Chapter: Understanding Quadrilaterals

🔷 1. Introduction to Polygons
🔹 What is a Polygon?
A polygon is a closed figure formed by three or more line segments (called sides) that do not cross each
other.

🔹 Types of Polygons
Based on the number of sides, polygons are named as:

S. No Name of Polygon Number of Sides

1 Triangle 3
2 Quadrilateral 4
3 Pentagon 5
4 Hexagon 6
5 Heptagon 7
6 Octagon 8

🔷 2. Classification of Polygons
🔹 Regular vs. Irregular Polygon
• Regular Polygon: All sides and angles are equal. (e.g., Equilateral triangle, Square)
• Irregular Polygon: Sides and angles are not all equal. (e.g., Rectangle, Scalene triangle)

🔹 Convex vs. Concave Polygon

• Convex Polygon: All interior angles < 180° and vertices point outward.
• Concave Polygon: At least one interior angle > 180° and it has a ‘caved-in’ shape.

🔷 3. Angle Sum Property of Polygons

🔹 Formula:
Sum of interior angles of a polygon =
(n − 2) × 180∘
Where n = number of sides

🧠 Examples:
• Triangle: (3 – 2) × 180° = 180°
• Quadrilateral: (4 – 2) × 180° = 360°
• Pentagon: (5 – 2) × 180° = 540°
🔷 4. Exterior Angles of a Polygon
• The exterior angle of a polygon is formed when a side is extended.

• At each vertex:

Exterior angle = 180∘ − Interior angle

• Sum of all exterior angles of any polygon =

360∘
(No matter how many sides the polygon has)

🔷 5. What is a Quadrilateral?
A quadrilateral is a polygon with 4 sides, 4 vertices, and 4 angles.

Properties:
• Sum of interior angles = 360°
• The sides can be equal or unequal.
• The angles can vary.

🔷 6. Classification of Quadrilaterals
🔹 1. Parallelogram
• Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
• Opposite angles are equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other.

🔹 2. Rectangle
• All angles are 90°.
• Opposite sides are equal and parallel.
 • Diagonals are equal and bisect each other.

🔹 3. Square
• All sides are equal.
• All angles are 90°.
• Diagonals are equal, bisect each other at right angles.

🔹 4. Rhombus
• All sides are equal.
• Opposite angles are equal.
• Diagonals bisect each other at 90° but are not equal.
🔹 5. Trapezium (or Trapezoid)
• Only one pair of opposite sides is parallel.

🔹 6. Kite
• Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal.
• One pair of opposite angles is equal.
• Diagonals intersect at right angles.
• One diagonal bisects the other.

🔷 7. Diagonals of Quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral Diagonals Bisect Each Other Diagonals Equal Diagonals Perpendicular
Parallelogram Yes No No
Rectangle Yes Yes No
Square Yes Yes Yes
Rhombus Yes No Yes
Trapezium No Only in Isosceles No
Kite One diagonal bisects the other No Yes

🔷 8. Some Important Formulas

Quantity Formula
Sum of interior angles of a polygon (n – 2) × 180°
Measure of each interior angle (regular polygon) (n − 2) × 180∘
n
 Quantity Formula
Sum of exterior angles 360°
Each exterior angle of regular polygon 360∘
n

🔷 9. Properties of Specific Quadrilaterals (Quick Summary)

Type Sides Angles Diagonals
Parallelogram Opposite sides equal Opposite angles equal Bisect each other
Rectangle Opposite sides equal All 90° Equal, bisect each other
Square All sides equal All 90° Equal, bisect at 90°
Rhombus All sides equal Opposite angles equal Bisect at 90°, not equal
Trapezium One pair parallel No angle rule No special property
Kite Adjacent sides equal in pairs One pair of equal angles One diagonal bisects the other

🔷 10. Practice Tips

• Always draw the figure to visualize the properties.
• Memorize the formulas.
• For angle questions, use the angle sum property or exterior angle property.
• Identify the type of quadrilateral based on sides, angles, and diagonals.

🔷 11. Types of Trapezium

While a trapezium is broadly defined as a quadrilateral with only one pair of parallel sides, there are further
sub-types:

🔹 a) Isosceles Trapezium
• Non-parallel sides (legs) are equal.
• Base angles (angles adjacent to each base) are equal.
• Diagonals are equal in length.
• Example: AB‖CD and AD = BC.

🔹 b) Right Trapezium
• Has two right angles (90°).
• One of the non-parallel sides is perpendicular to the bases.

🔷 12. Mid-point Theorem (for Quadrilaterals)

The mid-point theorem is important in geometry and often applied to quadrilaterals.
If the midpoints of two sides of a triangle are joined, then the line segment joining them is parallel to
the third side and half its length.
In quadrilaterals like trapeziums, this gives rise to the mid-segment (or median).

🔹 Mid-segment in a Trapezium:
• A line joining the midpoints of non-parallel sides is called the mid-segment.

• It is parallel to the bases, and its length is:

Base1 + Base2
2

🔷 13. Important Angle Properties (in Problem Solving)

These reasoning rules are often used in multiple-choice and reasoning questions:

🔹 1. Parallelogram Property:
• Adjacent angles are supplementary (i.e., their sum is 180°).

🔹 2. Rectangle Property:
• All angles = 90°.

🔹 3. Rhombus Property:
• Diagonals bisect opposite angles.

🔹 4. Square Property:
• Combination of all properties of rectangle and rhombus.

🔷 14. How to Identify a Quadrilateral

When given only sides, angles, or diagonals, use this process to identify the type:

Condition Type of Quadrilateral

Opposite sides equal and parallel Parallelogram
Parallelogram + one angle is 90° Rectangle
Parallelogram + diagonals are perpendicular Rhombus
Diagonals are equal and perpendicular Square
One pair of sides parallel only Trapezium
Two pairs of adjacent equal sides Kite
20 Examples Covering All Topics – Understanding Quadrilaterals

🔹 Examples Based on Polygon Basics and Angle Sum Property

1. Find the sum of interior angles of a hexagon.

Solution:
Sum = (n − 2) × 180∘ = (6 − 2) × 180 = 720∘

2. What is the measure of each exterior angle of a regular octagon?

Solution:
360∘ 360∘
Each exterior angle = = = 45∘
n 8

3. If the sum of the interior angles of a polygon is 1260°, how many sides does it have?

Solution:
(n − 2) × 180 = 1260 ⇒ n − 2 = 7 ⇒ n = 9
So, it’s a nonagon (9-sided polygon).

🔹 Examples Based on Quadrilaterals and Their Types

4. A quadrilateral has all angles equal and all sides equal. Name the quadrilateral.

Answer: Square

5. In a quadrilateral ABCD, if AB = CD and AD = BC and opposite sides are parallel, name the figure.

Answer: Parallelogram

6. A quadrilateral has only one pair of opposite sides parallel. Name it.

Answer: Trapezium

7. Diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other and are equal. What is the quadrilateral?

Answer: Rectangle
8. A kite has one diagonal 10 cm long, and the other 6 cm. They intersect at right angles. What is the area of the
kite?

Solution:
1 1
Area = × d1 × d2 = × 10 × 6 = 30 cm2
2 2

🔹 Examples Using Interior and Exterior Angle Formulas

9. Find each interior angle of a regular decagon.

Solution:
(10 − 2) × 180 8 × 180
= = 144∘
10 10

10. How many sides does a regular polygon have if each interior angle is 156°?

Solution: Let number of sides be n Each exterior angle = 180° - 156° = 24°
360
n= = 15
24
So it’s a 15-gon

🔹 Examples Based on Diagonals and Special Properties

11. Which quadrilateral has diagonals that are equal and perpendicular?

Answer: Square

12. Which quadrilateral has diagonals that bisect each other at 90° but are not equal?

Answer: Rhombus

13. Can a parallelogram have diagonals that are not equal? Give an example.

Answer: Yes, e.g., Rhombus

14. Diagonals of a quadrilateral intersect at right angles but don’t bisect each other. Name the figure.

Answer: Kite
🔹 Examples Based on Reasoning and Logical Deduction
15. In a parallelogram, one angle is 60°. Find the other three angles.

Solution: Opposite angles equal. Adjacent angles are supplementary. So, angles are: 60°, 120°, 60°, 120°

16. In a quadrilateral, two adjacent angles are 75° and 105°. The other two are equal. Find them.

Solution: Sum of all = 360° 75 + 105 = 180 Remaining = 180 → each = 90°

17. In a rectangle, one diagonal is 13 cm and one side is 5 cm. Find the other side.

Solution: Apply Pythagoras:

d2 = l2 + b2 ⇒ 132 = 52 + x 2 ⇒ 169 = 25 + x 2 ⇒ x = 12

18. Diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other but are not equal. Name it.

Answer: Parallelogram (not rectangle)

🔹 Application and Case-based Examples

19. A quadrilateral has diagonals 10 cm and 24 cm. They bisect each other. Is it a rectangle?

Solution:

• Bisecting diagonals → Parallelogram

• Diagonals are not equal → Not a rectangle So, it’s Parallelogram, not Rectangle.

20. A quadrilateral has two pairs of adjacent equal sides, one pair of opposite angles equal, and diagonals
intersect at 90°. What is it?

Answer: Kite
 Chapter Worksheet: Understanding Quadrilaterals

✳️ SECTION A: Multiple Choice Questions (20 × 1 = 20 Marks)

Choose the correct option:
1. A polygon with 7 sides is called:
a) Heptagon
b) Hexagon
c) Octagon
d) Nonagon

2. The sum of interior angles of a pentagon is:

a) 540°
b) 360°
c) 720°
d) 900°

3. Each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 45°. The number of sides is:
a) 8
b) 6
c) 10
d) 12

4. Diagonals of a rhombus:
a) Are equal
b) Bisect at 90°
c) Do not bisect each other
d) Are of different lengths and not perpendicular

5. Which of the following is NOT a property of a rectangle?

a) All sides are equal
b) Diagonals are equal
c) Opposite sides are equal
d) All angles are 90°

6. The sum of exterior angles of any polygon is:

a) 180°
b) 360°
c) Depends on number of sides
d) Cannot be found

7. A quadrilateral with only one pair of parallel sides is a:

a) Parallelogram
b) Trapezium
c) Rhombus
d) Rectangle
8. A regular polygon has each interior angle equal to 120°. How many sides does it have?
a) 5
b) 6
c) 7
d) 8

9. The diagonals of which quadrilateral are perpendicular but not equal?

a) Rectangle
b) Rhombus
c) Square
d) Parallelogram

10. The diagonals of a kite are:

a) Equal
b) Unequal and perpendicular
c) Equal and perpendicular
d) Parallel

11. A square is a:
a) Rhombus
b) Rectangle
c) Parallelogram
d) All of the above

12. A quadrilateral with diagonals that are equal but don’t intersect at right angles is a:
a) Square
b) Rhombus
c) Rectangle
d) Kite

13. Number of diagonals in a pentagon is:

a) 4
b) 5
c) 2
d) 6

14. In a parallelogram, adjacent angles are:

a) Equal
b) Supplementary
c) Complementary
d) Reflex

15. Which quadrilateral has no line of symmetry?

a) Rhombus
b) Square
c) Trapezium
d) Rectangle

16. Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 150°. Number of sides is:
a) 10
b) 12
 c) 15
d) 8

17. In a rectangle, diagonals:

a) Bisect at 90°
b) Are equal and bisect each other
c) Are unequal
d) Don't intersect

18. The sum of the interior angles of a 12-sided polygon is:

a) 1800°
b) 1620°
c) 1440°
d) 1080°

19. A parallelogram with equal diagonals is a:

a) Rhombus
b) Trapezium
c) Rectangle
d) Kite

20. A quadrilateral having both pairs of opposite angles equal and one diagonal bisecting the other is:
a) Square
b) Kite
c) Parallelogram
d) Trapezium

✴️ SECTION B: Assertion and Reasoning (10 × 2 = 20 Marks)

Choose the correct option:
• A – Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

• B – Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation

• C – A is true but R is false

• D – A is false but R is true

1. Assertion (A): A square is a type of rhombus.

Reason (R): In a rhombus, all sides are equal.

2. A: Diagonals of a rectangle are equal.

R: Diagonals of a rectangle intersect at 90°.

3. A: A quadrilateral always has 4 diagonals.

n(n−3)
R: Number of diagonals of a polygon is .
2
 4. A: A trapezium has exactly one pair of parallel sides.

R: All sides of a trapezium are equal.

5. A: All parallelograms are quadrilaterals.

R: All quadrilaterals are parallelograms.

6. A: Diagonals of a kite intersect at 90°.

R: A kite is a type of parallelogram.

7. A: In a regular polygon, all angles are equal.

R: In a regular polygon, all sides are equal.

8. A: Every rectangle is a parallelogram.

R: In a rectangle, opposite sides are equal and parallel.

9. A: Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.

R: Rhombus has all sides equal.

10. A: The exterior angles of any polygon sum up to 360°.

R: The number of exterior angles of a polygon depends on the number of sides.

✳️ SECTION C: Very Short Answer Questions (20 × 1 = 20 Marks)

Answer the following in one line or a few words.
1. Define a polygon.

2. Write the formula for the sum of interior angles of an n-sided polygon.

3. Name the polygon with the least number of sides.

4. How many diagonals does a hexagon have?

5. Write the angle sum of a quadrilateral.

6. What do you call a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent equal sides?

7. Is a rectangle a regular polygon?

8. What is the measure of each exterior angle in a regular hexagon?

9. Which quadrilateral has two pairs of parallel and equal sides but no right angles?

10. Name the quadrilateral with all angles 90° and all sides equal.

11. Can a trapezium have right angles?

12. How many lines of symmetry does a square have?

 13. What is the difference between a kite and a rhombus?

14. Name the polygon in which all sides and angles are not equal.

15. State whether a rhombus can be a square.

16. What kind of quadrilateral has no lines of symmetry?

17. What are adjacent angles in a quadrilateral?

18. What is the sum of exterior angles of a pentagon?

19. Is it possible for a quadrilateral to have one pair of equal sides only?

20. What is the relation between diagonals of a rectangle?

🟩 SECTION D: Short Answer Questions (10 × 3 = 30 Marks)

1. Find the measure of each angle of a regular polygon of 8 sides.

2. Classify quadrilaterals based on their sides and diagonals.

3. Prove that opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.

4. Calculate the number of diagonals in a polygon with 12 sides.

5. State the properties of a kite.

6. Find the sum of interior angles of a nonagon.

7. What is the difference between rhombus and square based on diagonals?

8. Name all types of quadrilaterals and give one real-life example for each.

9. In a parallelogram, if one angle is 70°, find the other three angles.

10. How do you distinguish between a trapezium and a parallelogram?

🟥 SECTION E: Long Answer Questions (10 × 5 = 50 Marks)

1. Prove that the sum of interior angles of a polygon with n sides is (n–2) × 180∘ .

2. Explain with diagram how diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at 90°.

3. Construct a parallelogram and prove that opposite sides are equal and parallel.

4. Derive the formula to find the number of diagonals in an n-sided polygon.

5. List properties of a square and show that it satisfies the properties of both a rectangle and
rhombus.

6. A regular polygon has each angle measuring 135°. Find the number of sides and name the
polygon.
 7. Two adjacent angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 2:3. The other two are equal. Find all angles.

8. A quadrilateral has diagonals of lengths 10 cm and 24 cm intersecting at right angles. Prove

whether it is a kite or not.

9. Compare and contrast rectangle, rhombus, and square based on sides, angles, and diagonals.

10. Explain angle sum property of a quadrilateral with a diagram and example.

🧠 SECTION F: Case-Based Questions (5 × 4 = 20 Marks)

📘 Case Study 1: The Kite Festival

Aman makes a kite using two sticks intersecting perpendicularly. The sticks measure 60 cm and 80 cm.
Questions:
a) What shape does the kite form?
b) Are the diagonals equal?
c) Do the diagonals bisect each other?
d) Find the area of the kite.

📘 Case Study 2: Architectural Design

An architect is designing a tiled floor using square, rectangle, and trapezium shapes.
Questions:
a) What properties make a square suitable for tiling?
b) Can a trapezium tile cover the floor without leaving gaps?
c) Why are diagonals of a rectangle helpful in construction?
d) Name a quadrilateral that can tile the floor and has all sides equal.

📘 Case Study 3: Clock Frame

A wall clock is designed in the shape of a regular octagon.
Questions:
a) What is the sum of interior angles of the clock frame?
b) What is the measure of each angle?
c) Are all sides and angles equal in a regular octagon?
d) Is the octagon a quadrilateral?

📘 Case Study 4: Geometry Puzzle

In a puzzle game, each piece is shaped like a rhombus with 5 cm diagonals intersecting at right angles.
Questions:
a) What is the area of each rhombus piece?
b) Do diagonals bisect each other?
c) Is a rhombus a regular polygon?
d) How does it differ from a square?

📘 Case Study 5: Paper Folding

Riya folds a square paper along one diagonal.
Questions:
a) What shape does the paper form after folding?
b) Are both halves congruent?
c) Do diagonals intersect at 90° in a square?
d) What properties of square are used here?
 Detailed solutions

✅ SECTION A: Multiple Choice Questions – Detailed Solutions

1. A polygon with 7 sides is called:

Answer: a) Heptagon
Explanation: A polygon with 7 sides is called a heptagon.

• 6 sides = Hexagon

• 8 sides = Octagon

• 9 sides = Nonagon

2. The sum of interior angles of a pentagon is:

Answer: a) 540°
Explanation: Use the formula:
Sum = (n – 2) × 180° = (5 – 2) × 180 = 540°

3. Each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 45°. The number of sides is:
Answer: a) 8
Explanation:
Exterior angle = 360° ÷ n
So, 45° = 360° ÷ n → n = 360 ÷ 45 = 8 sides

4. Diagonals of a rhombus:
Answer: b) Bisect at 90°
Explanation: In a rhombus, diagonals bisect each other at right angles, but are not necessarily equal.

5. Which of the following is NOT a property of a rectangle?

Answer: a) All sides are equal
Explanation: Only opposite sides are equal in a rectangle. All angles = 90°, diagonals are equal.
6. The sum of exterior angles of any polygon is:
Answer: b) 360°
Explanation: Always true, regardless of number of sides.
Sum of exterior angles = 360°

7. A quadrilateral with only one pair of parallel sides is a:

Answer: b) Trapezium
Explanation: A trapezium has one pair of parallel sides.

8. A regular polygon has each interior angle equal to 120°. How many sides does it have?
Answer: b) 6
Explanation:
Interior angle = 180 – Exterior angle
120 = 180 – x → x = 60°
n = 360 ÷ 60 = 6 sides

9. The diagonals of which quadrilateral are perpendicular but not equal?

Answer: b) Rhombus
Explanation: Rhombus diagonals bisect each other at 90° but are not equal.

10. The diagonals of a kite are:

Answer: b) Unequal and perpendicular
Explanation: In a kite, diagonals are unequal and intersect perpendicularly.

11. A square is a:
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: A square is a rhombus (all sides equal), a rectangle (angles 90°), and a parallelogram
(opposite sides parallel).

12. A quadrilateral with diagonals that are equal but don’t intersect at right angles is a:
Answer: c) Rectangle
Explanation: In a rectangle, diagonals are equal and bisect each other, but do not intersect at 90°.
13. Number of diagonals in a pentagon is:
Answer: b) 5
Explanation: Formula:
n(n – 3)/2 = 5(5 – 3)/2 = 5 diagonals

14. In a parallelogram, adjacent angles are:

Answer: b) Supplementary
Explanation: Adjacent angles in a parallelogram add up to 180°

15. Which quadrilateral has no line of symmetry?

Answer: c) Trapezium
Explanation: General trapezium does not have any symmetry (unless it’s isosceles).

16. Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 150°. Number of sides is:
Answer: c) 12
Explanation: Exterior angle = 180 – 150 = 30°
n = 360 ÷ 30 = 12 sides

17. In a rectangle, diagonals:

Answer: b) Are equal and bisect each other
Explanation: True for all rectangles.

18. The sum of the interior angles of a 12-sided polygon is:

Answer: b) 1800°
Explanation:
Sum = (n – 2) × 180 = (12 – 2) × 180 = 10 × 180 = 1800°

19. A parallelogram with equal diagonals is a:

Answer: c) Rectangle
Explanation: A rectangle is a parallelogram with equal diagonals.
20. A quadrilateral having both pairs of opposite angles equal and one diagonal bisecting the
other is:
Answer: c) Parallelogram
Explanation: These are properties of a parallelogram.

✅ SECTION B: Assertion and Reasoning – Detailed Solutions (10 × 2 = 20 Marks)

Use the key:
• A – Both Assertion and Reason are true and R is the correct explanation of A

• B – Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation

• C – A is true but R is false

• D – A is false but R is true

1.
• Assertion (A): A square is a type of rhombus.

• Reason (R): In a rhombus, all sides are equal.

Answer: A
Explanation:

• A square is a rhombus because it has all sides equal and additional properties like right angles.

• The reason is also correct and explains the assertion.

2.
• A: Diagonals of a rectangle are equal.

• R: Diagonals of a rectangle intersect at 90°.

Answer: C
Explanation:

• Diagonals of a rectangle are equal, so A is true.

• But they do not intersect at 90° unless it's a square. So R is false.

3.
• A: A quadrilateral always has 4 diagonals.
 • R: Number of diagonals of a polygon is $\frac{n(n-3)}{2}$.
Answer: D
Explanation:

• A quadrilateral has only 2 diagonals, so A is false.

• The formula $\frac{n(n - 3)}{2}$ is correct, so R is true.

4.
• A: A trapezium has exactly one pair of parallel sides.

• R: All sides of a trapezium are equal.

Answer: C
Explanation:

• Trapezium has only one pair of parallel sides → A is true.

• But not all sides are equal → R is false.

5.
• A: All parallelograms are quadrilaterals.

• R: All quadrilaterals are parallelograms.

Answer: C
Explanation:

• All parallelograms are quadrilaterals → A is true.

• But not all quadrilaterals are parallelograms (e.g. trapezium) → R is false.

6.
• A: Diagonals of a kite intersect at 90°.

• R: A kite is a type of parallelogram.

Answer: C
Explanation:

• In a kite, diagonals intersect at right angles → A is true.

• A kite is not a parallelogram → R is false.

7.
• A: In a regular polygon, all angles are equal.
 • R: In a regular polygon, all sides are equal.
Answer: B
Explanation:

• In a regular polygon, both statements are true, but R does not explain A directly (equal sides do
not imply equal angles on their own).

8.
• A: Every rectangle is a parallelogram.

• R: In a rectangle, opposite sides are equal and parallel.

Answer: A
Explanation:

• A rectangle satisfies all properties of a parallelogram.

• R is correct and it explains A.

9.
• A: Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.

• R: Rhombus has all sides equal.

Answer: B
Explanation:

• Both statements are true, but equal sides (R) do not explain why diagonals bisect at 90°. So it's
not the correct explanation.

10.
• A: The exterior angles of any polygon sum up to 360°.

• R: The number of exterior angles of a polygon depends on the number of sides.

Answer: B
Explanation:

• Both are true, but the sum is always 360° regardless of number of sides.

• R does not explain why sum is 360°.

✅ SECTION C: Very Short Answer Questions – Detailed Solutions (20 × 1 = 20 Marks)

1. Define a polygon.
Answer: A polygon is a closed figure made of three or more straight line segments.

2. Write the formula for the sum of interior angles of an n-sided polygon.
Answer:
Sum = (n − 2) × 180∘

3. Name the polygon with the least number of sides.

Answer: Triangle (3 sides)

4. How many diagonals does a hexagon have?

Answer:
n(n−3) 6(6−3)
Number of diagonals = 2 = 2 = 9

5. Write the angle sum of a quadrilateral.

Answer:
Angle sum = 360∘

6. What do you call a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent equal sides?
Answer: Kite

7. Is a rectangle a regular polygon?

Answer:
No, because although all angles are equal, sides are not all equal.

8. What is the measure of each exterior angle in a regular hexagon?

Answer:
360∘
= 60∘
6
9. Which quadrilateral has two pairs of parallel and equal sides but no right angles?
Answer: Rhombus

10. Name the quadrilateral with all angles 90° and all sides equal.
Answer: Square

11. Can a trapezium have right angles?

Answer: Yes, a trapezium can have two right angles.

12. How many lines of symmetry does a square have?

Answer: Four

13. What is the difference between a kite and a rhombus?

Answer:
A kite has two pairs of adjacent equal sides, while a rhombus has all four sides equal.

14. Name the polygon in which all sides and angles are not equal.
Answer: Irregular polygon

15. State whether a rhombus can be a square.

Answer: Yes, if all angles of a rhombus are 90°, it becomes a square.

16. What kind of quadrilateral has no lines of symmetry?

Answer: Trapezium (general)

17. What are adjacent angles in a quadrilateral?

Answer:
Angles that share a common side.
18. What is the sum of exterior angles of a pentagon?
Answer:
Always 360∘ (same for any polygon)

19. Is it possible for a quadrilateral to have one pair of equal sides only?
Answer: Yes, in some irregular quadrilaterals.

20. What is the relation between diagonals of a rectangle?

Answer:
They are equal and bisect each other.

SECTION D: Short Answer Questions – Detailed Solutions (10 × 3 = 30 Marks)

1. Find the measure of each angle of a regular polygon of 8 sides.

Solution:

• Number of sides, n = 8

• Sum of interior angles = (n − 2) × 180∘ = (8 − 2) × 180 = 6 × 180 = 1080∘

1080∘
• Each angle (since regular polygon) = = 135∘
8

Answer: 135∘

2. Classify quadrilaterals based on their sides and diagonals.

Solution:

Quadrilateral Sides Diagonals

Square All sides equal, angles 90° Equal, bisect at 90°
Rectangle Opposite sides equal Equal, bisect each other
Rhombus All sides equal Unequal, bisect at 90°
Parallelogram Opposite sides equal and parallel Bisect each other
Trapezium One pair of parallel sides No special diagonal properties
Kite Two pairs of adjacent sides equal One diagonal bisects the other at 90°

Answer: Classification based on side lengths and diagonal properties.

3. Prove that opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
Solution:
Let the parallelogram be ABCD.
• Draw diagonal AC.

• In triangles △ABC and △CDA:

o AB = CD (opposite sides)

o AD = BC (opposite sides)

o AC is common
⇒ △ABC ≅ △CDA (by SSS)
⇒ ∠A = ∠C and ∠B = ∠D

Answer: Opposite angles in a parallelogram are equal by congruent triangles.

4. Calculate the number of diagonals in a polygon with 12 sides.

Solution:
Use formula:
n(n − 3) 12(12 − 3) 12 × 9
Number of diagonals = = = = 54
2 2 2
Answer: 54 diagonals

5. State the properties of a kite.

Solution:

• Two pairs of adjacent equal sides

• One pair of opposite angles equal (between unequal sides)

• One diagonal bisects the other

• Diagonals intersect at 90°

• One diagonal is an axis of symmetry

Answer: These are the key properties of a kite.

6. Find the sum of interior angles of a nonagon.

Solution:
A nonagon has 9 sides.
 Sum of interior angles = (9 − 2) × 180∘ = 7 × 180 = 1260∘

Answer: 1260∘

7. What is the difference between rhombus and square based on diagonals?

Solution:

Feature Rhombus Square

Diagonals Bisect at 90°, not equal Bisect at 90°, and are equal

Answer: In a square, diagonals are both equal and perpendicular; in a rhombus, they are only
perpendicular.

8. Name all types of quadrilaterals and give one real-life example for each.
Solution:

Quadrilateral Real-life Example

Square Chessboard square
Rectangle Notebook page
Rhombus Diamond shape on cards
Parallelogram Slanted roof
Trapezium Bridge support beam
Kite Traditional kite

Answer: Given in the table above.

9. In a parallelogram, if one angle is 70°, find the other three angles.

Solution:

• In parallelogram, opposite angles are equal, adjacent are supplementary.

• One angle = 70°, adjacent angle = 180 – 70 = 110°

• So, other two angles = 70° and 110°

Answer: 70°, 110°, 70°, 110°

10. How do you distinguish between a trapezium and a parallelogram?

Solution:
 Property Trapezium Parallelogram
Parallel sides Only one pair Both pairs
Symmetry May not have Usually symmetric
Diagonals No special property Bisect each other

Answer: Parallelograms have more symmetry and parallel sides than trapeziums.

✅ SECTION E: Long Answer Questions – Detailed Solutions (10 × 5 = 50 Marks)

1. Prove that the sum of interior angles of a polygon with n sides is (n–2) × 180∘ .
Solution:

• A polygon can be divided into (n–2) triangles by drawing diagonals from one vertex.

• Each triangle has an angle sum of 180∘ .

• So, total interior angle sum = (n–2) × 180∘

Conclusion:
Sum of interior angles = (n − 2) × 180∘

2. Explain with diagram how diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at 90°.
Solution (described diagrammatically):

• Draw rhombus ABCD with diagonals AC and BD intersecting at point O.

• Properties:

o All sides equal

o Diagonals intersect at O

o ∠AOB, ∠BOC, ∠COD, ∠DOA all right angles (90°)

o Diagonals bisect each other ⇒ AO = OC and BO = OD

Conclusion:
Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.

3. Construct a parallelogram and prove that opposite sides are equal and parallel.
Solution (description):

• Draw quadrilateral ABCD such that AB || CD and AD || BC.

 • Using geometry tools or vectors, show:

o AB = CD and AD = BC (opposite sides equal)

o AB || CD and AD || BC (opposite sides parallel)

Conclusion:
A parallelogram has both pairs of opposite sides equal and parallel.

4. Derive the formula to find the number of diagonals in an n-sided polygon.

Solution:

• From one vertex, we can draw diagonals to (n–3) other vertices.

• So from all n vertices, total lines = n(n–3)

• But each diagonal is counted twice (once from each end)

• So divide by 2:

n(n–3)
Number of diagonals =
2
Conclusion:
Formula derived is:
n(n − 3)
2

5. List properties of a square and show that it satisfies both rectangle and rhombus.
Solution:

• Square Properties:

o All sides equal

o All angles 90°

o Diagonals equal and bisect at 90°

o Diagonals bisect each other

• As a Rectangle:

o Opposite sides equal

o All angles 90°

o Diagonals equal

• As a Rhombus:
 o All sides equal

o Diagonals bisect at 90°

Conclusion:
A square is both a rectangle and a rhombus.

6. A regular polygon has each angle measuring 135°. Find the number of sides and name
the polygon.
Solution:

• Let number of sides be n

• Interior angle = 135∘

• Exterior angle = 180 − 135 = 45∘

• Number of sides = 360 ÷ 45 = 8

Answer: 8 sides → Regular Octagon

7. Two adjacent angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 2:3. The other two are equal.
Find all angles.
Solution:

• Let adjacent angles be 2x and 3x

• Let each of the other two equal angles be y

Total sum = 2x + 3x + y + y = 5x + 2y = 360∘

Assume y = x (common technique), then:
5x + 2x = 7x = 360 ⇒ x = 51.43∘ — Not practical.
Try algebra:
360–5x
Let 2x + 3x = 5x, so remaining = 360–5x = 2y ⇒ y = 2

Try x = 30:
• 2x = 60, 3x = 90, then 360–150 = 210, so y = 105
Angles = 60°, 90°, 105°, 105°

8. A quadrilateral has diagonals of lengths 10 cm and 24 cm intersecting at right angles.

Prove whether it is a kite.
Solution:

• Diagonals intersect perpendicularly ⇒ possible kite or rhombus

 • If one diagonal bisects the other ⇒ kite

• Since lengths are unequal, not square or rhombus

• Check if one diagonal bisects the other → say yes (based on problem statement)

Conclusion: The quadrilateral is a kite

9. Compare and contrast rectangle, rhombus, and square based on sides, angles, and
diagonals.
Solution:

Property Rectangle Rhombus Square

Sides Opp. sides equal All sides equal All sides equal
Angles All 90° Opp. equal All 90°
Diagonals Equal, bisect Unequal, ⊥ Equal, ⊥

Conclusion: A square shares properties of both rectangle and rhombus.

10. Explain angle sum property of a quadrilateral with a diagram and example.
Solution:

• A quadrilateral can be divided into 2 triangles by one diagonal

• Each triangle = 180°, so total = 2 × 180 = 360∘

🖉 Example:

• In quadrilateral with angles 90°, 80°, 100°, 90°

→ Sum = 360∘

Conclusion:
Angle Sum Property: The sum of interior angles of any quadrilateral is always 360°.

✅ SECTION F: Case-Based Questions – Detailed Solutions (5 × 4 = 20 Marks)

📘 Case Study 1: The Kite Festival

Aman makes a kite using two sticks intersecting perpendicularly. The sticks measure 60 cm and 80 cm.

a) What shape does the kite form?

Answer: Kite
 Explanation: A kite has two diagonals (sticks) intersecting at 90°, forming two pairs of adjacent equal
triangles.

b) Are the diagonals equal?

Answer: No
Explanation: The sticks (diagonals) measure 60 cm and 80 cm, so they are unequal.

c) Do the diagonals bisect each other?

Answer: Only one diagonal is bisected
Explanation: In a kite, one diagonal (the longer one) is bisected by the shorter diagonal.

d) Find the area of the kite.

Answer:
1 1
Area = × d1 × d2 = × 60 × 80 = 2400 cm2
2 2

📘 Case Study 2: Architectural Design

An architect uses square, rectangle, and trapezium shapes for tiled flooring.

a) What properties make a square suitable for tiling?

Answer: All sides equal, angles 90°, tiles fit without gaps
Square tiles cover the floor uniformly.

b) Can a trapezium tile cover the floor without leaving gaps?

Answer: Only if it’s specially arranged (e.g., isosceles trapezium in pattern)
General trapeziums do not tessellate perfectly unless designed for it.

c) Why are diagonals of a rectangle helpful in construction?

Answer: Diagonals help check right angles and symmetry during tiling.
Equal diagonals ensure the tile is not distorted.

d) Name a quadrilateral that can tile the floor and has all sides equal.
Answer: Square or Rhombus
📘 Case Study 3: Clock Frame
A wall clock is designed in the shape of a regular octagon.

a) What is the sum of interior angles of the clock frame?

Answer:
(n − 2) × 180 = (8 − 2) × 180 = 6 × 180 = 1080∘

b) What is the measure of each angle?

Answer:
1080∘
= 135∘
8

c) Are all sides and angles equal in a regular octagon?

Answer: Yes
A regular octagon has all sides and angles equal.

d) Is the octagon a quadrilateral?

Answer: No
A quadrilateral has 4 sides, an octagon has 8.

📘 Case Study 4: Geometry Puzzle

Each puzzle piece is a rhombus with 5 cm diagonals intersecting at 90°.

a) What is the area of each rhombus piece?

Answer:
1 1
Area = × d1 × d2 = × 5 × 5 = 12.5 cm2
2 2

b) Do diagonals bisect each other?

Answer: Yes
Rhombus diagonals bisect each other at right angles.

c) Is a rhombus a regular polygon?

Answer: No
A regular polygon must have equal angles too. Rhombus may not have all angles equal.
d) How does it differ from a square?
Answer:

• Rhombus: All sides equal, angles not 90°

• Square: All sides equal, all angles = 90°, diagonals equal

📘 Case Study 5: Paper Folding

Riya folds a square paper along one diagonal.

a) What shape does the paper form after folding?

Answer: Triangle
One half overlaps the other, forming an isosceles right triangle

b) Are both halves congruent?

Answer: Yes
Folding along a diagonal divides the square into two congruent right triangles.

c) Do diagonals intersect at 90° in a square?

Answer: Yes
Diagonals of a square bisect at 90° and are equal.

d) What properties of square are used here?

Answer:

• Equal sides

• Diagonals bisect each other

• Right angles

• Congruent triangles formed by folding