December 2019
Cambridge English Dictionary define Sustainability as :-
“able to continued/maintained over a period of time” and
‘”causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a
long time”
Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs. The concept of sustainability is
composed of three pillars: economic, environmental, and social—also known
informally as profits, planet, and people.
▪ A sustainable highway should satisfy lifecycle functional requirements of societal
development and economic growth while reducing negative impacts to the
environment and consumption of natural resources. (U.S DoT)
▪ FHWA views sustainable highways as an integral part of sustainable development.
A sustainable highway should satisfy lifecycle functional requirements of societal
development and economic growth while striving to enhance the natural
environment and reduce consumption of natural resources.
▪ Waste hierarchy is a tool used in the
evaluation of processes that protect the
environment alongside resource and
energy consumption from most
favourable to least favourable actions.
▪ The hierarchy establishes preferred
program priorities based on
sustainability.
▪ To be sustainable, waste management
cannot be solved only with technical end-
of-pipe solutions and an integrated
approach is necessary
The European waste hierarchy refers to the 5 steps included in the article 4 of the Waste Framework Directive
▪ Prevention
preventing and reducing waste generation.
▪ Reuse and preparation for reuse
giving the products a second life before they become waste.
▪ Recycle
any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the
original or other purposes. It includes composting and it does not include incineration.
▪ Recovery
some waste incineration based on a political non-scientific formula that upgrades the less inefficient incinerators.
▪ Disposal
▪ processes to dispose of waste be it landfilling, incineration, pyrolisis, gasification and other finalist solutions.
.
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
2. RECYCLING
Generally there are three types of recycling techniques:
• Hot Plant Mix Recycling
• Hot In-Place Recycling
• Cold In-Place Recycling
• The main advantage of recycling is that it gives the opportunity to use the materials that have been laid
down.
• Studies have indicated that a saving of nearly 50% of total cost is possible when compared to structural
resurfacing.
• Recycling is suitable for countries experiencing scarcity of road building
• materials.
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
• Hot plant mix recycling is a process in which all or some portion of the pavement structure is removed,
reduced to a desired size, and mixed hot with additional asphalt cement at a central plant.
• The process normally includes the addition of new aggregates and may include the addition of a recycling
agent.
• The finished product meets the requirement of the standard material and mix specifications of a hot mix
asphalt, base, and binder or surface courses.
• It can correct mix deficiencies and functional distress and improve structural strength.
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Construction Sequence & Procedure
Material Removal and Reducing size of Aggregate Testing
Stockpile aggregates
Mix Design
Hot Mix Production at
Plant
Process & Quality Control
Placement
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
• HIPR is currently defined as recycling works to a depth of about 1 to 2 inches (25.4 mm – 50.8 mm). The process involves
heating, scarifying, reshaping the materials and compacting the surface.
• Additional aggregate or an asphalt rejuvenator may be added to the existing materials.
• Recycling of the surface is to improve the top layer where rapid aging of the asphalt takes place.
• Here, the asphalt increases in viscosity, decrease in penetration and ductility more rapidly than the underlying layers. It will
only correct surface distress.
Merits:
• There is significant cost saving through the reuse of the materials, lower processing cost and energy saving.
• Machines that will be able to utilize the process are plenty.
Limitations:
• However, if the presence of the following materials are detected, recycling is unsuitable:
• 10% seal coat, slurry seal or cold patch
• cutback asphalts
• coal tars
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Construction Sequence &
Procedure
Heating and Scarifying Spraying of Rejuvenating Adding of new aggregates
agent (optional) (optional)
Mixing
Compacting
Application of Overlay or
Seal Coat
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Merits:
• HIPR rectifies surface problems by reusing the material with or without the addition of new materials
and new binders or recycling agent. Hence, the initial investment for these materials remains useful.
Furthermore, scarce material can be conserved.
• Roads can be opened to light traffic soon after construction and the original road profile can be
maintained.
• No hauling and central plant processing costs.
Limitation:
• However, this method does not correct structural problems, the equipment is expensive and requires
curing time for strength gain.
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
CIPR is the process when in-place recycling of more than 2 inches (> 50.8 mm) of the pavement and with no application
of heat is done.
There are 3 distinct types of CIPR:
(i) Type I : Rip/Pulverize and Compact
Pulverizing equipment is used to produce reclaimed asphalt pavement that may be used as a base course material, with
the addition of emulsion of recycling agent.
(ii) Type II : Single Unit Recycler
A single unit mills the pavement, mixes the milled material with the recycling agent and produces a material suitable for
a stabilized base course or wearing course.
(iii) Type III : Recycling Train
Multiple unit train with milling, crushing, screening and pugmill parts to rework the material suitable for a base course
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Construction Sequence &
Procedure
Type I CIPR (Rip/Pulverize & Compact)
Rip existing pavement Pulverize ripped material Windrow the material
Apply rejuvenating agent Mix with existing or new base aggregate
material
Spread base to required thickness Compact, seal and cure Apply wearing course
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Construction Sequence &
Procedure
Type II CIPR (Single Unit Recyler)
1 2
The unit rips and pulverizes the pavement material, A grader or paver spreads and levels the material.
adds new aggregates, asphalt binding agent, and
thoroughly mixes all the materials
3 4
A roller compactor is used to compact the material. Surface treatment or overlay
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Construction Sequence &
Procedure
Type III CIPR (Recyling Train)
Usually additive tanks are first, followed by the milling machine, crusher, pugmill mixer, asphalt
paver and rollers
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Merits:
• The procedure can be used to any depth of the pavement.
• It can be adopted to overcome both structural and functional problems as well as rectifying functional problems only.
• The original road profile can be maintained.
• No hauling or central plant processing cost.
• Materials can be conserved.
Limitations:
• However, thin CIPR does not correct structural problems of poorer quality, unlike in plant mix.
• There is no standard specification.
• It requires curing time for strength gain.
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Construction Sequence &
Procedure
Type III CIPR (Recyling Train)
2 1
1
The recycling process starts at the milling unit, which grinds off the
existing pavement.
2
From the milling machine the materials move by conveyor to a
screening unit with larger material crushed and returned to
conveyor for screening
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Construction Sequence &
Procedure
Type III CIPR (Recyling Train)
2 1
3
4
3
Screened materials are transported to the mixing unit or pugmill. It
is weighed, mixed with measured quantities of aggregate, water
and emulsion.
4
After mixing, the new mix is placed in a windrow.
BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel
Construction Sequence &
Procedure
Type III CIPR (Recyling Train)
5 A paver then picks the mix up and spreads it.
6
After the emulsion has set, the mix is compacted with a pneumatic
roller to be followed by a steel wheeled roller.
