 1.

Memory is defined as..

A. An active information-processing system that recieves, stores and

recovers information.

B. Thoughts experienced previously in ones life.

C. The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience.

D. The act or an instance of remembering; recollection.

 2. Incoming sensory information must go through this sequence in

order to be remembered:

A. Storage, encoding, retrieval.

B. Retrieval, encoding, storage.

C. Encoding, storage, retrieval.

 3. There are three main kinds of measures used to determine how

much information has been retained, they are:

A. Free recall, cued recall and serial recall.

B. Relearning, recall and recognition.

C. Method of savings, free recall and recognition.

 4. Which of the measures of retention is concidered the most

senstive?

A. Recognition

B. Free recall

C. Recall

D. Relearning

E. Cued recall

 5. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model describes:

 o A. Human memory as consisting of three distinguishable kinds of memory,
with each one representing a stage through which information passes in
a sequential way.
o B. The memory span of each individual human being.

 8. Working memory consists of three storage systems, two of which

are verbal working memory (phonological loop) and Visual working
memory (visuospatial sketchpad) and the third one is?

 9. The duration of short-tern memory is approximately:

A. 18-20 seconds

B. One to two minutes

C. Three to four hours

D. 30 to 40 seconds

E. 2-4 seconds

 10. Rehearsal is the process of actively manipulating information so

that it can be retained in memory. there are two main types of
rehearsal, they are:

A. Sustenance and maintenance rehearsal.

B. Specific and non-specific rehearsal.

C. Maintenance and elaborative rehearsal.

D. Elaborative and specific rehearsal.

 11. The process of linking new information in a meaningful way with

information already stored in memory or with other new information,
to aid in its storage and retrieval from long term memory.

A. Maintenance rehearsal

B. Elaborative rehearsal

C. Non-specific rehearsal

D. Sustenance rehearsal
  14. The declaritive memory system that holds information about
specific events or personal experiences ; The declarative memory
system that stores the information we have about the world.

A. Episodic ; Semantic

B. Semantic ; Episodic

 16. Recall is better for items at the end and beginningof the list than
for items in the middle of the list, this is called:

A. Primacy effect

B. Recency effect

C. Serial position effect

 17. The serial postion effect used to describe superior recall of items
at the end of a list is called the :

A. Recency effect

B. Primacy effect

C. Serial effect

D. Semantic network effect

52 Review Questions for

Memory
Click here for Answer Key

Multiple-Choice Questions
 1. ________ is a memory store with a phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad,
episodic buffer, and a central executive.

a. sensory memory
b. episodic memory
c. working memory
d. implicit memory

2. The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.

a. one or two bits of information

b. seven bits, plus or minus two
c. limited
d. essentially limitless

3. The three functions of memory are ________.

a. automatic processing, effortful processing, and storage

b. encoding, processing, and storage
c. automatic processing, effortful processing, and retrieval
d. encoding, storage, and retrieval

4. This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.

a. engram
b. Lashley effect
c. Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm
d. flashbulb memory effect

5. An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

a. engram
b. arousal theory
c. flashbulb memory
d. equipotentiality hypothesis

6. ________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing

manner.

a. stereotypical bias
b. egocentric bias
c. hindsight bias
d. enhancement bias

7. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.

 a. persistence
b. misattribution
c. transience
d. blocking

8. The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the

process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

a. construction; reconstruction
b. reconstruction; construction
c. production; reproduction
d. reproduction; production

9. When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement “Every good boy
does fine” can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the
treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.

a. jingle
b. acronym
c. acrostic
d. acoustic

10. According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve
your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.

a. your best possible future self

b. a traumatic life experience
c. a trivial topic
d. your grocery list

11. The self-referencing effect refers to ________.

a. making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to

you
b. making a phrase of all the first letters of the words you are trying to
memorize
c. making a word formed by the first letter of each of the words you are trying
to memorize
d. saying words you want to remember out loud to yourself

12. Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.

a. mnemonic devices
b. memory-enhancing strategies
c. elaborative rehearsal
 d. effortful processing

Critical Thinking Questions

13. Compare and contrast implicit and explicit memory.
14. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, name and describe the three stages
of memory.
15. Compare and contrast the two ways in which we encode information.
16. What might happen to your memory system if you sustained damage to your
hippocampus?
17. Compare and contrast the two types of interference.
18. Compare and contrast the two types of amnesia.
19. What is the self-reference effect, and how can it help you study more
effectively?
20. You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology
test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again
the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why
you think this is a good idea. What do you tell her?

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In a typical memory experiment, participants are asked to recall stimuli in which phase?

a. presentation
b. test
c. material
d. distinction

2. Participants are NOT told that they will be tested on a list of words presented in an experiment.
This provides evidence of

a. intentional learning
b. a practice effect
c. incidental learning
d. masked learning

Answer: C

3. A test where participants are asked to retrieve in any order stimuli previously presented is

a. cued recall
b. implicit memory
c. explicit memory
d. free recall

Answer: D

4. Participants take part in an experiment where they learn a number of words and are told that
they will be tested later on what they have learned. This is a test of
 a. explicit memory
b. recognition
c. implicit memory
d. interference

Answer: A

5. Storage is

a. the stage of memory where information is interpreted and transferred

b. the stage of memory where information is committed
c. the stage of memory most affected by direct manipulation in experiments
d. the stage of memory between presentation of stimuli and before test

Answer: D

6. Investigating what factors can affect memory storage can be done by

a. manipulating what happens before the test phase

b. informing people that they will be tested
c. providing recall cues
d. manipulating what happens at the presentation phase

Answer: A

7. Which is NOT typically used to test memory retrieval?

a. dot probe task

b. word stem completion
c. cued recall
d. serial position effects

Answer: A

8. With immediate testing, recall accuracy is poorest for items that occur in which position of a
list?

a. beginning
b. middle
c. end
d. no difference

Answer: B

9. Immediately testing recall can lead to greater recall for words at the end of a list. This is

a. recency effect
b. primacy effect
c. serial position effect
d. superiority effect

Answer: A

10. The recency effect in memory retrieval can be reduced when

 a. rehearsal is prevented
b. short- to long-term memory interference is introduced
c. a backwards masking task is used
d. retention interval is increased

Answer: D

11. Which authors proposed the modal model of memory?

a. Lansdale and Baguley (2008)

b. Tulving and Thompson (1975)
c. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
d. Craik and Lockhart (1972)

Answer: C

12. The modal model of memory was challenged on the grounds that

a. impaired short-term memory does not disrupt long-term memory

b. Short-term memory has a limited capacity
c. longer time in short-term memory predicts likelihood of long-term memory
d. long-term memory has a limited capacity

Answer: A

13. According to levels of processing, which of the following leads to the deepest level of
memory?

a. perceptual
b. semantic
c. associative
d. cue dependent

Answer: B

14. A critical issue with the ‘levels of processing’ account of memory is

a. the distinction between perceptual and semantic processing

b. it is not compatible with the modal model
c. determining the level of processing
d. it does not explain how information is retrieved

Answer: C

15. Retrieval cues can improve recall because of

a. overlap between memories at encoding

b. interference or decay
c. traces still in short-term memory
d. greater storage capacity

Answer: A
16. ‘Specific operations […] determine what is stored, and what is stored determines what
retrieval cues are effective’ refers to what term?

a. context-dependent memory
b. encoding specificity principle
c. levels of processing
d. forgetting function

Answer: B

17. Retroactive inhibition is a term of memory

a. decay
b. delay
c. retrieval
d. interference

Answer: D

18. Having prior memory associations that make it difficult to form new memory associations is
termed

a. proactive inhibition
b. transfer appropriate processing
c. time-dependent decay
d. encoding specificity

Answer: A

19. Which of the following was proposed by Keppel (1968) to be most likely?

a. prior learning may interfere with new learning only when items are similar, but new
learning interferes with all old learning
b. old learning can interfere with new learning, but new learning interferes with all old
learning
c. all forgetting is caused by non-specific proactive inhibition
d. old learning only interferes with new learning when encoded in the same modality

Answer: A

20. What explains the mathematical forgetting curve?

a. retroactive inhibition
b. serial position
c. Jost’s law
d. consolidation theory

Answer: C

21. Lansdale and Baguley (2008) predict that the probability of correct recall depends on

a. proportion of correct memory traces

b. encoding specificity
c. context-dependent recall
 d. retroactive inhibition

Answer: A

22. Lansdale and Baguley (2008) argue that memory dilution occurs because

a. long-term memory capacity is limited

b. the number of null traces decreases
c. memories become indistinct from similar memories
d. the memory becomes less temporally distinctive

Answer: D

23. Which element was NOT found to alter accounts of the ‘War of the Ghosts’ story?

a. rationalizations
b. distortions
c. omissions
d. intrusions

Answer: C

24. The study of how the ‘War of the Ghosts’ story accounts became altered at recall was carried
out by

a. Bartlett (1932)
b. Godden and Baddeley (1975)
c. Postman and Phillips (1965)
d. Eysenck (1979)

Answer: A

25. Eyewitness testimonies are an example of what kind of memory experiment?

a. intentional learning
b. context-dependent learning
c. incidental learning
d. cue-dependent learning

Answer: C

26. Which key academic is involved in the study of memory as a reconstructive process?

a. A. Baddeley
b. H. Eysenck
c. G. Hitch
d. E. Loftus

Answer: D

27. The accuracy of eyewitness testimonies can be improved with

a. recovered memories
 b. cognitive interviews
c. noise reduction
d. neurofeedback

Answer: B

28. What can help improve the accuracy of eye witness testimonies?

a. serial position
b. context reinstatement
c. mnemonics
d. distributed practice

Answer: B

29. Memory can be improved when information to be learnt is

a. organized
b. written
c. spoken
d. elaborated

Answer: A

30. Which is a good method of revision:

a. intense sessions
b. spaced learning
c. 1 hour on/1 hour off
d. late night sessions

Answer: B

Multiple Choice
Questions
1. ________ memory is to hearing as ________ memory is to seeing.
a. echoic, eidetic
 b. eidetic, echoic,
c. working, short-term
d. short-term, working
2. The cognitive school of psychology found it helpful to liken the brain to a(n):
a. cash machine
b. computer
c. orchestra
d. calculator
3. A person who has just eaten supper completes the word fragment _ o_k as fork
(rather
than as book or look etc). This is an example of:
a. conditioning
b. recognition
c. priming
d. relearning
4. Which of the following brain areas have been shown to be important for memory?
a. cerebellum
b. amygdala
c. hippocampus
d. all of the above
5. Puni isn’t sure whether she read something in a magazine or in her psychology text
book.
Puni has a problem with:
a. media literacy
b. the misinformation effect
c. source monitoring
d. salience
6. Anterograde amnesia is typically associated with damage to the:
a. amygdala
b. retina
c. cerebellum
d. hippocampus
7. Which part of working memory controls how attention is directed?
a. the central executive
b. the mother board
c. the mnemonic processor
d. the director
8. ________ interference works backwards, and ________ interference works
forwards.
a. primary, recency
b. recency, primacy
c. proactive, retroactive
d. retroactive, proactive
9. When asked to come up with the name of a bird, people are much more likely to
say
“robin” than they are to say “ostrich”. This is because:
a. robin is a shorter word
b. robin begins with the letter “r”
c. robins are prototypical
d. robins are smaller
[Link] tendency to think about and experience events according to “what might have
been” is known as:
a. anterograde amnesia
b. counterfactual thinking
c. salience
d. heuristic processing
[Link] to the cerebellum is likely to interfere with:
a. auditory processing
b. explicit memory
c. implicit memory
d. emotional memories
[Link] has shown that there is _________________ between the accuracy of a
person’s memory and their confidence in the accuracy of that memory.
a. virtually no correlation
b. a strong positive correlation
c. a strong negative correlation
d. a curvilinear relationship
[Link] word fragment test is used to test a person’s ________ memory.
a. extrinsic
b. instrinsic
c. explicit
d. implicit
[Link] reading an article about a case of cheating on campus, students are likely to
over-
estimate the incidence of cheating on campus. This is an example of:
a. iconic memory salience
b. the availability heuristic
c. counterfactual thinking
d. functional fixedness
[Link] stage models of memory, information moves from:
a. sensory to short-term to long-term memory
b. sensory to long-term to working memory
c. short-term to long-term to explicit memory
d. sensory to eidetic to iconic memory
[Link] spacing effect suggests that when you study for a test you should:
a. wait until the last minute then find a quiet place to study
b. learn different material in different places
 c. spread your study time over a number of sessions
d. always study in a spacious area
[Link] conditioning effects are an example of:
a. eidetic memory
b. primary memory
c. retroactive interference
d. implicit memory
[Link] was locked in a room. The only way to escape was to force open a
window
and climb out. Magnus remained locked in the room because he never thought to
use
his keys to force the window. Magnus’ problem was:
a. amnesia
b. functional fixedness
c. interference
d. misinformation
[Link] the context of memory, LTP stands for:
a. limited transfer potential
b. lateral temporal parietal
c. latent timing probability
d. long term potentiation
[Link] a stroke, 22-year-old Malik can no longer remember his childhood friends or
the vacations he took with his family. Malik is suffering from:
a. retrograde amnesia
b. anterograde amnesia
c. functional fixedness
d. dyslexia
[Link] tendency to focus on information that is consistent with our beliefs and to
ignore
contradictory information is called:
a. contradiction avoidance
b. confirmation bias
c. counterfactual thinking
d. functional fixedness
22.________ information is lost from sensory memory, and ________ information is
lost from
short-term memory.
a. unpleasant, pleasant
b. pleasant, unpleasant
c. unattended, unrehearsed
d. unrehearsed, unattended
[Link] involves ________ step(s), and recognition involves ________ step(s).
a. one, one
b. one, two
 c. two, two
d. two, one
[Link] memory is best thought of as:
a. an alternative to long term memory
b. a set of memory procedures
c. a type of procedural memory
d. an adjunct to sensory memory
[Link] is convinced that her neighbour, Joe, is cruel to his dog. She notices every
time
Joe shouts at the dog or jerks its lead but she doesn’t seem to notice the times when
Joe
plays with the dog or gives it treats. This is an example of:
a. misinformation
b. anterograde amnesia
c. proactive interference
d. confirmation bias
[Link] remembers watching the solar eclipse in amazing detail. She is certain she can
remember exactly what she was wearing, who she was with, what music was
playing on
a nearby radio and even the breed of dog which ran past her just before the eclipse.
This
is an example of a(n):
a. flashbulb memory
b. eidetic image
c. procedural memory
d. semantic memory
[Link] suggests that if you are sad when you study for a test you are likely
to be better at remembering the material:
a. when you are happy
b. when you are drunk
c. when you are sad
d. when you are angry
28.________ memory is to first-hand experience as ________ memory is to
knowledge
about the world.
a. semantic, episodic
b. episodic, semantic
c. implicit, explicit
d. explicit, implicit
[Link] are:
a. the same as mnemonics
b. a type of hormone
c. information processing strategies
d. none of the above
[Link] she studies for a Psych exam, Melodee always tries to think of ways in
which the
information she is trying to learn relates to her own life. She is hoping to benefit
from:
a. the self-reference effect
b. the spacing effect
c. overlearning
d. enhanced interference

Answers
1. a
2. b
3. c
4. d
5. c
6. d
7. a
8. d
9. c
10.b
11.c
12.a
13.d
14.b
15.a
16.c
17.d
18.b
19.d
20.a
21.b
22.c
23.d
24.b
25.d
26.a
27.c
28.b
29.c
30.a