ICSE Class X – Physics

Chapter: Work, Power and Energy

Complete Chapter-wise Notes

Theory • Formulae • Derivations • Numericals •
Solved Examples • MCQs • Board-Oriented
Questions
INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

INTRODUCTION: Work, Power and Energy are fundamental concepts in physics that
explain how forces produce motion and how energy is transferred or transformed.

WORK: Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement in
the direction of the force.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF WORK: Work = Force × Displacement × cosθ.

SI UNIT OF WORK: The SI unit of work is joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force
of one newton causes a displacement of one metre.

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO WORK: Work is positive when force and displacement
are in the same direction, negative when opposite, and zero when perpendicular.

ENERGY: Energy is the capacity to do work. An object with more energy can do more
work.

KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY: KE = ½mv². This formula is derived using equations

of motion.

POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its
position or configuration.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: PE = mgh where m is mass, g acceleration due

to gravity, and h height.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form to another.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF POWER: Power = Work / Time.

SI UNIT OF POWER: The SI unit of power is watt (W).

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY: Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).

RELATION BETWEEN kWh AND JOULE: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10■ J.

MACHINES: A machine is a device that makes work easier by multiplying force or

changing the direction of force.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA): MA = Load / Effort.

VELOCITY RATIO (VR): VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

EFFICIENCY: Efficiency = (Output work / Input work) × 100.

SOLVED NUMERICAL PROBLEMS & DERIVATIONS

Example 1: Calculate the work done when a force of 10 N moves an object by 5 m in the
direction of force. Solution: Work = 10 × 5 = 50 J.

Example 2: Find the kinetic energy of a body of mass 2 kg moving with velocity 3 m/s.

Example 3: Calculate the potential energy of a body of mass 5 kg raised to a height of 10

m.

Derivation of kinetic energy using equations of motion.

Numerical problems based on power and commercial unit of energy.

BOARD-ORIENTED QUESTIONS

Define work and state its SI unit.

State the law of conservation of energy with an example.

Derive the expression for kinetic energy.

Explain potential energy with an example.

Define power and state its unit.

What is a machine? Define MA, VR and efficiency.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

1. SI unit of work is: (a) watt (b) joule (c) newton (d) erg

2. Kinetic energy depends on: (a) mass (b) velocity (c) both (d) none

3. Commercial unit of energy is: (a) joule (b) watt (c) kWh (d) volt

4. Efficiency of an ideal machine is: (a) 100% (b) 50% (c) 0% (d) >100%
MCQ ANSWER KEY
1.(b)

2.(c)

3.(c)

4.(a)
DIAGRAM PRACTICE • NUMERICAL PRACTICE • REVISION
NOTES