07
1 kilogram=1000grams
1 gram=1000milligrams
1milligram(mg)=1000micrograms
1 microgram=10-6
grams (0.000001)
1 nanogram=10-9
grams (0.000000001)
1 litre=1000ml= 10 dL (decilitre)
1 Litre=1000cc
[Link]
CALCULATIONS
Units to remember
Area under the curve: [Link]/ml
Total body clearance CLT=L/hr
Vd (volume of distribution) is L(litres)
Peak plasma concentration Cmax=mg/L
Plasma concentration Cp=mg/L
Steady state concentration Css=mg/L
Elimination half life t1/2 is in hr
F (bioavailability) is normally expressed in % to convert it divide it by hundred to get a decimal
value.
Units of pharmacokinetic parameters:
Ratios:
If ratio is given as follows:
W/W or 1% W/W then it is 1gm of solute in
100 gm of solvent
W/V or 1% W/V then it is 1 gm of solute in
100 ml solvent
V/V or 1% V/V then it is 1ml of solute in 100
ml of solvent
Half-life (t1/2) for first order kinetics =0.693/k where k is elimination rate constant
Shelf life (t90) =0.105/k
Vd (volume of distribution) = dose/Cp (plasma concentration)
F (bioavailability)= AUC (area under the curve) oral/ AUC IV
Absolute bioavailability of batch2/relative bioavailability of batch 2 = Absolute bioavailability
of batch 1/relative bioavailability of batch 1
CLT (total body clearance) =Vd*K
Or CLT=vd*0.693/t1/2
Hepatic clearance (CLH)=CLT (total clearance)-CLR (renal clearance)
CLH=Q*ER where Q is liver perfusion rate and ER is hepatic excretion ratio
ER=Ca-Cv/Ca where Ca is arterial drug concentration and Cv is venous drug concentration
F=f *(1-ER) where f is the fraction of drug absorbed across the gut
Css (steady state concentration) = R/vd*k or R/CLT where R is infusion rate
List of formulas you need to remember for OPRA:
The time needed to reach steady state depends only on the half-life of the drug.
At steady state condition rate of absorption rate of elimination
90% of steady state is reached in 3.3 t1/2
95% of steady state is reached in 4.32 t1/2
99% of steady state is reached in 6.65t1/2
Tss (time taken to reach steady state)=7t1/2
[Link]
BMI definition :Weight(kg)/height(m) square
No of moles=wt(gm)/MWT(molecular weight)
Molarity(M)=no of moles/volume (litres)
milliequivalent(Meq)=wt (mg)/equivalent weight
Equivalent weight= molecular weight(mwt)/ valence
Milli osmole means the number of particles in a solution:
If you place Nacl in water it dissociates into Na+ and Cl-
Then you say 1 millimole of Nacl=2 millimolar
Cacl2 gives Ca+ 2 Cl then you say 1 millimole of CaCl2 is equal to 3 milli osmole
[Link]
If you place dextrose in a solution it doesn’t dissociate so that means 1millimole of
dextrose is equal to 1 milli osmole for such calculations you calculate millimoles first and then
convert it into milli osmoles depending on the dissociation
Salts with valence 1 have same molarity and normality
The valence in salts means the number of metal ions present
Valence 1 salts example: Nacl, Hcl, kcl, Li2Co3, Na2co3, NaHco3
Valence 2 salts example: caco3, cacl2, mgcl2, mg(oH)2, Zncl2
Aluminium citrate has valence 3-- C6H5AlO7
[Link]
Frieds rule child dose Adult dose Age in months/150
Clarks rule is depending on the weight of the child (most accurate)
1kg=2.2lb(pound)
formula for clark's rule is child dose= weight of child in Ib * adult dose /average adult weight
(150 lb)
Youngs rule: for children>1 year old
Child dose age of child in years *adult dose/child's age in years+ 12
If you know the body surface area of the child adult dose can be calculated using formula:
Child dose = Adult dose * surface area of child in m³ /1.7 m
Dose calculation
Formula: (C*V)b = (C*V)a
Where Cb and Vb are concentration and volume before dilution
Ca and Va are concentration and volume after dilution
**please remember in dilution method the units have to remain same
w/w or 1% w/w 1 gm of solute in 100gm of solvent
v/v or 1%v/v 1 ml of solute in 100 ml of solvent
w/v or 1%w/v 1g of solute in 100 ml of solvent
Alligation method:
A method where two different forms of different concentrations are mixed to form a new
concentration.
Formula if A is mixed with B to form C then
Dilutions
Balance and sensitivity calculations:
% error=sensitivity * 100 /weight desired
%accuracy+%error=100%
Density =mass/volume
[Link]
Practice calculations:
1. Data obtained from two different batches of
tablets of a new hypoglycemic agent undergoing
clinical trial revealed that Batch 1 contains 200
mg of the drug and has an absolute
bioavailability of 55%. Batch 2 contains 200 mg
of the drug and relative to the first batch has a
bioavailability of 165%. What is the absolute
bioavailability of the second batch?
A. 33.33%
B. 61.6%
C. 90.75%
D. 181.5%
E. 300%
2. The volume of distribution of drug c was
determined to be 20L. What would be the
expected plasma drug concentration immediately
after an intravenous dose of 2mg is given to a
70kg male patient?
A. 0.01 microgram/dL
B. 0.1micrograms/dL
C. 1 micrograms/dL
D. 10 micrograms/dL
3. A 54 year old male patient weighing 65 kg
requires a loading dose of a drug to treat infection.
What is the suitable intravenous loading dose of this
drug for the patient to achieve a plasma drug
concentration between 7 to 9 mg/L (vd=0.25L/kg)
A. 75mg
B. 100mg
C. 125mg
D. 85mg
E. 150mg
4. Determine the loading dose of aminophylline
needed in a 55-year old male patient weighing 70 kgs
if the targeted theophylline plasma level is 10 mg/L.
The patients estimated volume of distribution is 0.5
L/kg
A. 150mg
B. 350mg
C. 400mg
D. 500mg
5. It was determined that 95% of an oral 80-mg
dose of verapamil was absorbed in a 70 kg test
subject. However, because of extensive
biotransformation during its first pass through
the portal circulation, the bioavailability of
verapamil was only 25%. Assuming a liver blood
flow of 1500 mL/min, the hepatic clearance of
verapamil in this situation was:
A. 60 mL/min
B. 375 mL/min
C. 740 mL/min
D. 1110 mL/min
E. 1425 mL/min
6. If the total body clearance for carbenicillin in
a patient X is 6237 ml/hr and the renal clearance
is 86 ml/min calculate the hepatic clearance
A. 108 ml/hr
B. 1077 ml/hr
C. 3840 ml/hr
D. 5160 ml/hr
7. If the extraction ratio of a drug X is 0.6 and the
absorption from GIT is 40% what is the
bioavailability of the drug X
A. 16%
B. 52%
C. 33%
D. 22%
8. For morphine if we assume f of 1 and ER of 0.6
then what is the oral bioavailability of morphine
A. 40%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 60%
[Link]
9. The elimination half-life of penicillin G is
approximately 0.5 hours. Thus when
administered IV every six hours
A. Half the administered dose will be
eliminated in the urine at one hour
B. Little accumulation of penicillin in the body
will occur after repeated administration
C. Each dose will only act for half an hour
D. It will take an hour for each dose to be
eliminated
E. All of the administered dose will be
metabolized one hour after taking the dose
10. Given that:
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), in an aqueous
mixture decomposes by first order kinetics and
The half-life of ascorbic acid in this mixture at
shelf temperature is 8 months, What is the
acceptable shelf-life of ascorbic acid in aqueous
solution assuming that it is unacceptable when
its initial concentration is reduced by 1/8?
A. 0.2 month
B. 0.5 month
C. 1.5 months
D. 3.0 months
E. 4.0 months
11. Cocaine has two ester bonds that hydrolyse to
produce either benzoylecgonine or ecgonine methyl
ester. At 40 °C and pH 7.25, cocaine has a half-life
of 5 h. If the total extent of degradation is not
allowed to be more than 10% what would the shelflife
be for cocaine under those conditions?
A. 0.76 h
B. 1.52 h
C. 3.0 h
D. 7.5 h
12. The elimination half-life for ranitidine is
approximately 2 hours. What percentage of this drug
would be eliminated from the body 4 hours after an
intravenous (IV) bolus dose?
A. 12.5%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
E. 87.5%
13. Dopamine 200 mg in 500 mL of normal
saline at 5 μg/kg/min is ordered for a 70 kg
patient. At what rate (mL/min) should the
solution be infused to deliver the desired dose of
5 μg/kg/min?
A. 0.35
B. 0.40
C. 0.88
D. 2.0
E. 5.0
14. A woman brings the following prescription to the
pharmacy after visiting the oncologist:
Sig: swish and expectorate 10 mL q 4h
How much sucralfate is in 10 mL of this product?
A. 66.7 mg
B. 500 mg
C. 0.667 g
D. 1.0 g
E. 6.7 g
15. SULFACETAMIDE EYE-DROPS
Sulfacetamide sodium 10 g
Sodium metabisulphite 0.1 g
Disodium edetate 0.05 g
Phenylmercuric nitrate 0.002 g
Water for injections to 100 mL
The phenylmercuric nitrate is available as a sterile
aqueous solution containing 3 mg in 10 mL.
The volume of this solution required to prepare 15
mL of the above formula is:
A. 0.3 mL
B. 1.0 mL
C. 1.5 mL
D. 5.0 mL
E. 10.0 mL
16. A solution with a concentration of 0.05 per
cent may also be described as containing
A. 1 part in 100 parts
B. 1 part in 200 parts
C. 1 part in 500 parts
D. 1 part in 2000 parts
E. 1 part in 5000 parts
[Link]
17. How much of a 10% injection of a drug is
required to make 100 mL of a mixture
containing 7.5 mg in 2.5 mL?
A. 0.03 mL
B. 0.3 mL
C. 3 mL
D. 5 mL
E. 30 mL
18. A new cardiac glycoside has been developed
for oral and intravenous (IV) administration.
The drug has an elimination half-life of 24 hours
and an apparent volume of distribution (Vd) of 3
L/kg. The effective drug concentration in plasma
is 1.5 ng/mL. Toxic effects of the drug are
observed at drug concentrations above 4 ng/mL.
The drug is 75% bioavailable after an oral dose.
Calculate an oral maintenance dose to be given
once a day for a 65 kg male patient (age 68
years) with congestive heart failure and normal
renal function. The aim is to achieve an average
plasma concentration of 1.5 ng/mL. The dose
should be
A. 0.125 mg
B. 0.180 mg
C. 0.203 mg
D. 0.270 mg
E. 0.333 mg
19. Lignocaine hydrochloride is available for
intravenous injection as a 2% solution packed in 5
mL disposable syringes. The dose is 1 mg per kg of
body weight by slow intravenous injection. The
volume of solution that should be used for a patient
weighing 60 kg is
A. 1.2 mL
B. 2.5 mL
C. 3.0 mL
A. D . 4.0 mL
B. E . 6.0 mL
20. A solution with a concentration of 0.0125 % may
also be described as containing
A. 1 part in 80 parts
B. 1 part in 800 parts
C. 1 part in 8000 parts
D. 1 part in 12500 parts
E. 1 part in 25000 parts
23. Dose of drug is 500mg assuming no elimination
occurring and plasma conc is 2 microgram/ml and
plasma volume is 3 l what is the total proportion of
drug found in plasma
A. 1.2 %
B. 1.5%
C. 2%
D. 4%
E. 6%
24. Each Slow-K dosage unit contains 8 mmoL of
potassium as potassium chloride. How many mg of
potassium chloride are in each Slow-K tablet?
[Atomic Weight K = 39, Cl = 35]
A. 296 mg
B. 312 mg
C. 592 mg
D. 740 mg
E. 872 mg
21. Drug t1/2 is 16 hours how long does it take
for at least 90 percent to be excreted—
A. 64 hours
B. 12 hours
C. 15 hours
D. 72 hours
E. 92 hours
22. Morphine in a 70 kg patient taking 20 mg
sustained-release capsules twice daily was found
to have a steady-state concentration of 4 ng/mL.
Assuming a bioavailability of 25%, the clearance
of morphine from this patient was
A. 30 L/h
B. 52 L/h
C. 104 L/h
D. 208 L/h
[Link]
25. Calculate the number of moles of sodium
chloride present in 10g ( Atomic weight of Na=
23 and CL=35.5)
A. 0.17 moles
B. 2 moles
C. 3 moles
D. 4moles
E. 1.8 moles
26. To prepare 100ml of 1M Nacl how many
grams of Nacl are needed (Atomic weight of
Na=23 and CL=35.5)
A. 5.85g
B. 6.2g
C. 7.9g
D. 8.5g
E. 9.1g
27. How many milliequivalents of Na ion is in
92mg/ml of Nacl salt(mwt of Na is 23)
A. 1mEq
B. 2mEq
C. 3mEq
D. 4mEq
28. What is the concentration in mg/ml of a solution
containing 2mEq of kcl per ml( kcl mwt=74.5)
A. 74.5mg/ml
B. 149mg/ml
C. 39 mg/ml
D. 75mg/ml
29. Describe the concentration of the following
solution in mEq/L..when a solution contains 10mg%
of Ca+2 (mwt=40)
A. 5 mEq/L
B. 10 mEq/L
C. 20 mEq/L
D. 30 mEq/L
E. 42 mEq/L
33. What is the molar ratio of salt/acid required to
prepare a buffer having pH = 5 and pKa = 4.00?
A. 10:1
B. 9:1
C. 8:1
D. 7:1
E. 11:1
34. What is the pH of the solution containing 0.5
mol's of ephedrine and 0.05 moles of ephedrine HCI
per litre of solution? [ PKb =4.56)
A. 10.44
B. 11.44
C. 11.44
D. 9.44
E. 11.22
35. The ratio of ionized to unionized acetic acid in a
solution is 100:1. What is the pH of a solution having
pKa 5.5?
A. 7.5
B. 2.5
C. 3.5
D. 4.5
E. 11.5
30. How many mEq of kcl are present in a 15ml
dose of 10% w/v kcl elixir( mwt=74.5g)
A. 20 mEq
B. 30 mEq
C. 40 mEq
D. 50 mEq
E. 22 mEq
31. For a weak base, according to the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: When the pKa
of a base is equal to 9 and the ratio of the non-
ionised species to the ionized species is 10:1, the
pH equals
A. 8
B. 9
C. 10
D. 11
E. 12
32. What is the pH of a solution containing 0.01
moles of acetic acid and 0.1 mole of sodium
acetate per litre of solution? [Pka = 4.15]
A. 5.15
B. 3.15
C. 6.15
D. 7.15
E. 8.1
1. [Link]
36. Calculate the dose of paracetamol for a 25kg
child if the adult dose is 3000mg daily
A. 1200mg
B. 1100mg
C. 1000mg
D. 3500mg
37. Calculate the dose of paracetamol for a 2
month baby if the adults dose is 3000mg
A. 40mg
B. 50mg
C. 60mg
D. 70mg
E. 20 mg
38. If the adult dose is 600mg every 6 hours the
dose of a 3-year-old child is?
A. 100mg
B. 120mg
C. 150mg
D. 180 mg
E. 200mg
39. The adult dose of a drug is 750 mg, what is the
dose for child weighing 20 lbs?
A. 100mg
B. 200mg
C. 150mg
D. 75mg
E. 96mg
40. An adult dose of drug is 325 mg, what is the dose
Of a drug for a 15-month-old infant?
A. 32.5mg
B. 42.5mg
C. 22.2mg
D. 100mg
E. 22.8mg
41. If an adult dose of a drug is 100 mg, what would
be the dose for a child having a body surface area of
2m2?
A. 115mg
B. 12.8mg
C. 9.67mg
D. 5.2mg
44. Calculate the quantity (Q2), in g, of diluent that
must be added to 60 g of a 10% (w/w) ointment to
make a 5% (w/w) ointment
A. 60g
B. 120g
C. 20g
D. 100g
E. 70g
45. How much diluent should be added to 10 g of a
trituration (1 in 100) to make a mixture that
contains 1 mg of drug in each 10 g of final mixture?
A. 990g
B. 220g
C. 330g
D. 1000g
E. 500g
42. If a 1000ml of 15%v/v solution is diluted to
2000ml what is the resultant percentage strength
of the solution
A. 7.5% v/v
B. 8 8 % v/v
C. 2.5% v/v
D. 9.3 %v/v
E. 3.2%v/v
43. A pharmacist adds 240ml of aluminium
acetate solution containing 5%w/v of aluminium
acetate to 2 litres of water for irrigation. What is
the final percentage w/v concentration of
aluminium acetate present in the solution?
A. 0.53%
B. 0.28 %
C. 2.5%
D. 2.2%
E. 3.3%
46. How many cc of 75% alcohol should be
mixed with 10% of 1000cc alcohol to prepare
30% of 500 cc alcohol solution?
A. 346.16cc
B. 234.43cc
C. 153cc
D. 121 cc
47. In what proportion should 5% of salicylic acid be
mixed with 1000 grams of 1% salicylic acid to
prepare 500 grams of 3% salicylic acid?
a. 250 gm
b. 490 gm
c. 125 gm
d. 375 gm
2. [Link]
48. In what proportion should 3% acetic acid and
1% acetic acid be mixed to prepare 200 cc of
2.5% acetic acid?
a. 150 and 50 cc
b. 100 and 100 cc
c. 75 cc and 125 cc
d. 175 cc and 25 cc
49. How much ointment having a 12% drug
concentration and how much ointment having a
16% drug concentration must be used to make 1
kg of a preparation containing a 12.5% drug
concentration?
a. 875g and 125g
b. 125g and 875g
c. 225g and 176g
d. 200g and 230g
50. In what proportion should 20% benzocaine
ointment be mixed with an ointment base to
produce a 2.5% benzocaine ointment?
a. 1:7
b. 7:1
c. 3:1
d. 4:1
e. 5:1
53. How much ichthammol would be required to be
added to a 5% w/w ichthammol in yellow soft
paraffin ointment to prepare 200 g of a 17.5% w/w
ichthammol in yellow soft paraffin ointment?
a. 26.3g
b. 52.8g
c. 13.2g
d. 11.5g
e. 12.2g
54. How much coal tar (in grams) should be added to
3200 g of 5% coal tar ointment to prepare an
ointment containing 20% coal tar?
a. 600g
b. 1200g
c. 800g
d. 700g
e. 120g
55. How much urea is required to be added to a 64g
of 4% liquid paraffin ointment to make the resultant
strength 10%
a. 2.26gm
b. 4.26gm
c. 3.82g
d. 4.7g
e. 33.3g
56. You want to prepare olive oil in cetrimide cream
base. If 40g of olive oil is to be added to this
preparation what is the volume of olive oil to be
added (density of olive oil=0.910g/ml)
a. 44ml
b. 72ml
c. 20ml
d. 18ml
e. 10ml
51. How much 50% w/v dextrose solution (in
milliliters) and how much 5% w/v dextrose
solution (in milliliters) are required to prepare
4500 mL of a 10% w/v solution?
a. 500 and 4000ml
b. 20 and 30ml
c. 4000 and 55ml
d. 12 and 16ml
e. 33 and 90ml
52. How many grams of 2.5% hydrocortisone be
mixed with 360g of 0.25% cream to make a 1%
hydrocortisone cream
a. 180g
b. 120g
c. 100g
d. 75g
e. 95g
57. The density of an oil is 0.9232g/ml if you need
3.5kg of oil for your cream preparation what volume
of oil should you measure
a. 3791ml
b. 5000ml
c. 2000ml
d. 3500ml
e. 4234ml
3. [Link]
58. You have an ointment jar of 100ml capacity
to fill the jar what weight of liquid paraffin do
you need if the density of liquid paraffin is
0.93g/ml
a. 94g
b. 930g
c. 230g
d. 1000g
e. 500g
59. In your lab your dispensing balance has a
sensitivity of 20mg. Find out what is the
minimum weight which will incur a 5% error?
a. 25mg
b. 55mg
c. 400mg
d. 18mg
e. 33mg
60. If the sensitivity of the balance is 4mg what
is the minimum permissible quantity that can be
weighed on a balance (an error of +5 or -5 is
permissible)?
a. 80mg
b. 100mg
c. 120mg
d. 233mg
e. 350mg
SOLUTIONS
3. Ans :C (approximately)
Patient is IS 65kg AND HIS VD IS
0.25L/KG….
SO TOTAL VD IS(0.25*65)= 16.25L
WHAT DOSE OF DRUG SHOULD BE
GIVEN TO him (X)
TO ACHIEVE CP= 8MG/L
Vd=dose/Cp
16.25=x/8 so x =16.25*8=130mg ….
4. A 70 KG patient HAS VD OF 0.5L/KG SO
HOW MUCH IS THE TOTAL VD…
70*0.5=35L WHAT DOSE OF
AMINOPHYLLINE TO BE GIVEN TO her
SO THAT HER PLASMA DRUG
CONCENTRATION WILL BE 10 MG/L
VD=DOSE TO BE GIVEN /PLASMA DRUG
CONCENTRATION
35= X/10
X=35*10 =350mg
ANS :B
4. [Link]
CA is the amount of drug entering the liver; as
95%0f 80mg entered the liver
CA=95*80/100
So CA is 76mg
CV is the amount of drug leaving liver as the
bioavailability of drug is calculated from
dose administered, CV =25*80/100 (given the
biovailability of the drug is 25%)
So CV=20mg
ER=76-20/76 =0.73
CLH=Q*ER
=1500*0.73
=1095 ml/min (answer is approximately)
Ans: D
10. t90 = 0.105/k t1/2=0.693/k
T1/2=0.693/k
8(months)= 0.693/k
K =0.693/8
K=0.08
T90=0.105/0.08
Ans C(approximately 1.5months)
11. t90 = 0.105/k t1/2=0.693/k
5=0.693/k
K=0.693/5=0.1386
T90=0.105/0.1386
T90=0.75 hours (approximately ans A)
12. Given elimination half life t1/2=2h
Lets say 100mg of drug was given
100-->50-->25
Each arrow is a t1/2 that means in 4 hours the drug
becomes 25% of what it was; that
means the remaining 75% is eliminated so answer is
D
13. dose given is 5 micrograms/kg/min---patient is
70kg so dose is 70*5=350 micrograms 350
micrograms is 350*0.001mg =0.35mg
The solution of dopamine is available in strength of
200mg in 500ml
200mg-----500ml
0.35mg---?
0.35*500/200=0.875ml/min (ans C)
14. 1g* 8 tablets there is 8g of sucralfate in 120ml
of water
8g----120ml
?..... 10ml
10*8/120 =0.66g (ans C)
15. the phenyl mercuric acetate in the formulation
is 0.002g=2mg/100ml
2mg---100ml
?...........15ml
2*15/100=0.3mg is in 15 ml of formulation
The available solution in the market is 3mg in 10ml
For 0.3mg preparation how much of this solution
do we need?
3mg….10ml
0.3mg….?
0.3*10/3 =1ml of this solution is required to
prepare the above formulation (Ans B)
6. Hepatic clearance=CLT-CLR
CLT=6237ml/hr
CLR=86ml/min= 86*60=5160ml/hr
So hepatic clearance= 6237-5160= 1077ml/hr
Ans: B
7. F = f · (1 - ER )
F=40 (1-0.6)
F=16 (ans A)
8. F = f · (1 - ER )
F=1 (1-0.6)
F=40% (Ans A)
9. Ans B
Lets imagine 100mg of penicillin is injected
so 10--> 50--> 25--> 12.5-->6.25-->3.125--
>1.25
So for each half life it becomes half of what it is
initially was if you consider each arrow
is a t1/2 by 6t1/2 it becomes almost zero
T1/2 is given as 0.5 hours 6t1/2=6*0.5=3 hrs
that means within 3 hours it becomes
almost zero, by the time it is administered
every 6 hours no penicillin will be remaining
in the patient’s body.
[Link]
16. 0.05 percent is 0.05/100=0.0005
1/2000 is 0.0005 so option D is the answer
17. in 7.5mg-----2.5ml
?.....................100ml
7.5*100/2.5 =300mg
So given there is a 10% solution that means 10g
in 100ml
10 g is 10000mg
10000mg-----100ml
300mg………….?
300*100/10000= 3ml (ans C)
21. lets say initially 100mg of drug was given
so 10-->50-->25-->12.5-->6.25-->3.125-->1.25
Each arrow is a t1/2 90 % Is to be eliminated (so
50+25+12.5+6.25)
By 4t1/2 90% will be eliminated
T1/2 is 16 hours 4t1/2 is 16*4=64 (ans A)
22. Dose=CL*CP/F
Cp=4ng/ml = 4*0.000001/0.001 (mg/L)
=0.004mg/L
F=25%=25/100=0.25
Dose =20mg*2=40mg
40=CL*0.004/0.25
CL=40*0.25/0.004 =2500L/day
Each day has 24hours so 2500/24= 104 L/h (ans C)
23. CP given is 2microgram/ml =2*0.001/0.001
=2mg/L
The Vd is 3L so CP in total is 2*3= 6mg/L
6*100/500=1.2%(ans A)
24. NO of moles=wt.(gm)/MWT
Mwt=Atomic Weight K = 39+ Cl = 35
Mwt=74
8mmoles=8*0.001 moles
0.008=X/74
X=0.008*74=0.592g=592mg( Ans C)
25. NO of moles=wt.(gm)/MWT
MWt=23+35.5=58.5
No of moles=10/58.5=0.17 moles (ans A)
26. Molarity(M)=no of moles/volume (litres)
NO of moles=wt.(gm)/MWT
Molarity(M)=no of moles/volume (litres) (volume
given is 100ml so 0.1L)
1=x/0.1= 0.1moles
NO of moles=wt.(gm)/MWT
0.1=Wt(gm)/58.5
Wt (gm)=58.5*0.1=5.85g(ans A)
27. milliequivalent(Meq)=wt (mg)/equivalent
weight
Equivalent weight= molecular weight(mwt)/
valence
Valence of Na is 1
Equivalent wt=23/1=23
mEq=92/23=4mEq(ans D)
18. CP= F*D D is the dose required;
K=0.693/t1/2
Vd*K*ĩ
Ĩ is frequency or time interval
Cp=1.5ng/ml
=1.5*10-6 mg/ml
=1.5*0.000001/0.001 mg/litre
=0.0015mg/litre
F=75%=75/100=0.75
D=?
Vd=3L/kg=3* 65=195L
K=0.693/t1/2
0.693/24= 0.0288
Frequency Ĩ is 24 hours
19. the dose is 1mg/kg and the patient if 60kg
so the dose is 60*1=60mg
The available solution in the market is 2% =2g
in 100ml =2000 mg in 100ml
2000mg-----100ml
60mg………….?
60*100/2000 =3ml (ans C)
20. 0.0125% =0.0125/100=0.000125
1/8000 will give 0.000125 so option c is the
answer
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28. milliequivalent (Meq)=wt (mg)/equivalent
weight
Equivalent weight= molecular weight(mwt)/
valence
Valence of kcl=1
Equivalent weight=74.5/1=74.5
milliequivalent (Meq)=wt (mg)/equivalent
weight
2=x/74.5
X=74.5*2 =149mg/ml (ans B)
29. valence of calcium is 2
Equivalent weight= molecular weight(mwt)/
valence
Equivalent weight= 40/2=20
The concentration of solution is 10mg% that is
10mg/100ml
10mg----------100ml
? -------------------1000ml(1 litre)
1000*10/100=100mg/litre
milliequivalent (Meq)=wt (mg)/equivalent
weight
MEq= 100/20=5mEq/L (ans A)
30. 10%w/v means 10g in 100ml
10g-------100ml
? -------------15ml
15*10/100=1.5g=1500mg
Equivalent weight= molecular weight(mwt)/
valence
Valence of kcl=1
Equivalent weight=74.5/1=74.5
milliequivalent (Meq)=wt (mg)/equivalent
weight
MEq= 1500/74.5=20mEq(Ans A)
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37. Frieds rule child dose =Adult dose* Age in
months/150
Ans: A (40mg)
45. Q1C1=Q2C2
C2 is 1mg in 10g =0.001g/10g
10*1/100 = Q2*0.001/10
Q2=1000g which is the final quantity. But the
solution already has 10g of active ingredient in it
so 1000-10=990g of diluent must be added. (Ans A)
2+2=4 parts
4 parts has 2 parts of (5% salicylic acid)
500g……………?
500*2/4=250g (Ans A)
40. Frieds rule child dose =Adult dose* Age in
months/150
Ans A (32.5mg)
42. C1V1=C2V2
15*1000=C2*2000
C2=15*1000/2000=7.5% (Ans A)
43. V1=240ml
V2=2000+240=2240ml
C1V1=C2V2
5*240=C2*2240
C2=5*240/2240=0.53%(Ans A)
44. Q1C1=Q2C2
60*10=Q2*5
Q2=600/5=120g
Q2 is the final volume which is 120g in which
60g is active ingredient and 60g is diluent
Ans: A
20+45= 65 parts
For 65 parts---------------20 (75% alcohol)
500……………………………?
500*20/65=153cc (Ans C)
1.5+0.5=2
For 2 parts 1.5 parts is 3% alcohol
For 200cc……?
200*1.5/2 =150cc
So in 200cc 150cc is 3% and 50 cc is 1% (Ans A)
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3.5+0.5=4 parts
In 4 parts 0.5 parts was 16%
In 1kg(1000g) …...?
1000*0.5/4 =125
So in 1000grams 125 is 16% and 875 is 12%
(Ans A)
X=3200*15/80 =600g (Ans A)
Proportion is 2.5:17.5 =1:7 (Ans A)
40+5=45
In 45 parts 5 parts is 50%
In 4500…...?
4500*5/45 =500 parts is 5%
Therefore, in 4500ml 500 is 50% and 4000 is 5%
(Ans A)
X=360*0.75/1.5= 180g (Ans A)
82.5+12.5=95
In 95 parts 12.5 is 100%
In 200…….?
200*12.5/95 =26.3g (Ans A)
X=64*6/90 =4.2g (Ans B)
56. Density=mass/volume
0.910=40/x
X=40/0.910 =43ml ( Ans approximately A)
57. 3.5kg is 3500g
Density=mass/volume
0.9232=3500/x
X=3791ml (Ans A)
58. Density=mass/volume
0.93=X/100= 93g (Ans approximately A)
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