Copaiba

Commercial Description of the Product

Nombre Científico:Copaifera paupera
Familia. Leguminosae (Leguminosas) = Fabaceae
(Fabaceae).
Commercial Name:
Copaiba Oil.
Originating from South America, the Copaifera is a tree.
which is mainly distributed in Peru, Brazil,
Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Guyana. This tree
it reaches up to 30 meters in height and has been
used for a long time by the natives of the
Amazon regions. It was introduced in Europe to
principles of the 17th century thanks to oil or resin
what was obtained from it was used in the treatment
natural of different diseases.
Our Asháninka brothers knew how to take advantage
the countless natural resources of the jungle
Amazonian and have used Copaiba oil for
generations to face their problems of
health.
Copaiba oil is a great wound healer,
natural detoxifying and anti-inflammatory that the ethnic groups
from the jungle are used in cases of constipation, psoriasis
and gastritis with amazing results.
Copaiba oil is recognized as a
extraordinary protector of the digestive system that
fosters and stimulates its better functioning.
In addition, our ancestors discovered their great
anti-inflammatory power and proved ideal for maintaining
the joints and airways in excellent
state, free from health problems.
 On the other hand, Copaiba oil contributes to
lubricate the arteries and veins, promoting a
adequate blood circulation and, in general, a
better oxygenation.
Likewise, its use for skin conditions has been
worldwide extended and its application directly
about the skin for performing massages, whether in form
pure or mixed with essential oils, contributes to
activate blood circulation, resulting in a great
help in cases of varicose veins.
Copaiba oil is the best ally for a
healthy organism and for skin without conditions,
so its application is ideal in problems of
psoriasis, herpes, dermatitis, and fungi, where it stands out
as an exceptional natural antifungal.
And the range of possible uses is so vast.
Copaiba oil that has traditionally been
used for Sitz baths, resulting in
especially indicated if you want to reduce inflammation and
relieve the pain or sting caused by problems of
hemorrhoids, cystitis or vaginal infections; with very
good results.
Other Common Names.
Peru: Copaiba, oil tree, oil tree;
Colombia: oil stick, currucay, jurukay, msalamo
cabin
Venezuela:copaibí, calenibo, calimbo;
Copaiba, Beni.
Brazil: copaiba, matisihuati, copaibí.
SHIPIBO-CONIBO: you are very welcome, friend
wild tree that inhabits the
high and low Amazonian regions, on dry land.
Loreto, Mother of God, Ucayali.
 Technical Specifications:
Composition / I active ingredients:
Copaiba oil. Copaiba oil contains
around 24 sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons and
various diterpenes, resinous acids such as elaidic and
copaiba; essential oils, turpentine, acid
copaifero, -eariophyllene, E-cubenene, A-cubebene, A-
humulene, E-humulene and D-cadinene, resinous acid.
Fruits Have Nutritional Value
Medicinal: Copaiba balm or resin is used
as a healing agent, antihypertensive, antiseptic,
antiartritic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, controls the
acne, and acts against psoriasis, herpes, rheumatism,
tonsillitis, cancer, cough, chronic bronchitis, asthma
stomach ulcers, leukorrhea, ear pain,
hemorrhoids, tetanus, and muscle pain. The oil
it serves as a liniment.
Cosmetología:El aceite tiene una creciente
internal demand to manufacture cosmetic products.
Veterinary: Copaiba is used to heal.
wounds of animals and prevent the entry of
worms in their organisms.

Usage suggestions:
If you want to consume it, you should take five to ten.
drops diluted in half a glass of water, from one to three
times a day.
In sitz baths, you can use from 20 to 30.
drops, once or twice a day. We recommend
mix the Copiaba Oil with Dragon's Blood in
equal parts to achieve optimal results.
Copaiba cultivation (Copaifera reticulata Ducke)
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1. Introduction
[Link] of the species
[Link] aspects
[Link] of the plant
[Link]
[Link] of seedlings
[Link] and management of plantations
[Link] analysis
[Link] and recommendations
[Link]

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Characterization of the problem
Despite their vast expanse and high diversity, tropical rainforests
Peruvian Amazon is undergoing an increasing process of deterioration. The growth of
population, timber exploitation and the expansion of agricultural activities have
aggravated the destruction of forests, soil erosion, and the decrease in the
productivity. In this regard, Peruvian forestry legislation recognizes the importance and the
need for sustainable management of forest resources and promotes activities of
characterization, evaluation, planning, utilization, regeneration, replenishment
protection and control of the forest aimed at ensuring sustainable production and the
conservation of biological diversity and the environment.
To contribute to the achievement of the aforementioned objectives, it is common to adopt the
an alternative to establishing plantations with fast-growing forest species, whether they are
native or exotic. This is a reflection of what happens at a global level, where the
forest plantations play an increasingly important role in the supply of
wood and in the replenishment of forests. For example, between 1980 and 1990 the area of
the tropics converted to plantations increased from 18 to 44 million hectares and this
continuous trend (Prebble 1997).
In Peru, an accumulated deforestation of approximately 5 million has been estimated.
hectares. However, efforts to reforest are still very limited and
they are basically under the responsibility of the public sector. The accumulated figures up to 1998 estimate a
a total of 605,825 hectares reforested nationwide, while in 2000 it
reforested 67,625 hectares (ARP 2002). Most of these plantations are located in the
Andean region and are exotic species such as Eucalyptus and Pinus (Reis 1997), while
that plantations with native species are quite smaller. The Amazon Region, to
despite being the largest forested region in Peru (70 million hectares
approximately) and being constantly subjected to forest extraction processes, not
presents greater reforestation activity. Despite existing in Peruvian legislation,
specific provisions that require forest extractors in the Amazon region to
The implementation of reforestation programs, to date, has been very
restricted, due to the lack of forestry tradition of most extractors
forestry, to the insufficiency of technical implements, to a very temporary presence in the
extraction areas and the associated costs.
1.2 Importance and justification of the present research
In Peru, there is a lack of technical elements for the implementation of
plantations, especially when native species of the humid forest are desired to be established
tropical. The experience generated in Peru is concentrated especially in three sites in the
Amazon basin: Chanchamayo, Jenaro Herrera and Von Humboldt (APODESA 1986;
Vidaurre 1994) and the information obtained is dispersed, fragmented or it is about
inconclusive experimentation. In this sense, currently the INIA (National Institute of
Agrarian Research) has a series of forestry plantations that meet
multiple objectives: scientific experimentation, conservation of genetic resources and
validation of technologies. Most of the information generated from these plantations
needs to be processed, analyzed, and disseminated.
Such is the case of the experimental plantations established in the National Forest.
Alexander von Humboldt since 1974, which occupy more than 800 hectares. These
plantations represent one of the most important resources for forestry research in the
Peruvian Amazon. However, for various reasons, most of the information
collected in these plantations has not been analyzed and disseminated. Based on this
considerations this work evaluates and analyzes pure plantations and strips of
enrichment of Copaifera reticulata established in the Alexander von Humboldt National Forest
Humboldt, through the comparison of growth parameters, productivity and
health condition.
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective
The purpose is to provide those implementing forest management and reforestation plans
new elements that help you in the different decisions you have to make, from the
selection of the suitable site to the subsequent management of the plantations.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
Compare the growth, productivity, and health condition of Copaifera reticulata.
established under the pure plantation system in open fields.
Determine the effect of the planting system, the type of soil, and the topography on the
growth, productivity, and the health condition of established Copaifera reticulata
in enrichment belts.
2. TAXONOMY OF THE SPECIES
2.1 Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Subdivision: Magnoliophytina
Class: Rosopsida
Subclass: Rosidae
Superorder: Fabanae
Order: Fabales
Family: Caesalpiniaceae
Tribe: Copaiferae
Genre: Copaifera
2.2 Related species
There are more than 28 species of the genus Copaifera cataloged, the most commonly found in the
Amazonia is:
Copaifera reticulata Ducke
Copaifera multijuga Hayne
Copaifera officinalis L
Copaifera glycicarpa
Copaifera matii Hayne
Copaifera langsdorfii
Copaifera guianensis
Copaifera paupera (Herzog) Dwyer
In Peru, the most reported species is Copaifera reticulata Ducke. The technology
developed here is about this species.
3. ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS
3.1 Succession group
Late secondary species to climax.
3.2 Clima
Altitud:De 50 a 1200 [Link]ón media anual:800 a 2500 mm anuales.
Rainfall regime: Seasonal, with rains concentrated during the period of
November-March. Annual average temperature: 20ºC to 26ºC. Average temperature of
mes mas frío:16ºC a 23º[Link] media del mes mas caliente:22ºC a 27ºC.
3.3 Soils
Within the Von Humboldt Forest, copaiba grows well in cambisol and acrisol soils.
(FAO-UNESCO classification), but it develops poorly in gley soils. In addition,
prefers slopes over flat land.
The following table shows the characteristics of the soils where it grows properly in
the Von Humboldt Experimental Area.
Table 1. Soils where C. reticulata thrives in the Alexander Von Humboldt Forest
(INIA-JICA 1991)

Soil Cover pH Carbon Nitrogen Nature Mineral CEC

% % clayey meq.

Vertic A 6.4 4.4 0.40 Clayey soil Main: 43

Cambisol B Sin 0.3 0.05 Heavy smectite 29
data Clay soil. Accessory:
Heavy kaolin
Equal to
anterior

Gleyic And 6.1 4.2 0.38 Clay soil Main: Sin

Cambisol Light smectite data
B 5.2 0.5 0.07 Clay soil Accessory:
kaolin Sin
Heavy
Equal to data
anterior

Plinthic A 3.6 1.2 0.12 Sandy Franco Principal: 7.1

Acrisol Clay soil kaolin
B 4.3 0.4 0.06 light Accessory: 11.4
mica
Equal to
anterior

Acrisols (ultisols according to Soil Taxonomy) occur in areas with

frequent floods during storms, in flat and hilly topography, on low hills
soft and rugged high hills. These soils are formed by accumulation of
reddish-brown clays and reddish-clayey stains (Plinthic) accumulated as a result
from the redox action of iron by the vertical movement of the groundwater (water
underground). In general, they have good physical conditions and are well structured. Their
The main problems are very low fertility, acidity issues, and excess aluminum.
and phosphorus deficiencies. Cambisol soils (Inceptisols) occur in areas of
low rugged hills and high gentle and even rugged hills have been identified
the following types: Vertic Cambisols, Eutric Cambisols, Chromic Cambisols and Gleyic
Cambisols. In general, these soils are considered to be in the process of formation, that is to say, still
they do not show well-defined horizons.

3.4 Geographic distribution

In Peru, it is found naturally in the Amazon forests of the departments of
Loreto, Ucayali, Huanuco, San Martín and Madre de Dios.
3.5 Plant associations
In the native community of Huascayacu (Alto Mayo, San Martín) has been found in hills.
high vigor increases mainly associated with Nectandra linealifolia; Apeiba aspera;
Hyeronyma alcheorneoidesySapium marmieri(Spittleret al.2003). In the Model Unit
Dantas (Puerto Inca, Huánuco) were found in all types of forests studied,
mostly in hilly landscapes, less in forests with a predominance of Leoniasp.
(Kroll & Marmillod 1992).
3.6 Silvicultural characteristics
Light requirement: Sciofit. Cold tolerance: Moderately tolerant. Habit of
crecimiento:Simpodial. Capacidad de rebrote:No determinado. Capacidad de
Autopoda: Deficient, artificial pruning is necessary from the first years of the
plantation. Regeneration methods: Copaiba can be planted in open fields.
enrichment strips and agroforestry systems.
3.7 Life zones
Tropical rainforest, subtropical rainforest, subtropical montane forest, and
Subtropical montane forest.
3.8 Natural abundance
In a low hill forest in the Dantas area, Huanuco, a volume was determined.
average of 7.3 m3/ha (INRENA 1996). In a flatland dry forest in the
In the Pando region, Bolivia, an average basal area of 0.26 m2/ha was found (Balcázar &
Montero 2002).
In Bolivia, in the community of Tumupasa (Beni), 15 trees were found in an area of 305 ha with a
usable volume of 66.11 m3 and in the area of Carmen Pecha (Beni) it was found at 500
there are a total of 20 trees with a usable volume of 77.15 m3 (BOLFOR Project)
2006).
In Brazil, there are references of copaíba densities ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 trees per ha.
(Shanley et al. 1998 cited by Rigamonte-Azevedo et al. 2006) being C. langdorffii
considered the most abundant species.
Several species of Copaifera sp. have been tested under various systems, especially
in Brazil (Almeida et al. 2006), both by research institutions and by
producers and reforesters. Sabogalet et al. (2006) also indicate that there are around
850 hectares of Copaifera spp. plantations in the states of Para, Mato Grosso, Rondonia and
Amazon; both in pure and mixed systems, as well as in the management of natural regeneration and the
most of these trials have been established after 1990.
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT
4.1 Characteristics of the Plant
Tree that reaches up to 45 m tall and 120 cm in diameter. High, straight, thick trunk and
cylindrical, without fins. Globose and wide cup. External bark of olive yellow color to
grayish brown, with a smooth appearance, with papery peeling. Inner bark
aromatic (copaiba oil) and with a mostly sandy texture. The leaves are compound,
pinnate, alternate, with stipules, arranged helicoidally. The flowers are small,
whitish in color, grouped in terminal inflorescences. The seeds are pods almost
globular, slightly elongated, dark brown in maturity. The seeds are found
wrapped in a yellow aril, highly sought after by various species of animals.
4.2 Phenology
Flowering and fruiting occur every year, but with different intensity.
flowering occurs in the rainy season (January to May). The fruits ripen in 3-4 months. The
Seed dispersal begins in the dry season (July) and can last until
beginning of the rainy season (September).
Durante y/o después de la diseminación se presenta una defoliación total o parcial de la
cup. The pulp of the fruits of this species is highly sought after by various species of
mammals and birds, which contribute to their dispersal (Flores, 1997). The dispersion
It also occurs through water currents. In related species such as Copaifera.
langsdorfii (Carvalho 1994), it has been determined that the flowers are mainly
pollinated by bees; among them Apis mellifera and Trigona spp. Young trees can
bear its first fruits in planting at the age of 15 years (Personal observation). Also
for Copaifera langsdorffii determined in the region of Sao Paulo, Brazil that flowering
They occur in the rainy season and the fruiting in the dry season (Pedroni et al 2002).
5. USES
5.1 Uses of wood
Used in civil construction as beams, rafters, door frames, tool handles,
bodies, laminates, turning and shipbuilding. The wood is of very good quality.
quality, semi-hard to semi-heavy. It is workable and has good durability.
5.2 Medicinal uses
The oil of copaiba has medicinal uses and in perfumery. It is believed that copaiba has
diuretic, disinfectant, and stimulant properties. It has been used for many ailments.
chronic conditions such as chronic gonorrhea, bronchitis, blisters, chronic cold, and chronic diarrhea. In
traditional medicine is used to heal large cuts (external), also against cough,
cold, colds, respiratory problems and psoriasis.
6. PRODUCTION OF SEEDLINGS
6.1 Description of the seed and seedling production
Morphology: Elliptical seed, hard seed coat, black color. Presence of aril.
edible. The cotyledons are very fleshy. Tiny embryo surrounded by abundant
endosperm. Its dimensions vary from 10 to 20 mm in length, 8 to 10 mm in width, and from 8 to
10mm in height.
The Seed Network of the Amazon (2003) indicates that the seeds of Copaifera sp. are
among the most sought after in the State of Acre, Brazil.
Number of seeds per fruit: Generally one seed per fruit. The extraction must
to be done manually, first needing to separate the aril and then putting the seeds to
dry under shade.
Number of seeds per Kg: Between 550 and 700 seeds per Kg.
Collection method: The collection must be done by climbing the tree and
cutting the branches with ripe fruits. Additionally, nets or blankets can be placed.
at the base of the tree to prevent the seeds from being wasted or eaten by the
animals.
Pre-germination treatment: No type of treatment is required, although the
Immersion in water for 72 hours can slightly accelerate the germination process.
Germination: Seeds germinate between 15 and 30 days after sowing.
freshly harvested seeds achieve a germination rate between 80 and 90%.
Sowing density and appropriate time for repotting: It is recommended 0.8 Kg of
seeds per square meter. The seedlings are transplanted at 35-45 days, when they have 1-2
little leaves.
Storage: The seeds of this species are difficult to store due to their high
susceptibility to fungal attack. At temperatures between 5ºC and 25ºC, it can be stored
up to 4 months maintaining a viability higher than 50% of germination, afterwards
begins to decrease rapidly.
6.2 Description of the seedling
Epigeal germination. Fleshy, deciduous, reddish to pink cotyledons. Main stem
cylindrical, smooth, from dark green to violet brown, presence of lenticels. Leaves
alternates, glabrous petioles, 2-3 pairs of dotted leaflets, shiny on both sides,
oblong, asymmetric, rounded at the base, pointed. The central rib very
notoria. The new leaves that appear have a reddish-white coloration.
7. ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF
PLANTATIONS
7.1 Establishment and maintenance of the plantations
The planting points must be previously staked. The planting
begins at the beginning of the rainy season in November and ends in early April.
in open field, the seedlings are established with initial spacings of 3x3 m or
4x4 m, the variation is due to local conditions. It is recommended to water the seedlings.
before the transplant and avoid sun exposure during the transfer.
The replacement or replanting is done one month after planting and consists of carrying out a
evaluation of survival after planting. If mortality exceeds 20%, it
proceed to the replacement with larger-sized bags, for the purpose
to offset the loss of growth.
Maintenance basically consists of removing weeds and smaller trees.
diameter that compete with the saplings influencing their growth. The interval of
maintenance during the first year of planting is 1-4 times and continues until
that the little trees have reached 2 meters in height. Then it is carried out 1-2 times per
year until they have reached a height of 4 m.
Subsequently, it is necessary to carry out thinning, the purpose of which is to stimulate growth.
the promising trees, that is, the dominant and co-dominant ones, and not to favor those of
lower growth. A good indicator of when to thin is when
the tree canopies begin to cluster too much and competition for light begins.
The final density of the plantation is around 60-100 trees per hectare.
It is also very important to carry out pruning, whose objective is the production of wood free
of knots by removing thick or dead branches. It is advisable to carry out
the pruning at the end of the dry season for the following reasons: a) the cut dries quickly and
in this way the risk of a fungal or insect infection is reduced and b) shortly thereafter,
In the rainy season, wounds heal quickly.
7.2 Growth and productivity in pure plantations in the Experimental Annex
Humboldt (INIEA-Pucallpa).
C. reticulata shows an average DAP of 14.0 cm at 16 years, highlighting a slow
growth as a general characteristic of this species. In terms of total height, it was obtained
an average of 8.0 m and a dominant height of 13.2 m. At this age, some individuals
they exceed 30 cm of DAP and 15 m of total height.
Likewise, C. reticulata, which also has a high percentage of trees with defects,
it requires more intensive management in the initial phases of plantation development, to
guarantee better quality shoots for the final harvest.
In general, it can be noted that the main cause of the low average heights
for C. reticulata was the lack of thinning or pruning. As a consequence, the number of
individuals per unit area is very high and most of them are suppressed and of
low growth in height and diameter. The dominant height is defined in this study as
the average height of the 100 tallest trees per hectare. It is necessary to indicate that in the
C. reticulata plantations were not thinned due to the lack of a local market for the
product of the thinning and because of the social problems at the end of the 1980s
They prevented access to the area to manage the plantation properly.
Table 2 - Growth variables for pure plantations of 16-year-old C. reticulata
Alexander von Humboldt National Forest, Peru.

ESPECIE Númer Porcentaj DAP Increment Altura IMA Height Height

or of and from average or total mean Dominant commercial height
trees trees o (cm) Annual total average e (m) l
for current reasons (IMA) of o (m) (m/year average
with DAP (cm/ ) (m)
regarding year)
to the number
original
 (%)

Copaifer 76 13.95 0.75 8.07 0.40 13.20 5.18

a 846
reticulata

Table 3 - Frequency and percentage (%) of trunk shape defects regarding the
total number of living axes in pure plantations of 16-year-old C. reticulata. Forest A.
from Humboldt, Peru.

SHAPE OF THE TRUNK Freq. %

Little winding 39 11.6

Very winding 30 8.9

Bifurcated 7 2.1

Inclined 240 71.4

Broken stem with recovery 0 0.0

Broken stem without recovery 0 0.0

Without a cup 20 6.0

Rebirth 8 2.4

Straight axes and flawless shapes 91 27.1

TOTAL LIVING AXES 336 129.5

Similarly, C. reticulata, which also shows a high percentage of trees with defects,
needs more intensive management in the initial phases of the plantation's development, to
guarantee better phytosanitary conditions of the trees in pure plantations of 16
years of C. reticulata in the Alexander von Humboldt National Forest. The classes are
represented as a percentage in relation to the total number of living trees of each
treatment.

Copaifera
PHYTOSANITARY STATUS OF THE TREE reticulated

Vigorous 93.1
Affected main axis 0.9

Affected upper branches 0.0

More than 2 thirds of dead cup 5.9

TOTAL 100.0

In the case of C. reticulata, most individuals do not receive direct light.

although individuals were found in each of the different position categories of
cup. These trees, mostly small, do not receive enough sunlight, cannot
reach the upper canopy and are doomed to remain dominated in the plantation. It is
it is advisable that these individuals be eliminated as a way to redistribute the
potential of the site in trees with greater competitive capacity.
Table 5 - Summary of productivity for pure plantations of 16-year-old C. reticulata
in the Alexander von Humboldt Forest.

SPECIES Basal area (m2) Volume (m3/ha) IMA Volume

/ha) (m3/ha/year)

Copaifera reticulata 58.30 3.30

12.87

The volume calculation with bark was carried out using the MIRASILV program (Ugalde
2000), using the total height, the DAP and a form factor of 0.45, due to the absence in
the literature of shape factors or volume equations developed for this species
in the conditions of the Alexander von Humboldt Forest.
Table 6 - Volume (m3/ha) obtained in pure plantations of 16 years of C. reticulata.
The volumes obtained in each plot (of approx. 1000 m2) were extrapolated to 1 ha.
Humboldt A. Forest, Peru.

No. Copaifera
parcel reticulated

1 52.4

2 81.5

3 54.5

4 44.8

Average 58.3

Considering all the evaluation parcels of this essay, variations are observed in the
registered volumetric development. However, individuals were found throughout the plantation.
whose development was far superior to the others, which managed to reach the canopy first.
and therefore they made better use of the site's potential for their individual growth. With
the aim of getting closer to what would actually happen if the handling had been carried out
Adequately, a simulation exercise is presented in Table 7. In this case, it
selected the 10 individuals with the highest DBH and calculated the average volume (m3) of
these trees and the IMAVOL (Average Annual Volume Increase) over 20 years. The value
the resulting value was used to estimate the individual volume resulting at 30 years and then
multiply it by a number of individuals at the age of cut, estimated based on
bibliographic references and previous experiences.
Table 7 – Simulation of probable volume (m3/ha) to be obtained at 30 years of age in the
conditions of the experimental site. The average volume of the 10 trees was used with
greater DAP by multiplying it by 200.

DAP (cm) Total height (m) Volume (m3)

Maximum 33.0 14.2 0.5

Minimum 22.6 11.2 0.2

Current Individual Average 25.7 12.7 0.3

Average IMAVOL 0.015

Short age 40

Vol. Prom. Individual at the age of 0.60

short

Number of trees for logging 200

Final Volume 120.0

The results show that in all cases a very acceptable volume would be obtained.
taking into account the general averages for forest plantations. Additionally, the trunks
The ones obtained would be of higher quality, that is, of greater thickness and commercial length.
Fig. 1 - Diameter distribution of C. reticulata in pure plantations of 16 years.

Class Individuals/ ha

3.1 - 7.0 118

7.1 - 11.0 195

11.1 – 15.0 237

15.1 – 19.0 195

19.1 - 23.0 68

23.1 – 27.0 17

27.1 - 31.0 8

31.3 - 33.0 3

7.3 Growth and productivity in enrichment belts

The results obtained in the tests in Annex Von are shown below.
Humboldt:
In 30 m wide strips, flat topography and gleysol soil were obtained after 12 years.
of age an average height of 6.15 m and an average d.b.h of 8.0 cm. In another
essay under these same conditions yielded a height at age 10
an average of 6.76 m and an average d.b.h of 7.40 cm.
In strips 5 m wide, gentle hills and cambisol type soil were obtained at the
10 years old, an average height of 4.51 m, and an average diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) of 3.7 cm.

In strips 5 m wide, flat topography and gleysol type soil were obtained at 9
years old an average height of 5.67 m and an average d.b.h of 6.2 cm.
In belts 5 m wide, topography of high hills and type of soil
gleysol/cambisol reached an average height of 8.82 m at 10 years of age and
an average d.a.p of 7.33 cm.
In plantations under canopy, hilly topography, and acrisol type soil
he obtained an average height of 3.05 m at the age of 10 and an average d.b.h
of 1.973 cm.
In 10 m wide strips, flat topography and gleysol type soil were obtained at the
10 years old, an average height of 4.03 m and an average diameter at breast height of 3.20 cm.
 In strips 10 m wide, with high hilltopography and cambisol type soil.
at the age of 10, he/she reached an average height of 5.09 m and an average d.b.h
of 4.27 cm.
From the shown data, it is concluded that the annual diameter increase for C. reticulata
in enrichment bands varies between 0.2 - 0.7 cm/year and for total height between 0.45 - 0.88
m/year, quite similar to those obtained in pure plantations.
8. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
For pure plantations of C. reticulata considering a volume of 160 m3/ha at 40
At years of age, the following results were obtained in the financial analysis (the amounts
monetary values are in new soles) :
Economic Results
Discount rate 0.05
Rotation age 40
Net present value 2364.98
Internal rate of return 7.62%
Annual Equivalent Value 137.83
Expected Value of the Earth 2756.53
Present Value of Costs 1734.25
Present Value of Income 3113.80
Benefit-Cost Ratio 1.80
9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the 16 years of trials of this species in the Von Humboldt Forest, we can
preliminarily conclude and recommend the following:
• Copaifera reticulata requires an aggressive program of silvicultural treatments
(pruning and thinning). Pruning should begin in the first months of planting and the
Raleos when the competition between cups begins, which can happen afterwards.
for several years, due to the slow growth of the species.
The annual growth range ofCopaifera reticulata has a diameter that varies between 0.2 -
0.7 cm/year and total height between 0.4 - 0.8 m/year, thus it is classified
as a slow-growing species.
Due to the preliminary growth results ofCopaifera reticulata
are promising and reveal the feasibility of intensive forestry management, they
recommend prioritizing this species in reforestation activities in the
Amazon Region of Peru, primarily in acrisol and cambisol soils,
and without drainage problems.
Reforestation with this species is very important due to the numerous products.
which provides, due to its vulnerable state caused by high levels of overexploitation
and due to the existence of forestry information that enables its management.

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Pucallpa, Peru – February 2007
COPAIBA
· TAXONOMY:
KINGDOM: Plantae or plant
DIVISION: Angiosperms
CLASS: Dicotyledoneae
ORDER: Rosales
FAMILY: Fabaceae
GéNERO: Copiafera
ESPECIE: Paupera
NOMBRE COMÚN: Copaiba.
NOMBRE CIENTÍFICO:Copiafera paupera
· BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:
Tree 20 to 30 m tall, with a straight trunk.
Globose and wide, it can reach 30 m high.
Rugose bark, gray-green with small brown lenticels, with glabrous branches.
Pinnate, leathery leaves, alternate, compound; they have 4 to 5 pairs of leaflets.
translucent dotted, dense and finely reticulated; glossy on both sides, obliquely
oblong-elliptical, rounded or acute at the base, obtusely pointed from 3 to 5 cm of
long and 1 to 2 cm wide. Terminal inflorescence in racemes, in narrow panicles.
White flowers, sessile, fragrant, small, bisexual, glabrous on the outside and hairy on the inside.
Dehiscent bivalve fruit legume.
Seeds of 1.2 to 4 covered by a ring of bright orange color.
· DISTRIBUTION:
The species exists in regular quantities in the Amazon of Peru. Distributed species
widely in the Amazon forests, it is found in the department of Loreto and
Ucayali, in ecological formations of tropical humid forest, tropical dry forest offloors
well-drained and humiferous.
· CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD:
The freshly cut trunk shows the outer layers of the wood (sapwood) in beige color and the
internal layers (heartwood) reddish-brown with dark streaks, observed between them
It creates a great contrast in color. In air-dried wood, the sapwood takes on a white color.
pinkish and the yellowish red heartwood, with dark oily streaks.
In dry wood exposed to air, the sapwood turns a rosy white color and the heartwood is red.
yellowish, with dark oily streaks
Brightness: Medium

Grain: Straight

Texture: Medium to fine

Veined: Superimposed arcs and very narrow and dark longitudinal bands
Durability: Very resistant species to the attack ofmushroomsthe insects of damp wood.
The heartwood is very difficult to preserve, but the sapwood has complete penetration.
Preservative treatment by immersion methods andpressureThe sapwood retains more than
200 kg/m3, with the total penetration being uniform, the heartwood retains less than 50 kg/m3. No
no signs of penetration are noted. Pressurized with CCA salt.
· USES OF WOOD:
Wood can be used for beams, columns, tongue and groove, furniture, and objects.
turned, It is also used in woodworking, floors, interior cladding, parquet, against
cladding, flooring, box making, moldings, formwork, and laminates, for their
qualities could replace Oregon Pine. Preserved could be used for shelves or
posts for fences. It is suitable for particle boards and wood boards -cement.
LEAVES AND FRUIT LEAVES, FLOWERS AND FRUIT

POOR COPIER WOOD