Practical 1st

Ques. Make a geometric plot to show that the nth roots of unity are equally spaced points that lie on
the unit circle C1(0) = {z: |z| = 1} and form the vertices of a regular
polygon with n sides, for n = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

For n=4 ,If z4=1 then |z|=1, so z=cos t+i sin t in polar coordinates.

Reduce[(Cos[t] +  Sin[t]) ^ 4  1, t]
π π
In[15]:=

Out[15]= 1 ∈  && t  π + 2 π 1 || t  - + 2 π 1 || t  + 2 π 1 || t  2 π 1
2 2

N[Reduce[z ^ 4  1, z]]
z  - 1. || z  0. - 1.  || z  0. + 1.  || z  1.
In[16]:=

Out[16]=

Roots[z ^ 4  1, z]
z  1 || z   || z  - 1 || z  - 
In[17]:=

Out[17]=

pt = z /. Solve[z ^ 4  1]
{- 1, - , , 1}
In[18]:=

Out[18]=
2 Pratical 1st [Link]

Therefore polar coordinates (θ,r) of the n=4 roots of unity are (0,1) (π/2,1),(-π/2,1),(π,1) i,e 1,,-,-1.

A = ListPolarPlot[{{Pi / 2, 1}, {0, 1}, {- Pi / 2, 1}, {- Pi, 1}},

PlotStyle  Directive[PointSize[0.04], Blue]];
In[19]:=

A1 = ListPlot[{{1, 0}, {0, 1}, {0, - 1}, {- 1, 0}},

PlotStyle  Directive[PointSize[0.04], Blue]];
B = ListLinePlot[{{{1, 0}, {0, 1}}, {{- 1, 0}, {0, - 1}},
{{1, 0}, {0, - 1}}, {{- 1, 0}, {0, 1}}}];
P = ParametricPlot[{Cos[t], Sin[t]}, {t, 0, 2 Pi}];
Show[A1, B, P, AspectRatio  Automatic]

1.0

0.5

-1.0 -0.5
Out[23]=
0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0

In[24]:= For n = 5
Set: Tag Times in For n is Protected.

Out[24]= 5
 Pratical 1st [Link] 3

Point[Table[{Cos[2 Pi k / 5], Sin[2 Pi k / 5]}, {k, 0, 4}]], Red, Circle[{0, 0}, 1], Green,
In[25]:= Graphics[{PointSize[0.02], Blue,

Line[Table[{Cos[2 Pi k / 5], Sin[2 Pi k / 5]}, {k, 0, 5}]]}, Axes  True, AspectRatio  1]

1.0

0.5

-1.0 -0.5
Out[25]=
0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0
4 Pratical 1st [Link]

For n=6

Point[Table[{Cos[2 Pi k / 6], Sin[2 Pi k / 6]}, {k, 0, 5}]], Red, Circle[{0, 0}, 1], Green,
In[26]:= Graphics[{PointSize[0.02], Blue,

Line[Table[{Cos[2 Pi k / 6], Sin[2 Pi k / 6]}, {k, 0, 6}]]}, Axes  True, AspectRatio  1]

1.0

0.5

-1.0 -0.5
Out[26]=
0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0
 Pratical 1st [Link] 5

For n=7

Point[Table[{Cos[2 Pi k / 7], Sin[2 Pi k / 7]}, {k, 0, 6}]], Red, Circle[{0, 0}, 1], Green,
In[27]:= Graphics[{PointSize[0.02], Blue,

Line[Table[{Cos[2 Pi k / 7], Sin[2 Pi k / 7]}, {k, 0, 7}]]}, Axes  True, AspectRatio  1]

1.0

0.5

-1.0 -0.5
Out[27]=
0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0
6 Pratical 1st [Link]

For n=8

Point[Table[{Cos[2 Pi k / 8], Sin[2 Pi k / 8]}, {k, 0, 7}]], Red, Circle[{0, 0}, 1], Green,
In[28]:= Graphics[{PointSize[0.02], Blue,

Line[Table[{Cos[2 Pi k / 8], Sin[2 Pi k / 8]}, {k, 0, 8}]]}, Axes  True, AspectRatio  1]

1.0

0.5

-1.0 -0.5
Out[28]=
0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0
Practical 2nd
Ques. Find all the solutions of the equation z3 = 8i and represent these geometrically.

NSolve[z ^ 3  8 I]
{{z  - 1.73205 + 1. }, {z  0. - 2. }, {z  1.73205 + 1. }}
In[ ]:=

Out[ ]=

Graphics[{PointSize[0.02], Blue, Point[{{0, - 2}, {- 1.73205, 1}, {1.73205, 1}}],

Dashed, Green, Thick, Line[{{0, - 2}, {- 1.73205, 1}, {1.73205, 1}, {0, - 2}}],
In[ ]:=

Red, Text["{0,-2}", {0.2, - 2.05}], Text["-1.73205,1}", {- 1.8, 1.1}],

Text["1.73205,1}", {1.8, 1.1}]}, Axes  True, AspectRatio  1]
-1.73205,1} 1.73205,1}
1.0

0.5

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5

Out[ ]= -0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0
{0,-2}

OR
n = 3;
z = 8 I;
In[ ]:=

r = Abs[z];
θ = Arg[z];
Table[r ^ (1 / n) Exp[I (θ + 2 Pi k) / n], {k, 0, n - 1}]

2  6 , 2  , - 2 
π 5π
Out[ ]= 6
2 Practical 2nd [Link]

Point[Table[{Re[r ^ (1 / n) Exp[I (θ + 2 Pi k) / n]], Im[r ^ (1 / n) Exp[I (θ + 2 Pi k) / n]]},

In[ ]:= Graphics[{PointSize[0.02], Blue,

{k, 0, n - 1}]], Green, Dashed, Thick,

Line[Table[{Re[r ^ (1 / n) Exp[I (θ + 2 Pi k) / n]], Im[r ^ (1 / n) Exp[I (θ + 2 Pi k) / n]]},
{k, 0, n}]]}, Axes  True, AspectRatio  1]
1.0

0.5

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5

Out[ ]= -0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0
Practical 3rd
Ques. Write parametric equations and make a parametric plot for an ellipse centered at the origin with horizontal
major axis of 4 units and vertical minor axis of 2 units. Show the effect of rotation of this ellipse by an angle of π6
radians and shifting of the centre from (0,0) to (2,1), by making a parametric plot.

Solution- Parametric equation of the ellipse x 2/4 + y 2/1=1 is x=2cost, y=sin t, 0⩽t⩽2π.
The mapping w=f(z)=z+B, where B is any complex constant is a translation by means of the vector representation.
B. That is, if w=u+iv, z=x+iy, and B=a+ib then the image of any point (x,y) in the z plane is the point (u,v)=(x+a,y+b) in
the w plane.
To study the mapping w=α , if z in exponential form: z=r exp(iθ). Then w=r exp[i(α+θ)], (*) here we see from the
equation (*) that transformation w=α z rotates z through the angle α about the origin. Thus, the parametric
equation of ellipse obtained by rotating the given ellipse by an angle π/6 radian and shifting of centre from (0,0) to
(2,1) is of the form x=2+Re[(2 cost + i sin t)π6], y=1 + Im[(2 cost + i sin t)π6].

In[6]:= ParametricPlot[{2 Cos[t], Sin[t]}, {t, 0, 2 Pi}]

1.0

0.5

-2 -1
Out[6]=
1 2

-0.5

-1.0
2 Practical 3rd [Link]

ParametricPlot2 + Re(2 Cos[t] +  Sin[t])  π/6 , 1 + Im(2 Cos[t] +  Sin[t])  π/6 ,
{t, 0, 2 Pi}, AxesOrigin  {2, 1}
In[7]:=

2.0

1.5

Out[7]=
0 1 3 4

0.5

0.0
 Practical 3rd [Link] 3

Manipulate
ParametricPlota + Re(2 Cos[t] +  Sin[t])  α , b + Im(2 Cos[t] +  Sin[t])  α ,
In[8]:=

{t, 0, 2 Pi}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0}, GridLines  {{2}, {1}},

PlotRange  {- 2, 4}, {α, 0, π / 6}, {a, 0, 2}, {b, 0, 1}

Out[8]=

In[9]:=
4 Practical 3rd [Link]

ManipulateParametricPlot
pt[[1]] + Re(2 Cos[t] +  Sin[t])  α , pt[[2]] + Im(2 Cos[t] +  Sin[t])  α ,
In[10]:=

{t, 0, 2 Pi}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0}, GridLines  {{3}, {3}},

PlotRange  {- 2, 6}, {α, 0, π / 4}, {pt, {0, 0}, {3, 3}}

pt

Out[10]=
Practical 4th
Ques. Show that the image of the open disk D1(−1 − ) = {z: |z+ 1+| < 1}
under the linear transformation w = f(z) = (3 – 4i) z + 6 + 2i is the open disk:
D5(–1 + 3i) = {w: |w + 1 – 3i| < 5}.

Note that the region D1 can be written as, D1={x+ y where x= -1+r Cos(t), y=-1+r Sin(t): 0⩽r<1, 0⩽t⩽2π}

x[r_, t_] := - 1 + r Cos[t]

y[r_, t_] := - 1 + r Sin[t]
In[29]:=

f[x_, y_] := (3 - 4 I) * (x + I y) + 6 + I * 2
u[r_, t_] = Re[f[x[r, t], y[r, t]]]; v[r_, t_] = Im[f[x[r, t], y[r, t]]];
p1 = ParametricPlot[{x[r, t], y[r, t]}, {r, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 2 Pi}];
p2 = ParametricPlot[{u[r, t], v[r, t]}, {t, 0, 2 Pi}, {r, 0, 1}];
Row[{p1, "----------", p2}]
Print[" z-plane w-plane"];
Print[" The mapping w=", f[z]];

Out[35]= ----------

z-plane w-plane

The mapping w=f[z]

2 Practical 4th [Link]

OR

f[z_] := (3 - 4 I) * z + 6 + I * 2
p1 = ParametricPlot[{- 1 + r Cos[t], - 1 + r Sin[t]}, {r, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 2 Pi}];
In[38]:=

p2 = ParametricPlot[
{Re[f[- 1 + r Cos[t] +  (- 1 + r Sin[t])]], Im[f[- 1 + r Cos[t] +  (- 1 + r Sin[t])]]},
{t, 0, 2 Pi}, {r, 0, 1}, AxesOrigin  {- 1, 3}, AxesStyle  Red];

r = 0.5;
Row[{p1, "------" p2}]

p3 = ParametricPlot[{- 1 + r Cos[t], - 1 + r Sin[t]}, {t, 0, 2 Pi}, AxesOrigin  {- 1, - 1}];

p4 = ParametricPlot[
{Re[f[- 1 + r Cos[t] +  (- 1 + r Sin[t])]], Im[f[- 1 + r Cos[t] +  (- 1 + r Sin[t])]]},
{t, 0, 2 Pi}, AxesOrigin  {- 1, 3}, AxesStyle  Red];

t = π / 4;
Row[{p3, "------" p4}]

p5 = ParametricPlot[{- 1 + r Cos[t], - 1 + r Sin[t]}, {r, 0, 1}, AxesOrigin  {- 1, - 1}];

p6 = ParametricPlot[
{Re[f[- 1 + r Cos[t] +  (- 1 + r Sin[t])]], Im[f[- 1 + r Cos[t] +  (- 1 + r Sin[t])]]},
{r, 0, 1}, AxesOrigin  {- 1, 3}, AxesStyle  Red];

p7 = Manipulate[ParametricPlot[{{- 1 + r Cos[t], - 1 + r Sin[t]}},

Row[{p5, "------" p6}]

{t, 0, 2 Pi}, AxesOrigin  {- 1, - 1}, AxesStyle  Red], {{r, 0.2}, 0, 1}];

p8 = Manipulate[ParametricPlot[{Re[f[- 1 + r Cos[t] +  (- 1 + r Sin[t])]],
Im[f[- 1 + r Cos[t] +  (- 1 + r Sin[t])]]}, {t, 0, 2 Pi},
AxesOrigin  {- 1, 3}, AxesStyle  Red], {{r, 0.2}, 0, 1}];
Row[{p7, "------" , p8}]

Out[41]= ------

−0.6
5

−0.8
------
4

−1.4−1.2 −0.8−0.6 −3 −2
Out[45]=

−1.2
0 1
2

−1.4 1
0

−0.3
−0.4
−0.5
------ 2.4
−0.6
Out[49]= −0.7
−0.8
0 1 2 3 4
−0.9
2.3

−0.8
−0.7
−0.6
−0.5
−0.4
−0.3

r
 Practical 4th [Link] 3

−0.8

−0.9

Out[52]=

−1.2 −1.1 −0.9 −0.8

−1.1

−1.2

4.0

3.5

------

−2.0 −1.5 −0.5 0.0

2.5

2.0
Practical 5th
Ques. Show that the image of the right half-plane Re z = x > 1 under the
linear transformation w = (–1 + i)z – 2 + 3i is the half-plane v > u + 7, where
u = Re(w), etc. Plot the map.
f[x_, y_] := (- 1 + I) * (x + I y) - 2 + I * 3;

Image of line x=1 under the map w = (–1 + i) z – 2 + 3

i

D1 = {x +  y where x = 1 + r Cos (t), y = r sin (t) : 0 < r < ∞, -π / 2 ≤ t ≤ π / 2}

Note that the region D1 can be written as,

In[50]:= x[r_, t_] := 1 + r Cos[t]

f[x_, y_] := (-1 + I) * (x + I y) - 2 + I * 3

y[r_, t_] := r Sin[t]

p1 = ParametricPlot[{x[r, t], y[r, t]}, {r, 0, 7}, {t, - π / 2, π / 2}];

p2 = ParametricPlot[
{Re[f[x[r, t], y[r, t]]], Im[f[x[r, t], y[r, t]]]}, {t, - π / 2, π / 2}, {r, 0, 7}];
Row[{p1, "------" p2}]

Out[55]= ------

p1 = Manipulate[
ParametricPlot[{x[r, t], y[r, t]}, {t, - π / 2, π / 2}, {r, 0.1, n}], {n, 1, Infinity}]
In[56]:=

p2 = Manipulate[ParametricPlot[{Re[f[x[r, t], y[r, t]]], Im[f[x[r, t], y[r, t]]]},

{t, - π / 2, π / 2}, {r, 0.1, n}], {n, 1, Infinity}]
2

Out[56]=
 3

Out[57]=
Practical 6th
Ques. Show that the image of the right half-plane A = {z: Re z ≥ 1/2} under the mapping w= f(z)=1/z is
the closed disk D1(1)= {w: |w – 1| ≤ 1} in the w- plane.
In[29]:= x[r_, t_] := 1 / 2 + r Cos[t]
y[r_, t_] := r Sin[t]
g[x_, y_] := 1 / (x +  y)
p1 = ParametricPlot[{x[r, t], y[r, t]}, {t, - Pi / 2, Pi / 2}, {r, 0, 3}];
p2 = ParametricPlot[
{Re[g[x[r, t], y[r, t]]], Im[g[x[r, t], y[r, t]]]}, {t, - Pi / 2, Pi / 2}, {r, 0, 3}];
Row[{p1, "--------", p2}]

Out[34]= --------

In[35]:= Limit[g[x[r, t], y[r, t]], r  Infinity]

Out[35]= 0

s = Show[Table[ParametricPlot[{x[r, t], y[r, t]},

{t, - Pi / 2, Pi / 2}, {r, n, n + 1}, PlotRange  All], {n, 0, 100}]];
In[36]:=

t = Show[Table[ParametricPlot[{Re[g[x[r, t], y[r, t]]], Im[g[x[r, t], y[r, t]]]},

{t, - Pi / 2, Pi / 2}, {r, n, n + 1}, PlotRange  All], {n, 0, 100}]];
Row[s, "----------------",
t]

Out[38]= Row , ----------------, 

2 Practical [Link]

In[39]:= x[r_, t_] := 1 / 2 + r Cos[t]

y[r_, t_] := r Sin[t]
g[x_, y_] := 1 / (x +  y)

{t, - Pi / 2, Pi / 2}, {r, n, n + 1}, PlotRange  All], {n, 0, k}]], {{k, 10}, 1, Infinity}]
Manipulate[Show[Table[ParametricPlot[{Re[g[x[r, t], y[r, t]]], Im[g[x[r, t], y[r, t]]]},

Out[42]=
Practical 7th
Ques. Make a plot of the vertical lines x = a, for
a= 1, 1/2, 1/2, 1 and the horizontal lines y = b,
for b= 1, 1/2, 1/2, 1. Find the plot of this grid
under the mapping f(z) = 1/z.

The image of vertical line x=-1 under the map 1/z is a circle centered
at -1/2 and radius 1/2.

ParametricPlot[{- 1, y}, {y, - t, t}, AspectRatio  1, PlotRange  Full], {t, 1, Infinity}]

In[1]:= Manipulate[

f[z_] := 1 / z;
Manipulate[ParametricPlot[{Re[f[- 1 +  (y)]], Im[f[- 1 +  (y)]]},
{y, - t, t}, AspectRatio  Automatic, PlotRange  Full], {t, 1, Infinity}]
2 Practical [Link]

30

20

10

Out[1]=

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5

-10

-20

-30
 Practical [Link] 3

0.4

0.2

Out[3]=

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2

-0.2

-0.4

ParametricPlot[{x, 1}, {x, - t, t}, AspectRatio  1, PlotRange  Full], {t, 1, Infinity}]

In[4]:= Manipulate[

f[z_] := 1 / z;
Manipulate[ParametricPlot[{Re[f[- 1 +  (1)]], Im[f[x +  (1)]]},
{x, - t, t}, AspectRatio  Automatic, PlotRange  Full], {t, 1, Infinity}]
4 Practical [Link]

2.0

1.5

Out[4]=

1.0

0.5

-5 5
 Practical [Link] 5

0.0

-0.2

-0.4
Out[6]=

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2

Manipulate[ParametricPlot[{x, b}, {x, - t, t}, AspectRatio  1, PlotRange  Full],

{b, - 1, 1, 1 / 2}, {t, 1, Infinity}]
In[7]:=

f[z_] := 1 / z;
Manipulate[ParametricPlot[{Re[f[- 1 +  (b)]], Im[f[x +  (b)]]}, {x, - t, t},
AspectRatio  Automatic, PlotRange  Full], {b, - 1, 1, 1 / 2}, {t, 1, Infinity}]
6 Practical [Link]

-2 -1 1 2

-0.5

Out[7]=

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0
 Practical [Link] 7

1.0

0.8

Out[9]=
0.6

0.4

0.2

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2

0.0
8 Practical [Link]

f[z_] := 1 / z
Obs : The image of vertical line x =
In[17]:=

1 under the map 1 / z is a circle centered at 1 / 2 and radius 1 / 2

Manipulate[ParametricPlot[{Re[f[- 1 +  (y)]], Im[f[- 1 +  (y)]]},
{y, - t, t}, AspectRatio -> Automatic, PlotRange  Full], {t, 1, Infinity}]

Set: Tag Times in Obs : image line of The vertical x is Protected.

a and at centered circle is map radius the under

Out[18]=
4z

0.4

0.2

Out[19]=

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2

-0.2

-0.4
 Practical [Link] 9

ParametricPlot[{Re[f[1 +  (y)]], Im[f[1 +  (y)]]},

{y, - 400, 400}, AspectRatio -> Automatic, PlotRange  Full]
In[13]:=

0.4

0.2

Out[13]=
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

-0.2

-0.4
Practical 8th
Ques. Find a parametrization of the polygonal path C = C1 + C2 + C3 from
–1 + i to 3 – i, where C1 is the line from: –1 + i to –1, C2 is the line from: –1
to 1 + i and C3 is the line from 1 + i to 3 – i. Make a plot of this path.
c1 := {- (1 - t) - t, (1 - t)}
c2 := {- (1 - t) + t, t}
In[1]:=

c3 := {(1 - t) + 3 t, (1 - t) - t}
P = ParametricPlot[{c1, c2, c3}, {t, 0, 1}, PlotLabel  C, PlotStyle  {Red, Blue, Black}]
C
1.0

0.5

Out[4]=
-1 1 2 3

-0.5

-1.0
Practical 9th
Ques. Plot the line segment ‘L’ joining the point A = 0 to B = 2 + π4  and
give an exact calculation of∫Lez  z.
π
In[13]:= z[t_] := 2 t +  t

f[z_] := z
4

Print" z z=", Integrate[f[z[t]] * z '[t], {t, 0, 1}],

"=", NIntegrate[f[z[t]] * z '[t], {t, 0, 1}]

L

  z=-1 + (-1)  =4.22485 + 5.22485 

z 1/4 2
L

π
2+ has evaluated to non-numerical values for all sampling points in the region with
π t
2 t+
NIntegrate : The integrand e 4

4
boundaries {{0, 1}}.

In[16]:= ParametricPlot[{Re[z[t]], Im[z[t]]}, {t, 0, 1}, PlotLabel  L]

L
0.8

0.6

Out[16]= 0.4

0.2

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

π
In[17]:= NIntegratez , z, 0, 2 +  
4
Out[17]= 4.22485 + 5.22485 

In[18]:= ClearAll
Out[18]= ClearAll

Practical 10th
 Practical 10th
2

Ques. Evaluate ∫C z-12  z where C is the upper semicircle with radius 1 centered at z = 2 oriented in a
positive direction.
z[t_] := 2 + Cos [t] +  Sin [t]
f[z_] := 1 / (z - 2)
In[21]:=

ParametricPlot[{Re[z[t]], Im[z[t]]}, {t, 0, Pi}, PlotLabel  C]

Print" z=", Integrate[f[z[t]] + z '[t], {t, 0, Pi}]

1
cz-2

C
1.0

0.8

0.6
Out[23]=

0.4

0.2

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

 z=-2 - 2 
1
cz -2

In[25]:= ClearAll
Out[25]= ClearAll
Practical 11th
Ques. Show that ∫C z  z = ∫C z  z = 4 + 2 , where C1 is the line segment
1 2

from –1 – i to 3 + i and C2 is the portion of the parabola x = y2 + 2y joining

–1 – i to 3 + i.
Make plots of two contours C1 and C2 joining –1 – i to 3 + i .
c1 := {- 1 (1 - t) + 3 t, - (1 - t) + t}
z[t_] := - 1 (1 - t) + 3 t +  (- (1 - t) + t)
In[20]:=

c2 := {t ^ 2 + 2 t, t}
w[t_] := t2 + 2 t +  t
f[z_] := z

Print" zdz=", Integrate[f[z[t]] * z '[t], {t, 0, 1}]

c1

Print" zdz=", Integrate[f[w[t]] * w '[t], {t, - 1, 1}]

c2

 zdz=4 + 2 
c1

 zdz=4 + 2 
c2
Practical 13th
Ques. Find and plot three different Laurent series representations for the
function: f(z) = 2+z3-z2 ,involving powers of z.
Factor[2 + z - z ^ 2]
- (- 2 + z) (1 + z)
In[27]:=

Out[27]=

Note that, f is analytic everywhere except at z=-1,z=2. Therefore f has laurent series expansions in
power of z in each of the following domains, |z|<1, 1<|z|<2 and 2<|z|< ∞

3
2 + z - z2
In[28]:= f[z_] :=

Laurent series expansions in power of z in the domains, | z | < 1 simply obtained as

In[29]:= u[z_] = Normal[Series[f[z], {z, 0, 10}]]

- + - + - + - + - +
3 3z 9 z2 15 z3 33 z4 63 z5 129 z6 255 z7 513 z8 1023 z9 2049 z10
Out[29]=
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048

Note that, f =
1 1
2- z 1+ z
+ ; to find Laurent series expansions in power of z in the domains, 1<| z | < 2 simply obtained as

In[30]:= Serh1[z] = Normal[Series[1 / (1 + z), {z, Infinity, 10}]]

- + - + - + - + - +
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Out[30]=
z 10
z 9
z 8
z 7
z 6
z 5
z 4
z 3
z 2 z

In[31]:= h2[z] = 1 / (2 - z)
1
2-z
Out[31]=

In[32]:= Serh2[z_] = Normal[Series[h2[z], {z, 0, 10}]]

+ + + + + + + + + +
1 z z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z8 z9 z10
Out[32]=
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048

In[33]:= v[z_] = Normal[Serh1[z] + Serh2[z]]

- + - + - + - + - +
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Out[33]=
2 z10 z9 z8 z7 z6 z5 z4 z3 z2

+ + + + + + + + + +
1 z z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z8 z9 z10
z 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048
2

To find Laurent series expansions in power of z in the domains, 2< | z | simply obtained as

In[34]:= α[z_] = Normal[Series[f[z], {z, Infinity, 10}]]

- - - - - - - - -
513 255 129 63 33 15 9 3 3
Out[34]=
z10 z9 z8 z7 z6 z5 z4 z3 z2

ParametricPlot[{Re[u[r (Cos[t] +  Sin[t])]], Im[u[r (Cos[t] +  Sin[t])]]} ,

{r, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 2 Pi}, PlotRange  Full]
In[35]:=

Out[35]=
 3

ParametricPlot[{Re[v[r (Cos[t] +  Sin[t])]], Im[v[r (Cos[t] +  Sin[t])]]} ,

{r, 1, 2}, {t, 0, 2 Pi}, PlotRange  Full]
In[36]:=

Out[36]=
Practical 14th
Ques. Locate the poles of f(z)= 5 z2 +26
1
z2 +5
and specify their order.
1
5 z + 26 z2 + 5
In[22]:= f[z_] :=
2

In[23]:= Printw = z /. Solve5 z4 + 26 z2 + 5  0, z, "is the set singular points of f"
 
- , , - 5, 5 is the set singular points of f
5 5

Table[For[k = 1, Limit[1 / (f[z] * (z - w[[1]]) ^ k), z  w[[1]]]  0, k ++];

Print[w[[1]], "is pole of order=", k], {i, 1, 4}]
In[27]:=


- is pole of order=1
5

- is pole of order=1
5

- is pole of order=1
5

- is pole of order=1
5
Out[27]= {Null, Null, Null, Null}
Practical 15th
Ques. Locate the zeros and poles of g(z) = π Cot[π z]
and determine
- π2
z2
their order. Also justify that Res (g,0)= 3
.

π Cot[π z]
In[9]:= g[z_] :=
z2
For[k = 1, Limit[1 / (g[z] * (z) ^ k), z  0]  0, k ++]
Print["0 is the order=", k]
0 is the order=3

Series[g[z], {z, 0, 3}]

In[12]:= OR;

π2 π4 z 2 π6 z3
- - - + O[z]4
1
Out[13]=
z3 3z 45 945

In[14]:= Print["Regz 0 g(z)=", Residue[g[z], {z, 0}]]

π2
Regz 0 g(z)=-
3

In[15]:= Manipulate[Series[g[z], {z, t, 3}], {t, - 100, 100, 1}]

-100

9 - 10 000 π2  (z + 100)
+ + +
Out[15]= 1 1
10 000 (z + 100) 500 000 300 000 000
3 - 5000 π2  (z + 100)2 9 - 18 000 π2 - 4 000 000 π4  (z + 100)3
+ + O[z + 100]4
7 500 000 000 1 800 000 000 000
2

π Cot[π z]
In[16]:= Reduce  0, z
z2
+ π C[1]
π

C[1] Integers & & z 

π
2

π Cot[π z]
PrintSimplifyReduce  0, z, "is the set of all Zeroes of f"
z2
+ π 1
π

1 ∈  && z ≠ 0 && z 
π
2
Out[16]=

+ π 1
π

z ((1  &) &) 

π
2
Out[17]=

1 ∈  && z ≠ 0 && z  + 1 is the set of all Zeroes of f

1
2

π Cot[π z] 2n-1
TableFork - 0, Limit ,z   0, k ++;
z2 z - ^k
In[20]:=
2 n-1 2

2n-1
2

Print , "is the zero of order ", k, {n, 1, 10}

2
1
is the zero of order 3
2
3
is the zero of order 3
2
5
is the zero of order 3
2
7
is the zero of order 3
2
9
is the zero of order 3
2
11
is the zero of order 3
2
13
is the zero of order 3
2
15
is the zero of order 3
2
17
is the zero of order 3
2
19
is the zero of order 3

{Null, Null, Null, Null, Null, Null, Null, Null, Null, Null}
2
Out[20]=
Practical 16th
Ques. Evaluate ∫C+(0)exp 2z   z, where C1+(0) denotes the circle {z: |z| = 1}
with positive orientation. Similarly evaluate ∫C+(0) z4+z31-2 z2  z.
1

z[t_] := Cos[t] +  Sin[t]

f[z_] := 2/z
In[40]:=

In[43]:= Print" e2/z dz=", Integrate[f[z[t]] * z '[t], {t, 0, 2 Pi}]

L

 e dz=4  π
2/z
L

OR

In[44]:= α = Residue[1 / z ^ 2 * f[1 / z], {z, 0}]

Out[44]= 2

In[46]:= Print" e2/z dz=", 2 Pi  * α

L

 e dz=4  π
2/z
L

1
z4 + z3 - 2 z2
In[47]:= g[z_] :=

In[48]:= Solvez4 + z3 - 2 z2  0, z

Out[48]= {{z  - 2}, {z  0}, {z  0}, {z  1}}

In[49]:= Print" e2/z dz=", Integrate[g[z[t]] * z '[t], {t, 0, 2 Pi}]

L

 Cos[2 t] Sin[2 t]
Integrate : Integral of - - does not converge on {0, 2 π}.
-1 + Cos[t] - 3  Sin[t] -1 + Cos[t] - 3  Sin[t]

2π  Cos[t] - Sin[t]
 e dz= t
-2 (Cos[t] +  Sin[t])2 + (Cos[t] +  Sin[t])3 + (Cos[t] +  Sin[t])4
2/z
L 0