JURNAL EMACS e-ISSN: 2686-2573

(Engineering, MAthematics and Computer Science) Vol.4 No.1 January 2022: 15-17 DOI: 10.21512/emacsjournal.v4i1.7999

Euler Formula Derivation

Wikaria Gazali
Mathematics & Statistics Department, School of Computer Science,
Bina Nusantara University,
Jakarta, Indonesia 11480
wikaria@[Link]

*Correspondence: wikaria@[Link]

Abstract – This paper discusses the derivation of Euler’s III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
formula. To obtain this model, the writer derives Euler’s
formula from ex+iy by first finding the norm and argument of In this case, to get the derivation of Euler’s formula,
ex+iy. In this derivation we substitute the norm and argument the writer describes the norm and argument of ex+iy.
of ex+iy on complex numbers in polar coordinates, until we
get the derivation of Euler’s formula. First we find the norm of ex+iy .
x
lim  1 
We already know that 1 +  = e
x→∞ x
Keywords: Euler; formula; norm; argument.

analog lim  1 
n ,
I. INTRODUCTION 1 +  = e
n→∞ n
Euler’s formula is widely used in solving n
lim  x 
mathematics or calculus, especially in solving complex so that 1 +  = e ,
x

n→∞ n
numbers. Euler’s formula is also used in The Exact Iterative
Riemann Solver, The Approximate Riemann Solver of Roe, n
lim  x 
The HLLE Riemann Solver. To obtain this model, the or e x = 1 +  .
x n→∞ n
authors use the derivation from lim 1 + 1  = e .
x→∞ x

In this derivation we substitute the norm and Given that the above formula applies to the complex
argument of ex+iy on complex numbers in polar coordinates, number z, then by substituting x = z,
n
until we get the derivation of Euler’s formula.. we get lim  z  ,
ez = 1 + 
n→∞ n
where z = x + iy (complex numbers in Cartesian
II. METHODS coordinates),
n
so that lim  x + iy  ,
The inventor of the Euler formula is Leonhard Euler e x + iy = 1 + 
n→∞ n 
iθ
(1707 - 1783) e = cos θ + i sin θ , but the derivation of n
lim  x  y
e x + iy = 1 +  + i
the formula is rarely stated clearly by mathematicians, n → ∞  n  n  ..................................(1)
therefore the author will convey in detail where the origin of
the Euler formula is, namely by finding the length of the
vector ex+iy with the Limit method and the argument of ex+iy
using complex numbers in Polar coordinates.

Copyright © 2022 15
 Norm from ex+iy is Then we determine the argument of ex+iy, where
n from equation (1)
lim   x   y  
2 2
 1 +  +   
, n
e x + iy = we have e x + iy = lim 1 + x  + i y  ,
n→∞  n   n 
  n→∞ n  n  
n
lim  2 x x 2 y 2  
1
2
,
e x + iy = 1 + + +    y 
n → ∞  n n 2 n 2   then  ,

n  arc tg n 
lim
arg(e x + iy ) =
n→∞   x 
 1 +  
1
2n
lim   2 x x 2 + y 2  ,
e x + iy = 1 +  +    n
n → ∞   n n 2 

lim  2 x x 2 + y 2  1  y 
 + ( 2n )  
n → ∞  n n 2 
e x + iy
=e , arg(e x + iy
)=  lim
n arc tg n n ,
n→∞   x n
 1 +  
  n 
lim  x 2 + y 2 
 x+ 
x + iy n → ∞  
=e lim  y 
2n 
e ,
arg(e x + iy ) = n  arc tg 
n→∞  n+ x

lim  x 2 + y 2   y 
x + iy
 x+
n → ∞  2 ∞ 

 arc tg
lim 
e =e ,
arg(e x + iy
)= n n+x  y .
n→∞  y n+x
 
 n+x 
lim
( x+0 )
e x + iy = e n → ∞ , Because
'
1
1
So e x + iy = e x .................................................(2)  
1  t 
2
 1 +  
lim  
arc tg 1
 t  = lim t  =
lim 1
=1 ,
To find the argument of ex+iy, we first consider t →∞ 1  t →∞  1
'
t →∞ 1
    1+ 2
complex numbers in Polar coordinates  t  t  t
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) , then , such that
y , lim
θ = arc tg then arg(e x + iy ) = yn , or y
arg(e x + iy ) = .
x n→∞ n+ x 1
and z n = r n (cos θ + i sin θ ) n . So arg(e x + iy ) = y ...............................................(3)
Complex numbers in Polar coordinates
Where (cos θ + i sin θ ) = (cos nθ + i sin nθ ) n z = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) , where r = z and θ = arg(z ) , so

according to De Moivre’s Theorem, that z = z [cos {arg(z )} + i sin {arg(z )}] .....................(4)

then z n = r n (cos nθ + i sin nθ ) , so that, or

Let z = e x + iy , then equation (4) will change to:
y
arg( z n ) = n arc tg .
x [ { (
e x + iy = e x + iy cos arg e x + iy )}+ i sin {arg(e )}]......(5)
x + iy

Substitute (2) and (3) in (5), so that equation (5)

becomes:
e x + iy = e x (cos y + i sin y ) ,

e x e iy = e x (cos y + i sin y ) ,

So that e iy = cos y + i sin y ................................(6)

Substitute y = θ in equation (6), then equation (6)
iθ
changes to : e = cos θ + i sin θ

16 JURNAL EMACS (Engineering, MAthematics and Computer Science) Vol.4 No.1 January 2022: 15-17
 IV. CONCLUSION REFERENCES

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