6/18/2025

Chapter 3
Impact Prediction, Evaluation and Mitigation 10 hrs.
• Methods of impact prediction
• Impact evaluation techniques
• Types of mitigation measures
• Implementation of environmental protection measures

Impact Prediction and

Evaluation Techniques

Er. Mahadev Singh Saud

Impact Prediction Impact prediction should focus on the following

considerations:
• Prediction should be based on the available
environmental baseline data. 1. Magnitude of impact:
• Predictions can be described in quantitative or • This is defined by the severity of each potential impact
qualitative terms. and indicates whether the impact is irreversible or
• They should, at the least: reversible; if it is reversible, a potential rate of recovery is
I. determine the initial reference of baseline estimated.
conditions, • The magnitude of a major adverse impact cannot be
II. estimate the future state if the proposed action is considered high if it can be mitigated.
carried out, and • Magnitude is often expressed as
III. estimate the future state if the proposed action is  High/Major (H),
not carried out.
 Medium/Moderate (M) &
 Low (l).
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Impact prediction should focus on the following Impact prediction should focus on the following
considerations:………………………. considerations:………………………..
2. Extant of impact: [Link] of impact:
• The spatial extent or the zone of influence of the • Environmental impacts have a temporal dimension that
impact should always be determined. needs to be considered in an EIA.
• An impact can be site-specific or limited to the • Impacts arising at different phases of the project cycle
need to be considered.
project area (SP) ;
• An impact that generally lasts for less than or only three
• a locally-occurring impact within the watershed of classified as short term (St)
the proposed project (L); • An impact which continue for 3-20 year is defined as
• a regional impact that may extend beyond the medium-term (Mt)
watershed (R); • Impacts that last beyond 20 years are considered as
• or a national impact affecting resources on a long-term (Lt).
national scale (N) • The types of impacts produced during the construction
phase are generally short-term.

Methods of Predicting and Evaluating

Impacts Prediction Methods

• Different types of methods are used for impact prediction • In general, the methods are divided into the following
1. Extrapolative (mostly) and six types

2. Normative (some cases,) 1. Mathematical Models

• Extrapolative are those in which the predictions are 2. Statistical Models

made on the basis of past and present data, and include 3. Geographic Models
trend analysis, scenario analysis, analogies, and intuitive 4. Task Specific Computer Models
• Normative method examine how the fulfillment of a 5. Laboratory Experimental Methods
desired target is achieved
6. Expert Judgment
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Mathematical models are divided into two types.

1. Mathematical Models I. Deterministic models :
• usually derived through fixed relationships.
• Are used to show cause‐effect relationships • They are more commonly used in socioeconomic impact
• They may be simple input‐output models or prediction.
complex dynamic type • For example, the economic multiplier in a project where
• Primarily used for predicting the impact only injection of money in the project area takes place and the
partially e.g., model for phosphorus retention in impact on the economy of the project area is examined,
a lake, or model to predict the economic and
multiplier in a particular area II. Stochastic model
• Models which are comprehensive and provide • probabilistic type in which the prediction depends upon
holistic approach are often rare except in some the degree of probability of occurrence of a number of
cases of land-use planning events in a given area and time.

• A simple model termed a 'mass balance model' is • Mathematical models: Use of mathematical
equations to show cause-effect relationship
usually applied for indicating the input from one between variables. Lets say for concentration
compartment resulting in the output for another. of NPK into a river due to the proposed activity:
C1= (Q0C0-QeCe )/( Q0 + Qe )
• If the inputs are water, food, and chemicals in one C1= Downstream concentration, C0= upstream
Concentration, Ce= effluent concentration, Q0=
compartment, the outputs would be water and wastes upstream flow, Qe= Effluent flow

flowing out into another compartment. • Gaussian Plume Model for air pollution
• Mass balance models are primarily useful for predicting
impacts from industries or manufacturing sections.
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Types of AQ Models Gaussian Plume Models for Air Pollution

Meteorological
Model

Emission Chemical
Model Model
Temporal and spatial emission rates
Topography
Chemical Transformation
Pollutant Transport Δh
Equilibrium between Particles and gases
Vertical Mixing
Source
Receptor
Dispersion
Model
Model
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Δh

Effective stack Height (H) =Δh+h

Where , Δh= Plume Rise & h= Physical
stack Height
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Assumptions

• Plume spread has a

Gaussian distribution
• Emission rate is constant
and continuous
• Pollutants are transported
in a straight line instantly.
• Point source emissions
• Wind speed and wind
direction is constant and
continuous
• (note: Gaussian plume
model breaks down with
low wind speeds <1 m/s).
H=

Difference in figure and equation

• H (effective stack height)
H= hs + ∆h
Where hs is the physical stack height and ∆h is the
height of plume rise

Wark & Warner, “Air Pollution: Its Origin & Control”

Q  y 2     z  H 2   z  H 2  
C  x, y , z   exp 2  exp   exp 
2 y  z u  2 y    2 z 
2
 2 2z  
Cx,y,z,H
July 12, 2012 20
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Dispersion Coefficients: Horizontal

g/s
u

Fig 7.12

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Dispersion Coefficients: Vertical

Fig 7.13

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Ground level emission

Case II: GPM for ground level emission such as fires or
explosions or fugitive gases’ H = 0
C (x, y, z,0) = Q/(πσyσz Us )*exp [ -1/2 (y/σy)2 ] *exp [-1/2 (z/ σz)2 ]
Case III: For ground level concentration, z= 0, H=0
C (x,y,0,0) = Q/(πσyσz Us )exp [ -1/2 (y/σy)2 ]
Case IV: The maximum ground level concentrations are
along the plume center- line where, z=0, y =0, H=0
C (x,0,0,0) = Q/(πσyσz Us )
Case I. Ground level concentration (Z=0) C(x,y,0,H)
Q  y2   H 2 
Cx, y,0, H  exp 2  exp 2 
 y zu  2 y   2 z 
25

Maximum Ground Level Concentration Problem

Under moderately stable to near neutral conditions,

 y  k1 z • Calculate the nighttime concentration of
The ground level concentration at the center line is nitrogen oxides 1 km downward of an open,
Q  H2  burning dump if the dump emits NOx at the rate
C  x,0,0   exp  2  of 4 g/sec. The wind speed is 4 m/sec at 10 m
k1 z2u  2 z  above ground level. The one-hour average
v) The maximum ground surface concentration occurs at diffusion coefficients at 1 km are estimated as sy
H = 70 m and sz = 50 m and the dump is assumed
dC / d z  0  z 
2 to be a point source.
Once z is determined, x can be known
2Q 
C max  C x , 0 , 0 , H  * z
 ueH ^ 2  y

27
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Solution Plume rise

• Initial plume rise is important, as the height of the plume will
determine subsequent pollutant concentration measured near
• Use Gaussian Model for ground level, center-line the ground.
concentration from a point source at ground • The larger the rise, the greater the downwind distance,-
level. ground level concentration decreased.
• The height of the rise will depend on
the temperature of the emission, cross sectional area of the
stack, emission velocity, horizontal wind speed, vertical
temperature gradient.

Plume rise 2020 TBHE Question

•A power plant burns coal at the rate of 12.8 tones

Holland formula per hour and discharges the flue gases through a
∆h = 2 Vs rs/Us [1.5 + 2.68 x 10-2 P (Ts-Ta/Ts) 2 rs ] stack having effective height of 105m. The coal has
where Vs= stack exist velocity, rs= stack tip radius, Us = a sulfur content of 5.1%. The wind velocity at the
wind sped m/s, P= atmospheric pressure, kPa, Ts= top of stack is 6.0m/s. The atmospheric condition
stack temperature, K, Ta = air tem, K
moderately to slightly stable. Predict the impact on
This equation includes a term for momentum and a term
environment at 850m downwind distance. Assume
for buoyancy, where the latter was based on the
photographs of plume. Many formula are there but horizontal and vertical depression coefficient at
Briggs (1969) are most comprehensive. 850m are 87m and 50m. respectively. Calculate
Next slide: Briggs formual maximum ground concentration of S02.
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Question Dispersion Coefficients: Horizontal

Q1. A power plant burns coal at the rate of 7.5 tones
per hour and discharges the flue gases through a
stack having effective height of 95m. The coal has
a sulfur content of 4.6%. The wind velocity at the
top of stack is 8.0m/s. The atmospheric condition
moderately to slightly unstable. Determine the
ground surface concentration of SO2 and the
distance from the stack at which this occurs.
Fig 7.12
4

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Dispersion Coefficients: Vertical Q3. A power plant burns coal at the rate of 7.5 tones per hour
and discharges the flue gases through a stack having
effective height of 95m. The coal has a sulfur content of
4.6%. The wind velocity at the top of stack is 8.0m/s. The
atmospheric condition moderately to slightly unstable.
Find the maximum ground concentration and distance
from sources.
Determine ground surface concentration of pollutants at a
distance 2000m downwind
a) at centerline of plume (C2000,0,0,95 ) =?
b) at a Cross wind distance of 400m on either side of the
center line (C2000,400,0,95 ) =?
c) Compute the concentration of pollutant at x= 1000m,
Fig 7.13 y=100m and z= 20m (C1000,100,20,95 )=?
d) If the value of C2000,y,0,H = 1.2*10-4 g/m3 &
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Cx,0,0,H = 4.095*10-4 g/m3, what is the value of y?
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Plume Rise Example

Q1. Determine the effective height of stack with following data
:
a. Physical stack height (h) = 180m
where, b. Inside diameter of stack at exit (d)= 0.95m
Vs = stack exit velocity in m/s c. Wind velocity (u) = 2.75m/s
d= diameter of stack at exit in m d. Air temperature (Ta)= 20°C +273= 293 °K
u= wind speed in m/s e. Atmospheric pressure (p) = 1000 millibar
p= atmospheric pressure in milibar f. Stack exit velocity (vs) = 11.2 m/s
g. Stack gas temperature (Ts) = 150°C+273= 423°K
Ts = stack gas temperature in deg K
Ans
Ta = air temperature in deg K By using Holands’ Equation
Effective stack Height (H) = Δh+h, Plume rise (Δh) = 8.83m
Where, Δh= Plume rise & ho physical stack height ⸫ Effective stack height (H) = h+ Δh = 180+8.83= 188.3m

Answer of Ques.2
Power 915 MW= 3294 x 103 MJ/h
Coal required= (3294 x 103 x 0.725)/ (0.4 x30)
= 199 t/h
Sulphur at 1% = 1/100 x 199= 1.99 t/h
Sulphur dioxide SO2 = S + O2
Atomic mass = 32 32
Sulphur dioxide = 1.99 t/h +1.99 t/h = 3.98 t/h
Emission rate of SO2= 1.1 kg/s =Ans
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EI Characteristics:
Pollutants to be inventoried Spatial Resolution
• Establishes the detail of the geographic location of
Inventories can be developed the sources
for emissions of: • Determined based on the purpose of the inventory
•PM10 • National-level analysis => Single national
•PM2.5 estimate for each major source type and
•SO2 pollutant
•NO2
•CO
• Modeling inventory => Source specific
•O3
emissions allocated based on “grids” (e.g., 1 to
•Pb 50 km2)
•VOC’s Photo: Columbus State University
•Air Toxics
•Greenhouse gases

Q. A factory uses1.5 Ml of fuel oil per month. The exhaust gases

Emission Factors from the factory contain the following quantities of pollutants
per Ml per year.
E = A x EF x (1 – ER/100) i. Particulate matter = 4 t/yr
Where:
ii. SO2 : 20 t/yr
E = Emissions
A = Activity rate Determine the safe height of the chimney required for the safe
EF = Emission factor dispersion of the pollutants.
ER = Overall emission reduction efficiency (%) n
Sol : i) PM emission =4*1.5*12 t/yr =72 t/yr
Example – SO2 emissions from a boiler Assume 310 working days in a year and 24 hour working hour.
An emission factor for SO2 emissions (in kg) from a boiler is given as 157 x S kg per 1000
kg of fuel consumed, where S is the sulfur content of the fuel as a percentage.
Qp = 72/(310*24) = 9.67*10-3 t/hr
Our source boiler consumes 5,000 kg of oil with a sulfur content of 2% per year. h= 74Qp0.27 =21.14 m
The boiler emissions pass through a wet scrubber with an SO2 reduction efficiency of
80%. ii) On the basis of SO2 emission = h= 14 Qs1/3
Given , A= 5000 kg , EF= 157*2/1000 = • Qs = 20*1.5*12 = 360 t/yr = 360/(310*24) = 0.048 t/hr
Therefore our source boiler generates 5000 x (157 x 2 / 1000) x (1 - 80/100) = 314 kg of
=0.048*1000= 48 kg/hr
SO2 emissions per year.
• h= 51.01m
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RANGE OF PRESSURE

Sound Pollution Range of RMS pressure fluctuations that a human ear can detect
extends from
P0 = 0.00002 N/m2 (threshold of hearing)
to
Sound Intensity 20 N/m2 (sensation of pain)

Atmospheric Pressure is 105N/m2

so the peak pressure associated with loudest sound
is 3500 times smaller than atm. pressure

The large range of associated pressure is one of the reasons we need alternate
scale

Bels and decibels Bels and decibels

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Sound power and intensity Sound pressure level

P0 = 2*10-5 N/m2

COMBINATION OF SEVERAL SOURCES

Total Intensity produced by several sources
IT=I1+ I2+ I3+…
Usually, intensity levels are known (L1, L2,…)

 I   I 
LT  10 Log  T12  L1  10 Log  112 
10  10 

  L1   L2 
 
 L3 
  
LT  10 Log 10 10   10 10   10 10   ...
 
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 COMBINATIONS OF SOURCES
If intensity levels of each of the N sources is same,

Adding noise sources and   

 L1 

LT  10 Log  N 10 10   LT  10 LogN  L1

subtracting background noise  
Thus for 2 identical sources, total Intensity Level is 10Log2 i.e., 3dB greater than
the level of the single source

10 log 2 = For 2 sources of different intensities: L1 and L2

3 dB

L1=60dB, L2=65.5dB
LT=66.5dB
L1=80dB, L2=82dB
LT=84dB

Hearing Damage Potential to sound energy

TS 2607 ISO 1999:2005 depends on its level & duration of exposure
Average Equivalent
daily exposure calculation for different
Equivalent Continuous Sound Level (Leq)
works
tj : Fraction of total time duration
for which SPL of Lj was measured
1 m L Aeq, T i   N Lj
 Total time interval considered is
L Aeq,T =[Link]  T T i×10 10  Leq  10 Log10  t j 10 10  dB divided in N parts
 i=1   j 1  with each part has constant SPL of Lj

LEX, 8h=LAeq,Te+10 log (Te/T0)

 1 100 7 70 
Leq  10 Log10  10 10  1010   91dB
55
8 8 
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This eqn. is Streeter-Phelps Equation.

For Sewage Disposal

Where,
Dt = DO deficit at any time t. 1.5
L0 = Ultimate BOD
K= BOD reaction constant (base 10) at Tmix
R = Re-Oxygenation constant (base 10) Tmix
D0=Initial DO deficit (mg/l) =Saturated DO- DOmix
Where, V= velocity in m/s
H= depth in m and
ŋ= bed activity coefficient (0.1)

1.016

Put fs = R/K (or R’/K’),

Where, fs is self- purification constant
Introducing ‘fs’ we have

Where,
Dc= Critical DO deficit
tc = Time required to reach critical point
Xc = tc * velocity of stream ’v’
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2. Statistical Models
3. Geography Information System
• Statistical techniques such as regression or (GIS)
component analysis are sometimes used to indicate
the relationship between the data and test
hypothesis,
- Satellite images, physical maps and aerial
• For example, in predicting flood frequencies.
photographs provide information on existing
resources.
- Prediction of impacts of the development
project can be made by analyzing the effect of
project activities on the resources present in the
location by using GIS techniques.

4. Field and Laboratory Experimental Methods

• Similarly, laboratory tests also provide some
• Field inventory carried out prior to project
implementation provide the baseline information of
insight on the effects of certain activities on
resources. For example, a fish resource survey in the the resources.
River of Nepal indicated that a long-distance migratory • For example, the application of DDT in
fish species are existing in the river. fields might inhibit the growth of seedling of
• It could then be determined that the construction of a dam crops.
in the upstream part of the river might create an
obstruction for their upstream migration of the fish for • The laboratory simulation tests would
breeding. determine what doses of DDT might inhibit
• Such an impact would lead to the decline of the fish the growth and the application of up to what
population in upstream of the dam unless mitigation is range of dose would be safer.
planned to deal with the problem.
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5. Physical Models
• These models are closely linked to field and laboratory
6. Expert Judgement
experiments making critical engineering and other decisions
on site. • Expert judgment refers to an event occurring due to
certain activities in a particular location that may be
• Basically, a model of an area likely to be impacted is
analogous to other locations of similar conditions with
constructed but on a smaller scale. For example, it could
similar activities.
show the physical parameters of a Run-of-river hydropower
project. • The experience of one place could very well be
utilized for similar places elsewhere where the
• Both natural features such as topography and socio-cultural
environmental impacts are unknown.
features such as villages, schools and bridges are included.
In the case of rivers, the effect of impoundment on flow can • For example, many irrigation development projects
be calculated. produce effects of salinisation.
• Tunnel and pipeline routes as well as locations of power • Decisions on anticipated impact based on past
houses and labor camps can be shown. experience are the result of conceptual models often
referred to as 'expert judgments'.
• The deposition of waste can also be demonstrated on the
model, to make decisions about how it is to be handled.

Q. Determine the maximum ground level

concentration :
A power plant burns 5.45 tonnes of coal per hour and
discharges the combustion products through a stack
that has an effective height of 75m. The coal has a
sulfur content of 4.2%, and the wind velocity at the
top of the stack is 6.0 m/s. the atmospheric
conditions are moderately to slightly stable.
Determine the maximum ground level concentration
of SO2 and the distance from the stack at which the
maximum occurs.

2.11*10-4 g/m3 = 2.11*10-4 *106 µg/m3

= 211 µg/m3
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Comparison of alternatives
• A factory uses 1.5 ML of fuel oil per month. The • The following formal and informal approaches can be
exhaust gases from the factory contains the used to carry out such a comparative analysis:
following quantities of pollutants ML per year : a) Qualitative approach: Descriptive information on
I. Particulate matter = 4 t/year each alternative is presented,
II. SO2 = 20 t/yr b) Quantitative approach: Quantitative information on
each alternative is presented,
Determine the safe height of chimney required for the
safe dispersion of the pollutants c) Ranking, rating or scaling approach: The
qualitative and quantitative information on each is
summarized through assigning of rank, rating or scale
values usually based on the characteristics of impacts
(severity, reversibility, etc.),
d) Weighting approach: The importance in weight of
each alternative is presented in view of the importance
of the decisive factors, and

Comparison of alternatives Impact ranking and comparison of alternatives

e) Weighting-ranking, rating or scaling approach: • Nepal’s National EIA Guidelines (1993) awards the
The relative importance of either environmental following numerical values in its impact assessment
factors or impacts is determined and numerical framework.
weights are assigned to each factor or impact. The
importance in weight is then multiplied by the
ranking or rating of each alternative and the
resulting products are summed up to develop an
overall composite index or score for each alternative
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Eg. Melamchi Water supply Project in Nepal

0
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Impact Evaluation
Criteria for evaluating impacts
•Impact evaluation: Impact identification and
prediction is followed by impact evaluation For adverse Impacts:
which assists in evaluating the significance of • Loss of rare, endangered or endemic species
• Habitat destruction and fragmentation
an impact so that priorities can be identified by
• Reduction in biological diversity, disruption in
the decision makers and stakeholders. ecological structure or functions
•We can make use of questions such as will there • Loss of critical or productive habitats
be an impact on the population of tiger species? • Loss or alterations in land-use and natural
Is the impact significant? If yes, is it likely to landscapes
occur? How often will it occur? • Displacement of families
• Toxicity impact on human health
•Note: Many EIA guidelines include definitions • Reduction in the capacity of renewable resources
or criteria of significant impacts. to meet the needs of local people.

Criteria and Methods of Impact evaluation

Environmental Protection Measures
For Beneficial impacts: (EPMs)
• Impacts generating employment opportunities, reduce
poverty without depleting the Natural resources base •Introduction
• Impacts that address marginalized people or special target •Types of mitigation measures
groups,
•Implementation of EPMs
Following methods can be used for impact evaluation:
• Consultation with experts and stakeholders
• Use of numerical values (such as prescribed by the
National EIA guidelines, 1993)
• > 100 is significant impact
• 60 -100 is moderately significant impact
• < 60 is low impact
• Consideration of existing regulations and local customs
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Introduction Objectives

• Definition The objectives of mitigation are to:

Mitigation measures are recommended actions to • find better alternatives and ways of doing things;
reduce, avoid or offset the potential adverse • enhance the environmental and social benefits of a
environmental impacts of development activities. proposal;
• The purpose of mitigation measures is to avoid, • avoid, minimize or remedy adverse impacts; and
reduce or minimize undesirable impacts (adverse • ensure that residual adverse impacts are kept within
impacts) and enhance desirable impacts (beneficial acceptable levels.
impacts)

June 25 Er. Mahadev Singh Saud 81 June 25 Er. Mahadev Singh Saud 82

Main Elements of Mitigation Key principles of mitigation

The elements of mitigation are organized into a Key principles for the application of mitigation
hierarchy of actions: consistent with the above framework include the
• first, avoid adverse impacts as far as possible by use following:
of preventive measures; • give preference to avoid and prevent measures;
• second, minimize or reduce adverse impacts to “as • consider feasible alternatives to the proposal and identify the
low as practicable levels”; and best practicable environmental option;
• identify customised measures to minimise each of the main
• third, remedy or compensate for adverse residual impacts predicted;
impacts, which are unavoidable and cannot be reduced • ensure they are appropriate, environmentally sound and cost-
further. effective; and
• use compensation or remedial measures as a last resort.

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Mitigation Measures Hierarchy Carrying out mitigation measures

Mitigation can be carried out by:

• structural measures : such as design or location
changes, engineering modifications and landscape or
site treatment; and
• non-structural measures : such as economic
incentives, legal, institutional and policy instruments,
provision of community services and training and
capacity building.

June 25 Er. Mahadev Singh Saud 85 June 25 Er. Mahadev Singh Saud 86

Mitigation Measures Hierarchy Explained Mitigation Measures Hierarchy Explained

1. Step One: Impact avoidance. This step is most 2. Step Two: Impact minimization.
effective when applied at an early stage of project This step is usually taken during impact
planning. It can be achieved by: identification and prediction to limit or reduce the
not undertaking certain projects or elements that degree, extent, magnitude, or duration of adverse
could result in adverse impacts; impacts. It can be achieved by:
avoiding areas that are environmentally • scaling down or relocating the proposal;
sensitive; and • redesigning elements of the project; and
putting in place preventative measures to stop • taking supplementary measures to manage the
adverse impacts from occurring, for example, impacts
release of water from a reservoir to maintain a
fisheries regime.
June 25 Er. Mahadev Singh Saud 87 June 25 Er. Mahadev Singh Saud 88
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Types of mitigation measures

1. Consideration of Alternatives
Mitigation Measures Hierarchy Explained
 Selection of alternatives is also a form of mitigation in terms of
impact, cost and technology.
3. Step Three: Impact compensation  It involves an examination of alternative ways of achieving the
objectives of a proposed project.
This step is usually applied to remedy unavoidable  The aim is to arrive at a developmental option which maximizes the
residual adverse impacts. It can be achieved by: benefits while minimizing unwanted or adverse impacts.
rehabilitation of the affected site or environment, for  Important aspects of developmental proposals, for which alternatives
example, by habitat enhancement and restocking fish; are needed to be considered, include:
Scale of project
restoration of the affected site or environment to its Technology used
previous state or better, as typically required for mine Location
Fuel to be used
sites, forestry roads and seismic lines; and Raw materials
replacement of the same resource values at another Design
location, for example, by wetland engineering to provide Time schedule
Economic factors
an equivalent area to that lost to drainage or infill.
June 25 Er. Mahadev Singh Saud 89 June 25 Er. Mahadev Singh Saud 90

Types of mitigation measures Types of mitigation measures

2. Preventive Measures 3. Corrective Measures

Some potential adverse impacts may be reduced or Corrective measures may be adopted to reduce the
eliminated before occurrence by introducing adverse impacts to the acceptable levels.
preventive measures. Such measures are considered during EIA and are built
into the project design.
Examples of preventive measures include:
Implementation of a health education programmme; The following are the examples of the types of corrective
and measures that can be used:
Installation of pollution-controlling devices; and
Initiation of a public awareness programme.
Construction of a fish ladder (in dams, weirs)
Balancing of cut & fills in road construction
Installation of sewage treatment plant
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Types of mitigation measures Implementation of EPMs

4. Compensatory Measures • Implementation of mitigation measures requires

Compensatory measures are actions that address impacts funding, which should be estimated and included in
which are unavoidable. the EIA report.
Possible compensatory measures include: • All the proposed mitigation measures should be
Restoration of damaged resources elsewhere;
Creation of similar resources or habitats elsewhere to replace a loss;
integrated in the project design, so that these measures
and may automatically form a part of the construction and
Compensation to the affected persons. operational phases of the project.
For example: for the loss of forest areas, plant tree saplings, conserve them for
5
yrs & handover to the concerned forestry organization or community users.
This should be done at the ratio of 1:10, i.e.; if the project cuts one tree, it
should plant, conserve, & handover 10 trees at the end of 5th year of
plantation.
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Er. Mahadev Singh Saud

Implementation of EPMs Implementation of EPMs

• Implementation of Mitigation measures: • The cost is usually about 10 % of the total cost of the
• should be cost effective and locally applicable and can be project (although it depends on the nature, size,
proposed during different stages of project implementation. location etc. of the project).
• Pre‐construction (such as compensation for land acquisition), • The responsibility is with proponents to internalise the
• Construction (such as planning and designing activities), full environmental costs of development proposals.
• Operational stages (such as maintenance activities).
• In addition, many proponents have found that good
design and impact management can result in
significant savings.

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 6/18/2025

Types of Mitigation Measures Benefit Augmentation Measures–An example

Activity Likely Beneficial Impact Benefits Augmentation

Method
Construction Employment generation Involve local people
phase Skilled – 1000 with particular focus on
Semiskilled – 2000 gender equality
unskilled - 1500

Operational All weather road facility, Apply bioengineering

phase development of urban techniques in landslide
centers prone areas, develop
footpaths along the
road corridors,
Encourage planned
development in the
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Adverse impact mitigating measures – An example

Activity Likely Impact Mitigation Measures

1. Site  Loss of 20 ha of forest  Undertake reforestation in 45
Clearance area with a loss of 800 ha in the degraded area and
trees manage it for 5 yrs,
 Production of 50 cu. ft  Utilize the forest products that
of wood needs to be extracted in best way

2. Use of  Leaching of agro-  Carry out counseling and

agro- chemicals into the training programs on proper use
chemicals ground water, or surface of agro-chemicals
water contamination Promote organic farming and
 soil and crop poisoning discourage use of agro-chemicals
due to residual effects of in farming
agrochemicals

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