Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 3
NTC 2018 Example 001
WIDE FLANGE SECTION UNDER COMBINED COMPRESSION & BENDING
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
In this example a continuous beam-column is subjected to factored axial load P =
1400 kN and y-axis bending moment M = 200 kN-m. The beam is continuously
braced to avoid any buckling effects. This example was tested using the Italian
NTC-2018 steel frame design code. The design capacities are compared with
independent hand calculated results.
GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING
A M
A
L Section A-A
L = 0.4 m
Material Properties Loading Design Properties
E = 210x103 MPa P = 1400 kN fy = 235 MPa
v = 0.3 M = 200 kN-m Section: 457x191x98 UB
G = 80769 MPa
TECHNICAL FEATURES TESTED
Section compactness check (beam-column)
Section compression capacity
Section shear capacity
Section bending capacity with compression & shear reductions
Interaction capacity, D/C
NTC 2018 Example 001 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 3
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are taken from hand calculations based on the CSI steel
design documentation contained in the file “[Link],” which is
available through the program “Help” menu.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Compactness Class 2 Class 2 0.00%
Section Compression Resistance,
2797.6 2797.6 0.00%
Nc,Rd (kN)
Section Shear Resistance,
756.6 756.6 0.00%
Vc,z,Rd (kN)
Section Plastic Bending Resistance,
499.1 499.1 0.00%
Mc,y,Rd (kN-m)
Section Bending Resistance Axially
Reduced, 310.8 310.8 0.00%
MN,y,Rd (kN-m)
Section Bending Resistance Shear
Reduced, 487.0 487.0 0.00%
MV,y,Rd (kN-m)
Interaction Capacity, D/C 0.861 0.861 0.00%
COMPUTER FILE: NTC 2018 EX001
CONCLUSION
The results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
NTC 2018 Example 001 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 3
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: S275 Steel
E = 210000 MPa
fy = 235 MPa
Section: 457x191x98 UB
A = 12,500 mm2
b = 192.8 mm, tf = 19.6 mm, h = 467.2 mm, tw = 11.4 mm, r = 10.2 mm
hw = h − 2t f = 467.2 − 2 • 19.6 = 428 mm
d = h − 2 ( t f + r ) = 467.2 − 2 • (19.6 + 10.2 ) = 407.6 mm
b − tw − 2r 192.8 − 11.4 − 2 • 10.2
=c = = 80.5 mm
2 2
Wpl,y = 2,230,000 mm3
Other:
1.05
γM 0 =
Loadings:
P = 1400 kN axial load
M y = 200 kN-m bending load at one end
Results in the following internal forces:
N Ed = 1400 kN
VEd = 500 kN
M y , Ed = 200 kN-m
NTC 2018 Example 001 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 3
Section Compactness:
235 235
=ε = = 1
fy 235
1 h 1 N Ed
=
α − − ( t f + r ) , 0 ≤ α ≤1
c 2 2 tw f y
1 467.2 1 ( −1, 400, 000 )
=
α − • − (19.6 + 10.2
= ) 1.141 > 1, so
407.6 2 2 11.4 • 235
α =1.0
Localized Buckling for Flange:
For the tip in compression under combined bending & compression
9ε 9 • 1
λ cl .1 = = = 9
α 1
c 80.5
λe = = = 4.11
t f 19.6
λ e 4.11 < λ=
= cl .1 9
So Flange is Class 1 in combined bending and compression
Localized Buckling for Web:
α > 0.5, so
396ε 396 • 1
λ=
cl .1 = = 33.00 for combined bending & compression
13α − 1 13 • 1 − 1
d 407.6
λe = = = 35.75
tw 11.4
λ e 35.75 > =
= λ cl .1 33.00
456ε 456 • 1
λ=
cl .2 = = 38.00
13α − 1 13 • 1 − 1
λ e 35.75 < λ
= = cl .2 38.00
NTC 2018 Example 001 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 3
So Web is Class 2 in combined bending & compression.
Since Web is Class 2, Section is Class 2 in combined bending & compression.
Section Compression Capacity
Af y 12,500 • 235
N=
c , Rd N pl=
, Rd =
γM 0 1.05
N c , Rd = 2797.6 kN
Section Shear Capacity
η = 1.20 for fy ≤ 460 N/mm2, and (EC3-1-5 5.1(2), NTC § [Link].2.4)
η = 1.0 otherwise (EC3-1-5 5.1(2), NTC § [Link].2.4)
η = 1.0
Avz =A − 2bt f + t f ( tw + 2r ) ≥ η hwtw
= 12,500 − 2 • 192.8 • 19.6 + 19.6 (11.4 + 2 • 10.2 ) ≥ 1.2 • 428 • 11.4
= 5,565.5 mm 2 ≥ 5,855.04 mm 2
= 5,855.04 mm 2
fy 235
Vc , z , Rd
= = Avz • 5,855.04
γM 0 3 1.05 3
Vc , z , Rd = 756.567 kN
hw 428 72 235 72 235
== 37.5 < = 60
=
tw 11.4 η fy 1.2 235
So no shear buckling needs to be checked.
NTC 2018 Example 001 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 3
Section Bending Capacity
W pl , y f y 2, 230, 000 • 235
M
= c , y , Rd M=
pl , y , Rd =
γM 0 1.05
M c , y , Rd = 499.1kN-m
with Shear Reduction
V=
Ed 500 kN > 0.5 • Vc ,=
Rd 378.3kN Shear Reduction is needed
Av = hwtw = 428.0 • 11.4 = 4,879.2 mm 2
2 2
2VEd 2 • 500
ρ
= − 1= − 1 = 0.1035
V 756.567
c , Rd
ρAv 2 0.1035 • 4879.22
W f
pl , y 4t yk 2, 230, 000 −
− • 235
w 4 • 11.4
=M V , y , Rd = ≤ M c , y , Rd
γM 0 1.05
M V , y , Rd = 486.998 kN-m
with Compression Reduction
N Ed 1400
=n = = 0.50
N pl , Rd 2797.6
A − 2bt f 12,500 − 2 • 192.8 • 19.6
=a = = 0.40 ≤ 0.5
A 12,500
1− n 1 − 0.5
M N=
, y , Rd M pl , y , Rd = 499.1 •
1 − 0.5a 1 − 0.5 • 0.4
M N , y , Rd = 310.8 kN-m
NTC 2018 Example 001 - 6
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 3
Interaction Capacity: Compression & Bending
Section Bending & Compression Capacity
Formula NTC 4.2.38
2 5n 2
D M y , Ed M z , Ed 200 M y , Ed
= + = 0 0.414 ≤
+= = 0.644
C M N , y , Rd M N , z , Rd 310.8 M N , y , Rd
D
= 0.644
C
Member Bending & Compression Capacity: Method B
k factors used are taken from the software, and determined from Method 2 in
Annex B of Eurocode 3.
k yy = 0.900
k yz = 0.420
k zy = 0.600
k zz = 0.700
Formula NTC C4.2.37
D N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
= + k yy + k yz
C χ y Af yk W f W pl , z f yk
χ LT pl , y yk
γM1 γM1 γM1
D 1, 400 200
= + 0.90 × +0
C 1×12,500 × 235 1×
2, 230, 000 × 235
1.05 1.05
D
=0.5 + 0.361 + 0
C
NTC 2018 Example 001 - 7
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 3
D
= 0.861
C
Formula NTC C4.2.38
D N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
= + k zy + k zz
C χ z Af yk W f W pl , z f yk
χ LT pl , y yk
γM1 γM1 γM1
D 1, 400 200
= + 0.600 × +0
C 1×12,500 × 235 1×
2, 230, 000 × 235
1.05 1.05
D
=0.5 + 0.24 + 0 = 0.74
C
D
= 0.861 (Governs)
C
NTC 2018 Example 001 - 8
