Trigonometric Functions
Angles: an angle is formed by rotating a ray about its endpoint.
The initial position of the ray is called the initial side.
The endpoint of the ray is called the vertex.
The final position is called the terminal side.
An angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex is at the origin and its initial side
is along the positive x-axis.
Note: an angle in standard position is uniquely determined by the direction and
magnitude of rotation.
The direction of rotation may be counterclockwise or clockwise which will be
considered to be positive or negative respectively.
Magnitude of rotation are traditionally measured in degrees where one revolution
is defined to be 360 degrees, written 360◦.
Another unit for measuring angles is the radian, to define radian we consider unit
circles (a circle with radius 1 and center at the origin).
Definition: the angle determined by an arc of length 1 along the circumference of a unit
circle is said to be of measure one radian.
Since the circumference of a unit circle has length 2π, there are 2π radians in one
revolution. Therefore we have 360◦ = 2π radians. The conversation between degrees and
radians is given by
Π radians
d◦ = d × ــــــــــ
180
Π Π
Thus we have 90 = ( ـــــــradian) and 60◦ = ( ـــــــradian)
◦
2 3
Trigonometric Functions:
The basic trigonometric functions are sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and
cosecant. The values of these functions at a real number x are denoted by sin x, cos x,
tan x, cot x, sec x, csc x, respectively.
1
Trigonometric functions of an acute angle (0< Π ) can be described in terms of
< ـــــــ
2
ratios of lengths of sides of right triangle.
a
sin = ـــــــــ
c
b 𝑐 𝑎 opposite
cos = ـــــــــ
c
tan sin 𝜃 = ـــــــــ
= ـــــــــــــــ a 𝑏
𝜃
cos 𝜃 b
adjacent
notice that the three ratios [ csc , sec , cot ] are reciprocals of the ratios [sin , cos
, tan ]
1 b
cot = ـــــــــ = ـــــــــــــــ
tan 𝜃 a
sec 1
= ـــــــــــــــ c
= ـــــــــ
cos 𝜃 b
1 c
csc = ـــــــــــــــ = ـــــــــ
sin 𝜃 a
Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions
(1) y = sin x
Properties of sin function
- Period = 2π
- Domain = R = ] - ∞ , ∞ [
- Range = [ -1 , 1 ]
(2) y = cos x
Properties of cos function
- Period = 2π
- Domain = R = ] - ∞ , ∞ [
- Range = [ -1 , 1 ]
2
(3) y = tan x
Properties of tan function
- Period = π
Π + kπ }, where k
- Domain = R – { ـــــــ Z
2
- Range = R = ] - ∞ , ∞ [
(4) y = cot x
Properties of cot function
- Period = π
- Domain = R – { kπ }, where k Z
- Range = R = ] - ∞ , ∞ [
(5) y = sec x
Properties of sec function
- Period = 2π
Π + kπ }, where k
- Domain = R – { ـــــــ Z
2
- Range = R - ] -1 , 1 [
(6) y = csc x
Properties of csc function
- Period = 2π
- Domain = R – { kπ }, where k Z
- Range = R - ] -1 , 1 [
Pythagorean Identities
Sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
1 + cot2 x = csc2 x
3
Exponential Function
f(x) = ax , x R , a>0 , a≠1
Properties of the function f(x) = ax
- If a > 0 , the graph increases - If 0 < a < 1 , the graph decreases
- Domain = R = ] - ∞ , ∞ [ - Range = R+ = ] 0 , ∞ [
When a = e where e is the number ( e = 2.71828183 )
The function f(x) = ex is called the natural exponential function.
- Domain = R = ] - ∞ , ∞ [
- Range = R+ = ] 0 , ∞ [
Logarithmic Function
f(x) = loga x , a>0 , x>0
the base of the logarithm is a
Properties of the function f(x) = loga x
- Domain = R+ = ] 0 , ∞ [
- Range = R = ] - ∞ , ∞ [
For the special case where a = e we often write ln x instead of log e x
f(x) = loge x = ln x
f(x) = ex : Domain = R , Range = R+
f(x) = ln x : Domain = R+ , Range = R
- if y = loga x then x = ay
- if y = log10 x then x = 10y
- if y = ln x then x = ey
