I.P.
UNIT– 1
COMPUTER SYSTEM
COMPUTER:
A computer is basically an electronic machine or device that can be
program to process the data and produce the specific output.
OR
A computer machine can be programmed to take data as input process it
and generate the information as output.
OR
A computer is a machine which can perform arithmetical and logical
operations.
Computer System:
Computer System is a collection over two different words “COMPUTER”
and “SYSTEM”, both illustrated below
• Computer :- The word COMPUTER is derived from word “COMPUTE”
which means to calculate and perform Arithmetical and Logical
operations.
• System :- System is a group of components i.e.(hardware and
software) which performs a specific task.
CONSTITUENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM:
Various constituents of computer system are listed below :-
INPUT DEVICES
OUTPUT DEVICES
ABOUT USER
SOFTWARE
ELEMENTS OF CPU
PERIPHERAL DEVICES:
Input,Output and Data Storage Devices are together known as
Peripheral Devices.
Input Devices :- These are the devices which enables the user to
enter the data into the computer. For example :-
Mouse,Keyboard,Scanner and so on.
Output Devices :- These devices receives the data from user and
transmit it to the cpu for further [Link] of these
devices are, Printer,Monitor,Speaker etc.
Data Storage Devices :- These devices store digital information of
the [Link] of such devices are, CD/DVD,Hard disk,Pen
drive etc.
COMPONENTS OF CPU:
CPU:
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU) also termed as the “Brain Of The
Computer” it is responsible to execute instructions and controlling
other components of computer [Link] elements of CPU are
listed below.
Control Unit (CU) :- It acts as the Principal component of CPU which
helps to assign and execute the task to different parts of the
system.
Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) :- ALU helps the computer to
perform calculation based problems and logical reasoning questions.
Memory Unit (MU) :- When some data is being processed in a
computer system this unit saves that data temporarily and after
processing it saves it permanently in the computer memory or
storage.
Memory Storage :- It acts as a locker where a user can store it’s data
permanently.
COMPUTER MEMORY:
Computer memory is the hardware within a computer that stores
data and instructions. It's a crucial component that allows the
computer to perform various tasks by providing a place to store
information that can be quickly accessed by the processor. It is as
similar as Human Brain.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY:-
1. Primary memory
2. Secondary Memory
Primary Or Internal Memory:
Primary memory is also known as Main memory,it is the memory
which CPU can access directly.
It can be Volatile OR Non Volatile in nature.
Its examples include:
Random Access Memory (RAM):
• Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of computer memory
that provides fast, temporary storage for data and instructions
that the computer is actively using.
• RAM is a Volatile memory
• Ex:- SDRAM,DDRRAM,SRAM,DRAm etc.
Read Only Memory (ROM):
• ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of computer memory that stores
permanent data and instructions for the device to start up.
• ROM is a Non Volatile memory
• Ex:- Flash memory, Prom, Mrom, Mask Rom
Secondary Memory Or External Memory:
• Secondary memory is computer memory that is non-volatile,
persistent and not immediately accessible by a computer or
processor.
• It is Non Volatile.
• It is removable.
Its Examples Include: Hard disks, SSd, USB Flash Drives etc.
Hard Disk:
• It is a data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data
using magnetic storage.
• Ex:- SATA, PATA, SSD, HDD
Memory Unit:
• A memory unit is a small storage device that holds a memory for a
computer and can be accessed through the software.
SOFTWARE AND ITS TYPES:
Software: Software is a set of instructions that tells a
computer, web-based application, or other devices what
to do. It aids in the device's comprehension of what has
to be done and how. There are various ways to interface
with the gadget through software.
It is classified into 3 categories :-
1. System Softwares
2. Application Softwares
3. Utility Softwares
SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
System software is a type of computer program designed to run a
computer's hardware and application programs.
Operating systems (such as Windows, macOS, and Linux), device
drivers, utility apps (such as antivirus software), and language
translators (compilers and interpreters) are examples of system
software.
FEATURES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
System Software is written in Low Level Programming Lanaguage
Enables High Speed
It is Versatile
It maintains the Hardware
TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
o Operating System
o Language Processor
o Device Drivers
Operating System: The system software that controls the
hardware and software resources of a computer and offers
standard services to applications is called an operating system
(OS). It facilitates user interaction and application execution by
serving as a link between the user and the computer hardware.
Operating systems include, for instance, iOS, Android, Linux,
macOS, and Microsoft Windows.
Language Processor: A language processor is a type of
software that translates and executes high-level programming
languages into machine language that computers can
understand and act [Link] the code converted into machine
language is called “Object Code”
Types Of Language Processor
• Assembler: An assembler is a computer program that
translates assembly language code into a low-level language
that the computer's processor can directly execute.
• Compiler: A compiler translates code from a high-level
programming language into machine code before the program
runs.
• Interpreter: An interpreter translates code written in a high-
level programming language into machine code line-by-line as
the code runs.
Device Drivers: A device driver is a software component that
enables communication between an operating system or
application. It acts as a translator, allowing the software to
interact with the device's functionality. Without drivers, the
operating system wouldn't know how to send commands to, or
receive data from, the hardware.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
Application software is a software which is designed to perform specific
tasks for users, allowing them to interact with a computer for various
purposes.
Examples of Application software includes:
Word Processors like Microsoft Word, Web Browsers like Google
Chrome, and Mobile Apps like WhatsApp.
3. UTILITY SOFTWARE:
Utility software is a type of computer program that helps your
computer work better. It does simple tasks like cleaning up junk files,
protecting against viruses, or backing up data. It is like a helper tool
that keeps your computer fast, safe, and organized.
Examples of Utility Software includes Antivirus Software, File Managers,
and Disk Cleanup Tools.
USER AND ITS ROLE:
User:
A user is the person who interacts with the computer system or
software to perform specific tasks.
The output or outcome ultimately depends only on the user's input.
He/She is the Starting or Ending point of the life cycle of computer
system.
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Large Storage
4. Versatility
5. Reliability
6. Tirelessness
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
1. Data Security Issues
2. Bad Impact on Environment
3. Health Issues
4. Increase in Cybercrimes
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
According to technological improvements, computer
systems can be divided into five generations :-
1. First Generation : Vaccum Tubes
2. Second Generation : Transistors
3. Third Generation : Integrated Circuits ( ICs )
4. Fourth Generation : Microprocessors or simply
Processors
5. Fifth Generation : Artificial Intelligence ( AI )
