MA8491 Numerical Methods www.edubuzz360.

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1 .

UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems

Solution of equation – Fixed point iteration: x = g(x) method – Newton’s
method – Solution of linear system by Gaussian elimination and Gauss –
Jordon methods – Iterative methods – Gauss-Seidel methods – Inverse of a
matrix by Gauss Jordon method – Eigen value of a matrix by power
method and by Jacobi method for symmetric matrix.

Topic 1 : Solution of equation

A value satisfies given equation is called solution of that equation.

Y axis [ = f(x) ]

–X X axis
x = x1 x = x2 x = x3 x = 0 x = x4 x = x5

–Y

Here the curve f(x) with f(x = x2) = f(x = x3) = f(x = x4) = 0
 x2, x3 and x4 are solutions of f(x).
and f(x) > 0 for x2 < x < x3 and x4 < x < x5
f(x) < 0 for x1 < x < x2 and x3 < x < x4

Topic 2 :Fixed point iteration: x = g(x) method

Write the given equation as f(x) = 0.
Find x1, x2 with opposite signs of f(x).
Find an relation as x = g(x) such that g '  x1   1
g '  x2   1

 x , f  x1   f  x2   f  x1  is nearer to zero.

X0   1
 x2 , f  x1   f  x2   f  x2  is nearer to zero.

X1  g  X 0 
X 2  g  X1 

X n  g  X n 1   Stop method if the consecutive values of


X n 1  g  X n  
X n & X n 1 are equal upto required place of decimal.
i.e., X =X
n n 1
Iteration method is a indirect (or successive approximation) method.
Iteration method is a self correction method.

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 2 UNIT I : Solution of Equations [Link]
and Eigenvalue Problems
Part A:
1. If g(x) is continuous in [a,b] then under what condition the iterative
method x = g(x) has unique solution in [a,b].
Sol: g '  x   1 in  a, b  with order of convergence is one.
Part B:
Eg.1. Solve the equation x3  x 2  100  0 by iteration method.
Sol: Let f  x   x3  x2  100  0
f  x  0    0    0   100  100  0  ' ' ve 
3 2

f  x  1  1  1  100  98  0  ' ' ve 

3 2

f  x  2    2    2   100  88  0  ' ' ve 

3 2

f  x  3   3   3  100  64  0  ' ' ve 

3 2

f  x  4    4    4   100  20  0  ' ' ve 

3 2

f  x  5    5    5   100  50  0  ' ' ve 

3 2

 f  x  has a root between 4 and 5.

i.e, f  x  has a positive root.
This equation f  x   x3  x 2  100  0 can be written as
x3  x 2  100  0
i.e., x 2  x  1  100
10
i.e., x    g  x  , say 
x 1
1
10
 g  x   10  x  1 2
x 1
d
Therefore, g   x    g  x  
dx 
1  1 3
d   1  1 5
 10  x  1 2  10    x  1 2  5  x  1 2 
dx    
2 3
 x  1 2
5 5
 g  x   3
 3
 x  1 2  x  1 2
5 5 5 1 1
At x = 4, g   x  4        0.57735 1
 4  1 3/ 2
 5 3/ 2
5 5 5 2.23606
5 5
At x = 5, g   x  5    0.34020 1
 5  1 3/ 2
 6 3 / 2

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 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link]
3 .

 g   x   1 in (4,5).
So the fixed point iteration method can be applied.
Let x0  4  f  x  4   f  x  5  
Use xn1  g  xn 
Now, put n = 0 in xn1  g  xn  , we get
10 10 10
x1  g  x0      4.47214 (round off at 5th decimal)
x0  1 4 1 5
10
x2  g  x1    4.27486
4.47214  1
10
x3  g  x2    4.35406
4.27486  1
10
x4  g  x3    4.32174
4.35406  1
10
x5  g  x4    4.33484
4.32174  1
10
x6  g  x5    4.32952
4.33484  1
10
x7  g  x6    4.33168
4.32952  1
10
x8  g  x7    4.33080
4.33168  1
10
x9  g  x8    4.33116
4.33080  1
10
x10  g  x9    4.33101
4.33116  1
10
x11  g  x10    4.33107
4.33101  1
10 
x12  g  x11    4.33105  these values are same 
4.33107  1  
  at fifth decimal, i.e., x12  x13 . 
10
x13  g  x12    4.33105  so stop the method 

4.33105  1 
 The root of the given equation x3  x 2  100  0 is 4.33105

Note: In above problem, the root is 4.33105(at 5th decimal)

or 4.3311(at 4th decimal) or 4.331(at 3rd decimal)

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UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems

CW.2. Solve the equation x3  2 x 2  10 x  20 by fixed point iteration

method. {Solution : x13  x14  1.36880 }
HW.3. Solve the equation x3  x  1  0 by fixed point iteration method.
{Solution : g  x    1  x  ; x23  x24  0.682 }
1/3

Eg.4. Solve the equation 3x  cos x  2  0 by fixed point iteration

method correct to 3 decimal places.
Sol: Let f  x   3x  cos x  2  0
f  x  0   3  0   cos  0   2  0  1  2  3  0  ' ' ve 
f  x  1  3 1  cos 1  2  0.459697  0  ' ' ve 
 f  x  has a root between 0 and 1.
i.e, f  x  has a positive root.
This equation f  x   3x  cos x  2  0 can be written as
3x  cos x  2  0
i.e.,3x  2  cos x
2  cos x
i.e., x    g  x  , say 
3
2  cos x
 g  x 
3
d
Therefore, g   x    g  x  
dx 
d  2  cos x   1  d 1  sin x
 
dx     3  dx  2  cos x    3   0  sin x   3
3     
 sin x sin x
 g x  
3 3
sin  0 
At x = 0, g   x  0    0 1
3
sin 1
At x = 1, g   x  1   0.2804 1
3
 g   x   1 in (0,1).
So the fixed point iteration method can be applied.
Let x0  0  we hvae to take x0  1, f  x  1  f  x  0  
Use xn1  g  xn 
Now, put n = 0 in xn1  g  xn  , we get

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 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link] . 5
2  cos  x0  2  cos  0  2  1
x1  g  x0     1
3 3 3
2  cos  x1  2  cos 1
x2  g  x1     0.84677
3 3
2  cos  x2  2  cos  0.84677 
x3  g  x2     0.88747
3 3
2  cos  x3  2  cos  0.84747 
x4  g  x3     0.87713
3 3
2  cos  x4  2  cos  0.87713 
x5  g  x4     0.87979   x5  x6 
3 3  rd

  at 3 decimal, 
2  cos  x5  2  cos  0.87979   
x6  g  x5     0.87910   so stop the method 
3 3 
 The root of the given equation 3x  cos x  2  0 is 0.879

CW.5. Solve the equation cos x  3x 1 by iteration method upto 5 decimal.

{Solution : x  0.60710 }
HW.6. Solve the equation 2 sin x  x by fixed point iteration method.
{Hint : g   x  1  1, so use g   x  1.5  1& g   x  2   1 ,
Soln. : x  1.89549 }
Eg.7. Solve the equation e x  3 x  0 by iteration method upto 3 decimal.
Sol: Let f  x   e x  3x  0
f  x  0   e0  3  0   1  0  ' ' ve 
f  x  1  e1  3 1  0.2817  0  ' ' ve 
 f  x  has a root between 0 and 1.
i.e, f  x  has a positive root.
This equation f  x   e x  3x  0 can be written as
3x  e x
ex
i.e., x    g  x  , say 
3 
d d  ex  ex
Therefore, g   x    g  x     
dx dx  3  3

ex ex
 g x  
3 3

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UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
e0 1
At x = 0, g   x  0     0.333  1
3 3
e1
At x = 1, g   x  1   0.906  1
3
 g   x   1 in (0,1).
So the fixed point iteration method can be applied.
Let x0  0 , use xn1  g  xn 
Now, put n = 0 in xn1  g  xn  , we get

e x0 e0
x1  g  x0     0.33333
3 3 e x6 e0.59983
x7    0.60727
e x1 e0.33333 3 3
x2    0.46520
3 3 e x7 e0.60727
x8    0.61180
e x2 e0.46520 3 3
x3    0.53078
3 3 e x8 e0.61180
x9    0.61458
e x3 e0.53078 3 3
x4    0.56675
3 3 e x9 e0.61458
x10    0.61629
e x4 e0.56675 3 3
x5    0.58751
3 3 e x10 e0.61629
x11    0.61735
e x5 e0.58751 3 3
x6    0.59983
3 3
e x11 e0.61735 
x12  g  x11     0.61800   x12  x13 
3 3  rd
x12 0.61800
  at 3 decimal, 
e e  
x13  g  x12     0.61840   so stop the method 
3 3 
 The root of the given equation e x  3 x  0 is 0.618
Eg.8. Solve the equation 2 x  log x  7 by iteration method upto 5 decimal.
Sol: Let f  x   2x  log x  7  0
f  x  0   2  0   log10  0   7  Undefined 
f  x  1  2 1  log10 1  7  5  0  ' ' ve 
f  x  2  2  2  log10  2  7  3  0  ' ' ve 
f  x  3  2  3  log10  3  7  1  0  ' ' ve 
f  x  4   2  4   log10  4   7  0.39  0  ' ' ve 
 f  x  has a root between 3 and 4.

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 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link]
7 .

i.e, f  x  has a positive root.

This equation f  x   2x  log x  7  0 can be written as
2 x  7  log x
7  log x
i.e., x   g  x  , say 
2
7  log x
 g  x 
2
1
d d  7  log x  x 1
Therefore, g   x    g  x       2  2x
dx  dx  2 
1 1
 g x  
2x 2x
1 1
At x = 3, g   x  3    0.166  1
2  3 6
1 1
At x = 4, g   x  4     0.125  1
2  4 8
 g   x   1 in (3,4).
So the fixed point iteration method can be applied.
Let x0  4
Use xn1  g  xn 
Now, put n = 0 in xn1  g  xn  , we get
7  log  x0  7  log  4 
x1  g  x0     3.80103
2 2
7  log  x1 7  log  3.80103 
x2  g  x1     3.78995
2 2
7  log  x2  7  log  3.78995 
x3  g  x2     3.78932
2 2
7  log  x3  7  log  3.78932   x4  x5 
x4  g  x3     3.78928   
2 2  th
  at 5 decimal, 
7  log  x4  7  log  3.78928   
x5  g  x4     3.78928  so stop the method 
2 2 
 The root of the given equation 2 x  log x  7 is 3.78928
HW.9. Solve the equation 3x  log10 x  6 by fixed point iteration method.
{ Solution. : x  2.1080 }

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UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems

Topic 3 : Newton’s method

(Newton–Raphson method or method of tangents)

Newton–Raphson method formula is

f  xn 
xn 1  xn     xn  , where n  0,1, 2,...
f '  xn 
Part A:
2. State the order of convergence and convergence condition for
Newton–Raphson method.
Sol: Order of convergence is 2. Convergence condition is
f  x  f ''  x   f '  x 
2

3. Find an iterative formula to find N , where N is positive number.

Sol: Let x  N
 x2  N  x2  N  0
Let f  x   x 2  N  f '  x   2 x
By Newton’s formula
f  xn  x 2  N 2 x 2n  x 2n  N x 2n  N
xn1  xn   xn  n  
f '  xn  2 xn 2 xn 2 xn

4. Derive Newton’s algorithm for finding the pth root of a number N.

p
Sol: Let x  N1/ p  N
 xp  N  0
Let f  x   x p  N  f '  x   px p 1
By Newton’s formula
xp  N px p  x p  N  p  1 x np  N
xn 1  xn  n
 n
n
px p 1 px p 1
px p 1
5. Establish an iteration formula to find the reciprocal of a positive
number N by Newton–Raphson method.
1  1
Let x 
N 
Sol: The reciprocal of a positive number N is 
N
1 1
 N   N 0
x x
1 1
Let f  x    N  f '  x    2
x x
By Newton’s formula ,

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 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link] 9 .

1
N
xn  1 
xn 1  xn   xn    N  xn2  xn  2  Nxn 
1  xn 
 2
xn
6. Locate the negative root of x3  2 x  5  0 , approximately.
Sol: Let f  x   x3  2 x  5  0
f  1  1  2  5  6  ve 
f  2   8  4  5  1 ve 
f  3  27  6  5  16  ve 
 Root lies between –2 and –3.
and root is closer to –2 since f  2   f  3
7. Evaluate 12 applying Newton formula.
Sol: Let x  12
 x 2  12  x 2  12  0
Let f  x   x 2  12  f '  x   2 x
f  3  9  12  3 ve 
f  4   16  12  4  ve 
 Root lies between 3 and 4.
and root is closer to 3 since f  3  f  4 
Take x0  3
f  xn 
Newton’s formula is xn1  xn 
f '  xn 
f  x0  f  3  32  12
x1  x0   3  3  3.5
f '  x0  f '  3 2  3
f  x1  f  3.5  3.52  12
x2  x1   3.5   3.5   3.4642 
f '  x1  f '  3.5 2  3.5
The root is 3.4642

Part B:
Eg.10. Using Newton–Raphson method, find a ‘+’ve root correct to 3
decimal places for the equation x3  x  2  0 .
Sol: Newton–Raphson method formula is
f  xn 
xn 1  xn  , where n  0,1, 2,...
f '  xn 

[Link]
 10 [Link]
UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
Let f  x   x  x  2
3

 f  x   3x 2  1
f  x  0   03  0  2  2  0  '  've 
f  x  1  1  1  2  2  0
3
 '  've 
f  x  2   23  2  2  4  0  ' ' ve 
 A root lies between 1 and 2.
Take x0  1
f  xn 
Now, put n = 0 in xn 1  xn  , we get
f '  xn 

f  x0   x0   x0  2
3 13  1  2 
x1  x0   x0   1   2
f '  x0  3  x 2  1 3 12  1
 0   
f  x1     
 x   x1  2  2  
3 3
2 2 2
x2  x1   x1  1   1.63636
f '  x1  3  x 2  1 3  2 2  1
 1   
f  x2   x2  x2 2
3
1.6363631.636362
x3  x2   x2   1.63636   1.53039
f '  x2  3  x 2 1 3 1.63636 2  1
 2   
f  x3   x3  x32
3
1.5303931.530392
x4  x3  x3  1.53039   1.52144
f '  x3  3  x 2 1 3 1.53039 2  1
 3   
f  x4   x4  x4 2
3
1.5214431.52144 2
x5  x4   x4   1.52144   1.52138
f '  x4  3  x 2 1 3 1.52144 2  1
 4   
f  x5   x5  x5 2
3
1.521383 1.52138 2
x6  x5   x5   1.52138   1.52138
f '  x5  3  x 2 1 3 1.52138 2  1
 5   
 A root of given equation is 1.521

CW.11. Solve the equation x3  5 x  3  0 by Newton–Raphson method.

{Solution. : x3  x4  0.65662 }
HW.12. Solve the equation x 4  x  9  0 by Newton–Raphson method.
{Solution. : x6  x7  1.813 upto 3rd decimal}
Eg.13. Using Newton–Raphson method, find a ‘+’ve root correct to 5
decimal places for the equation x tan x  1.28
Sol: Newton–Raphson method formula is

[Link]
 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link]
11 .

f  xn 
xn 1  xn  , where n  0,1, 2,...
f '  xn 
Let f  x   x tan x 1.28
 f  x   x sec2 x  tan x
f  x  0    0  tan  0   1.28  1.28  0  '  've 
f  x  0.5    0.5  tan  0.5   1.28  1.006  0  '  've 
f  x  1  1 tan 1  1.28  0.2774  0  ' ' ve 
 A root lies between 0.5 and 1.
Take x0  0.5
f  xn 
Now, put n = 0 in xn 1  xn  , we get
f '  xn 
f  x0  x0 tan x0 1.28  0.5 tan  0.51.28
x1  x0   x0   0.5   1.34218
f '  x0  x0 sec x0 tan x0
2
 0.5 sec2  0.5 tan  0.5 
f  x1  1.34218 tan 1.342181.28
x2  x1   1.34218   1.19469
f '  x1  1.34218 sec2 1.34218tan 1.34218
f  x2  1.19469  tan 1.19469 1.28
x3  x2   1.19469   1.04143
f '  x2  1.19469  sec2 1.19469 tan 1.19469
f  x3  1.04143 tan 1.041431.28
x4  x3   1.04143   0.95512
f '  x3  1.04143 sec2 1.04143tan 1.04143
f  x4   0.95512  tan  0.95512 1.28
x5  x4   0.95512   0.93871
f '  x4   0.95512  sec2  0.95512 tan  0.95512 
f  x5   0.93871 tan  0.938711.28
x6  x5   0.93871   0.93826
f '  x5   0.93871 sec2  0.93871tan  0.93871
f  x6   0.93826  tan  0.93826 1.28
x7  x6   0.93826   0.93826
f '  x6   0.93826  sec2  0.93826 tan  0.93826
 A root of given equation is 0.93826
CW.14. Solve the equation x sin x  cos x  0 by Newton–Raphson method.
{Solution. : x4  x5  2.79839 }
HW.15. Solve the equation xe2 x  0.5sin x by Newton–Raphson method.
{Solution. : x2  x3  3.12962 upto 5th decimal}
Eg.16. Using Newton–Raphson method, find a root correct to 5 decimal
places for the equation e x  4 x  0
f  xn 
Sol: Newton–Raphson method formula is xn1  xn 
f '  xn 
Let f  x   e  4 x  f  x   e  4
x x

[Link]
 12 [Link]
UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
f  x  0   e  4  0   1  0  ' ' ve 
0

f  x  1  e1  4 1  1.28272  0  '  've 

 A root lies between 0 and 1.
Here f 1  1.28172  f  0   1
 Root is nearer to 0.
Take x0  0
f  xn 
Now, put n = 0 in xn 1  xn  , we get
f '  xn 
f  x0  e x0  4 x0 e0  4  0 
x1  x0   x0   0
 0.33333
f '  x0  e x0  4 e0  4
f  x1  e x1 4 x e0.33333 4  0.33333
x2  x1   x1  x 1  0.33333   0.35725
f '  x1  e 1 4 e0.33333 4
f  x2  e x2 4 x e0.35725 4  0.35725 
x3  x2   x2  x 2  0.35725   0.35740
f '  x2  e 2 4 e0.35725 4
f  x3  e x3 4 x e0.35740 4  0.35740 
x4  x3   x3  x 3  0.35740   0.35740
f '  x3  e 3 4 e0.35740 4
 A root of given equation is 0.35740

CW.17. Solve the equation cos x  xe x , by x0  0.5 by Newton–Raphson

method. {Solution. : x2  x3  0.51776 }
HW.18. Solve the equation 2 x  log10 x  7 by Newton–Raphson method.
{Solution. : x5  x6  3.78928 upto 5th decimal}
1
Eg.19. Find the Newton–Raphson formula to find the value of where
N
1
N is a real number, hence evaluate correct to 4 decimal places.
26
1
Sol: Let x 
N
1 1
 N   N 0
x x
1 1
Let f  x    N  f '  x    2
x x
By Newton’s formula ,

[Link]
 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link] 13 .

1
N
xn  1 
xn 1  xn   xn    N  xn2  xn  2  Nxn 
1  xn 
 2
xn
1
This is the Newton’s–Raphson formula to find the value of .
N
1
To find :
26
Put N = 26 and n = 0 in xn1  xn  2  Nxn  , we get
x1  x0  2  26 x0  (1)
1  1 1 
Take  0.04 as x0  is nearer to 
25  25 26 
 1  x1  x0  2  26 x0   0.04  2  26  0.04    0.0384
x2  x1  2  26 x1   0.0384  2  26  0.0384    0.03846
x3  x2  2  26 x2   0.03846  2  26  0.03846    0.03846
 A root of given equation is 0.03846 or 0.0385
CW.20. Find the Newton–Raphson formula to find the value of N where
N is a real number, hence evaluate 142 correct to 5 decimal
places. {Solution. : x2  x3  11.91638 }
1
p
HW.21. Find the Newton–Raphson formula to find the value of N where
N is a real number, hence evaluate 3 17 correct to 5 decimal
places. {Solution. : x4  x5  2.57128 }

Anna University Questions:

AU1. Find Newton’s iterative formula for the reciprocal of a number N
1
and hence find the value of , correct to five decimal places.
23
(Anna Univ. Nov./Dec, 2009(ECE)) Ans: x = 0.04347
AU2. Prove the quadratic convergence of Newton’s-Raphson method.
Find a positive root of f ( x)  x3  5x  3  0 , using this method.
(May/June, 2007) Ans: x = 0.6566
AU3. Use Newton’s method to find the real root of 3x − cos x − 1 = 0.
(Nov./Dec., 2007) Ans: 0.607102
AU4. Obtain the positive root of 2 x3  3 x  6  0 that lies between 1 and
2 by using Newton’s-Raphson method.
(May/June, 2007(EEE)) Ans: 1.7838

[Link]
 14 [Link]
UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
Topic 4 : Solution of linear system by Gaussian elimination method
Gauss elimination method:
Step1: Write the augmented matrix for the given system of
simultaneous equations
 a11 a12 a13 b1 
 a21 a22 a23 b2 
a 
 31 a32 b33 b3 
Step2: Using elementary row operations reduce the given
matrix into an upper–triangular matrix say
 c11 c12 c13 d1 
 0 c22 c23 d 2 
 0 0 c33 d3 

Step3: By back substitution we get the values for unknowns.
Topic 5 : Solution of linear system by Gaussian Jordan method
Gauss Jordan method:
Step1: Write the augmented matrix for the given system of
simultaneous equations
 a11 a12 a13 b1 
 a21 a22 a23 b2 
a 
 31 a32 b33 b3 
Step2: Using elementary row operations reduce the given
matrix into a diagonal matrix say
 c11 0 0 d1    c11 0 0   diagonal matrix  
 0 c22 0 d2       
 0  Here  0 c22 0  is a  or  
d3   0  unit matrix 
 c33 
0 c33  
  0   
Step3: By direct substitution we get the values for unknowns.
(Note: Gauss elimination and Gauss Jordan methods are direct methods.)
Part A:
8. For solving a linear system AX = B, compare Gauss elimination
method and Gauss Jordan method.
Sol:
Gauss elimination method Gauss Jordan method
Coefficient matrix is transmitted Coefficient matrix is transmitted
into upper triangular matrix into diagonal matrix or unit matrix
Direct method Direct method
Obtain the solution by back No need of back substitution
substitution method method
9. State the two difference between direct and iterative methods for
solving system of equations.
Sol: Direct Method Iterative Method
It gives exact value It gives only approximate value
Simple, takes less time Time consuming and labourious
This method determine all the This method determine only one
roots at the same time root at a time

[Link]
 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link]
15 .

Part B:
Eg.22. Solve the system of equations by (i) Gauss elimination method (ii)
Gauss Jordan method
3x1  2 x2  3x3  6
x1  x2  x3  1
2 x1  5 x2  4 x3  5
Sol: The given system of equations can be written as
x1  x2  x3  1
3x1  2 x2  3x3  6
2 x1  5 x2  4 x3  5
Given system of the form AX = B
(i) Gauss elimination method:
The augmented matrix form is
 1 1 1 1 
 A | B    3 2 3 6
 2 5 4 5 
 1 1 1 1 
 3  3 R  R2  3R1
 2  3 3  3 6  3 2
R  R3  2 R1
 2  2 5  2 4  2 5  2  3
1 1 1 1
0 1 0 3

0 3 2 3 
1 1 1 1 
0 1 0 3  R3  R3  3R2

0 3  3 2  0 3  9 
1 1 1 1 
0 1 0 3
 
0 0 2 12 
By back substitution to find the solution of the system of equations
2 x3  12  x3  6
 x2  3  x2  3
x1  x2  x3  1  x1  2
  2,3, 6 is the solution for the system of equations.
(ii) Gauss–Jordan method:
The augmented matrix form is

[Link]
 16 [Link]
UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
 1 1 1 1 
  3 2 3 6
A | B 
 2 5 4 5 
 1 1 1 1 
 3  3 2  3 3  3 6  3 R2  R2  3R1
  R  R  2R
 2  2 5  2 4  2 5  2  3 3 1

1 1 1 1 
0 1 0 3
 
0 3 2 3 
1 1 1 1
0 1 0 3 R  R  1
  2 2  
0 3 2 3
1  0 1  1 1 0 1 3 
 0 R  R1  R2
 1 0 3  1
R  R3  3R2
 0 3  3(1) 2  3(0) 3  3(3)  3
1 0 1 4
0 1 0 3 

0 0 2 12 
1 0 1 4 
0 1 0 3  R  R3
  3 2
0 0 1 6 
1 0 0 2 
0 1 0 3  R  R  R
  1 1 3
0 0 1 6 
 x1  2, x2  3, x3  6   x1, x2 , x3    2,3,6
CW23. Solve the system of equation by (i) Gauss elimination method (ii)
Gauss Jordan method
28 x  4 y  z  32
x  3 y  10 z  24 {Sol:  x, y, z    0.99359,1.50697,1.84855 }
2 x  17 y  4 z  35
HW24. Solve the system of equation by (i) Gauss elimination method (ii)
Gauss Jordan method
pqrs2
p  q  3r  2s  6
2 p  3q  r  2s  7 { Sol:  p, q, r, s   1,0, 1, 2 }
p  2q  r  s  2

[Link]
 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link] 17 .

AU5. Solve the given system of equations by Gauss elimination

method:
 x1  x2  10 x3  35.61,10 x1  x2  x3  11.19, x1  10 x2  x3  20.08
(Nov./Dec. 2008(ECE))
AU6. Solve by Gauss Jordan method, the following system
10x + y − z = 11.19; x + 10y + z = 20.08; − x + y + 10z = 35.61.
(Nov./Dec., 2009(ECE))
AU7. Apply Gauss Jordan method to solve the equations
x + y + z = 9; 2x − 3y + 4z = 13; 3x + 4y + 5z = 40.
11 19 59
(Nov./Dec., 2007) Ans: x  , y  , z 
12 6 12
AU8. Using Gauss-Jordon method, solve the following system of
equations 2x − y + 3z = 8; − x + 2y + z = 4; 3x + y − 4z = 0
(Nov./Dec., 2007(EEE)) Ans: x = 2, y = 2, z = 2

Topic 6 : Gauss-Seidel method(Iterative method):

Step1: Let the system of equations be
a11 x  a12 y  a13 z  b1
a21 x  a22 y  a23 z  b2 with diagonally dominant
a31 x  a32 y  a33 z  b3
Step2: The above system should write into the form
1
x  b1  a12 y  a13 z  ...(1)
a11
1
y  b2  a21 x  a23 z  ...(2)
a22
1
z  b3  a31 x  a32 y  ...(3)
a33
Step3: Start with the initial values y    0, z    0 for y, z and get
0 0

x  from the first equation.

1

 (1) becomes x  
1 1
a11

b1  a12 y   a13 z  
0 0

Step4: Using this x1 in (2), we use z   for z and x1 for x
0

instead of x 0 , we get
 (2) becomes y  
1 1
a22

b2  a21 x   a23 z  
1 0

Step5: Substitute x  , y   for x, y in the third equation.
1 1

 (3) becomes z   
1 1
a33

b3  a31 x   a32 y  
1 1


[Link]
 18 [Link]
UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems

Step5: To find the values of unknowns, use the latest available

values on the right side. If x  , y   , z   are the rth iterate
r r r

values, then the next iteration will be

x  
r 1 1
a11

b1  a12 y    a13 z  
r r

y  
r 1 1
a22

b2  a21 x   a23 z  
r 1 r

z  r 1

1
a33

b3  a31 x   a32 y  
r 1 r 1

Step6: This process of continued until the convergence is
confirmed.
Part A:
10. Write the first iteration values of x, y, z when the equations
27 x  y  z  8, x  1y  2z  72, x  y  z  110 are solved by
Gauss–Seidel method.
Sol:
1 85
x  85  6 y  z   = 3.14815 [putting y = z = 0]
27 27
1 1
y   72  6 x  2 z   72  6  3.14815   2  0    3.54074
15 15
[putting x= 3.14815 , z = 0]
1 1
z  110  x  y   110  3.14815  3.54074   20.66222
5 5
[putting x = 3.14815 , y = 3.54074 ]

Part B:
Eg.25. Solve by Gauss-Seidel iterative method
x  y  54 z  110
27 x  6 y  z  85
6 x  15 y  2 z  72
Sol: This can be written in diagonally dominant matrix as
27 x  6 y  z  85  (1)
6 x  15 y  2 z  72  (2)
x  y  54 z  110  (3)
1
(1)  x  85  6 y  z   (4)
27
1
(2)  y   72  6 x  2 z   (5)
15
1
(3)  z  110  x  y   (6)
54

[Link]
 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link] . 19
Iteration 1:
Put y  z  0 in (4)
1
(4)  x  85  6  0   0  3.14815
27 
1
 (5)  y  72  6  3.14815   2  0    3.54074
15
1
(6)  z  110  3.14815  3.54074   1.91317
54
Iteration 2: [Substitute the latest values of x, y, z in (4), (5), (6)]
1
x 85  6  3.54074   1.91317   2.43218
27 
1
y  72  6  2.43218   2 1.91317    3.57204
15
1
z  110  2.43218  3.57204  1.92585
54
1
Iteration 3: x 85  6  3.57204   1.92585   2.42569
27 
1
y  72  6  2.42569   2 1.92585    3.57294
15
1
z  110  2.42569  3.57294   1.92595
54
1
Iteration 4: x 85  6  3.57294   1.92595  2.42549
27 
1
y  72  6  2.42549   2 1.92595    3.57301
15
1
z  110  2.42549  3.57301  1.92595
54
1
Iteration 5: x 85  6  3.57301  1.92595  2.42548
27 
1
y  72  6  2.42548   2 1.92595   3.57301
15
1
z  110  2.42548  3.57301  1.92595
54

 Solution is  x, y, z    2.42548, 3.57301, 1.92595

Note : Iterations of the above given problem are given as follows:
Iteration x y z
1 3.14815 3.54074 1.91317
2 2.43218 3.57204 1.92585
3 2.42569 3.57294 1.92595
4 2.42549 3.57301 1.92595
5 2.42548 3.57301 1.92595

[Link]
 20 [Link]
UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
CW.26. Solve by Gauss-Seidel iterative method
8 x  3 y  2 z  20
6 x  3 y  12 z  35
4 x  11 y  z  33
Sol:  x, y, z   3.016,1.985,0.911
HW.27. Apply Gauss–Seidel method to solve the system of equations
20x  y  2z  17,3x  20 y  z  18,2x  3y  20z  25
Sol:  x, y, z    0.999969  1, 1.0000064  1,1.000002  1
AU9. Solve the following system by Gauss- Seidal method :
28x + 4y − z = 32; x + 3y + 10z = 24; 2x + 17y + 4z = 35
(May./June, 2007)Ans: x=0.9936,y=1.507,z=1.8486
[Link] using Gauss-Seidel method, solve the system of equations
6x + 3y + 12z = 35; 8x − 3y + 2z = 20; 4x + 11y − z = 33.
(May./June, 2007(EEE))
[Link] using Gauss-Seidel iteration method, solve the following
system of equations upto four decimals.
10x − 2y − z − w = 3; −2x + 10y − z − w = 15;
−x − y + 10z − 2w = 27; − x − y − 2z + 10w = −9.
(Nov./Dec, 2009(IT))Ans: x = 3.017, y = 1.986, z = 0.91

Topic 7 : Inverse of a matrix by Gauss Jordan Method:

Given Matrix An  n ,
Row
Form  An n | I n n  ~
1
 I n n | A 
n n 

Operations
Part A:
11.
2 7  
Find the inverse of a matrix 1 3 by Gauss–Jordan method.

Sol: Consider [A | I] = 1 3:1 0 

 2 7:0 1 
1 3: 1 0  R  R  2 R
0 1: 2 1  2 2 1
1 0: 7 3 R  R  3R
0 1: 2 1  1 1 2

 A1   7 3
 2 1 

Part B:
Eg.28. Using Gauss–Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix
1 0 1
3 4 5 
 
0 6 7 

[Link]
 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link]
21 .

1 0 1
Sol: Let A  3 4 5 
 
0 6 7 
1 0 1 1 0 0
Consider  A | I   3 4 5 0 1 0 Apply R2  R2  3R1
0 6 7 0 0 1 
 1 0 1 1 0 0 
3  3 1 4  3 0 5  3 1 0  3 1 1  3  0  0  3  0  
      
 0 6 7 0 0 1 
1 0 1 1 0 0 
0 4 8 3 1 0  R2  2
R
 4
0 6 7 0 0 1 
1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 2 3 / 4 1/ 4 0  R3  R3  6  R2 

0 6 7 0 0 1 
1 0 1 1 0 0 
 
0 1 2 3 / 4 1/ 4 0 
0 6  6 1 7  6  2  0  6  3 / 4  0  6 1/ 4  1  6  0  
1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 2 3 / 4 1/ 4 0  R3  3
R
 5
00 5 9 / 2 3 / 2 1 
1 0 1 1 0 0 
0 1 2 3 / 4 1/ 4 0  R1  R1  R3
  R  R2  2  R3 
0 0 1 9 /10 3 /10 1/ 5 2
 1 0 0  0 1  1 1 9 /10  0 3 /10  01/ 5  
 
02  0  12  0  22 1  3 / 4 2  9 /10  1/ 4 2  3 /10  02 1/ 5  
 0 0 1 9 /10 3 /10 1/ 5 
1 0 0 1/10 3 /10 1/ 5 
0 1 0 21/ 20 7 / 20 2 / 5   I | A1 
   
0 0 1 9 /10 3 /10 1/ 5 

 1 3 1
  21/ 2 7 / 2 4 
1 1 
A
10
 9 3 2 

[Link]
 22 [Link]
UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
1 1 3
CW.29. Find the inverse of a matrix  1 3 3 by Gauss–Jordan
 2 4 4 

1 12 4 6 
method. Soln. : A1   5 1 3
4  1 1 1
HW.30. Using Gauss–Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix
2 2 6  12 4 6 
 2 6 6  Soln. : A 1 1 
1 5 3
  56 
 4 8 8  5 3 1
 1 2 1
[Link] the inverse of the matrix  4 1 0  by using Gauss–Jordan
 2 1 3 
 1/ 5 1/ 3 1/ 15
method. (M/J,'07(EEE)) Ans: A1   4 / 5 1/ 3 4 / 15 
 2 / 5 1/ 3 7 / 15 

[Link] the inverse of the matrix by Gauss-Jordan method:

4 1 2   4 / 3 2 7/3 
A   2 3 1 (M/,'07) Ans: A1   5 / 3 2 8 / 3 
1 2 2   7 / 3 3 10 / 3

Topic 8 : Eigen value of a matrix by power method(Iterative method)

Suppose a given square matrix is A.
1 
Let X1   0  be an arbitrary initial eigen vector of the matrix A.
 0 
 value1   numerically largest value   1 
AX1  value2    of matrix A say  value2 / value1  1  X 2 
 value3   value1 
  value3 / value1
 value1   numerically largest value   value1/ value2 
AX 2  value2    of matrix A say  1   2  X 3 
 value3   value2 
 value3 / value2 

AX n  n  X n 1   If n =n 1 and X n 1  X n  2 are same

AX n 1  n 1  X n  2 
 upto required decimals, then stop iteration.
Dominant eigen value = n  or  n1 and the corresponding
eigen vector = X n  or  X n1

[Link]
 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link]
23 .

To find the smallest eigen value of A

1 
Form B = A –  I & Y1   0  be an arb. eigen vector of the matrix B.
 0 
 value1   numerically largest value   1 
BY1  value2    of matrix B say  value2 / value1  1 Y2 
 value3   value1 
  value3 / value1
 value1   numerically largest value   value1/ value2 
BY2  value2    of matrix B say  1   2 Y3 
 value3   value2   value3 / value2 
 

BYn  n Yn 1   If n =n 1 and Yn 1  Yn  2 are same

BYn 1  n 1 Yn  2 
 upto required decimals, then stop iteration.
Smallest eigen value of B
 The smallest eigen value of A =  
Dominant eigen value of A
To find third eigen value of A:
1  2  3  Sum of the main diagonal elements
Part A:
12. What type of eigen value can by obtained by using power method.
Sol: We can obtain dominant eigen value of the given matrix
13. Write down all possible initial vectors of a matrix 2 x 2 order.
Sol: The initial vectors are (0,1)T ,(1,0)T ,(1,1)T .

14. Find the dominant eigen value of A   4 1 by power method

1 3

upto two decimals and choose 1 as the initial eigen vector.
1

Sol: Let X1  1

1
AX1   4 1 1  5   5  1   5X 2
1 3 1  4   0.8
AX 2   4 1  1    4.8  4.8  1   4.8 X 3
1 3 0.8 3.4   0.71

AX 3  4 1  1    4.71   4.71  1   4.71X 4
1 3 0.71 3.13  0.67 
AX 4   4 1  1    4.67   4.67  1   4.67 X 5
1 3 0.67  3.01  0.65

[Link]
 24 UNIT I : Solution of [Link]
and Eigenvalue Problems
AX 5   4 1  1    4.65  4.65  1   4.65 X 6
1 3 0.65  2.95  0.63
AX 6   4 1   1    4.63   4.63  1   4.63 X 7
1 3 0.63  2.89  0.62
AX 8   4 1   1    4.62   4.62  1   4.62 X 8
1 3 0.62   2.86  0.62
 The eigen value =  = 4.62 and
the corresponding eigen vector = X =  1 
0.62 
Part B:
Eg.31. Find the dominant eigen value and eigen vector of the matrix
 4 5 by power method.
 1 2 
1 
Sol: Let X 1    be an arbitrary initial eigen vector.
0

 4 5 1   4  1   5  0    4   1 
AX1            4    4 X 2 , say
 1 2  0   1  1   2  0    1   0.25

AX 2 
4 

5  1   41  5 0.25     2.75   2.75  1   2.75 X
 1 2  0.25  1  1  2   0.25 
   0.5  0.18182
3

 4 5  1   3.0909   1 
AX 3      3.0909    3.0909 X 4
1 2   0.18182   0.63636   0.20588 
 4 5  1   2.9706   1 
AX 4          2.9706    2.9706 X 5
1 2   0.20588  0.58824   0.06666 
 4 5  1   3.6667   1 
AX 5     0.06666   0.86668    3.6667  0.23637   3.6667 X 6
 1 2      
 4 5  1   2.81815  1 
AX 6         2.81815    2.81815 X 7
1 2   0.23637   0.52726   0.18709
 4 5  1   3.06455  1 
AX 7     3.06455    3.06455 X 8
1 2   0.18709  0.62582   0.19579 
 4 5  1   3.02105  1 
AX 8     0.19579   0.60842   3.022105  0.20133  3.022105 X 9
 1 2      
Dominant Eigen value =  = –3 and the corresponding
Eigen vector = X =  1  1 
 0.19529  0.2

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 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link] . 25
CW.32. Find by power method, the largest eigen value and the
 1 3 1
corresponding eigen vector of the matrix  3 2 4  .
 1 4 10 
 0.02404 
Sol: Dom. Eigen value =  = 11.72 and Eigen vector = X =  0.42582 
 1 
1 6 1 
Eg.33. Find all the eigen values of the matrix 1 2 0  by power method.
0 0 3 
Sol: Dominant Eigen value =  = 4
Smallest Eigen value = X = –1
Other Eigen value = 3
AU14. Obtain by power method the numerically largest eigen value of the
 15 4 3 
matrix  10 12 6  (N/D., 2007) Ans:  = −19.977  −20
 20 4 21
AU15. Find the all eigen values of the matrix by power
1 2 3 
method 0 4 2  (Nov./Dec., 2007(EEE)) Ans:  = −4, 1, 7
0 0 7 
AU16. Find the dominant Eigen value and the corresponding Eigen vector
1 6 1 
of the matrix 1 2 0  (May./June, 07)Ans:  = −1, 3, 4
0 0 3
AU17. Find, by power method, the largest eigen value and the eigen vector
 25 1 2 
of the matrix  1 3 0  (May./June, 2007(EEE))
 2 0 4 
Ans:  = 25.1821 ; X = (1, 0.0451, 0.0685)T
AU18. Solve by power method, to find the dominant Eigen value for the
1 1 3
following matrix 1 5 1 (Nov./Dec., 2009(ECE)) Ans:  =
3 1 1
AU19. Determine, by power method, the largest eigenvalue of the matrix
 2 1 0 
 1 2 1 (Nov./Dec., 2009(IT)) Ans:  =
 0 1 2 

Topic9: Eigenvalue of a matrix by Jacobi method for symmetric matrix

For a given symmetrical matrix A, find a dominant element aij in
off–diagonal element(i.e., element not in diagonal),
Change element elements as

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 26 [Link]
UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
aij =  sin  , a ji = sin  , aii  a jj  cos 
Change the remaining diagonal elements as 1
Change the remaining off–diagonal elements as 0
 The first rotation matrix is
i th col. j th col.
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
 
i th
row 0 0 0 cos   sin  0
S1   
j row 0
th sin  cos  0
 
0 1 
 0 0
 1 1  2aij 
 tan   , if aii  a jj
2  aii  a jj 

Use     
, if aij  0 
 4
   , if aii  a jj
 4 , if aij  0 

 
Here   
4 4
and form transformation as B1  S1T A S1

If B1  anotdiagonal matrix, then S is its corresponding vector.

1
a diagonal matrix, then form seond rotation matrix S . 2

and form transformation as B2  S T2 A S2

If B2  anotdiagonal matrix, then S is its corresponding vector.

2
a diagonal matrix, then form seond rotation matrix S . 3
…
continue till Bn as diagonal matrix with
eigen values as its diagonal elements.
Now eigen vectors obtained as follows:
Form S  S1S2 S3 ...Sn with columns as eigen vectors of
eigen values.
Part A:
15. Using Jacobi’s method find the eigne values and eigen vectors of
1 2 .
 2 1 

Sol: Let A =  1 2 
 2 1 
The largest off–diagonal element a12  a21  2

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 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link]
27 .

The rotation matrix S1  cos   sin  

 sin  cos  

Since a11  a22 , we have  
4
  
cos 4  sin 4  1/ 2 1/ 2 
 S1  
    1/ 2 1/ 2 
 sin cos 
 4 4 
Then the transformation gives
   
B1  S1T A S1   1/ 2 1/ 2  1 2  1/ 2 1/ 2   3 0 
 1/ 2 1/ 2  
 2 1 
 1/ 2 1/ 2  0 1
This is a diagonal matrix. So, the eigen values are 3, –1 and the
corresponding eigen vectors are the columns of S1 i.e.,
1/ 2   1/ 2 
1/ 2  ,  1/ 2  .
   

1 5 2
16. Using Jacobi’s method find the rotation matrix of  5 4 7  .
 2 7 4 
1 5 2
Sol: Let A =  5 4 7 
 2 7 4 
The numerically largest off–diagonal element a23  a32  7
1 0 0 
The rotation matrix S1  0 cos   sin  
0 sin  cos  

Part B:
Eg.34. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
1 2 2 
A 2 3 2  by Jacobi method.
 
 2 2 1 
Sol: Given matrix is symmetric matrix.
Numerically largest element in off diagonal element is 2 in
a13 & in a31 so multiply with  sin  & sin  and other elements
a11 & a33 are both multiplied by cos  remaining diagonal a22
with ‘1’ and a12 , a21, a23 , a32 with ‘0’.

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 28 [Link]
UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems
cos  0  sin  
 Suitable orthogonal matrix is S1   0 1 0 
 sin  0 cos  
1  2a13  1 1  2  2   1    
  tan 1    tan    
2  a11  a33  2  1 1  2  2  4
cos  / 4  0 sin  / 4   1 / 2 0 1 / 2 
 S1   0 1 0  0 1 0 
 sin  / 4  0 cos  / 4  1 / 2 0 1 / 2 
   
 1/ 2 0 1/ 2   1 2 2  1/ 2 0 1/ 2 
Now B1  S1T AS1   0 1 0  2 3 2  0 1 0 
 1/ 2 0 1/ 2   2 
2 
   2 1  1/ 2 0 1/
3 2 0 
 2 3 0 
 0 0 1
cos   sin  0 
Here S2   sin  cos  0 
 0 0 1 
1 1  2a12  1 1  2  2   1 1  
  tan       
1
Now   tan    tan 
2  a11  a22  2 33 2 2 2  4
1/ 2 1/ 2 0 
 S2  1/ 2 1/ 2 0 
 0 0 1 
 
 1/ 2 1/ 2 0   3 2 0  1/ 2 1/ 2 0 
B2  S2T B1S2   1/ 2 1/ 2 0   2 3 0  1/ 2 1/ 2 0 
 0 0 1  0 0 1  0 0 1 
   
5 0 0
 0 1 0  , a diagonal matrix with 5,1, 1 as eigen values
0 0 1

To find Eigen vectors:

X1 X2 X3

1/ 2 0 1/ 2  1/ 2 1/ 2 0   1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 
S1S2   0 1 0   
1/ 2 1/ 2 0  1/ 2 1/ 2 0 
1/ 2 0 1/ 2   0   
   0 1   1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 
1/ 2   1/ 2   1/ 2 
 Eigen vectors are X1  1/ 2  , X 2  1/ 2  , X 3  0 
1/ 2   1/ 2  1/ 2 
     
for corresponding eigen values 5,1, 1.

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 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link] . 29
CW.35. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
1/ 2 1 2 
A 1 3/ 2 1  by Jacobi method.
 
 2 1 1/ 2 
Sol: Eigen values = 5 / 2, 1/ 2,  1/ 2 and
 1/ 2   1/ 2   1/ 2 
Eigen vectors = 1/ 2  , 1/ 2  ,  0 
 1/ 2   1/ 2   1/ 2 
     
HW.36. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
 2 1 1 
A   1 2 1 by Jacobi method.
 1 1 2 
Sol: Eigen
Corresponding eigen vectors
Values
1,4,1 1/ 6  1   1/ 3   1  1   1/ 2   1
 2 / 6  or  2  ,  1/ 3  or  1   1 ,  0  or  0 
             
1/ 6  1   1/ 3   1  1   1/ 2   1 

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 30 [Link]
UNIT I : Solution of Equations and Eigenvalue Problems

Unit I : Assignments Problems

1. Solve the equation 3x  cos x  2  0 by iteration method.

Sol: x = 0.879
2. Solve the equation 2x  log x  7 by iteration method.
Sol: x = 3.789
3. Find Newton’s iterative formula for the reciprocal of a number N
1
and hence find the value of , correct to five decimal places.
23
Ans: x = 0.04347
4. Use Newton’s method to find the real root of 3x − cos x − 1 = 0.
Ans: 0.607102
5. Solve the system of equation by (i) Gauss elimination method (ii)
Gauss Jordan method
3x1  2 x2  3x3  6
x1  x2  x3  1
2 x1  5 x2  4 x3  5
Sol:  x1, x2 , x3    2,3,6
6. Solve the given system of equations by (i) Gauss elimination
method (ii) Gauss Jordan method
 x1  x2  10 x3  35.61,10 x1  x2  x3  11.19, x1  10 x2  x3  20.08
7. Solve the following system by Gauss- Seidal method :
28x + 4y − z = 32; x + 3y + 10z = 24; 2x + 17y + 4z = 35
Ans: x=0.9936,y=1.507,z=1.8486
8. By using Gauss-Seidel method, solve the system of equations
6x + 3y + 12z = 35; 8x − 3y + 2z = 20; 4x + 11y − z = 33.
 1 2 1
9. Find the inverse of the matrix  4 1 0  by using Gauss–Jordan
 2 1 3 
 1/ 5 1/ 3 1/ 15
method. Ans: A1   4 / 5 1/ 3 4 / 15 
 2 / 5 1/ 3 7 / 15 
10. Find the inverse of the matrix by Gauss-Jordan method:
4 1 2   4 / 3 2 7/3 
A   2 3 1 Ans: A1   5 / 3 2 8 / 3 
1 2 2   7 / 3 3 10 / 3
11. Obtain by power method the numerically largest eigen value of the
 15 4 3 
matrix  10 12 6  Ans:  = −19.977 −20
 20 4 21

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 MA8491 Numerical Methods [Link]
31 .

12. Find the all eigen values of the matrix by power

1 2 3 
method 0 4 2  Ans:  = −4, 1, 7
0 0 7 
13. Find the dominant Eigen value and the corresponding Eigen vector
1 6 1 
of the matrix 1 2 0  Ans:  = −1, 3, 4
0 0 3
14. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
1 2 2 
A 2 3 2  by Jacobi method.
 
 2 2 1 
Sol: Eigen values = 5, 1, –1 and
 1/ 2   1/ 2   1/ 2 
Eigen vectors = 1/ 2  , 1/ 2  ,  0 
 1/ 2   1/ 2   1/ 2 
     
15. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
1/ 2 1 2 
A  1 3/ 2 1  by Jacobi method.
 
 2 1 1/ 2 
Sol: Eigen values = 5 / 2, 1/ 2,  1/ 2 and
 1/ 2   1/ 2   1/ 2 
Eigen vectors = 1/ 2  , 1/ 2  ,  0 
 1/ 2   1/ 2   1/ 2 
     
16. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
 2 1 1 
A   1 2 1 by Jacobi method.
 1 1 2 
Sol: Eigen values = 1, 4, 1 and
1/ 6   1/ 3   1/ 2 
Eigen vectors =  2 / 6  ,  1/ 3  ,  0  .
     
1/ 6   1/ 3   1/ 2 

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