LEARN URD
Through English / Hindi
with my novel scientific way
Urdu@ Nasta@]l&q and Urdu@ Naskh
English Transliterated
qdU| k fra@edar maaihr banaanae vaaLaI iktaaba_
Those who do not know Hindi can learn Hind& too!
by
Ratnakar Narale
SANSKRIT HINDI RESEARCH INSTITUTE, TORONTO
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INDEX
Lesson 1 The Urdu Alphabet (Nasta@]l&q and Naskh)
Lesson 2 The Urdu Accent Marks (nukte)
Lesson 3 Joining Urdu Letters
The 1st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : alif AiLaf[ (English a Hindi A)
14
The 2nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : be bae
15
The 3rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : pe pae
(English b ih>dI ba)
(English p ih>dI pa)
16
The 4th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : te tae ( English t ih>dI ta)
18
The 5th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : t<e @e ( English t> ih>dI @)
19
The 6th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : se sae ( English s ih>dI sa)
20
The 7th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : j&m jaIma ( English j ih>dI ja)
22
The 8th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : che cae ( English ch ih>dI ca)
23
The 9th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : he he ( English h ih>dI h)
25
The 10th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : khe S[ae ( English kh ih>dI S[a)
26
The 11th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : da@l daLa ( English d ih>dI d)
27
The 12th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : d<a@l DaLa ( English d< ih>dI D)
29
The 13th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ja@l jaaLa ( English j ih>dI j[a)
30
The 14th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : re re ( English r ih>dI r)
32
The 15th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ad<e AD[e ( English d< ih>dI D[)
33
The 16th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : jhe j[ae ( English jh, z ih>dI Ja, j[a)
The 17th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : zhe j[ae ( English z ih>dI j[ya)
The 18th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : s&n saIna ( English s ih>dI sa)
35
36
38
The 19th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : sh&n oaIna ( English sh ih>dI oa)
39
The 20th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : sua@d sauAad ( English s ih>dI sa)
41
The 21st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : jua@d jauAad ( English xj ih>dI j[a)
42
The 22nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : toe taae] ( English t ih>dI ta)
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44
The 23rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : zoe j[aae]
(English jh
ih>dI [j[a)
45
The 24th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ain ]ena ( English e, a ih>dI ], A)
47
The 25th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : gain gaEna ( English gh ih>dI g[a)
48
The 26th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : fe f[ ( English f ih>dI f[ )
49
The 27th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : qa@f k[af[
(English q Hindi k[)
51
The 28th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ka@f kaf[ ( English k Hindi k)
52
The 29th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ga@f gaaf[ ( English g Hindi ga)
53
The 30th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : la@m Laama ( English l Hindi La)
55
The 31st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : m&m maIma ( English m Hindi ma)
56
The 32nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : nu@n naUna ( English n Hindi na)
57
The 33rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : va@o vaaAae ( Eng. v, w Hindi va, q)
59
The 34th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : chhot>& he Cae@I he ( Eng.h Hindi h)
60
The 35th Urdu letter : do chashm& he dae caomaI he ( English h Hindi h)
62
The 36th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet hamza@ hmaj[aa u (English i Hindi } )
65
The 37th Urdu letter : chhot>& ye Cae@I yaee ( English y Hindi ya, })
66
The 38th Urdu@ alphabet : bad<& ye baD[I yaee ( English e Hindi ])
68
Lesson 4 Writing Hindi and English Vowels in Urdu
70
Lesson 5 Urdu Diacritical Accent Marks
73
Lesson 6 The Urdu Numerals
80
Lesson 7 MAKING YOUR OWN URDU SENTENCES, Present, past, future
85
Lesson 8 Making Sentences for Completed Actions
98
Lesson 9 Ratnakars Brain Surgery of Urdu Grammar
102
Lesson 10 Use of the Case Suffixes (post-positions)
104
Lesson 11
Adjectives and Adverbs
113
Lesson 12
General Knowledge and Vocabulary
117
Urdu Verbs
130
Lesson 13
Urdu Conversational Road map
131
Lesson 14
Urdu Literature
138
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LESSON 1
THE URDU ALPHABET
qdU| vaNa| maaLaa_ qdU| huWf tahjjaI urdu@ huru@f tahajj&
No.
qdU| naama
Urdu@ name
Hind&
English
Nasta@l&q
Naskh
equivalent
equivalent
style
style
1.
AiLaf[ alif
2.
bae
be
ba
3.
pae
pe
pa
4.
tae
te
5.
@e
6.
ta
t>e
t>
sae
se
sa
7.
jaIma
j&m
ja
8.
cae
che
ca
ch
9.
baD[I he he
10.
S[ae
S[a
kh
khe
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d<a@l
laj
j[a
re
ad<e
D[
jhe
j[a
j[ae
(j[yae)
zhe
j[a, Ja
18.
saIna
s&n
sa
19.
oaIna
sh&n
oa
sh
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
daLa
da@l
1`.
DaLa
j[aaLa
re
AD[e
j[ae
d<
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d<
jh
zh
20.
sauAad
sua@d
sa
21.
jauAad
jua@d
ja
22.
taae]
toe
ta
23.
j[aae]
zoe
j[a
24.
]ena
ain
25.
gaEna
gain
za
gh
26.
f[
fe
f[
27.
k[af[
qa@f
k[
28.
kaf[
ka@f
29.
gaaf[
ga@f
ga
30.
Laama
la@m
La
31.
maIma
m&m
ma
32.
naUna
nu@n
na
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33.
34.
35.
36.
vaaAae
va
va@o
Cae@I he chhot>& he h
dae
caomaI
he
do
hmaj[aa
hamza@
chashm&
he
}
37.
Cae@I yae chhot>& ye ya
38.
baD[I yae bad<& ye
NOTE : Please remember the resembling sounds in Urdu
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LESSON 2
THE DOTS / MARKS
nauk[tae nukte
In Urdu@ many letters are recognized simply by looking at the dots (marks) attached to them.
Following are the letters which can be identified with dots or no-dots.
EXERCISE : The dots (marks) nauk[tae nukte
(i) Write each of the letters with the dot. Remove the the dot and tell it changes.
(ii) Similarly, write each character without the dot. Add the the dot and tell how it changes.
PLEASE DO NOT GO TO LESSON 3, WITHOUT DOING LESSON 2 PROPERLY.
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LESSON 3
JOINING TWO OR MORE URDU LETTERS
dae yaa AiZak hfae|> kae jaaeD[naa_
It is important for English and Hindi knowing people to understand how the letters are truncated or
symbolozed when two, three or more letters come together. I hope you have learned previous lessons
well and you are able to read individual Urdu letters easily, if not, please go back to lesson 1.
LESSON 3.0
THE 39 URDU CHARACTERS
Nasta@]l&q Style : The 39 Urdu Characters
Naskh Style : 39 Urdu Characters
In order to understand Urdu clearly and easily, consideration of the following Three things (ppp) is
essential. (A) Character Properties; (B) Character Positions and (C) the Connector Points.
(A) THE CHARACTER PROPERTIES :
Unique for a Language born in dia, most of the characters of the Urdu can be recognized simply by
looking at the placement, number and presence or absence of the dot/dots or a mark (nauK[ta: nuktah<
) in them. Some say there are 37 characters in Urdu language, most people say there are 38
characters, I say there are 39 characters. These 39 characters can be grouped into sets, according to
their properties.
(a) According to their shapes, the Urdu lettere may be grouped into the following two sets.
i. 1, 2 or 3 dots :
(= )
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ii. No dots :
) ( ) ( )( )( (( )( (( ) ( ((
(b) Again, unique for the Language originated from Sanskrit, Urdu is not only written Right to Left, but
the Nasta@]l&q words and letters can be stacked and compacted, vertically and/or diagonally. e.g.
Mountain pass),
nature),
(jahma, Hell),
(zar, House),
(mauhmmad, Muhammad),
(Sa>jar, Daggar),
(bacapana, Childhood),
(hnaIf[I, Religious),
(iksaIsae, To someone),
(f[ja,
(ihjjaIr, Ones
(bataS[a, Duck),
(naIcae, Below), ( baIca, between) ...etc.
(paICe, Behind),
(B) THE CHARACTER SHAPES :
Also, unique for the Languages of India, characters of the Urdu language are written in four shapes,
depending up on their position in a word.
(1) STAND ALONE POSITION : When a single letter is written as a stand-alone character, it is written
in complete shape, along with its dot (nauK[ta: nuktah<
), if any. e.g. see the 39 Stand-alone Urdu
characters shown above.
(2) STARTING POSITION : When there are two or more letters in a word, the first letter is written
in Starting Position. the last letter in its End position and the rest in their Middle position.
For example : saba sab (all)
(Lesson)
(s&n is written in Starting shape, and be in End shape) sabak[ sabaq
(s&n is written in Starting shape, be in Middle position and qa@f in End shape)
NOTE : Urdu words can start from 37 of the 39 characters shown above. Their Starting shapes are :
Nasta@]l&q style : 37 Urdu Characters in Starting position
Z z ( never comes in Starting position) r z wd a
Naskh style : 37 Urdu Characters in Starting position
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LESSON
The 1st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet :
3.1
alif AiLaf[ (English a
Hindi
A)
Nasta@]l&q style :
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
a
Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
a
Starting Positoin
TIP 7 : (i) No letter is connected on the LEFT SIDE of the Letter AiLaf[ alif (A a ).
(ii) alif can be connected to the letter on its right side only. Therefore, in the Middle
position and in End position, the shape of alif remains same.
Examples : Urdu@ alif
( Naskh
( )Hindi A English a )
(for the letters be and pe, please see Lessons 3.1 and 3.2 or the Back Cover of the book)
(i) Letter alif in Stand-alone position ( )
(ii) Letter alif in Starting position ( ) : Aba ab (now) = Right to Left $ ba b + A a = + =
(as Initial letter, alif AiLaf[
must be written in Stand-alone shape; therefore, be bae
also becomes a Stand-alone letter).
(iii) Letter alif in Middle position () : baapa ba@p (father) = Right to Left $ pa p + a A + ba b =
+ =+
+=
(Naskh ( ) be is written in Starting shape, alif in Middle
position is attached to be, but it is detached from pe. Letter pe is written detached from alif, in Standalone shape). See TIP 5
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(iv) Letter alif in End position () : Abbaa abba@ = Right to Left $ a A
+ ba b + a A
+ ba b
+ aA
= aA
(Naskh ( ) alif is in Starting shape, be is in Middle position and second
alif [ is written in End shape, which is same as its Middle position shape). See TIP 4
NOTE : When the AiLaf[ alif (A a ) comes after the Urdu@ letters dal () , d<al ( ), jal (
ade () , jhe (
) and zhe ( ) , the alif is written as a Stand-alone letter. eg\
) , re () ,
NOTE : PLEASE DO NOT GO TO NEXT LESSONS , WITHOUT DOING CURRENT LESSON PROPERLY.
PLEASE Remembner this Instruction for All Lessons.
LESSON
The 2nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet :
3.2
be bae
(English b
ih>dI
ba)
Nasta@]l&q style :
b
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
b
Stand Alone
End Position
REMEMBER : bae be () , pae pe (
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
) , tae te ( ) , @e t>e ( ) and sae se ( )are first
group of the five letters that can easily be identified by looking at their dots (nukte).
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Examples : Letter be ( ) Urdu@ be
) (Hindi ba English b )
(Naskh
(for letters s and q please see Lessons 3.18 and 3.27 or see the back cover of the book)
(i) Letter be in Stand-alone position ()
(ii) Letter be in Starting position () : e.g. basa bas (Enough!) = Right to Left $ sa s + ba b =
= + =
(Naskh
) (be is in Starting position and s&n is in End-position)
(iii) Letter be in Middle position () : e.g. sabak[ sabaq (Lesson) = Right to Left $k[ q + ba b + sa s =
++ = + +=
) (s&n is written in Starting shape, be is
(Naskh
written in Middle shape and qa@f is written in End shape).
(iv) Letter be in End position () : e.g. saba sab (All) Right to Left $ b ba + s sa =
= + =
(Naskh
) (s&n is written in Starting shape, and be is written in End
shape).
EXERCISE :
1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) :
(Nasta@]l&q)
(Naskh)
2. Write the following words in Urdu@ : (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh)
Aba ab (Now), sabak[ sabaq (Lesson), saba sab, (All), basa bas (Enough!)
LESSON
The 3rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet :
3.3
pe pae ( English p
Nasta@]l&q style :
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ih>dI
pa)
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Examples : Letter pe (
(Naskh
) Urdu@ pe
Starting Positoin
) ( Hindi pa English p )
for letters re and che please see Lessons 3.14 and 3.3, or see the back cover of the book
(i) Letter pe in Stand-alone position ()
(ii) Letter pe in Starting position () : e.g. par par (Wing) Right to Left $ r r + pa p =
+=
(Naskh
) (pe is in Starting position and letter re is in End-position)
(iii) Letter pe in Middle position () : e.g. capata chapat (a slap) Right to Left $ t ta + p pa + ch ca =
+ +
= + + =
(Naskh
) (che is written in Starting
shape, pe is written in Middle shape and te is written in End shape.
(iv) Letter pe in End position () : e.g. tapa tap (Feaver, Heat) Right to Left $ pa p + ta t =
+ = +
(Naskh
) (te is written in Starting shape, and pe is written
in End shape.
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WRITING HINDI BREATH CHARACTERS IN URDU
Sa kha, za gha, C chha, Ja jha, # t>ha, $ d<ha, $[ d<ha, Ya tha, Za dha, f pha, Ba
Hind&
Urdu@
bha
e.g.
Sa
kha = ka@f + do chashm& he
za
gha = ga@f + do chashm& he
chha = che + do chashm& he
Cta chhat (roof)
Ja
jha = j&m
+ do chashm& he
Ja@ jhat> (quick)
t>ha = t>e
+ do chashm& he
La# lat>h (stick)
d<ha = da@l
+ do chashm& he
$[
d<ha = ad<e + do chashm& he
Ya
tha = te
+ do chashm& he
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rSa rakh (keep)
zar ghar (home)
$ba d<hab (mode)
pa$[ pad<h (read)
rYa rath (Chariot)
Za
dha = da@l + do chashm& he
pha = pe + do chashm& he
Ba
bha
= be + do chashm& he
Zana dhan (wealth)
fLa phal (fruit)
Ba@ bhat> (warrior)
PLEASE DO NOT ADVANCE TO NEXT LESSON , WITHOUT DOING PREVIOUS LESSONS PROPERLY.
LESSON
The 37th letter :
3.37
chhot>& ye Cae@I yaee ( English y Hindi ya, })
Nasta@]l&q style :
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
i
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
NOTE : This is the first ya y type of sound (see : baD[I yae bad[& ye 3.38)
NOTES :
(1) chhot>& ye is sometimes used as consonant ya y when comes as initial character, but mostly used as
vowel } or }| i or & when it comes after a consonant.
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e.g. (i) yaa ya@ (chhot>& ye + alif)
(ii) kI ki (ka@f + chhot>& ye)
(2) In itial position in a sentence, letter } i is written as a slante line (zer) drawn under the letter alif.
e.g. }Zar idhar (On this side) ) (
(3) In itial and Middle positions, chhot>& ye is recognized by the conspicuous two dots under the letter.
e.g. }|d &d
(ain + chhot>& ye + da@l)
(4) chhot>& ye is mostly used for Feminine words.
e.g. bae@I bet>& (daughter)
Examples : ya, } y, i
(be + chhot>& ye + t>e + chhot>& ye)
: Urdu@ chhot>& ye
(Naskh
) (ih>dI ya, } English v, w )
(i) Letter chhot>& ye in Stand-alone position ()
(ii) Letter chhot>& ye in Starting position ( ) : e.g. yaa ya@ (Or), Right to Left $ A a + ya y =
= + =
(nask
) (chhot>& ye is in itial shape and alif is in End position)
(iii) Letter chhot>& ye in Middle position () : e.g. taIna t&n (Three) Right to Left $ na n + }| & + ta t
= +
= + + =
(nask
) (te is in Starting shape, chhot>& ye
is in Middle position and nu@n is in End position).
(iv) Letter chhot>& ye in End position () : e.g. paI p& (Drink) Right to Left $ }| & + pa p =
= +
(nask
) (pe is in Starting shape and chhot>& ye is in End position).
EXERCISE :
1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) :
(Nasta@]l&q)
(Naskh)
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2. Write the following words in Urdu@ : (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh)
kI k& (Did), paI p& (Drank), LaI l& Took), dI d& (Gave), yaa ya@ (Or), ibana bin(Without)
LESSON
The 38th letter of the Urdu@ alphabet :
3.38
bad<& ye baD[I yaee ( English e Hindi ])
Nasta@]l&q style :
e
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
NOTE : This is the first ya y type of sound (see : Cae@I yae chhot>& ye 3.37)
NOTES :
TIP 7 : Similar to the chhot>& ye, bad<& ye is also used as vowel ] e when comes after another vowel or
a consonant. eg. (i) yaa ya@ (chhot>& ye + alif)
(ii) saI s& (s&n + chhot>& ye)
( ) ii) saeba seb (s&n + bad<& ye + be)
) (ii) sae se (s&n + bad[& ye)
TIP 8 : Similar to Letters daLa da@l () , DaLa d<a@l (
) , j[aaLa ja@l ( ;)re re (), AD[e ad<e ( ) , j[ae jhe ( ) ,
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jyae zhe (
) and va@o vaaAae (), letter bad<& ye ()
also does not connect to the letter on its left
side. Therefore, in starting position, it is written as a Stand alone letter. e.g. maera mera@
(m&m
+ bad<& ye + re + alif)
TIP 9 : In Middle positions, sometimes chhot>& ye is used in place of the bad<& ye. and then it is easily
recognized by the conspicuous two dots under the letter.
e.g. (1) baeksa bekas
(be + bad<& ye + s&n) (2) ]k ek (aik)
(alif + chhot>& ye +
ka@f)
TIP 10 : bad<& ye is mostly used for Masculine words and chhot>& ye for Feminine words.
Examples : ya, } y, i
: Urdu@ bad<& ye
(Naskh
( ) ih>dI ] English e )
(i) Letter bad<& ye in Stand-alone position ()
(ii) Letter bad<& ye in Starting position ( ) : In Starting position, alif and chhot>& ye is used in place
of bad<& ye. .e.g. ]bak ebak (Slave), Right to Left $ k k + ba b + ] e + A a = + +
+
= + + + a =
(nask
(alif and chhot>& ye are in itial shape, be is in
Middle shape and ka@f is in End position)
(iii) Letter bad<& ye in Middle position () : e.g. baeksa brkas (Hurt, sad) Right to Left $ sa s + k
k + ] e + ba b = + +
+ = + + +
(nask
(be is in Starting shape, bad<& ye and ka@f are in Middle position and s&n is in End position).
(iv) Letter bad<& ye in End position () : e.g. Lae le (Take!) Right to Left $ ] e + La l =
= +
(nask
) (la@m is in Starting shape and bad<& ye is in End
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position).
EXERCISE :
1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) :
(Nasta@]l&q)
(Naskh)
2. Write the following words in Urdu@ : (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh)
Lae le (Take), de de (Give), maera mera@ (My), baeksa bekas (Sad), yaa ya@ (Or)
PLEASE DO NOT ADVANCE TO NEXT LESSON , WITHOUT DOING THIS LESSON PROPERLY.
LESSON 4
WRITING HINDI AND ENGLISH VOWELS IN URDU
ih>dI ]va> A>gaRej[aI svarae> kae qdU| mae> iLaSanaa_
(1) A (a) :
For producing the sound of Short vowel a, as the first A in the English word America AmaerIka,
or Hindi word Aba ab, please see Urdu@ letter alif in Section 3.1 above. eg. AmarIka amrika@
(America)
(2) Aa (a@, aa) :
(i) To write the Long vowel a@ (Aa) sound at the begining of a word, like Aa a@ in the word Aaga a@g
(Fire), write the letter alif and put a tilde like sign ( ~ ) above to make it look like
(Fire)
(Naskh )
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e.g. Aaga a@g
(ii) The Long a@ sound within or at the end of the word : like Aa a@ in the the word maataa ma@ta@
LESSON 5
URDU DIACRITICAL ACCENT MARKS
maa%aa]> (]raba)
(1) Zabar j[abar
( Naskh ) :
e.g.
...etc.
Zabar is always written as SUPERSCRIPT (above). Its shape is like
French acute accent. Appearing initially, Zabar should be placed over letter alif.
It ipmarts a plain sound (like A a ) to the consonant below it.
e.g.
= (A + A, a + a)
= (ba` + A, b + a)
= (pa` + A, p +
a)
(2) Zer j[aer
French accent aigue.
It adds a sound of } i to the consonant above it.
Appearing initially, Zer should be placed under letter alif.
= } i,
(Naskh
=iba bi, (ba` + }, b + i), = ipa pi, (pa` + }, p + i)
) : e.g.
...etc.
Pesh is always written as SUPERSCRIPT. Its shape is like English comma.
It adds a sound of q u to the consonant below it.
Appearing initially, Pesh should be placed over letter alif.
e.g.
(4) Mad mad
...etc.
e.g.
Zer is always written as SUBSCRIPT (bolow). Its shape is like
e.g.
(3) Pesh paeoa
):
(Naskh
(Naskh
= q u,
= bau bu, (ba` + q, b + u),
= pau pi, (pa` + q, p + u)
) : e.g.
Mad is always written as SUPERSCRIPT. Its shape is like Spanish tilde.
It gives a sound of Aa a@ to the letter alif.
mad should be placed over letter alif.
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A PRELIMINARY VOCABULARY OF KEY URDU WORDS
READ the Urdu@ words and WRITE them. Understand and remember as many as possible.
I maE> mai (
Am hU hu@ ) (
I am maE> hU mai hu@ (
Is hE hai (
Are hE> hai (
This yah, yae yah, ye ) (
We hma ham ) (
We are hma hE> ham hai (
You Aapa a@p )(
You tauma tum ) (
You are tauma hae tum ho (
You are taU hE tu@ hai (
He-She vah, vaae vah, vo )(
They vah vah )(
To us hmae> hame (
To you Aapakae a@p ko ) (
To him qsakae us ko ) ( ,
I maE>nae mai ne (
To them qnakae un ko ) (
He-She qsanae us ne (
You Aapanae a@p ne (
You taumanae tum ne (
You taUnae tu@ ne (
From you tauJasae tujh se (
For us hmaare iLayae hama@re liye (
(
)
From them qnasae un se (
)
)
For them qnak iLayae unke liye
My maere mere (
Our hmaarI hama@r& (
For you Aapak iLayae a@pke liye
My maerI mer& (
From you taumasae tum se (
For me maere iLayae mere liye (
(
)
From me mauJasae mujh se (
From Him-her qsasae us se (
Our hmaara hama@ra@ (
To me mauJae mujhe (
From you Aapasae a@p se (
My maera mera@ (
)\
Our hmaare
hama@re
Your Aapaka a@p ka@ ) ( ,
( )
Your AapakI a@p k& (
In me mauJamae> mujh me (
In you Aapamae> a@p me (
In them qnamae> un me (
)
)
)
Your Aapak a@p ke
In you tauJamae> tujh me (
In that qsamae> us me (
On me mauJa par mujh par (
On you tauma par tum par ) (
On you tauJa par tujh par ) (
On you Aapa par a@p par ) (
On that qsa par us par ) (
On this }sa par is par (
On them qna par un par ) (
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LESSON 6
THE URDU NUMERALS
0 sifr
1 ek
2 do
3 t&n
isaf`r
One book. ek kita@b ]k iktaaba_ (
]k
dae
Two books. dok kita@be (
taIna
Three books t&n kita@be
)
)
4 cha@r
5 pa@n~ch
6 chhah
7 sa@t
8 a@t>h
9 nau
10 das
caar
paaca
Ch
saata
Aa#
naaE
dsa
EXERCISE 13 :
(1) Read the numbers in Urdu@ :
1 7 9 4 0 3 2 8 5 6
(2) Read the following Urdu numerals :
(3) Read and Write the following Urdu@ numerals :
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LESSON 7
MAKING YOUR OWN URDU SENTENCES
Apanae Aapa qdU| jaumaLae banaanae kI maok_
1 MAKING SIMPLE SENTENCES - about a Present event, with IS (hai hE)
Key words : NOTE, The sign is a nasal tone added to the vowel under that
English
Hindi
Urdu
maE> (mai)
You
Aapa (a@p)
He, she, that
English Hindi
Urdu
am
hU (hu@)
) (
)(
are
hE> (hai)
vah (vah)
)(
is
hE (hai)
This, it
yah (yah)
) (
They
vah (vah)
)(
My
maera (mera@)
your
Aapaka (a@p-ka@)
) (
Our
hmaara (hama@ra@)
(
Subject
)
)
Hisher qsaka (us-ka@)
) (
) TABLE 1 : Speaking Present Events
am
is
are
maE> mai (
He, that
vah vah )(
hE (hai) (
She, that
vah vah )(
hE (hai) (
We
hma ham ) (
hE> (hai) (
You
Aapa a@p )(
hE> (hai) (
You
tauma tum ) (
hae (ho) ) (
You
taU tu@ ) (
hE> (hai) (
They
vah vah )(
hE> (hai) (
These
yah yah ) (
hE> (hai) (
hU (hu@) ) (
NOTE : The above table shows that :
(i) A Present Event is shown by suffix hu@, hai or hai hU, hE, hE> ) ( , (
Masuline
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), (
I am a boy
maE> LaDka hU
mai lad<ka@ hu@
You are a boy
taU LaDka hE
tu@ lad<<ka@ hai
He is a boy
vah LaDka hE
vah lad<ka@ hai
This is a boy
yah LaDka hE
yah lad<ka@ hai
I am a girl
maE> LaDkI hU
mai lad<k& hu@
You are a girl
taU LaDkI hE
tu@ lad<k& hai
She is a girl
vah LaDkI hE
vah lad<k& hai
This is a girl
yah LaDkI hE
yah lad<k& hai
Feminine
)
IMPORTANT NOTE
BECAUSE URDU IS A DAUGHTER OF HINDI LANGUAGE, WITH ITS GRAMMAR INTACT,
ALL HINDI SENTENCES WRITTEN IN URDU SCRIPT ARE URDU SENTENCES.
Popular and difficult English words may also be used in Urdu sentences as if they were Urdu words.
EXERCISE : ) (
Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for your help)
1. I am a man. mai a@dam& hu@. maE> AadmaI hU_ (
2. I am a woman. mai aurat hu@. maE> AaErta hU_ (
)
)
3. I am a Cashier. mai cashier hu@. maE> cashier hU_ (
4. I am a Judge. mai judge hu@. maE> jaja hU_ (
5. I am a Surgeon. mai surgeon hu@. maE> surgeon hU_ (
6. I am a Chemist. mai chemist hu@ maE> chemist hU_ (
7. It is good. yah achha@ hai yah AcCa hE_ (
8. I am an Inspector. mai inspector hu@. maE> inspector hU_ (
9. She is a Midwife. vah midwife hai. vah midwife hE_ (
10. He is a Conductor. vah conductor hai. vah conductor hE_ (
11. I am alright (ok). mai t>h&k hu@. maE> #Ik hU_ (
)
)
12. Ra@ma is a Tennis player. Ra@m tenn&s khila@d<& hai. rama @einasa iSaLaaDI hE_
(
13. My name is Ratnakar/ mera@ na@m Ratna@kar hai. maera naama rtnaakr hE_ (
)
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USING URDU PLURAL WORDS
RATNAKARS FIRST THREE NOBLE TRUTHS :
(Singular to Plural)
FIRST TRUTH : If the word is Masculine ending in a@ (Aa), the a@ (Aa) changes to e (]) in plural.
eg\ singular m\ Boy LaDka lad<ka@ (
) # plural m\ Boys LaDk lad<ke (
SECOND TRUTH : If the word is Feminine ending in a consonant, then e (]) is added in plural.
eg\ singular f\ Book iktaaba kita@b (
) # plural f\ Books iktaabae> kita@be (
THIRD TRUTH : If the word is Feminine ending in & (}|), the & (}|) changes to iya@ (}yaa) in plural.
e.g. Singular f\ Girl LaDkI lad<k& #
( ) # plural f\ Girls LaDikyaa ladkiya@ (
MORE EXAMPLES : (* = no change)
(kutta@)
Dog (m\)
kTaa
Cat (f\)
ibaLLaI (bill&)
Car (f\)
gaaDI
*House (m\)
( )
# Dogs
kTae
ibaiLLayaa (billiya@)
( )
(ga@d<&)
( ) # Cars
gaaiDyaa
(ga@diya@)
) (
zar
(ghar)
# Houses
zar
(ghar)
Thing (f\)
caIja
(ch&j)
( )
# Things
caIjae>
(ch&je)
) (
Cow (f\)
gaaya
(ga@y)
gaa]
(ga@e)
(usta@d)
PLURALS
) # Cows
) # Teachers qstaad
( )
*Teacher (m\) qstaad (usta@d)
# Cats
(kutte)
We are boys
hma LaDk hE>
ham lad<ke hai
You are boys
Aapa LaDk hE>
a@p lad<ke hai
They are boys
vah LaDk hE>
vah lad<ke hai
These are boys
yah LaDk hE>
ye lad<ke hai
We are girls
hma LaDikyaa hE>
ham lad<kiya@ hai
You are girls
Aapa LaDikyaa hE>
a@p lad<kiya@ hai
They are girls
vah LaDikyaa hE>
vah lad<kiya@ hai
These are girls
yah LaDikyaa hE>
ye lad<kiya@ hai
EXERCISE : ) (
Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help)
1. We are men. ham a@dam& hai. hma AadmaI hE>_
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)
)
()
(
2. We are women. ham aurate hai. hma AaErtae> hE>_ (
3. This is a house. yah ghar hai. yah zar hE_ (
4. Those are houses. vah ghar hai. vah zar hE>_ (
5. This is a dog. yah kutta@ hai. yah kTaa hE_ (
6. Those are dogs. vah kutte hai. vah kTae hE>_
7. That is a cat. vah bill& hai. vah ibaLLaI hE_ (
8. These are cats. yah billiya@ hai. yah ibaiLLayaa hE>_
)
)
9. You are a Painter. (a@p painter hai. Aapa paen@r hE>) (
10. These are Urdu books. (yah Urdu kita@be hai. yah qdU| iktaabae> hE>) (
11. Those are red cars. (vah la@l ga@diya@ hai. vah LaaLa gaaiDyaa hE>) (
12. Those cars are red. (vah ga@diya@ la@l hai. vah gaaiDyaa LaaLa hE>) (
13. Kha@n is a Weaver. (Kha@n jula@ha@ hai. Saana jauLaaha hE) (
14. She is an Indian. (vah Hindustan& hai. vah ih>dustaanaI hE) (
16. They are Chinese. (vah Ch&n& hai. vah caInaI hE>) (
15. You are American. (a@p Amrican hai. Aapa AmarIkna hE>) (
)
)
3 SPEAKING A PAST EVENT - WAS (Yaa)
) )
Key words: Here = yaha@ yaha) ( , There = vaha@ vaha) ( , Where = kaha@ kha (
Rich =am&r AmaIr ) (, Poor= gar&b g[arIba
(
tak(
(
Subject
I
), Up to = tak
) TABLE 2 : Speaking Past Events
was (m\)
maE> mai (
), Dont =mata(
was (f\)
were (m\)
were (f\)
Yaa tha@ ) ( YaI th&
( )
He
vah vah )(
She
vah vah )(
Yaa tha@ ) (
YaI th&
( )
We
hma ham ) (
Yae the
( )
YaI> th&(
You
Aapa a@p )(
Yae the
( )
YaI> th&(
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You
tauma tum ) (
You
taU tu@ ) (
Yae the
( )
YaI th&
YaI> th&(
Yaa tha@ ) (
( )
They
vah vah )(
Yae the
( )
YaI> th&(
These
yah yah ) (
Yae the
( )
YaI> th&(
NOTE : The above table shoes that :
(i) Suffixes for the Past events are tha@, th&, the, th& (Yaa YaI Yae YaI>) ) ( , ) ( , (
), (
(ii) Ending a@ (Aa) stands for masculine gender, singular subject (I, you, he)
(iv) Ending & (}|) shows a feminine singular subject (I, she)
(v) Ending e (]>) stands for masculine plural subject (we, you, they)
(vi) Ending letter & (}|>) stands for feminine plural subject (we, you, they)
* In Urdu and Hindi there is no Neuter gender, all English Neuter things are Masculine or Feminine.
Masculine :
I was
maE> Yaa
mai tha@
We were
hma Yae
ham the
You were
Aapa Yae
a@p the
Where were you
Aapa kha{ Yae?
a@p kaha@ the?
He was here
vah yaha Yaa
vah yaha@ tha@
) (
They were here
vah yaha Yae
vah yaha@ the
* It was here
yah yaha Yaa
yah yaha@ tha@
These were here
yah yaha Yae
yah yaha@ the
I was poor
maE> g[arIba Yaa
mai gar&b tha@
He was rich
vah AmaIr Yaa
vah am&r tha@
Who were poor?
g[arIba kaEna Yae?
gar&b kaun the
I was
maE> YaI
mai th&
We were
hma YaI>
ham th&
)
)
Feminine :
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)
)
You were
Aapa YaI>
a@p th&
Where were you
Aapa kha{ YaI>?
a@p kaha@ th&?
She was here
vah yaha YaI
vah yaha@ th&
They were here
vah yaha YaI>
vah yaha@ th&
* It was here
yah yaha YaI
yah yaha@ th&
These were here
yah yaha YaI>
yah yaha@ th&
I was poor
maE> g[arIba YaI
mai gar&b th&
She was rich
vah AmaIr YaI
vah am&r th&
Who were poor?
g[arIba kaEna YaI>?
gar&b kaun th&?
)
)
)
)
EXERCISE : Present tense and Past tense ) (
Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help)
Key Words : Not = nah& nahI> (
Also = bh& BaI (
), And = aur AaEr )( , Or = ya@ yaa ) ( ,
), Only = h& hI (
1. I was an engineer. main engineer tha@. maE> engineer Yaa_ (
2. She was dentist. vah dentist th&. vah dentist YaI_ (
3. Where was she? vah kaha@ th&. vah kha YaI_ (
4. He is a thief. vah chor hai. vah caaer hE_ (
)
)
5. They are thieves. vah chor hai. vah caaer hE>_ (
6. You were there. a@p vaha@ the. Aapa vaha Yae_ (
USING THE ACTION WORDS
FOR MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES
Let us learn how to make our own sentences in the following five ways
1. I normally do (habitual) (you do; he, she, it does; we do, they do)
see - Table 3
2. I am doing
(you are doing; he, she, it is doing; we, they are doing)
3. I was doing
(you were doing; he, she, it was doing; they were doing) Table 5
5. I had already done
(you had done; he, she, it had done; we, they had done)
Table 6
6. I used to do
(you used to do; he, she, it used to do; they used to do)
Table 7
Table 4
) TABLE 3 : Making sentences with - I do; you do; he, she, it does; we do; they do.
Doer of the action
Subject
drink
am, is, are, has, have
Verb Masculine
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Verb Feminine
Present tense
maE> mai (
I drink
paItaa p&ta@ (
paItaI p&t& (
hU hu@ (
)
He drinks
vah vah )(
She drinks
vah vah )(
We drink
hma ham ) (
paItae p&te (
You drink
Aapa a@p )(
You drink
paItaa p&ta@ (
hE (hai) (
paItaI p&t& (
hE (hai) (
paItae p&te (
hE> (hai) (
paItae p&te (
paItae p&te (
hE> (hai) (
tauma tum ) (
paItae p&te (
paItaI p&t& (
hae (ho) ) (
You drink
taU tu@ ) (
paItaa p&ta@ (
paItaI p&t& (
hE (hai) (
They drink
vah vah )(
paItae p&te (
paItae p&te (
hE> (hai) (
EXERCISE : ) ( 1. Present
)
)
Habitual mode
Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help)
1. I drink tea. mai cha@y p&ta@ (p&t&) hu@ maE> caaya paItaa (paItaI) hU (
You drink tea. a@p cha@y p&te hai. Aapa caaya paItae hE>_ (
He drinks tea. vah cha@y p&ta@ hai. vah caaya paItaa hE_ (
2. She eats hot Samosa@s vah garam samose khat& hai vah garma samaaesae SaataI hE
We walk 10 km. ham das km chalte hai. hma 10 km.caLatae hE>_ (
They drink hot tea. vah garam cha@y p&te hai. vah garma caaya paItae hE>_ (
)
3. They eat bananas. vah kele kha@te hai. vah kLae Saatae hE>_ (
4. She sleeps at 10 O Clock. vah das baje sot& hai vah dsa bajae saaetaI hE (
)
5. You write books. a@p kita@be likhte hai. Aapa iktaaba iLaSatae hE>_ (
)
6. He goes home. vah ghar ja@ta@ hai. vah zar jaataa hE_ (
(
) TABLE 4 : Use of, I am doing; you are doing; he, she is doing; we are doing; they are
doing
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Doing (verb drink = paI p&)
Doer of the action
I am drinking etc.
maE> mai (
Verb Masculine : xxxing
)
paI rha p& raha@ ) (
I am, he is, they are
Verb Feminine : xxxing
paI rhIp& rah& (
hU hu@ (
)
He
vah vah )(
She
vah vah )(
paI rha p& raha@ ) (
paI rhIp& rah& (
hE (hai) (
hE (hai) (
hE> (hai) (
hE> (hai) (
)
hma ham ) (
We
paI rhe p& rahe (
paI rhe p& rahe (
)
You
Aapa a@p )(
paI rhe p& rahe (
paI rhe p& rahe (
)
You
tauma tum ) (
paI rhe p& rahe (
paI rhIp& rah& (
)
You
taU tu@ ) (
hae (ho) ) (
paI rha p& raha@ ) (
paI rhIp& rah& (
hE (hai) (
hE> (hai) (
)
They vah vah )(
paI rhe p& rahe (
paI rhe p& rahe (
* NOTE : Generally, Masculine Plural verb is used for Feminine Plural verb also.
EXERCISE : ) (
ON WHAT WE LEARNED SO FAR
Translate the Hind& sentences into English (Answers are given for help)
Key Words :
O Clock, at O Clock = baje bajae (
Tomorrow, Yesterday = kal kLa (
When? = kab kba (
); Today = a@j Aaja ;)(
); Now = ab Aba ;)( Then = tab taba (
);
); What? = kya@ Kyaa ;) ( Work = ka@m kama ) (
1.Anjal& is coming at two O Clock. an~jal& do baje a@ rah& hai. A>jaLaI dae bajae Aa rhI hE_
(
)
2. They are not working today. vah a@j ka@m nah& kar rahe hai. vah Aaja kama nahI> kr rhe hE>_
(
)
3. Yesterday she was eating two Roties. Vah kal do rot>iya@ kha@ rah& th&. vah kLa dae raei@yaa Saa rhI YaI_
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4. What Ahmad Ali was saying yesterday? Ahmad Ali kal kya@ kah raha@ tha@. Ahmad ALaI kLa Kyaa kh
rha Yaa? (
)
5. M&ra@ was singing Urdu songs. (song = ga@na@) m&ra@ Urdu ga@ne ga@ rah& th&. maIra qdU| gaanae gaa rhI YaI_
(
6. Ra@dha@ wants a cup of tea. Ra@dha@ ek kap cha@y cha@hat& hai. raZaa ]k kpa caaya caahtaI hE_
(
7. R&ta@ is now going home. R&ta@ ab ghar ja@ rah& hai. rItaa Aba zar jaa rhI hE_
(
)
8. N&ta@ can run 10 km. N&ta@ das kilo-mitar bha@g sakt& hai. naItaa dsa ikLaae-ima@r Baaga saktaI hE_
(
)
9. You can not walk even one km. a@p ek km.bh& nah& chal sakte hai. Aapa ]k ik.maI. BaI nahI> caLa saktae_
(
)
10. Yesterday a house was burning. kal ek ghar jal raha@ tha@. kLa ]k zar jaLa rha Yaa_
(
)
11. Gopa@l has already fried the Samosa@@/. Gopa@l samose tal chuka@ hai. gaaepaaLa samaaesae taLa cauka hE_
(
)
12. Mona@ had already brought the books. Mona@ kita@be la@ chuk& th&. maaenaa iktaabae> Laa caukI YaI_
(
)
13. Masood Nabi reads at 7 O Clock. Masu@d nab& sa@t baje pad<hta@ hai. masaUd nabaI saata bajae pa$taa hE_
(
)
14. I used to drink only coffee, now I drink tea also. mai ka@f& h& p&ta@ tha@, ab mai cha@y bh& p&ta@ hu@. maE>
kafI hI paItaa Yaa, Aba maE> caaya BaI paItaa hU_
(
)
15. They had already played Chess. vah shatranj khel chuke the. vah oatar>ja SaeLa cauk Yae_
5. MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR FUTURE EVENTS
(
) TABLE 8 : Future actions : I will do, I will eat, I will go, ...etc.
Doer of the action
drink
Subject
I will drink
maE> mai (
am, is, are, has, have
Verb Masculine : will
Verb Feminine : will
paIQ{gaa p&u@nga@
paIQ{gaI p&u@ng& (
( )
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He will drink
vah vah )(
She will drink
vah vah )(
We will drink
hma ham ) (
]gaa p&ega@ (
paI]{gae p&enge
(
You will drink
Aapa a@p )(
paI]gaI p&eg& (
paI]{gae p&enge (
paI]{gae p&enge (
paI]{gae p&enge
(
You will drink
tauma tum ) (
paIAaegae p&oge (
You will drink
taU tu@ ) (
]gaa p&ega@ (
They will drink
vah vah )(
paI]{gae p&enge
(
paIAaegaI p&og& (
paI]gaI p&eg& (
paI]{gae p&enge (
*NOTE : Generally, masculine plural forms for feminine plural tenses also.
EXERCISE : ) ( Future
Events
Translate the English sentences into Hind& (Answers are given for help)
1. I will eat a mango. mai ek a@m kha@u@n[ga@ (kha@u@n[g&). maE ]k Aama> SaaQgaa (SaaQgaI)_
2. You will bring the money. a@p paise la@en[ge. Aapa paEsae Laa]gae_ (
3. He (she) will wash clothes tomorrow. vah kal kapd<e dhoega@ (dhoeg&). vah kLa kpaD[e Zaae]gaa (ZaaegaI)_
4. We will write two ham do khat likhenge. hma dae Sata iLaSae>gae_ (
5. Will they drink wine? vah shara@b p&en[ge kya@? vah oaraba paI]gae Kyaa?
(
) , (
6. What will they ask? vah kya@ pu@chhen[ge? vah Kyaa paUCe>gae? (
RATNAKARS FOURTH NOBLE TRUTH : (kya@)
Whem kya@ (Kyaa) comes at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, kya@
(Kyaa) = a question mark (?). But, when kya@ (Kyaa) comes anywhere in the
sentence, then this kya@ (Kyaa) = what?
See examples 5 and 6 above.
EXERCISE : ) (
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Translate the Hind& sentences into English (Answers are given for help)
Key Words :
Everyday = roz raej[a ;)( Never = kabh& nah& kBaI nahI> (
Always = hamesha@ hmaeoaa (
kBaI (
kC(
(
); Someone = ko& kae}| (
); Anytime = kabh& bh& kBaI BaI (
); Sometime, ever = kabh&
), Some, Something = kuchh
); Anything, whatever = kuchh bh& kC BaI (
); Somewhere = kah& khI> (
);
); Where = kaha@ kha
); Anywhere = kah& bh& khI> BaI (
1. Neil will come home at two O Clock. Neil do baje ghar a@ega@. naILa dae bajae zar Aa]gaa_
(
)
2. Ra@n& will not work today. Ra@n& a@j ka@m nah& kareg&. ranaI Aaja kama nahI> kregaI_
(
)
3. Yesterday N&ra@ was sewing a scarf. kal N&ra@ dupt>t>a@ s& rah& th&. kLa naIra dupa@`@a saI rhI YaI_
(
)
4. What should Vijay say to Amir? Vijay kya@ kahe? ivajaya Kyaa khe? (
5. What will M&na@ say tommorrow to Razia? M&na@ raziya@ ko kal kya@ kaheg&? maInaa rij[ayaa kae kLa Kyaa
khegaI? (
)
6. Ra@ja@ will go to the farmers field sometime. Ra@ja@ kisa@n ke khet me kabh& ja@yega@. rajaa iksaana k Saeta
mae> kBaI jaa]gaa_ (
)
7. Will (should) R&kk& go home now? R&kk& ab ghar ja@ega@ kya@? rIKkI Aba zar jaa]gaa Kyaa?
(
)
8. Where will N&ru@ keep the Urdu books? N&ru@ Urdu@ kita@ne kha rakhegi? naIW qdU| iktaabae> kha{ rSaegaI?
(
)
9. What will David write in the examination today? David aj imteha@n me kya@ likhega@? DeivaD Aaja
}mtaehana mae> Kyaa iLaSaegaa? (
)
10. What was burning yesterday? kal kya@ jal raha@ tha@. kLa Kyaa jaLa rha Yaa_ (
)
11. Raju had already washed the pots. ra@ju@ batran dho chuka@ tha@. gaaeiva>d bartana Zaae cauka Yaa_
(
)
12. Mohan will not sleep here today. Mohan a@j yaha@ nah& soyega@. maaehna Aaja yaha nahI> saae]gaa_
(
)
17. Somebody was here. ko& yaha@ tha@@. yaha kae}| Yaa_ (
18. Was anyone here? ko& yaha@ tha@ kya@ ? kae}| yaha Yaa Kyaa? (
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LESSON 8
MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR COMPLETED ACTIONS
A perfected or completed action indicates what you did, have done or had done.
(i) suffix (m\) a@ (Aa) or (f\) & (}|) is attached to the verb that ends in a consonant or a short vowel.
eg\ verb chal caLa (to walk) # walked chal + a@ = chala@; I walked m\ mai chala@, f\ mai chal&.
caLa + Aa = caLaa, (m\) maE> caLaa, (f\) maE> caLaI_ = + (
= +
(ii) suffix ya@ (y + a@) yaa or y& (y + &) yaI is attached to the verb that ends in a long vowel such as a@, &
or o (Aa, }|, Aae). eg\ verb so saae (sleep) # (slept) m\ so + y + a@ = soya@, I slept m\ mai soya@, f\
mai soy&.
saae + yaa = saaeyaa, (m\) maE> saaeyaa, (f\) maE> saaeyaI_ (
(iii) If a completed action is Transitive, suffix ne (nae) is attached to the subject. verb kha@ Saa (eat) #
(ate) kha@ + ya@ = kha@ya@, (I ate) maine kha@ya@. Saa + yaa = Saayaa, maE>nae Saayaa_ (
p& paI (drink) # (drank) p& + ya@ = p&ya@, (I drank) maine p&ya@. paIyaa, maE>nae paIyaa_ (
(iv) When suffix ne (nae) is attached to a subject, the verb changes according to the Object (the thing
on which the action is done). Now the Subject has no effect on the verb. eg\ m\ and f\ subject #
1. I ate a banana. mai ne kela@ kha@ya@ maE>nae kLaa Saayaa (
);
2. I ate bananas. mai ne kele kha@ye maE>nae kLae Saayae (
3. I ate a rot>& mai ne rot>& kha@y& maE>nae rae@I SaayaI (
);
4. I ate rot>&/ mai ne rot>iya@ kha@y& maE>nae raei@yaa SaayaI> (
RATNAKARS FIFTH NOBLE TRUTH :
);
).
(Perfect tense)
If an action is completed on a transitive verb, suffix ne (nae) is attached to the subject.
(a) Completed or perfected action = I did, I have done, I had done ...etc.
(b) Transitive action is where the the action is performed on an object, not on the
subject. eg\ I (the subject) ate (the verb) a mango (the object), I drank tea, I wrote a
book ...etc.
(c) Intransitive action is where the action is performed by the doer (subject) on
himherself, i.e. the action is not transferred to any external object.
eg\ I (the subject) went, Bob slept, John walked, dog ran, cat died, they stayed, we
came, you lived, baby cried, water leaked, house burnt, Sonia
books-india.com
LESSON 12
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND VOCABULARY
12.1 ANIMALS, Domastic (
Buffalo BaE>sa
bhains
Bull
saa>D
sa@nd>
Camel
Q{@
u@nt>
Cow
gaaya
ga@y
Donkey gaZaa
gadha@
ghod>a@
Calf
baCD[a bachad>a@
Cat
ibaLLaI bill&
) (
Dog
kTaa
kutta@
Goat
bakrI
bakr&
) (
Horse
zaaeD[a
Mouse
caUha
chu@ha@
) (
Mule
Saccar khacchar (
Ox
baELa
bail
Pony
@@`@U
t>at>t>u
) (
Ram
mae>$a
mend>ha@
( )
Pig
Rabbit Sargaaeoa khargosh (
Sheep
Bear
BaaLaU
bha@lu@
Deer
ihrna
hiran
) (
Fish
maCLaI machhl&
Jackal
isayaar
Mongoose naevaLaa neola@
) (
chitta@
Rhino
gend>a@
Stag
Turtle
gaIdD[ g&dad>
Lion
oaer
Monkey ba>dr
)
)
icamagaadD[ chimga@dad>
) (
) (
sher
bandar
) (
Squirrel igaLahrI gilhar&
Tiger
sher
oaer
BaeiDyaa bhediya@
12.3 BIRDS (
Bat
Wolf
Porcupine saehI seh&
baarhisa>gaa ba@rahsinga@@ (
kCuAa kachhua@
Jackal
)
)
Cockoo kaeyaLa koyal
Duck
bataSa
batakh
) (
Eagle
caILa
ch&l
Hawk
baaj[a
ba@z
) (
Hen
maugaI|
murg&
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ha@th&
Elephant haYaI
)
kkD[a kekd[a@
Crab
Panther icaTaa
gae>Da
bhed>
BaeD[
12.2 ANIMALS, Wild (
siya@r
) (
su@ar
saUAr
LESSON 14
URDU LITERATURE
The
notable
Urdu
literary
activity
begins
with
the
Su@f&
musician Ab'ul Hasan Yamn al-Dn Amir Khusrau (1253-1325)
(
) better known as Amr Khusrow Dehlaw
mystic
) , Born at Badaun, he flourished during the reign of Sultan Ghiasud-d&n Balban (r. 1266-1287). Following Khusraus Urdu Diwa@n,
Ghazal, Masnavi, Qata, Qqwwa@l&, Rubai, Do-Beti and Tarkibhand
writings, the next Urdu literary milestone is the Doha@ compositions
of Sant Kabir (1440-1518). Then the chronology of the Urdy poetry
contunues through our great Muslim as well as Hindu forefathers
manely, Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah (1565-1611), Wali Muhammad Wali,
Deccani (1667-1707), Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (1699-1781), Mirza
Mohammed Rafi Sauda (1713-1781), Khwaja Mir Dard, (1721-1785), Mir
Taqi Mir (1722-1808), Nazeer Akbarabadi, (1740-1830), Daya Shankar
Kaul Nasim, (1811-1845), Khwaja Haidar Ali Atish, (1778-1846), Hakim
Momin Khan Momin, (1801-1852), Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, Zauq (17891854), Bahadur Shah Zafar (1775-1862), Mufti Sadr-Uddin Azurda (17881869), Mirza Ghalib (1797-1869), Mir Babbar Ali Anis (1803-1874),
Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer (1803-1875), Wajid Ali Shah Akhtar (18271887), Amir Meenai (1826-1900), Nawab Mirza Khan Dagh Dehlawi, (18311905), Durga Sahay Saroor (1873-1910), Bekhud Badayuni (1857-1912),
Altaf Hussain
(1837-1914), Khwaja Altaf Hussain Hali (1837-1914),
Shibli Nomani (1857-1914), Maulana Shibli Numani (1857-1914), Akbar
Allahabadi (1846-1921), Brij Narayan Chakbast (1882-1926), Ram
Parshad Bismil (1867-1927), Ashfaq Allah Khan (1900-1927), Muhammed
Ali Jauhar (1878-1931), Munshi Premchand (1880-1936), Muhammed Iqbal
(1873-1938), Akhtar Sheerani (1905-1948), Hasrat Mohani (1875-1951),
Syed Ghulam Bhik Nairang (1875-1952), Asrar-Ul-Haq Majaz (1911-1955),
Maulana Zafar Ali Khan (1873-1956), Jigar Muradabadi, (1890-1960),
Tilok Chand Mehroom (1885-1966), Shakeb Jalali (1932-1966), Makhdoom
Mahiuddin (1908-1969), Shakeel Badayuni (1916-1970), Mustafa Zaidi
(1930-1970), Nasir Kazmi, (1925-1972), Ravish Siddiqui (1909-1971),
Majeed Amjad (1914-1974), Noon Meem Rashid (1910-1975), Jan Nisar
Akhtar (1914-1976), Krishan Chander (1914-1977), Saeeda Urooj Mazhar,
(1916-1978), Ibn-e-Insha, (1927-1978), Sahir Ludhianvi, (1921-1980),
Nushoor Wahidi (1911-1981), Firaq Gorakhpuri, Raghupati Sahay (18961982), Shabir Hasan Josh Malihabadi (1898-1982), Hafeez Jullundhry
(1900-1982), Saghir Nizami (1905-1982), Ihsan Danish (1914-1982),
Josh Malihabadi, (1898-1982), Faiz Ahmed Faiz (1911-1984), Ayyub
Sabir (1923-1989), Yazdani Jalandhari (1915-1990), Gopal Mittal
(1906-1993), Habib Jalib (1928-1993), Waheed Akhtar (1934-1996),
Obaidullah Aleem (1939-1997), Dilawar Figar (1928-1998), Zamir Jafri,
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