Updated Micro-Processors

By
Dr. Mohammad Shidujaman

Lecture 13
 Microprocessors
• 8085
• 8086
• … 186
• … 286
• … 386
• … 486
• … 586 … P1, P2, P3, P4 … C2D …. Ci7

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 Intel processors architecture

• Four recently released microprocessors by Intel :

– NetBurst (microarchitecture)
– Core (microarchitecture)
– Nehalem (microarchitecture)
– Sandy Bridge (microarchitecture)

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 NetBurst (microarchitecture)
The NetBurst microarchitecture includes features such as :
• Front-Side Bus
• Hyper Pipelined Technology
– This is the name given to the 20-stage instruction pipeline within the Willamette
core
• Rapid Execution Engine
– With this technology, the two ALUs in the core of the CPU are double-pumped
• Execution Trace Cache
– It stores decoded micro-operations, so that when executing a new instruction,
instead of fetching and decoding the instruction again, the CPU directly accesses
the decoded micro-ops from the trace cache, thereby saving considerable time.

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 Multi-Core (microarchitecture)
• A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or
more independent actual central processing units (called "cores"),
which are the units that read and execute program instructions.
• The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions such as add, move
data, and branch, but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions
at the same time, increasing overall speed for programs amenable to
parallel computing.
• Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated
circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple
dies in a single chip package.

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Single Core Architecture

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Multi Core Architecture

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 Multi-core CPU chip

• The cores fit on a single processor socket

• Also called CMP (Chip Multi-Processor)

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The cores run in parallel

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Within each core, threads are time-sliced (just like on a
uniprocessor)

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Concept of Core

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 Why multi-core ?

• Difficult to make single-core clock frequencies even higher

• Deeply pipelined circuits:
– heat problems
– speed of light problems
– difficult design and verification
– large design teams necessary
– server farms need expensive air-conditioning
• Many new applications are multithreaded
• General trend in computer architecture (shift towards more parallelism)
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 Higher-Performance Multiprocessor Systems
with QPI
• QPI(Quick Path Interconnect) is the new point-to-point interconnect
for connecting a CPU to either a chipset or another CPU. It provides
up to 25.6 GB/s of total bidirectional data throughput per link. It
incorporates distributed shared memory architecture.

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 Nehalem (microcomputer)
• Nehalem is the codename for an Intel processor microarchitecture,
successor to the Core microarchitecture.
• Nehalem processors use the 45 nm process.
• The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture was the
desktop Core i7, which was released in November 2008.
• Nehalem, a recycled codename, refers to a completely different
architecture from Netburst

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 Nehalem cont…
• Focus on performance
• Utilize higher clock speeds and are more energy-efficient
• Hyper-threading reintroduced.
• 4–12 MB L3 cache
• Native (all processor cores on a single die) quad- and octa-core processors
• Intel QuickPath Interconnect in high-end models replacing the legacy front
side bus
• Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of
DDR3 SDRAM
• 2nd generation Intel Virtualization Technology which introduced Extended
Page Table support

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 Sandy Bridge (micro Computer)
• Sandy Bridge is the codename for a microarchitecture developed by
Intel beginning in 2005 for central processing units in computers to
replace the Nehalem microarchitecture. Intel demonstrated a Sandy
Bridge processor in 2009, and released first products based on the
architecture in January 2011 under the Core brand.

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 Sandy Bridge cont…
• Upgraded features from Nehalem include:
– Shared L3 cache includes the processor graphics
– 64-byte cache line size
– Two load/store operations per CPU cycle for each memory channel
– Decoded micro-operation cache and enlarged, optimized branch predictor
– Improved performance for transcendental mathematics, AES encryption (AES
instruction set), and SHA-1 hashing
– 256-bit/cycle ring bus interconnect between cores, graphics, cache and System
Agent Domain
– Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) 256-bit instruction set with wider vectors, new
extensible syntax and rich functionality
– Intel Quick Sync Video, hardware support for video encoding and decoding
– Up to 8 physical cores or 16 logical cores through Hyper-threading

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 Family of Processors
• This new family of processors consists of three classes – core i3, core
i5 and core i7.
• The Intel core i3 series has been made to cater to the entry level
desktop and laptop computer market.
• The core i5 series is aimed at the mid level computing segment.
• The core i7 series is stuffed with high performance processors that
can serve the high end market.
• Every series of processors comes with a lot of variety, in terms of
processing speed and features.

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Available i3 processor.

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I3 over core 2 duo.

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 Core i5 Processors

• Intel has just announced their latest lineup of Core i5 processors.

• Sandy Bridge, as the new architecture is called by engineers is Intel's
new microarchitecture, following Nehalem.
• The new processors are produced on Intel's 32 nm production
process which has reached maturity over the last few months.

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 Core i5 processor
• The core i5 line consists of three separate series of processors with
i) DualCore Core i5 Processors ii) QuadCore Core i5 Processors
• The DualCore Core i5 , as well as quad cores come with 4 threads each.
• The clocking frequency ranging from 2.933 GHz to 3.2 GHz
• 4 MB to 8 MB L3 cache
• Direct media interface
• Intel HD graphics
• Intel smart cache technology
• Hyper-threading enabled
• i5 chips are faster than the i3 chips

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The main key points for corei5 to comparison
• Core Confusion
• Give Me the Cache
• A Word on Turbo Boost
• Hyper-Threading
• Integrated Graphics

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 Core Confusion
• Get faster CPU performance from Core i7 parts than Core i5
• The majority of desktop Core i7 CPUs are quad-core processors, while
many mobile Core i5 processors are dual core.
• There are mobile dual-core Core i7 processors, and likewise several
desktop quad-core Core i5 processors.
• Rare six-core Core i7, which are usually found with the desktop-only
Extreme Edition top-of-the-line models.
• To get better performance in each generation, buy a processor with a
higher model number

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 Cache Memory
• In addition to generally faster base clock speeds, Core i5 processors
have larger cache (on-board memory).
• help the processor deal with repetitive tasks faster.
• If you're editing and calculating spreadsheets, your CPU shouldn't
have to reload the framework the numbers sit in. This info will sit in the
cache so that when you change a number the calculations are almost
instantaneous.
• Larger cache sizes help with multitasking as well, since background
tasks will be ready for when you switch focus to another window.
• On currently available desktop processors, i5 CPUs have 3MB to 8MB
of L3 cache, while i7 processors have 8MB to 15MB
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 Turbo Boost feature
• Turbo Boost refers to Intel's "overclocking" feature built into its
processors.
• It allows the processor to run faster than its base clock speed when
only one or two processor cores are needed (like when you're running
a single-threaded task that you want done now).
• This provides users with the opportunity to turn off a core if it’s not
being utilized.
• Both Core i5 and Core i7 processors use Turbo Boost

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 Hyper-Threading
• Intel Hyper-Threading uses multi-threading technology to make a
processor appear to have more cores than it physically has to the
operating system and applications.
• Hyper-Threading technology is used to increase performance at
multi-threaded tasks.
• The simplest multi-threaded situation is a multi-tasking user running
several programs simultaneously, but there are other tasks that take
advantage of Hyper-Threading
• For instance multimedia operations (like transcoding, rendering, etc.)
and Web surfing (loading different elements like Flash content and
images simultaneously)
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 Hyper-Threading Cont…

• All Core i7 CPUs use Hyper-Threading,

• A six-core CPU can handle 12 streams
• Four core handles eight streams, and a dual-core handles four
streams.
• Core i5 uses Hyper-Threading to make a dual-core CPU act like a four-
core one, but if you have a Core i5 processor with four true cores, it
won't have Hyper-Threading.
• For the time being, Core i5 tops out at handling 4 streams, using four
real cores or two cores with Hyper-Threading.

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Hyper-Threading …

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Hyper-Threading …

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 Integrated Graphics
• Integrated graphics built into the processor core itself.
• Previous Intel integrated graphics were built onto the motherboard
chipsets, rather than on the processor.
• Intel HD Graphics 2000/3000 in currently shipping Sandy Bridge
processors.
• Integrated graphics saves power, since there won't be an extra
graphics chip on your laptop or desktop's motherboard using power.

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 Conclusion
• Multi-core chips an important new trend in computer architecture
• Several new multi-core chips in design phases
• Parallel programming techniques likely to gain importance
• Turbo boost feature is implemented after Core i5 design. So it is
main feature of corei5.
• Core i5 has Dual and Quad Core Both.
• Core i5 is made for mainstream users who care about performance
and core i7 is made for enthusiasts and high-end users

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