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chemisrty notes
Chemistry SL (Somerville School Noida)
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RAM-EESH INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL
GREATER NOIDA
SESSION- 2023-24
Investigatory Project file
physics
COMPUND MICROSCOPE
_____________________________________________
_____________________
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
TUSHAR TYAGI TEACHER NAME
XII B2 AMARDEV SIR
(PHYSICS TEACHER)
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Student TUSHAR TYAGI of
Class XII B2 of RAMEESH INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL ,
GREATER NOIDA has successfully accomplished his project
entitled on chemistry topic -
“COMPUND MICROSCOPE” under my supervision and
guidance for the partial fulfillment of AISSCE as prescribed
by the CBSE for the session 2023-2024
External Examiner:
Principal
Name :
Internal Examiner
Name: AMARDEV SIR
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I express our gratitude to the Almighty
Lord for the divine guidance and wisdom showered on me to
undertake this project.
I immensely grateful to my beloved Principal for her
involvement in this project by providing useful inputs and
timely suggestions.
I am also thankful to my Physics teacher for his
guidance and help to make this project a success.
My Parents also played a key role in shaping up this
project nicely and I convey my special thanks to them as well.
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INDEX
[Link] TITLE TEACHER SIGN
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONSTRUCTION
3. WORKING OF COMPUND MICROSCOPE
4. PARTS OF MICROSCOPE
5. PRINCIPAL OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
6. USES OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
7. TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
8. WHY DO WE USED MICROSCOPE
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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IN D I N:-
Compound microscope is an optical instrument which is
used to obtain high magni cation. It is an extension of the
magnifying glass which are used to see very small things.
The magnifying power of a simple lens is very limited. It is
di cult to get a magni cation better than a few times
without using a highly curved lens with a high refractive
Index. This kind of lens will have a lot of observation that
one can not see the image clearly.
Therefore, we used two or more lenses which build up the
compound microscope.
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CONSTRUCTION:
It consist of two convex lenses of short focal length
arranged co-axial at the free end of tube , at a suitable
xed distance.
OBJECT:- It is a convex lens of very short focal
Length fe and small aperture , kept
Near the object.
EYE PIECE:- It is also a convex lens of comparatively
Larger focal length fe and larger aperture
Kept near the eye.
WORKING OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
The object AB is placed at slightly larger than the
focal length of objective lens. The objective lens forms
a real,inverted and magnifying image ‘AB’ of object
AB on the other side of lens. The distance between
the objective and eyepiece is adustad that the image
A’B’ lie within the focus of eyepiece.
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This image is A’B’ acts as an object for eyepiece . the
eyepiece E forms a virtual and magni ed nal image
A’B’ which is inverted to object-
WHEN THE FINAL IMAGE IS FORMED
AT THE LEAST DISTANCE OF DISTINCT
VERSION:-
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PARTS OF COMPUND MICROSCOPE:
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MAGNIFICATION OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
Magni cation of compound microscope is given by:-
m=D/Fo * L/Fe
Where, D=least distance of distinct version(25cm)
L= length of the microscope tube
Fe= focal length of the objective lens.
Fo= focal length pf the eye-piece lens.
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE
BASE-
It is a supporting stands rests on the table and bears the
weight of the microscope.
ARM-
It is a curved, solid piece, movable adjusted with base at the
inclined joint. The arm holds the body tube and the stage.
INDINATION JOINT-
It holds the body of the microscope with the base and
permits indinatiob of the upper part to adjust to eye level.
BODY TUBE-
It is a metal tube blackened inside. A reveling nose piece
caring the objective is attached to the lower end . At the top
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of the body tube is screwed a draw tube which houses the
eye piece.
STAGE-
It is a rectangular platform with sides and having a circular
hole at the centre. It is made up of highly polished metal or
backlight and provided with two spring clips for holding the
slide. The stage is firmly secured with the arm.
COARSE ADJUSTEMENT-
It is attached to the arm. The adjustment has a large
[Link] twn of the prinior head moves the body tube
downward and anticlockwise turn moves the body tube
upward.
FINE ADJUSTEMENT-
It is also attached to the arm, parallel to the coarse
adjustment . It separate in the ways as in the coarse
adjustment, but the movement of the body tube is only
slight with the turning of the pinion. Usually ten twins of
the fine adjustment prion are equal to ane twion of the
coarse adjustment.
MIRROR-
A plan concave round mirror is fitted below the stage at the
same distance from it. In artificial light is reflected to the
object from its surface. It required the mirror can be taken
cut from the hole in the base of the microscope and a
sub-stage lamp fitted.
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ILLUMINATION-
A steady light source used in place of a mirror if your
microscope has a mirror. It is used to reflect light from an
external light from an external source up through the
bottom of the stage.
PRINCIPAL OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
A compound microscope works on the principal that when a
tiny object to be magnified is placed just beyond the focus of
the object is formed at the least distance of distinct vision
from the eye held close to the eye piece.
USES OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
Typically a compound microscope is used for viewing
samples at high magnified (40x-100x),which is achieved by
the combined effect of two gets of lenses the ocular lens (in
the eyepiece) and the objective lenses (cloase to sample).
TYPES OF MICROSCOPE-
1) Simple microscope
2) Compound microscope
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WHY DO WE NEED MICROSCOPE-
Once upon a time, we used to ignore [Link] could
see but thanke to modern science, we know there’s a
whole lot happening the microscopic scale that can
help us to live our live our more efficiency.
Scientists have known since 17th century that insides
of living things are made up of tiny functioning
factories called cells , understanding now they work
help us to tackle sickness and disease.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY :-
● [Link]
● [Link]
● Class 12 physics lab manual
● Class 12 NCERT textbook
● [Link],nic
THANK YOU
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RAM-EESH INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL
GREATER NOIDA
SESSION- 2023-24
Investigatory Project file
physics
COMPUND MICROSCOPE
_____________________________________________
_____________________
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
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LUCKY BHATI TEACHER NAME
XII B2 AMARDEV SIR
(PHYSICS TEACHER)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Student LUCKY BHATI of
Class XII B2 of RAMEESH INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL ,
GREATER NOIDA has successfully accomplished his project
entitled on chemistry topic -
“COMPUND MICROSCOPE” under my supervision and
guidance for the partial fulfillment of AISSCE as prescribed
by the CBSE for the session 2023-2024
External Examiner:
Principal
Name :
Internal Examiner
Name: AMARDEV SIR
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I express our gratitude to the Almighty
Lord for the divine guidance and wisdom showered on me to
undertake this project.
I immensely grateful to my beloved Principal for her
involvement in this project by providing useful inputs and
timely suggestions.
I am also thankful to my Physics teacher for his
guidance and help to make this project a success.
My Parents also played a key role in shaping up this
project nicely and I convey my special thanks to them as well.
Downloaded by rabia ahad (rabiaahad445@[Link])
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INDEX
[Link] TITLE TEACHER SIGN
8. INTRODUCTION
9. CONSTRUCTION
10. WORKING OF COMPUND MICROSCOPE
11. PARTS OF MICROSCOPE
12. PRINCIPAL OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
13. USES OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
14. TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
8. WHY DO WE USED MICROSCOPE
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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IN D I N:-
Compound microscope is an optical instrument which is
used to obtain high magni cation. It is an extension of the
magnifying glass which are used to see very small things.
The magnifying power of a simple lens is very limited. It is
di cult to get a magni cation better than a few times
without using a highly curved lens with a high refractive
Index. This kind of lens will have a lot of observation that
one can not see the image clearly.
Therefore, we used two or more lenses which build up the
compound microscope.
Downloaded by rabia ahad (rabiaahad445@[Link])
lOMoARcPSD|62284746
CONSTRUCTION:
It consist of two convex lenses of short focal length
arranged co-axial at the free end of tube , at a suitable
xed distance.
OBJECT:- It is a convex lens of very short focal
Length fe and small aperture , kept
Near the object.
EYE PIECE:- It is also a convex lens of comparatively
Larger focal length fe and larger aperture
Kept near the eye.
WORKING OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
The object AB is placed at slightly larger than the
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focal length of objective lens. The objective lens forms
a real,inverted and magnifying image ‘AB’ of object
AB on the other side of lens. The distance between
the objective and eyepiece is adustad that the image
A’B’ lie within the focus of eyepiece.
This image is A’B’ acts as an object for eyepiece . the
eyepiece E forms a virtual and magni ed nal image
A’B’ which is inverted to object-
WHEN THE FINAL IMAGE IS FORMED
AT THE LEAST DISTANCE OF DISTINCT
VERSION:-
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PARTS OF COMPUND MICROSCOPE:
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MAGNIFICATION OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
Magni cation of compound microscope is given by:-
m=D/Fo * L/Fe
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Where, D=least distance of distinct version(25cm)
L= length of the microscope tube
Fe= focal length of the objective lens.
Fo= focal length pf the eye-piece lens.
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE
BASE-
It is a supporting stands rests on the table and bears the
weight of the microscope.
ARM-
It is a curved, solid piece, movable adjusted with base at the
inclined joint. The arm holds the body tube and the stage.
INDINATION JOINT-
It holds the body of the microscope with the base and
permits indinatiob of the upper part to adjust to eye level.
BODY TUBE-
It is a metal tube blackened inside. A reveling nose piece
caring the objective is attached to the lower end . At the top
of the body tube is screwed a draw tube which houses the
eye piece.
STAGE-
It is a rectangular platform with sides and having a circular
hole at the centre. It is made up of highly polished metal or
Downloaded by rabia ahad (rabiaahad445@[Link])
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backlight and provided with two spring clips for holding the
slide. The stage is firmly secured with the arm.
COARSE ADJUSTEMENT-
It is attached to the arm. The adjustment has a large
[Link] twn of the prinior head moves the body tube
downward and anticlockwise turn moves the body tube
upward.
FINE ADJUSTEMENT-
It is also attached to the arm, parallel to the coarse
adjustment . It separate in the ways as in the coarse
adjustment, but the movement of the body tube is only
slight with the turning of the pinion. Usually ten twins of
the fine adjustment prion are equal to ane twion of the
coarse adjustment.
MIRROR-
A plan concave round mirror is fitted below the stage at the
same distance from it. In artificial light is reflected to the
object from its surface. It required the mirror can be taken
cut from the hole in the base of the microscope and a
sub-stage lamp fitted.
ILLUMINATION-
A steady light source used in place of a mirror if your
microscope has a mirror. It is used to reflect light from an
external light from an external source up through the
bottom of the stage.
PRINCIPAL OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
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A compound microscope works on the principal that when a
tiny object to be magnified is placed just beyond the focus of
the object is formed at the least distance of distinct vision
from the eye held close to the eye piece.
USES OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
Typically a compound microscope is used for viewing
samples at high magnified (40x-100x),which is achieved by
the combined effect of two gets of lenses the ocular lens (in
the eyepiece) and the objective lenses (cloase to sample).
TYPES OF MICROSCOPE-
3) Simple microscope
4) Compound microscope
WHY DO WE NEED MICROSCOPE-
Once upon a time, we used to ignore [Link] could
see but thanke to modern science, we know there’s a
Downloaded by rabia ahad (rabiaahad445@[Link])
lOMoARcPSD|62284746
whole lot happening the microscopic scale that can
help us to live our live our more efficiency.
Scientists have known since 17th century that insides
of living things are made up of tiny functioning
factories called cells , understanding now they work
help us to tackle sickness and disease.
BIBLIOGRAPHY :-
● [Link]
● [Link]
Downloaded by rabia ahad (rabiaahad445@[Link])
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● Class 12 physics lab manual
● Class 12 NCERT textbook
● [Link],nic
THANK YOU
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