jesc105.

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1. What is the primary reason molecular movements are essential for life?
A. They enable living organisms to perform molecular movements, which are visible to the
naked eye, to signal activity.
B. They ensure molecules are constantly in contact with environmental stimuli for sensing
functions.
C. They are necessary for the repair and maintenance of organized biological structures to
prevent decay.
D. They facilitate the structural organization of tissues and maintain organism order.
Correct Answer: C
Source: [Link] (p. 1)

2. How does the process of respiration contribute to the maintenance of life

functions in organisms?
A. It supplies oxygen directly to all tissues, making it unnecessary for molecules to move
within cells.
B. It involves the direct visible movement of molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide across
cell membranes without the need for specialized transport systems.
C. It primarily releases energy for homeostasis without producing any waste by-products or
requiring transportation of molecules.
D. It generates energy by breaking down food molecules, which powers molecular movements
essential for repairing and maintaining structures.
Correct Answer: D
Source: [Link] (p. 2)

3. Why is simple diffusion inadequate for fulfilling the needs of all cells in larger,
multicellular organisms?
A. Because diffusion relies solely on active transport mechanisms that are energy-intensive
for larger organisms.
B. Because diffusion speeds up chemical reactions, which is not desired in specialized tissues.
C. Because diffusion causes molecules to become unstable as they move throughout the
organism, leading to cellular damage.
D. Because diffusion cannot transport molecules across long distances or to cells located
deep within the organism efficiently.
Correct Answer: D
Source: [Link] (p. 2)

4. Describe how the process of photosynthesis involves the conversion of light

energy into chemical energy within plant cells.
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: Photosynthesis captures light energy using chlorophyll in chloroplasts, which
then converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, storing energy in the form of starch
or sugars. This process involves stages where light energy excites electrons, leading to the
splitting of water molecules and the generation of energy-rich compounds like ATP and NADPH,
which are then used to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide.
Source: [Link] (p. 3)

5. Fill in the blank: Plants regulate gas exchange through tiny pores called _____,
which open and close based on water flow into guard cells.
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: stomata
Source: [Link] (p. 4)

6. A plant kept in a dark room for three days will show ____ in its leaves when
tested for starch after being exposed to sunlight, unless prevented from taking in
carbon dioxide.
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: no change
Source: [Link] (p. 4)

7. What is the primary difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?

[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: Autotrophic organisms produce their own food using inorganic substances,
whereas heterotrophic organisms obtain pre-formed organic food from their environment.
Source: [Link] (p. 6)

8. Where do plants acquire the raw materials required for photosynthesis?

[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: They obtain carbon dioxide from the air through stomata and water from the
soil through roots.
Source: [Link] (p. 6)

9. What is the role of acid in the stomach?

[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: The acid creates an acidic environment that activates enzymes like pepsin
and helps digest proteins while also killing harmful bacteria.
 Source: [Link] (p. 7)

10. How do digestive enzymes contribute to the process of digestion?

[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: They break down complex food molecules into simpler forms, such as amino
acids, glucose, and fatty acids, suitable for absorption.
Source: [Link] (p. 7-8)

11. Describe how the small intestine is specially designed to absorb digested food.
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: It has finger-like projections called villi and numerous blood vessels that
increase surface area for absorption and transport nutrients to the entire body.
Source: [Link] (p. 8)

12. In the process of cellular respiration, what is the significance of pyruvate

formation from glucose?
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: Pyruvate is an intermediary that can either be further broken down
aerobically in the mitochondria or converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide during fermentation.
Source: [Link] (p. 9)

13. True or False: The energy release during aerobic respiration is less than
during anaerobic respiration because oxygen consumption makes the process
less efficient.
True
False
Correct Answer: False
Source: [Link] (p. 9-10)

14. Fill in the blank: During respiration, the molecule ____ is broken down into
carbon dioxide and water when oxygen is present.
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: glucose
Source: [Link] (p. 9-10)

15. What environmental condition during the night primarily influences the
direction of gas exchange in plants?
A. The presence of sunlight increasing oxygen production
B. The increase in humidity reducing water vapor loss
 C. The reduction in transpiration rates due to lower temperatures
D. The absence of photosynthesis leading to CO2 elimination dominance
Correct Answer: D
Source: [Link] (p. 11)

16. In aquatic organisms, why is the rate of breathing significantly faster compared
to terrestrial organisms?
A. Because the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is fairly low compared to atmospheric
oxygen, requiring a faster rate of water intake
B. Because aquatic organisms have fewer respiratory organs, necessitating quicker breathing
C. Because water contains more oxygen molecules per unit volume than air
D. Because dissolved oxygen levels in water are much higher than in air
Correct Answer: A
Source: [Link] (p. 11)

17. Describe the structural adaptation in human lungs that maximizes the surface
area for gas exchange.
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: The alveoli are tiny balloon-like structures with a very large combined surface
area, roughly 80 m2, allowing efficient exchange of gases between air and blood.
Source: [Link] (p. 12)

18. How does the process of breathing in humans involve the diaphragm and ribs?
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: During inhalation, the diaphragm flattens and the ribs lift, expanding the
chest cavity and creating lower pressure that draws air into the lungs;
Source: [Link] (p. 12)

19. Find the normal range of haemoglobin content in human blood and explain
whether it differs between children, adults, men, and women.
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: In general, the normal haemoglobin range is about 13-17 grams per deciliter
for men and 12-15 grams per deciliter for women; children have slightly lower ranges due to
developmental factors.
Source: [Link] (p. 13)

20. Explain how the separation of oxygen-rich and deoxygenated blood in the
heart enhances the efficiency of oxygen supply in mammals
[Answer Space]
 Correct Answer: The heart has separate chambers for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood,
preventing mixing, which allows for a highly efficient oxygen supply to tissues, especially in
animals with high energy needs.
Source: [Link] (p. 14)

21. What is the main function of valves within the heart in the blood circulation
process?
A. To control the rate of blood flow between chambers
B. To prevent the backflow of blood during contractions
C. To regulate the pressure of blood in the arteries
D. To assist in the oxygenation of blood
Correct Answer: B
Source: [Link] (p. 14)

22. Identify the type of blood vessels responsible for facilitating material exchange
between blood and tissues, and explain their structural features.
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: Capillaries are tiny vessels with walls only one cell thick, allowing exchange
of substances like oxygen, nutrients, and wastes across their thin walls.
Source: [Link] (p. 15)

23. True or False: High blood pressure, or hypertension, can be caused by the
narrowing of arteries, resulting in increased resistance to blood flow.
True
False
Correct Answer: True
Source: [Link] (p. 15)

24. What structural feature in vessels and tracheids allows the continuous
movement of water throughout a plant?
A. The large surface area of living cells ensures water moves smoothly via active transport.
B. Presence of cell walls thickened with lignin provides rigidity, facilitating water movement.
C. The high solute concentration inside the cells generates osmotic pressure supporting water
flow.
D. Interconnection of vessels and tracheids forms a network that channels water efficiently.
Correct Answer: D
Source: [Link] (p. 16)

25. Describe how the change in osmotic pressure within phloem's sieve tubes
influences the direction of food translocation in plants.
 [Answer Space]
Correct Answer: An increase in osmotic pressure within sieve tubes causes water to move
into them, creating a pressure gradient that pushes solutes in the direction where osmotic
pressure is lower, thus directing food movement from sources to sinks.
Source: [Link] (p. 17)

26. In human kidneys, the efficient removal of urea from the blood is primarily
achieved by which process within the nephrons?
A. Active transport of waste molecules from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule.
B. Diffusion of urea directly from blood cells into the collecting ducts.
C. Selective re-absorption of urea in the proximal tubule after filtration.
D. Filtration of blood plasma at the cluster of capillaries in the nephron.
Correct Answer: D
Source: [Link] (p. 18)

27. Explain how transpiration contributes to the upward movement of water in tall
plants considering the physical forces involved.
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: Transpiration creates a negative pressure in the leaves due to water
evaporation, which pulls water upward through the xylem vessels, leveraging the cohesion
between water molecules to overcome gravity.
Source: [Link] (p. 16)

28. In plants, what is a primary advantage of excreting waste products into non-
living tissues or storing them in fall-off leaves?
A. It enables waste products to enhance soil fertility when leaves decompose in the soil.
B. It prevents the waste from accumulating in living tissues, avoiding cellular damage and
maintaining efficiency.
C. It ensures waste removal is rapid by reducing the energy required for transportation within
living tissues.
D. It allows wastes to be reabsorbed later when needed for metabolic processes.
Correct Answer: B
Source: [Link] (p. 17)

29. How does the process of artificial kidney (hemodialysis) mimic the natural
function of a healthy kidney?
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: It uses semi-permeable tubes surrounded by dialyzing fluid to filter out
nitrogenous wastes from blood via diffusion, similar to how kidneys filter blood in vivo.
Source: [Link] (p. 19)
30. Create a fill-in-the-blank question about the basic filtration unit in the kidneys
that involves blood filtration.

31. What is the primary function of the circulatory system in human beings?
A. Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and waste materials for distribution and removal.
B. Regulation of body temperature and maintenance of pH balance.
C. Facilitation of immune response and production of hormones.
D. Support and movement of the body with the aid of muscles and bones.
Correct Answer: A
Source: [Link] (p. 21)

32. In plants with highly differentiated vascular tissues, transport of water and food
occurs simultaneously but through different tissues.
True
False
Correct Answer: False
Source: [Link] (p. 21)

33. Fats are digested in the human body primarily within the stomach.
True
False
Correct Answer: False
Source: [Link] (p. 21)

34. The alveoli in the lungs are structured to maximize gas exchange by
increasing their surface area through a large number of tiny sac-like structures.
True
False
Correct Answer: True
Source: [Link] (p. 21)

35. The process of autotrophic nutrition requires the presence of water, carbon
dioxide, chlorophyll, and sunlight, and produces oxygen as a by-product.
True
False
Correct Answer: True
Source: [Link] (p. 21)
36. During respiration, pyruvate is broken down in the mitochondria to produce
carbon dioxide, water, and large amounts of ATP, especially under aerobic
conditions.
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: mitochondria
Source: [Link] (p. 21)

37. How do the structural differences between alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in
the kidneys influence their roles in gas and waste exchange?
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: The alveoli have a large surface area with thin walls for efficient gas
exchange, whereas nephrons have specialized structures that filter blood and reabsorb
essential substances, facilitating waste removal.
Source: [Link] (p. 21)

38. The deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood leads to decreased oxygen

transport, resulting in fatigue and weakened body functions, because hemoglobin
is responsible for carrying oxygen.
[Answer Space]
Correct Answer: hemoglobin
Source: [Link] (p. 21)