Cloud Computing

Introduction
 Contents
● What is the cloud computing?
● Cloud Computing Components
● Service Models
● Deployment Models
● Architecture
● Cloud Engineering
● Security and Privacy
● Cloud Clients
● Advanatges
What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing :
–Internet-based computing
–large groups of remote servers are networked
–sharing
of data-processing tasks, centralized data storage,
computer services and resources
–Any computer related task that is done entirely on
Internet
 What is Cloud Computing?

● Allows users to deal with the software without having the

hardware.

● Everything is done by remote, nothing is saved locally.

Cloud Computing Components
Do you Use the Cloud?
 Characteristics

● Empowerment
● Agility and API
● Cost and Security
● Device and location
independence
● Visualization
● Multi-tenancy
● Reliability and Maintenance
● Scalability and Elasticity
Cloud Computing Characteristics
Common Characteristics:

Massive Scale Resilient Computing

Homogeneity Geographic Distribution

Virtualization Service Orientation

Low Cost Software Advanced Security

Essential Characteristics:

On Demand Self-Service
Broad Network Access Rapid Elasticity
Resource Pooling Measured Service

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 Service Models
● Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS)
– Basic, service users maintain software

● Platform as a Service (PaaS)

– Users are given software and hardware
automatically

● Software as a Service (SaaS)

– All software and hardware is transparent
– User only knows their own access point
 Deployment Models

● Public cloud
– Done by service providers

● Community cloud
– organizations from a specific community with common concerns

● Private cloud
– operated solely for a single organization

● Hybrid cloud
– composition of two or more clouds (private, community or public)

● Private Cloud Rentals

– option to consider when security is a concern
 Architecture

● The software systems involved

in the delivery, communicating
over a loose coupling
mechanism
● The Inter-cloud
– The Inter-cloud is an
interconnected global
"cloud of clouds" and an
extension of the Internet
Cloud Computing Models, Resources, Attributes

Delivery models
Software as a Service (SaaS) Deployment models
Platform as a Service (PaaS) Public cloud

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Private cloud

Community cloud
Hybrid cloud

Cloud computing
Infrastructure
Distributed infrastructure
Defining attributes
Resource virtualization
Massive infrastructure
Autonomous systems
Utility computing. Pay-per-usage
Resources
Accessible via the Internet
Compute & storage servers
Networks Services Elasticity

Applications
 Cloud Engineering
● The application of engineering disciplines to cloud computing
● High level concerns
– Commercialization
– Standardization
● Governance in
– Conceiving
– Developing
– Operating
– maintaining
 Security and privacy

● Data protection
● Physical Control
● Identity management
● Physical and personnel security
● Availability
● Application security
● Privacy
● Legal issues
 Cloud Clients

● Google Chrome book

● Web browsers
● Company specific applications
Cloud computing - Characteristics
“Cloud Computing offers on-demand, scalable and elastic computing
(and storage services). The resources used for these services can be
metered and users are charged only for the resources used.”

Shared Resources and Resource Management:

[Link] uses a shared pool of resources
[Link] Internet techn. to offer scalable and elastic services.
[Link] term “elastic computing” refers to the ability of dynamically
and on-demand acquiring computing resources and supporting a
variable workload.
[Link] are metered and users are charged accordingly.
[Link] is more cost-effective due to resource-multiplexing. Lower costs
for the cloud service provider are past to the cloud users.
Cloud computing (cont’d)
Data Storage:
[Link] is stored:
▪ in the “cloud”, in certain cases closer to the site where it is used.
▪ appears to the users as if stored in a location-independent manner.
[Link] data storage strategy can increase reliability, as well as
security, and can lower communication costs.

Management:
[Link] maintenance and security are operated by service providers.
[Link] service providers can operate more efficiently due to
specialisation and centralisation.

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 Advantages

● Cloud everyday use

● To save huge amounts of data
● Easier to maintain information
● Makes security easy
● Maintainability and sustainability are better
Cloud Computing Advantages

1. Resources, such as CPU cycles, storage, network bandwidth, are

shared.

2. When multiple applications share a system, their peak demands for

resources are not synchronised thus, multiplexing leads to a higher
resource utilization.

3. Resources can be aggregated to support data-intensive applications.

4. Data sharing facilitates collaborative activities. Many applications

require multiple types of analysis of shared data sets and multiple
decisions carried out by groups scattered around the globe.
Cloud Computing Advantages

5. Eliminates the initial investment costs for a private computing

infrastructure and the maintenance and operation costs.

6. Cost reduction: concentration of resources creates the opportunity

to pay as you go for computing.

7. Elasticity: the ability to accommodate workloads with very large

peak-to-average ratios.

8. User convenience: virtualization allows users to operate in familiar

environments rather than in idiosyncratic ones.
Types of clouds

1. Public Cloud - the infrastructure is made available to the general public

or a large industry group and is owned by the organization selling cloud
services.

2. Private Cloud – the infrastructure is operated solely for an organization.

1. Hybrid Cloud - composition of two or more Clouds (public, private, or

community) as unique entities but bound by a standardised technology
that enables data and application portability.

2. Other types: e.g., Community/Federated Cloud - the infrastructure

is shared by several organizations and supports a community that has
shared concerns.
Why cloud computing is (could) be successful when
other paradigms have failed?
▪ It is in a better position to exploit recent advances in
software, networking, storage, and processor technologies
promoted by the same companies who provide Cloud
services.
▪ Economical reasons: It is used for enterprise computing; its
adoption by industrial organizations, financial institutions,
government, and so on has a huge impact on the economy.
▪ Infrastructures Management reasons:
▪ A single Cloud consists of a mostly homogeneous (now more
heterogeneous) set of hardware and software resources.
▪ The resources are in a single administrative domain (AD). Security,
resource management, fault-tolerance, and quality of service are
less challenging than in a heterogeneous environment with
resources in multiple ADs.
Challenges for cloud computing

1. Availability of service: what happens when the service provider

cannot deliver?

2. Data confidentiality and auditability, a serious problem.

3. Diversity of services, data organization, user interfaces available

at different service providers limit user mobility; once a
customer is hooked to one provider it is hard to move to
another.

4. Data transfer bottleneck; many applications are data-intensive.

More challenges

5. Performance unpredictability, one of the consequences of resource sharing.

▪ How to use resource virtualization and performance isolation for QoS guarantees?
▪ How to support elasticity, the ability to scale up and down quickly?

6. Resource management: It is a big challenge to manage different workloads running

on large data centers. Are self-organization and self-management the solution?

7. Security and confidentiality: major concern for sensitive applications, e.g.,

healthcare applications.

Addressing these challenges is on-going work!

Cloud Delivery Models
1. Software as a Service (SaaS) (high level)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) (low level)
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

▪ Infrastructure is compute resources, CPU, VMs, storage, etc

▪ The user is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating
systems and applications.
▪ The user does not manage or control the underlying Cloud infrastructure but has
control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited
control of some networking components, e.g., host firewalls.

▪ Services offered by this delivery model include: server hosting, storage, computing
hardware, operating systems, virtual instances, load balancing, Internet access, and
bandwidth provisioning.

▪ Example: Amazon EC2

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
▪ Allows a cloud user to deploy consumer-created or acquired applications
using programming languages and tools supported by the service provider.
▪ The user:
▪ Has control over the deployed applications and, possibly, application hosting
environment configurations.
▪ Does not manage or control the underlying Cloud infrastructure including network,
servers, operating systems, or storage.
▪ Not particularly useful when:
▪ The application must be portable.
▪ Proprietary programming languages are used.
▪ The hardware and software must be customised to improve the performance of the
application.
▪ Examples: Google App Engine, Windows Azure
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
▪ Applications are supplied by the service provider.
▪ The user does not manage or control the underlying Cloud
infrastructure or individual application capabilities.
▪ Services offered include:
▪ Enterprise services such as: workflow management, communications,
digital signature, customer relationship management (CRM), desktop
software, financial management, geo-spatial, and search.
▪ Not suitable for real-time applications or for those where data is
not allowed to be hosted externally.

▪ Examples: Gmail, Salesforce

The Three delivery models of Cloud Computing
Cloud activities

▪ Service management and provisioning including:

▪ Virtualization.
▪ Service provisioning.
▪ Call center.
▪ Operations management.
▪ Systems management.
▪ QoS management.
▪ Billing and accounting, asset management.
▪ SLA management.
▪ Technical support and backups.
Cloud activities (cont’d)

▪ Security management including:

▪ ID and authentication.
▪ Certification and accreditation.
▪ Intrusion prevention.
▪ Intrusion detection.
▪ Virus protection.
▪ Cryptography.
▪ Physical security, incident response.
▪ Access control, audit and trails, and firewalls.
Cloud activities (cont’d)

▪ Customer services such as:

▪ Customer assistance and on-line help.
▪ Subscriptions.
▪ Business intelligence.
▪ Reporting.
▪ Customer preferences.
▪ Personalization.
▪ Integration services including:
▪ Data management.
▪ Development.
Ethical issues

▪ Paradigm shift with implications on computing ethics:

▪ The control is relinquished to third party services.
▪ Data is stored on multiple sites administered by several
organizations.
▪ Multiple services interoperate across the network.
▪ Implications:
▪ Unauthorised access.
▪ Data corruption.
▪ Infrastructure failure, and service unavailability.
De-perimeterisation

▪ Systems can span the boundaries of multiple organisations and

cross the security borders.

▪ The complex structure of Cloud services can make it difficult to

determine who is responsible in case something undesirable
happens.

▪ Identity fraud and theft are made possible by the unauthorised

access to personal data in circulation and by new forms of
dissemination through social networks and they could also pose a
danger to Cloud Computing.
Privacy issues

▪ Cloud service providers have already collected petabytes of

sensitive personal information stored in data centers around the
world. The acceptance of Cloud Computing therefore will be
determined by privacy issues addressed by these companies and
the countries where the data centers are located.

▪ Privacy is affected by cultural differences; some cultures favour

privacy, others emphasise community. This leads to an
ambivalent attitude towards privacy in the Internet which is a
global system.
Cloud Vulnerabilities

▪ Clouds are affected by malicious attacks and failures of the

infrastructure, e.g., power failures.

▪ Such events can affect the Internet domain name servers and
prevent access to a Cloud or can directly affect the Clouds:
▪ in 2004 an attack at Akamai caused a domain name outage and a
major blackout that affected Google, Yahoo, and other sites.
▪ in 2009, Google was the target of a denial of service attack which
took down Google News and Gmail for several days;
▪ in 2012 lightning caused a prolonged down time at Amazon.
Thank you