BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
BITS F225 – ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Topic: Disaster Management & Mitigation
21-Feb-23 1
Topics to be covered in today’s lecture
▪ Introduction to Disaster Management and Overview of various disasters
▪ Evolution of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
▪ What is meant by Resiliency?
▪ Key elements of Infrastructure
▪ Characteristics of Resiliency
▪ Japan Earthquake & Indian Ocean Earthquake
▪ Codal Provisions – Earthquake Forces
▪ Earthquake Magnitude & Intensity
▪ Seismic Waves and Damages
21-Feb-23 2
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Disaster Management
Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen
the impact of disasters.
Disaster Management Plan
➢ Disaster Prevention/Mitigation
➢ Disaster Preparedness
➢ Disaster Relief/Response
➢ Disaster Recovery
21-Feb-23 3
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Mitigation Techniques
Prevention - Government, administrative, or regulatory actions that influence the
way land and buildings are developed to reduce hazard losses. Includes planning and
zoning, floodplain laws, capital improvement programs, open space preservation, and
storm water management regulations.
Property Protection - Modification of buildings or structures to protect them from a
hazard or removal of structures from a hazard area. Includes acquisition, elevation,
relocation, structural retrofit, storm shutters, and shatter-resistant glass.
Public Education and Awareness - Actions to inform citizens and elected officials
about hazards and ways to mitigate them. Includes outreach projects, real estate
disclosure, hazard information centers, and school-age and adult education.
Natural Resource Protection - Actions that minimize hazard loss and preserve or
restore the functions of natural systems. Includes sediment and erosion control,
stream corridor restoration, watershed management, forest and vegetation
management, and wetland restoration and preservation.
21-Feb-23 4
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Mitigation Techniques
Emergency Services - Actions that protect people and property during and
immediately after a hazard event. Includes warning systems, emergency response
services, and the protection of essential facilities.
Structural Projects - Actions that involve the construction of structures to reduce the
impact of a hazard. Includes dams, setback levees, floodwalls, retaining walls, and safe
rooms.
21-Feb-23 5
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Disasters
➢ Natural disasters
o Earthquakes
o Floods
o Urban Floods
o Landslides
o Cyclones
o Tsunamis
o Heat Wave
➢ Man Made disasters
➢ Pandemic emergencies
21-Feb-23 6
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Natural Disasters - Earthquakes
o An earthquake is a phenomenon that occurs without warning and involves violent
shaking of the ground and everything over it.
o It results from the release of accumulated stress of the moving lithospheric or
crustal plates.
o The earth's crust is divided into seven major plates, that are about 50 miles thick,
which move slowly and continuously over the earth's interior and several minor
plates.
o Earthquakes are tectonic in origin; that is the moving plates are responsible for the
occurrence of violent shakes.
o The occurrence of an earthquake in a populated area may cause numerous
casualties and injuries as well as extensive damage to property.
21-Feb-23 7
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
21-Feb-23 8
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
21-Feb-23 9
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Natural Disasters - Floods
➢ India is highly vulnerable to floods. Out of the total geographical area of 329 million
hectares (mha), more than 40 mha is flood prone.
➢ Floods are a recurrent phenomenon, which cause huge loss of lives and damage
to livelihood systems, property, infrastructure and public utilities.
➢ It is a cause for concern that flood related damages show an increasing trend.
➢ An average every year, 75 lakh hectares of land is affected, 1600 lives are lost and
the damage caused to crops, houses and public utilities is Rs.1805 crores due to
floods.
➢ Floods have also occurred in areas, which were earlier not considered flood
prone.
21-Feb-23 10
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Natural Disasters – Urban Floods
➢ Urban flooding is significantly different from rural flooding as urbanization leads to
developed catchments, which increases the flood peaks from 1.8 to 8 times and
flood volumes by up to 6 times.
➢ Consequently, flooding occurs very quickly due to faster flow times (in a matter of
minutes).
➢ Urban areas are densely populated and people living in vulnerable areas suffer due
to flooding, sometimes resulting in loss of life.
➢ It is not only the event of flooding but the secondary effect of exposure to infection
also has its toll in terms of human suffering, loss of livelihood and, in extreme
cases, loss of life.
➢ Increasing trend of urban flooding is a universal phenomenon and poses a great
challenge to urban planners the world over.
21-Feb-23 11
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Natural Disasters – Landslides
➢ India has the highest mountain chain on earth, the Himalayas, which are formed
due to collision of Indian and Eurasian plate.
21-Feb-23 12
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Natural Disasters – Cyclones
o Cyclones are caused by atmospheric disturbances around a low-pressure area
distinguished by swift and often destructive air circulation.
o Cyclones are usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.
o The air circulates inward in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern hemisphere
and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere.
o Cyclones are classified as:
o (i) extra tropical cyclones (also called temperate cyclones);
o (ii) tropical cyclones
21-Feb-23 13
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Natural Disasters – Cyclones - Worldwide terminology
o Cyclones are given many names in different regions of the world –
o They are known as typhoons in the China Sea and Pacific Ocean;
o Hurricanes in the West Indian islands in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean;
o Tornados in the Guinea lands of West Africa and southern USA.;
o Willy-willies in north-western Australia and tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean.
21-Feb-23 14
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Natural Disasters – Cyclones
Type of Wind Speed in Wind Speed in
Disturbances Km/h Knots
Low Pressure Less than 31 Less than 17
Depression 31-49 17-27
Deep Depression 49-61 27-33
Cyclonic Storm 61-88 33-47
Severe Cyclonic
88-117 47-63
Storm
Super Cyclone More than 221 More than 120
1 knot - 1.85 km per hour
21-Feb-23 15
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Natural Disasters – Cyclones
Wind Speed in
Cyclone Category Damage Capacity
Km/h
01 120-150 Minimal
02 150-180 Moderate
03 180-210 Extensive
04 210-250 Extreme
05 250 and above Catastrophic
The Indian subcontinent is one of the worst affected regions in the world. The
subcontinent with a long coastline of 8041 kilometres is exposed to nearly 10 per cent
of the world’s tropical cyclones.
21-Feb-23 16
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Natural Disasters – Tsunami
o The tsunami that occurred during 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of Mw 9.3 was
primarily caused by vertical displacement of the seafloor, in response to slip on the inter-
plate thrust fault.
o The earthquake and resulting tsunami in the Indian Ocean affected many countries in
Southeast Asia and beyond, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand,
the Maldives, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and others.
o The disaster also caused a substantial geo-physical impact in Indian Ocean. The disaster
invited attention of affected countries for setting up effective tsunami early warning system
and institutional mechanism for handling disasters.
o The Government of India has put in place an Early Warning System for mitigation of such
oceanogenic disasters under the control of Indian National Center for Ocean Information
Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad.
21-Feb-23 17
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Natural Disasters – Tsunami
➢ A state-of-the-art early warning centre was established with the necessary
computational and communication infrastructure that enables reception of real-time
data from sensors, analysis of the data, generation and dissemination of tsunami
advisories following a standard operating procedure.
➢ Seismic and sea-level data are continuously monitored in the Early Warning Centre
using custom-built software application that generates alarms/alerts in the warning
centre whenever a pre-set threshold is crossed.
➢ Structural Mitigation measures, as envisaged in the Guidelines, gives a brief
guidance on design and construction of new structures as well as strategies for
protecting lifeline and priority structures from Tsunamis along the seafront. The
Guidelines urge BIS to roll out the pending construction standards entitled ‘Criteria
for Tsunami-Resistant Design of Structures’.
21-Feb-23 18
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Types of Natural Disasters – Heat Wave
o A Heat Wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures, more than the normal maximum
temperature that occurs during the summer season in the North-Western parts of India.
o Heat Waves typically occur between March and June, and in some rare cases even extend
till July.
o The extreme temperatures and resultant atmospheric conditions adversely affect people
living in these regions as they cause physiological stress, sometimes resulting in death.
o Heat Wave need not be considered till maximum temperature of a station reaches atleast
40 degree C for Plains and atleast 30 degree C for Hilly regions (as per IMD).
o Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becomingly
increasingly frequent globally due to climate change. India too is feeling the impact of
climate change in terms of increased instances of heat waves which are more intense in
nature with each passing year, and have a devastating impact on human health thereby
increasing the number of heat wave casualties.
21-Feb-23 19
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Vulnerability Profile of India
➢ India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of disasters.
➢ More than 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to
very high intensity;
➢ over 40 million hectares (12%) of its land is prone to floods and river erosion;
➢ close to 5,700 kms, out of the 7,516 kms long coastline is prone to cyclones and
tsunamis;
➢ 68% of its cultivable area is vulnerable to droughts; and, its hilly areas are at risk
from landslides and avalanches.
➢ Moreover, India is also vulnerable to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and
Nuclear (CBRN) emergencies and other man-made disasters.
21-Feb-23 20
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
NDMA – Roles and
responsibilities
The Government of India (GOI) set up a High-Powered Committee (HPC) in August
1999 and a National Committee after the Gujarat earthquake, for making
recommendations on the preparation of Disaster Management plans and suggesting
effective mitigation mechanisms.
The Tenth Five-Year Plan document also had, for the first time, a detailed chapter on
Disaster Management. The Twelfth Finance Commission was also mandated to
review the financial arrangements for Disaster Management.
On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management
Act, which envisaged the creation of National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management Authorities
(SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and implement a
holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.
21-Feb-23 21
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Resilience of the Infrastructure:
➢ In the last two decades, the construction of high-rise buildings has grown
significantly in many residential and commercial sectors thanks to the
advancements in construction technology.
➢ Buildings are primarily built using Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) or
structural steel.
➢ The design approach in creating an infrastructure facility has undergone
paradigm shift from force based approach to resilience based approach.
➢ Resilience is the capability of a system to
a) Maintain acceptable levels of functionality during and after disruptive events
b) To recover full functionality within a specified period of time.
21-Feb-23 22
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Key elements of Infrastructure
Airports Metros Highways
Transmission Key Bridges
towers Resilience
Power plant Offshore Buildings
Structures structures
➢ Infrastructure resilience is the ability to reduce the magnitude or duration of
disruptive events.
➢ The effectiveness of a resilient infrastructure depends upon its ability to
anticipate, absorb, adapt to, and rapidly recover from a potentially disruptive
event.
21-Feb-23 23
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Indian Road Network
Indian road network of 33 lakh [Link] second largest in the world and consists of :
Type of roads Length(In Km)
Expressways 200
National Highways 96,260.72
State Highways 1,31,899
Major District Roads 4,67,763
Rural and Other Roads 26,50,000
Total Length 33 Lakhs Kms (Approx.)
•About 65% of freight and 80% passenger traffic is carried by the roads.
•National Highways constitute only about 2.9% of the road network but carry about 40% of
the total road traffic.
•Number of vehicles has been growing at an average pace of 10.16% per annum over the
last five years.
21-Feb-23 24
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Chenani- Nashri Tunnel (2011 – 2017)
➢ Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel, also known the Syama Tunnel (formerly
known as the Chenani-Nashri Tunnel), is a road tunnel in the Indian union territory
of Jammu and Kashmir on NH 44.
➢ An ideal example of the government’s ‘Make in India’ and ‘Skill India’ initiative, the
9 km long, twin-tube, all-weather tunnel between Udhampur and Ramban in
Jammu & Kashmir is not only India’s longest highway tunnel but also Asia’s
longest bi-directional highway tunnel.
➢ Built at an elevation of 1200 metres on one of the most difficult Himalayan
terrains, the tunnel cuts the travel time between Jammu and Srinagar by two
hours, by passing about 41 kms of road length.
➢ It will also ensure an all-weather passage on a route that often sees heavy traffic
jams and disruptions due to landslides, snow, sharp curves, breakdown of
vehicles and accidents.
➢ The tunnel has been constructed at a cost of about Rs 3720 crores and is a part
of the 286-km-long project for four-laning of the Jammu-Srinagar National
Highway.
21-Feb-23 25
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Chenani- Nashri Tunnel
➢ Built at Rs 3,720 crore, the tunnel will reduce the distance between Jammu and Srinagar
from 41 km to 9.2 km.
➢ 1,500 engineers, geologists, skilled workers and labourers worked on the project.
➢ 92.7 FM is mandatory for vehicles where emergency messages will be relayed.
➢ 6,000 LED multiple colour lights will be used to break monotony.
➢ GSM phones will work inside the tunnel. 118 SOS boxes have been set up, one every 150
metres on both sides.
➢ Smoke and heat dampeners will react quickly in fire incidents.
➢ 118 CCTVs, one every 75 metres.
➢ At 50 km/hr speed, the tunnel is a 12 to 15 minutes drive
➢ Each tube has a diameter of 13 metres, while sideway has a diameter of 6 metres.
➢ Rs. 27 Lakh fuel savings a day
21-Feb-23 26
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Chenani- Nashri Tunnel – Country’s Longest Tunnel
➢ Comprises two tubes and 29 cross-passages, with special lane for exigencies.
➢ Air quality monitors every 12 metres will keep a check on carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide, guiding exhaust fans and air purification.
➢ Automated Integrated Traffic Control System will monitor traffic round-the-clock and
overheated vehicle will be made to stop for cooling off.
➢ Vehicle distance to be maintained at three metres.
21-Feb-23 27
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THE KIND
ATTENTION
21-Feb-23 28
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Resilience planning:
• Robustness: The ability to maintain critical operations and functions in the face of crisis. This
includes the building itself, the design of the infrastructure (office buildings, power generation,
distribution structures, bridges, dams), or in system redundancy and substitution
(transportation, power grid, communications networks).
• Resourcefulness: The ability to skilfully prepare for, respond to and manage a crisis or
disruption as it unfolds. This includes identifying courses of action and business continuity
planning; training; supply chain management; prioritizing actions to control and mitigate
damage; and effectively communicating decisions.
• Rapid recovery: The ability to return to and/or reconstitute normal operations as quickly and
efficiently as possible after a disruption. Components of rapid recovery include carefully drafted
contingency plans, competent emergency operations, and the means to get the right people
and resources to the right places.
• Redundancy: It is proposed as another key feature, which mean that there are back-up
resources to support the originals in case of failure that should also be considered when
planning for resilience.
21-Feb-23 29
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Dynamics between
economic and fiscal
impact of natural
disasters, according to
UNDRR
The United Nations Office
for Disaster Risk
Reduction (UNDRR) was
created in December 1999 to
ensure the implementation of
the International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction
21-Feb-23 30
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
Japan is one of the world’s most earthquake—prone countries. Dozens of strong
aftershocks have been felt since the March 2011 disaster, which measured a 9.0
magnitude and was the strongest in Japanese history.
21-Feb-23 31
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Indian Ocean tsunami:
One of the largest earthquakes ever recorded struck off the coast of Indonesia,
triggering a tsunami that swept away entire communities around the Indian Ocean.
About 228,000 people were killed as a result of the 9.1 magnitude quake and the
giant waves that slammed into coastlines on 26th December 2004.
Complete loss of spans of the four Laterally toppled three-storey
span RC bridge at Melmannakudi in seaport traffic control tower at
Tamil Nadu. Hut Bay in Little Andaman Island
21-Feb-23 32
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
➢ This kind of large vertical displacement happened because the magnitude of the
earthquake was greater than 9 and it occurred at a shallow depth of less than
30 km below the ocean.
➢ Since 1900, only five earthquakes, worldwide have exceeded magnitude 9.0 and
all of them occurred in subduction zones at shallow depths and broke the ocean
floor with displacement of the order of greater than 10 metres generating gigantic
tsunami waves.
➢ A subduction zone is a region of the Earth's crust where tectonic plates meet.
Tectonic plates are massive pieces of the Earth's crust that interact with each
other. The places where these plates meet are called plate boundaries.
21-Feb-23 33
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF
STRUCTURES (IS: 1893 – 2016)
➢IS 1893: 1962 – 7 ZONES
Zone – II –
➢IS 1893: 1966 – 7 ZONES Zone – III –
➢IS 1893: 1970 – 5 ZONES Zone – IV –
➢IS 1893: 1975 – 5 ZONES Zone – V – (Most vulnerable)
➢IS 1893: 1984 – 5 ZONES
➢IS 1893: 2002 – 4 ZONES
➢IS 1893: 2016 – 4 ZONES
This standard (Part 1) deals with assessment of seismic loads on various structures
and earthquake resistant design of buildings.
Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum flood or
maximum sea waves. – Assumption in the EQ Resistance Design
21-Feb-23 34
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Magnitude:
o Measures the size of the earthquake at its source.
o An earthquake has one magnitude.
o The magnitude do not depend on where the measurement is made. Often,
several slightly different magnitudes are reported for an earthquake.
o This happens because the relation between the seismic measurements and the
magnitude is complex and different procedures will often give slightly different
magnitudes for the same earthquake.
A seismogram is the recording of the ground shaking at the specific location of the
instrument. On a seismogram, the HORIZONTAL axis = time (measured in seconds) and the
VERTICAL axis= ground displacement (usually measured in millimeters).
Seismographs are instruments used to record the motion of the ground during an
earthquake.
21-Feb-23 35
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Richter Scale Magnitude Measurement:
Earthquake size, as measured by the Richter Scale is a well known, but not well
understood, concept.
The idea of a logarithmic earthquake magnitude scale was first developed by Charles
Richter in the 1930's for measuring the size of earthquakes occurring in southern
California using relatively high-frequency data from nearby seismograph stations.
This magnitude scale was referred to as ML, with the L standing for local. This is what was
to eventually become known as the Richter magnitude.
As more seismograph stations were installed around the world, it became apparent that
the method developed by Richter was strictly valid only for certain frequency and
distance ranges.
21-Feb-23 36
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Richter Magnitude is a
function of the amplitude of
the largest wave on a
seismogram and the
distance from the recording
station to the epicenter
either directly in kilometers
or indirectly as the S-P lag
time)
21-Feb-23 37
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Body Wave Magnitude & Surface wave Magnitude
➢ In order to take advantage of the growing number of globally distributed seismograph
stations, new magnitude scales that are an extension of Richter's original idea were
developed.
➢ These include body wave magnitude (Mb) and surface wave magnitude (Ms).
➢ Each is valid for a particular frequency range and type of seismic signal.
21-Feb-23 38
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Relationship between seismic energy and
Magnitude of Earthquake
21-Feb-23 39
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Earthquake Intensity
o Intensity scales, like the Modified Mercalli Scale and the Rossi-Forel scale, measure the
amount of shaking at a particular location.
o An earthquake causes many different intensities of shaking in the area of the epicenter
where it occurs.
o So the intensity of an earthquake will vary depending on where you are. Sometimes
earthquakes are referred to by the maximum intensity they produce.
21-Feb-23 40
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Seismic Waves
➢ Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock
within the earth.
➢ Body Waves (P waves and S waves) – Travel through the earth’s inner layer
➢ Surface Waves (Love waves and Rayleigh waves)– Travel through the surface of
the planet
Surface waves – Responsible for the damage and destruction
Shallow earthquakes – (0 km – 70 km deep)
Intermediate earthquakes – (70 km – 300 km deep)
Deep earthquakes – (300 km – 700 km deep)
21-Feb-23 41
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Due to Pounding Action (Too closely located buildings)
21-Feb-23 42
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
21-Feb-23 43
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
21-Feb-23 44
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Non-structural damage:
➢ The performance of non-structural components is crucial to achieving the
immediate re-occupancy and functionality objectives in the 475- year earthquake.
➢ In tall buildings, elevators are crucial for not only for continuity of operations but
also for re-occupancy.
21-Feb-23 45
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Occupancy Certificate:
➢ An occupancy certificate is a document that is issued by a local government agency or
planning authority, upon the completion of construction of a new project.
➢ The certificate is proof that the project has been built, by adhering to the applicable
building codes, relevant regulations and laws. It is the responsibility of the developer to
obtain an occupancy certificate, once the project has been completed.
➢ The certificate is an indication that the building is suitable for occupancy. An OC is
required, when applying for water, sanitation and electricity connections.
21-Feb-23 46
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Completion and Commencement Certificate
Completion Certificate
A Completion Certificate (CC) is issued only after the construction meets other building
standards like distance from the road, the height of the building, and rainwater harvesting
system. A CC alone cannot legalize occupation; the OC is a must.
Commencement Certificate
If you are buying an under construction property, make sure you check the Commencement
Certificate before signing the agreement. Many builders do not wait for a Commencement
Certificate. This is illegal and can create serious problems in obtaining an OC at a subsequent
stage.
21-Feb-23 47
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
Lead rubber isolators supporting the building
21-Feb-23 48
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
21-Feb-23 49
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
21-Feb-23 50
BITSPilani, Pilani Campus
