25/0.10) × (3.2² / (2×9.81))
hf = 2.87 m
Bernoulli:
p1/ρg + V1²/2g = p2/ρg + V2²/2g + hf
Solve → p2 ≈ 196 kPa
Bernoulli -
Question 2
Oil of density 850 kg/m³ flows through a 40 m long pipeline that rises
vertically by 6 m.
The pipe has a uniform diameter of 0.12 m.
At the inlet, the pressure is 350 kPa and the velocity is 4.0 m/s.
The total major friction head loss in the pipe is 3.8 m of oil.
Using Bernoulli’s equation for real fluids, determine the outlet pressure.
Solution:
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p1/(ρg) = 350000 / (850×9.81) = 41.97 m
Velocity head = 4² / (2g) = 0.815 m
Bernoulli:
(41.97 + 0.815 + 0) = p2/(ρg) + 0.815 + 6 + 3.8
Solve → p2/(ρg) = 32.17
p2 = 32.17 × 850 × 9.81 ≈ 268 kPa
Bernoulli –
Question 3:
A pump lifts water from a reservoir and delivers it to a treatment chamber
located 12 m above the reservoir level.
The suction pipe (0.08 m diameter, 10 m long) carries water at 2.5 m/s
with friction loss of 1.2 m.
The delivery pipe (0.06 m diameter, 20 m long) carries water at 3.8 m/s
with friction loss of 3.0 m.
The pressure at the delivery outlet is 150 kPa.
Using Bernoulli’s equation for real fluids, calculate the pump head
required.
Solution:
Total friction loss = 1.2 + 3.0 = 4.2 m
Delivery pressure head = 150000 / (1000×9.81) = 15.29 m
Velocity head (delivery) = 3.8² / (2g) = 0.736 m
Bernoulli:
Hp − 4.2 = 15.29 + 0.736 + 12
Hp = 32.2 m
FLUID KINEMATICS :
– Question 1:
A main pipe of diameter 0.20 m splits into two branches with diameters
0.12 m and 0.15 m.
The velocity in the main pipe is 2.8 m/s, and the velocity in branch 1 (0.12
m) is 3.5 m/s.
Using the continuity equation, determine the velocity in branch 2.
Solution:
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A = π(0.20²)/4 = 0.0314 m²
A1 = 0.0113 m²
A2 = 0.0177 m²
Q = A × V = 0.0879 m³/s
Q1 = A1 × V1 = 0.0396 m³/s
Q2 = Q − Q1 = 0.0483 m³/s
V2 = Q2 / A2 = 2.73 m/s
– Question 2:
Question (unique, numerical, proper kinematics)
A two-dimensional velocity field of a fluid is given by
2 2
u(x , y)=4 x y , v (x , y )=3 x y .
(a) Determine the acceleration components a x and a yat the point
P(1.0 , 2.0).
(b) Check whether the flow is irrotational at point P by computing
the z-component of vorticity
∂ v ∂u
ωz = − .
∂x ∂ y
(c) A fluid particle is released at point P(1.0 , 2.0). Compute its initial
magnitude of acceleration.
Given velocity field
2 2
u=4 x y , v=3 x y .
Since the flow is steady:
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
a x =u +v , a =u + v .
∂x ∂y y ∂x ∂y
Step 1 — Required partial derivatives
For u = 4x²y
∂u ∂u 2
=8 xy , =4 x .
∂x ∂y
For v = 3xy²
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∂v 2 ∂v
=3 y , =6 xy .
∂x ∂y
Step 2 — Substitute x = 1.0, y = 2.0
Compute u and v at P:
u P=4 ¿
Compute partial derivatives at P:
∂u ∂u ∂v 2 ∂v
=8 (1)(2)=16 , =4 ¿ =3 (2 )=12 , =6(1)(2)=12.
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
Step 3 — Acceleration components
x-component
∂u ∂u
a x =u +v .
∂x ∂y
Substitute values:
a x =(8)(16)+(12)(4 )=128+ 48=176 m/s² .
y-component
∂v ∂v
a y =u +v .a =( 8)(12)+(12)(12)=96 +144=240 m/s² .a x =176 m/s² , a y =240 m/s²
∂x ∂y y
Step 4 — Check irrotationality
∂ v ∂u
ωz = − =12−4=8. ω z =8 ≠0 ⇒ flow is rotational
∂x ∂ y
Step 5 — Magnitude of acceleration
a=√ a2x + a2y = √ 176 2+240 2=√ 30976+57600= √ 88576 ≈ 297.6 m/s² .a ≈ 297.6 m/s²
