UNIT-VIII THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER

11 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of

Syllabus thermodynamics), heat, work and internal energy, first law of thermodynamics,
isothermal and adiabatic processes; Second law of thermodynamics: gaseous
state of matter, change of condition of gaseous state - isothermal, adiabatic,
reversible, irreversible and cyclic processes.

Revision Notes
 Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the concepts of heat and temperature
and the inter-conversion of heat and other forms of energy. Thermodynamics is a macroscopic science. It deals
with bulk systems and does not go into the molecular constitution of matter.
 Thermal equilibrium: A system is in equilibrium if the macroscopic variables (pressure, volume, temperature,
mass and composition) those characterise the system do not change with time.
 Adiabatic wall: Adiabatic wall is an insulating wall that does not allow flow of energy (heat) from one to another.
 Diathermic wall: Diathermic wall is a conducting wall that allows flow of energy (heat) from one to another.
 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
 Internal energy: Every bulk system consists of a large number of molecules. Internal energy is the sum of the
kinetic energies and potential energies of these molecules.
 Equivalence of work and heat: Work is a form of heat energy. 4.18 × 103 Joule of work is
equivalent to 1 kilocalorie of heat.
W = JQ
J is the mechanical equivalent of heat.
 Sign convention of heat:
(i) Negative when heat is given from a system to its surroundings.

(ii) Positive when heat is taken from the surroundings by the system.

 First law of thermodynamics: If an amount of heat ∆Q is given to a system, a part of it is increases the internal
energy ∆U of the system and the rest is utilized in doing work ∆W by the system.
∆Q = ∆U + ∆W

l In cyclic process: In cyclic process, a system is taken from one initial state to other different states and finally
brought back to its initial state.
So, there is no change in internal energy i.e.
∆U= 0
So, ∆Q = ∆W
 THERMODYNAMICS

l In isobaric process: In isobaric process the pressure remains constant.

Work done = ∆W = P∆V

So, ∆Q = ∆U + P∆V

l In isochoric process: In isochoric process the volume remains constant.

So, work done = ∆W = P∆V = 0
So, ∆Q = ∆U

l In isothermal process: In isothermal process the temperature remains constant.
∆Q = ∆U + ∆W

(For ideal gas, the internal energy depends on temperature only. As temperature is constant, then ∆U = 0.

So, ∆Q = ∆W)

l In adiabatic process: In adiabatic process heat neither enters nor leaves the system.
Hence, ∆Q = 0

So, ∆U = – ∆W

 Thermodynamic processes :
(a) Isothermal process, where the temperature remains constant. The pressure and volume of a given mass of gas
changes.
Essential conditions :

(i) Walls of container must be perfectly conducting.

(ii) Changes must be slow.

Isothermal process obeys Boyle’s law i.e., PV = constant.

Variation of P with V at constant temperature is represented by Isothermal curves.

Slope of an isothermal graph is negative.

(b) Adiabatic process, where the heat content of a gaseous system remains constant. The pressure and volume of
given mass of gas change with consequent change in temperature.
Essential conditions are :

(i) Walls of container must be perfectly insulating.

(ii) Changes must be sudden.

Adiabatic process obeys Poission’s law i.e., PVγ = constant.

The variation of P with V at constant heat content is represented by an Adiabatic curve.
Slope of adiabatic curve
=γ
Slope of isothermal curve

Since, γ is always greater than 1, adiabatic curve is steeper than isothermal curve.

 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

(c) Isobaric process, where pressure is kept constant.

Since, temperature changes, so does internal energy. The heat absorbed goes partly to increase internal energy

and partly to do work. The change in temperature for a given amount of heat is determined by the specific heat
of the gas at constant pressure.
(d) Isochoric process, where volume is kept constant.
In an isochoric process, V is constant. No work is done on or by the gas. The heat absorbed by the gas goes

entirely to change its internal energy and its temperature. The change in temperature for a given amount of heat
is determined by the specific heat of the gas at constant volume.
 Work done in isothermal and adiabatic process:
Area under the curve is the measurement of work done.

l For same expansion,
Work done by isothermal process > work done in adiabatic process.

l For same compression:
Work done by adiabatic process > work done in isothermal process.
 2 nd
law of thermodynamics:
There are two statements:

l Kelvin-Planck statement: No process is possible whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir
and the complete conversion of the heat into work.
l Clausius statement: No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a
hotter object.
 Reversible process: The process which can be reversed in such a way that all changes taking place in the direct
process are exactly repeated in reverse order and opposite sense is called reversible process.
 Irreversible process: The process which cannot be reversed is called irreversible process.

Key Words
 Thermodynamical system & thermodynamical parameters.
A gaseous system is called a thermodynamical system. The state of the system is represented in terms of pressure

(P), volume (V), temperature (T) and heat content (Q) of the gas. These four quantities are called thermodynamical
parameters of the system.
 Open system : System which exchanges both energy & matter with surroundings.
 Closed system : System which exchanges only energy with surroundings.
 Isolated system : System which Exchanges neither energy nor matter with surroundings.
 Equation of state is the equation connecting pressure, volume and temperature of the gas.
 Isothermal process, where the temperature remains constant.
 Adiabatic process, where the heat content of a gaseous system remains constant.
 Isobaric process, where pressure is kept constant.
 Isochoric process, where volume is kept constant.
 Reversible process is a process which can be reversed back to initial state.
 Irreversible process is a process which cannot be traced back in opposite direction.

Key Formulae
 Equation of state for:

(a) Isothermal process: PV = Constant.

V
(b) Isobaric process: = Constant.
T

P
(c) Isochoric process: = Constant.
T

 THERMODYNAMICS

(d) Adiabatic process: PV = constant;

g

TV –1 = constant and

g


P  1
= constant.
T

 Work done during expansion of gas: dW = PdV (for constant pressure)
V2
or W = ∫ PdV (for variable pressure)

V1

(a) In an isothermal process :

 V2 
W = 2.3026 RT log10  
 V1 

 P1 
W = 2.3026 RT log10  P 
 2

(b) In an adiabatic process :

R
W = (T – T1)
1  2

1
= (P V – P1V1)
1− γ 2 2

Mnemonics
 Concept: Four thermodynamic processes.

 Mnemonics: Today Income Tax was paid in Indian Bank by Vijoy in Indian Currency, ad
adjacent to

National highway.
Interpretation:

T → temperature is constant 
I → Iso  Temperature remains constant in isothermal process.


T → Thermal
P → pressure


I → Iso  Pressure remains constant in isobaric process.

B → baric 
V → volume 

I → Iso  Volume remain constant in isochoric process.


C → Choric
Ad → adiabatic


N → No  No heat transfer between system and surrounding takes place in

h → heat transfer  adiabatic process.


Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)

Q. 1. What is an isothermal process ? R [NCT 2010]

Ans. Isothermal process is the process in which Commonly Made Error
temperature variation does not exist. Such
processes are to be carried in (i) conducting Students can not estimate the change in internal
cylinders, (ii) at a slow pace. 1 energy in a cyclic process.
Q. 2. When two bodies are said to be in thermal
        
equilibrium ? U
Ans. When the two bodies are at the same Answering Tip
temperature. 1
Q. 3. What is the change in internal energy of a system Students can be familiarized with state and
        
over one complete cycle of a cyclic process ? U path functions.
Ans. Zero. It is because when a system is moved over a Q. 4. What is the relation between heat energy, work
        
complete cycle, it returns to its original state. 1 done and change in internal energy ? U
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

Ans. The relation is : Q. 5. What is a diathermic material ? R

 

dQ = dU + dW 1 Ans. A material which allows the flow of heat is called

diathermic material. 1

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Q. 1. What is an ‘Indicator diagram’ ? What is its positive. For this, dV has to be negative. Therefore
 
importance ? R temperature of a gas can be increased without
Ans. Indicator diagram is the graphical representation adding heat, if it is compressed adiabatically. 1
of a thermodynamic system using two Q. 4. By applying the first law of thermodynamics to

        
thermodynamic variables, e.g., P and V diagram. isobaric process. obtain relation between two
specific heats of a gas. A
Area under PV diagram gives work done in the
thermodynamic process. 1 Ans. In an isobaric process, pressure remains constant.
If an amount of heat dQ is supplied to one mole
P of a gas at constant pressure and its temperature
increases by dT, then ½
1 dQ = CPdT

Here, CP is molar specific heat of the gas at
O constant pressure. Therefore, for an isobaric
V
process, the first law of thermodynamics becomes
       
Q. 2. On removing the valve, the air escaping from a :
 
cycle tube becomes cool. Why ? A
CPdt = dU + PdV ...(i) ½
Ans. Tube is a thermal insulator. The removal of valve

From perfect gas equation it follows that
makes the pressurised air inside the tube come
PdV = RdT ½
out of the tube suddenly. 1

In the eqn. (i), substituting PdV and dU, we have
There are the conditions suitable for adiabatic
change which ensure decrease in temperature CPdT = CVdT + RdT

during expansion. Thus the air escaping from the CP = CV + R. ½

cycle tube becomes cool. 1 Q. 5. State second law of thermodynamics.
Q. 3. Is it possible to increase the temperature of a gas R [NCT 2008, MSE Chandigarh, 2009]
without adding heat to it ? If yes, then explain Ans. Kelvin’s statement : No process is possible
how ? U whose sole result is the absorption of heat from
Ans. For an adiabatic change, first law of a reservoir and complete conversion of the heat
into work 1
thermodynamics may be expressed as :
Clausius statement : It is not possible to transfer
dU + PdV = 0
heat from a body at lower temperature to another

or dU = – PdV 1 at higher temperature without the help of some
The temperature of a gas will increase, if dU is external energy. 1

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

Q. 1. Derive an expression for work done in isothermal W = RT [logeV2 – loge V1]

        

process. U [KVS 2013; NCT 2008]
V2
Ans. Suppose 1 g mole of an ideal gas enclosed in a W = 2·303 RT log10 1
cylinder of conducting walls. Let P1, V1,T be V1

initial pressure, volume, and temperature. Let gas
expand to volume V2 where pressure reduces to
P2 and temperature remains constant. 1 Commonly Made Error
If A is the area of piston
F =P×A 1 Students can not find the expression for work

dW = F × dx done in an isothermal process.

= P × A × dx 1

V2
W= ∫V PdV

1
[∴Adx=dV] Answering Tip

But, PV = RT
V2 RT
W =∫ dV 1 Step by step derivation for finding the work
V1 V

done in each type of processes should be
W = RT [ log e V ]V2 understood.
V

1
 THERMODYNAMICS

Q. 2. Derive the equation of adiabatic changes. U Ans. A cylinder thermally insulated from surroundings
Ans. For 1 mole ideal gas, contains ideal gas which is compressed (adiabatic
PV = RT compression) or expanded (adiabatic expansion).

Differentiating, If A is the area of piston then force is given by
F =P×A ½
PdV + VdP = RdT

where P = pressure of the gas

or PdV + VdP = (CP – CV)dT
dW = F × dx
or CvdT + PdV = CPdT – VdP … (1) 1

= P × Adx


From the 1st equation of thermodynamics,

dW = P × dV 1
dQ = dU + dW

dV = Adx

Putting dU = CvdT and dW = PdV

For small increase in volume of the gas,
dQ = CvdT + PdV = CPdT
total work done by the gas in adiabatic expansion

– VdP from volume V1 to V2

(from equation 1) ….(2) 1 V2
W= ∫V PdV

In adiabatic process, dQ = 0

1
1
∴ 0 = CPdT – VdP The equation of adiabatic change is
(Putting in equation 2) γ
PV = K, a constant

∴ CPdT = VdP …(3) γ = CP/CV


Also CvdT + PdV = 0 V2
W= ∫V KV −γ .dV ½
(Putting in equation 2)

1

∴ CvdT = – PdV …(4) 1 V2
 V 1– γ 

Dividing equation 3 by equation 4,
= K  1– γ 
 

Cp V dP V1
= – p dV
Cv K
W= [V 1−γ − V11−γ ]
1– γ 2

V dP
or = – p dV

1
[KV21−γ − KV11−γ ]
g
W= 1
1– γ
dP dV
or +γ =0

P V 1 Equation of adiabatic change
P2V2γ = P1V1γ = K
Integrating,

1

ln P + γ ln V = ln c ∴ W= [P2 V2γV21−γ − P1V1γV11−γ ]
1– γ

(ln c is an integration constant)

or, ln PVγ = ln c = constant 1
W= [P V – P1V1]

∴ PV = constant γ
1 1– γ 2 2


Q. 3. Derive an expression for work done in adiabatic 1
expansion. U W= [T – T1] 1
1– γ 2

Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

Explanation: From 1st law of thermodynamics,

A Multiple Choice Questions ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W

Along 1 → 2 → 3 path,
Q. 1. When a system is taken from state 1 to state 3 60 = U + 10

D
along the path 1 → 2 → 3, it is found that Q = U = 40 cal
D
\
D
60 cal and W = 10 cal. Along the path 1 → 4 → Along 1 → 4 → 3 path
D
3, Q = 50 cal, W along the path 1 → 4 → 3 is 50 = 40 + W
D
D

D
W = 10 cal
\
D
Q. 2. A monoatomic gas at a pressure P1, having a
volume V1 expands isothermally to volume 2V1
and then adiabatically to volume 16V1. The final
(A) 10 cal (B) 40 cal pressure of the gas is
(C) 0 cal (D) 60 cal 5
(assume γ = )
Ans. Option (A) is correct. 3
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

P1
(A) (B) 64P1
64
P1
(C) 32P1 (D)
32
Ans. Option (A) is correct
Explanation: When expanding isothermally,
P1V1 = P2V2

or P1V1 = P2 × 2V1 or ∆W = ½ (2V0 + V0)(2P0 – P0)
or P1 = 2P2
When expanding adiabatically ∴ ∆W = 3P0V0
2
(P2V2)γ = (P3V3)γ
Heat absorbed = ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W

5/3
 P1  2V1 

=  P3  16V1  ∆Q = 9 P0V0 + 3P0V0
5/3
or   Or
 2  2 2
P1 ∴ ∆Q = 6P0V0
∴ P3 =

64 Q. 5. An ideal gas is in chamber A of volume V and
Q. 3. An ideal gas is compressed to half of its initial absolute temperature T. It is allowed to rush
volume by means of isobaric, isochoric, freely into chamber B of volume V which was
isothermal and adiabatic process separately. initially vacuum. The whole system is thermally
Work done is maximum in isolated. The final temperature of the system
after equilibrium is
(A) Adiabatic process
(B) Isobaric process
(C) Isochoric process
(D) Isothermal process
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Explanation: Wisochoric = 0
Wadiabatic > Wisothermal > Wisobaric T T
(A) (B)
Q. 4. 2 mole monoatomic ideal gas is taken from state 4 2
A to state B as shown in the figure. State A and B
(C) T (D) 2T
are characterized by (P0, V0) and (2P0, 2V0). Heat
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
absorbed by the gas is
Explanation: For free expansion,
∆U = 0

∴ Initial temperature = Final temperature = T

B Assertion Reason Type Questions

Directions: These questions consist of two statements -
Assertion and Reason.
Choose any one of the following four responses.
(A) 3P0V0 (B) 6P0V0 (A) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the
(C) 9P0V0 (D) 4P0V0 Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
Ans. Option (B) is correct. (B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason
Explanation: Let T1 and T2 be the temperature at is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
A and B. (C) If the Assertion is true but Reason is false.
∴ At A, P0V0 = nRT1 (D) If both the Assertion and Reason are false.
At B, 4P0V0 = nRT2 Q. 1. Assertion: If systems A and B are separately in
equilibrium with system C, then the systems A
∴ T 2 – T1 =
4 P0V0 P0V0 3P0V0 and B may not be in thermal equilibrium.
 
nR nR nR Reason: First Law of Thermodynamics states that
Increase in internal energy = ∆U = nCV(T2 – T1) ‘two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third
system separately are in thermal equilibrium with
 3R  3P V each other’.
or ∆U = n     0 0
 2  nR Ans. Option (D) is correct.
∴ ∆U = 9 P0V0 Explanation: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
2 states that ‘two systems in thermal equilibrium
with a third system separately are in thermal
Work done = ∆W = Area of ABCD

 THERMODYNAMICS

equilibrium with each other’. So, accordingly if

systems A and B are separately in equilibrium
with system C, then the systems A and B will also
be in thermal equilibrium.
Hence, the assertion and reason both are false.
Q. 2. Assertion: When a box containing gas is moving
as a whole with some velocity, the kinetic energy
of the box is not to be included in the internal
energy of the gas.
Reason: Internal energy includes only the
(disordered) energy associated with the random
motion of molecules of the system. Reason: γ is always greater than 1.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: Internal energy of a gas is the sum
of molecular kinetic and potential energies in the Slope of adiabatic curve
Explanation: =γ
frame of reference relative to which the centre Slope of isothermal curve
of mass of the system is at rest. Thus, it includes
only the (disordered) energy associated with the Since, γ is always greater than 1, adiabatic curve
random motion of molecules of the system. We is steeper than isothermal curve. Curve 2 is
denote the internal energy of a system by U. steeper than curve 1. Hence, curve 2 corresponds
Hence, the assertion and reason both are true and to adiabatic process and curve 1 corresponds to
the reason explains the assertion. isothermal process.
Q. 3. Assertion: In the following P–V diagram, plot 1 is
for isothermal process and plot 2 is for adiabatic So, assertion and reason both are true but the
process. reason does not explain the assertion.

NCERT Corner
Q. 1. A geyser heats water flowing at the rate of 3 litres Ans. Mass of nitrogen, m = 2 × 10-2 kg = 20 g
per minute from 27°C to 77°C. If the geyser operates Rise in temperature. ΔT = 45°C
on a gas burner, what is the rate of consumption Molecular mass of N2, M = 28
of the fuel if its heating of combustion is Universal gas constant, R = 8.3 J mol-1 K-1
4.0 × 104 J/g ? Number of moles, n = m/M
Ans. The mass of water flowing per unit time
= (2 × 10-2 × 103) / 28
= 3000 g per min.
       
= 0 .714

3000
       
= = 50 g/s Molar specific heat at constant pressure for
60

nitrogen, Cp = (7/2)R
50 = (7/2) × 8.3
= kg/s
       
1000 = 29.05 J mol-1 K-1

       
Heat required to heat this water from 27°C to 77°C The total amount of heat to be supplied is given
= mc ΔT by the relation:

50 ΔQ = nCp ΔT
= × 4.2 × 103 × 50 J/s
    
1000 = 0.714 x 29.05 x 45

       
= 933. 38 J
= 1.05 × 104 J/s
       
Therefore, the amount of heat to be supplied is

Heat generated by the combustion of 1 g of fuel 933. 38 J
= 4.0 × 104 J Q. 3. Explain why

∴ Fuel required per second (a) Two bodies at different temperatures T1 and T2,
1.05 × 10 4 if brought in thermal contact do not necessarily
= settle to the mean temperature (T1 + T2) / 2?
4.0 × 10 4

(b) The coolant in a chemical or a nuclear plant (i.e.,
= 0.2625 g the liquid used to prevent the different parts of

Fuel required to be burnt per min. a plant from getting too hot) should have high
= 0.2625 × 60 specific heat. Comment

= 15.75 g (c) Air pressure in a car tyre increases during
driving. Why?

Q. 2. What amount of heat must be supplied to 2.0 ×
(d) The climate of a harbour town is more temperate
10–2 kg of nitrogen (at room temperature) to raise
than that of a town in a desert at the same
its temperature by 45°C at constant pressure ?
latitude. Why?
(Molecular mass of N2 = 28, R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1)
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

Ans. (a) When two bodies at different temperatures T1 so, P2 = 2 7 / 5 P1 = 2.64 P1

and T2 are brought in thermal contact, heat flows Q. 5. In changing the state of a gas adiabatically from
from the body at higher temperature to the body an equilibrium state A to another equilibrium
at lower temperature till equilibrium is achieved, state B, an amount of work equal to 22.3 J is done
i.e., the temperatures of both the bodies becomes on the system. If the gas is taken from state B to
equal. The equilibrium temperature becomes A via a process in which the net heat absorbed
equal to the mean temperature (T1 + T2) / 2 only by the system is 9.35 cal, how much is the net
when thermal capacities of the two bodies are work done by the system in the later case ? (Take
equal. 1 cal = 4.19 J)
(b) The coolant in a chemical or nuclear plant should Ans. Since, the system is going from A to B and then
back to A, it is undergoing a cyclic change. Now in
have a high specific heat. This is because higher
cyclic change there is no change in internal energy
the specific heat of the coolant, higher is its heat-
(∆U = 0). From first law of thermodynamic.
absorbing capacity and vice-versa. So, it absorbs
∆Q = ∆U + ∆W
more heat for 1 degree rise of temperature.
Hence, cooling is better. For first case, ∆U = 22.3 J
(c) When the car is in motion, the temperature of air [ ∆Q = 0, ∆W= – 22.3 J]


\
inside the tyre increases due to motion of the air In the second case, ∆Q = 9.35 cal
molecules. According to Charles’s law, pressure is = 9.35 × 4.19 = 39.18 J

directly proportional to the temperature, P ∝ T. ∆W = ?

Hence, if the temperature inside a tyre increases, As, ∆U + W = Q

∆
∆
then the air pressure inside the tyre will also W = Q– U
    
∆
∆
∆
increase.        
= 39.18 – 22.3
(d) A harbour town has a more temperate climate = 16.9 J
       
than a town located in a dessert at the same Q. 6. Two cylinders A and B of equal capacity are
latitude. This is because in a harbour town, the connected to each other via a stopcock. A
relative humidity is more than in a desert town. contains a gas at standard temperature and
pressure. B is completely evacuated. The entire
Q. 4. A cylinder with a movable piston contains
system is thermally insulated. The stopcock is
3 moles of hydrogen at constant temperature
suddenly opened. Answer the following :
and pressure. The walls of a cylinder are made
up of a heat insulator, and the piston is insulated (a) What is the final pressure of the gas in A and B ?
by having a pile of sand on it. By what factor (b) What is change in the internal energy of the gas ?

does the pressure of a gas increases if the gas is (c) What is the change in the temperature of the

compressed to half its original volume ? gas ?
Ans. Since, the process is adiabatic (d) Do the intermediate states of the system (before

setting to the final equilibrium state) lie on its
P1V1γ = P2V2γ
∴ P–V–T surface ?
      
V1 2 Ans. (a) The gas would rush from A to B. Now the
But = volume becomes double.
V2 1
So, the pressure becomes half. Earlier pressure
       
γ = 7/5 for hydrogen was 1 atmosphere. So, the present pressure will
         
∴ Factor by which the pressure of the gas be 0.5 atmosphere.
increases (b) The change in internal energy of the gas will be
γ zero. (if gas is ideal)
or P2  V1 
=  (c) The change in temperature will be zero.
P1  V2  (d) Since the process is rapid, the intermediate states

       
γ are not equilibrium states and hence do not satisfy
P2  2  the gas equation. So, the intermediate states of
= = (2)7 / 5
P1  1  the system do not lie on the P–V–T surface.

        
NCERT Exemplar (Only Important Questions)

Multiple Choice Questions

Q. 1. An ideal gas undergoes four different processes

from same initial state. Four processes are
adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric and isochoric. Out
of 1,2,3 and 4 which one is adiabatic.
 THERMODYNAMICS

(A) 4 (B) 3
(C) 2 (D) 1 Answering Tip
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q. 2. If an average person jogs, he produces 14.5 × In order to find the curve, firstly the type
103 cal/min. This is removed by the evaporation of process (adiabatic, isothermal, isochoric,
of sweat. The amount of sweat evaporated per isobaric) should be determined. Moreover,
minute (assuming 1 kg requires 580 × 10 3 cal for initial and final states should be carefully
evaporation) is looked into.
(A) 0.25 kg (B) 2.25 kg
Q. 4. An ideal gas undergoes cyclic process ABCDA
(C) 0.05 kg (D) 0.20 kg
as shown in given P-V diagram.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
The amount of the work done by the gas is
Explanation: Amount of sweat evaporated
per min
calories produced per minute
=
no. of calories required for evaporation per kg
14.5 × 10 4
= = 0.25 kg
580 × 10 3

Q. 3. Consider P-V diagram for an ideal gas shown in

figure (A) 6P0V0 (B) –2P0V0
(C) +2P0V0 (D) +4P0V0
Ans. Option (B) is correct.

Explanation: Work done= PV

= (2P0−P0)(3V0−V0) = 2P0V0
∵ Cyclic process is anticlockwise, work done by
the gas is negative.

Out of the following diagrams, which represents Commonly Made Error

the T-P diagram?
Students can not find the correct value of work
done using PV diagram.

Answering Tip

Student should be familiarized with the fact

(i) (ii) that the work done is given by the area under

the PV curve. Moreover, in a cyclic process,
work done is negative for anticlockwise cycle
and positive for clockwise cycle.

Q. 5. Consider two containers A and B containing

identical gases at the same pressure, volume and
temperature. The gas in container A is compressed
to half of its original volume isothermally while
(iii) (iv) the gas in container B is compressed to half of

(A) (iv) (B) (ii) its original value adiabatically. The ratio of final
(C) (iii) (D) (i) pressure of gas in B to that of gas in A is
Ans. Option (C) is correct.  1
γ −1

Explanation: Temperature remains constant. (A) 2 γ −1 (B)  

 2
Pressure decreases from state 2 to state 1.
2 2
 1   1 
Commonly Made Error (C) 
 1 − γ 
(D) 
 γ − 1 

Students can not find the correct T-P curve. Ans. Option (A) is correct.
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

Explanation: equilibrium temperature T is (s is specific heat

of copper)
For cylinder A P1V1 = P2V2
T + T2 + T3
P1V1 V1 (A) T = 1
P2 = = P=
1 2 P1 3
V2 V2
M1T1 + M2T2 + M3 T3
Gas in container B is compresses adiabatically (B) T =
γ γ
M1 + M2 + M3
1 ==
P1PVV γ PV γ
2P V
2
1 1 2 2
PoP(2(2
VV γ
o ) ) ==
γ P (V ) γ
2P (V
γ
o ) (C) T = M1T1 + M2T2 + M3 T3
o o 2
γ
o
3 ( M1 + M2 + M3 )
  VV  γ
=
=P2P P=oP
= 2 o
 P (2)γ γ
 2  oPo (2)
o
2
o  VV
o  (D) T =
M1T1s + M2T2 s + M3 T3 s
o 
M1 + M2 + M3

Hence, ratio of final pressure
γ
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
(P ) P (2) Explanation: Copper block with mass M1 will lose
= 2 B = o = 2 γ −1
( P2 ) A Po heat and copper block with mass M2 and M2 will
gain heat.

Q. 6. Three copper blocks of masses M1,M2 and M3 kg If T is the final temperature, then
respectively are brought into thermal contact M1s(T1 – T) = M2s(T2 – T) + M3s(T3 – T)
till they reach equilibrium. Before contact, or T(M1+M2+M3) = M1T1+M2T2+M3T3
they were at T1,T2,T3 (T1>T2>T3). Assuming
∴ T = (M1T1+M2T2+M3T3) / (M1+M2+M3)
there is no heat loss to the surroundings, the

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 7. Can a system be heated and its temperature
remains constant?[NCERT Exemplar Q. No. 12]
Answering Tip
Ans. Yes it is possible. If the system utilises the total
heat supplied to do work then the temperature
remains constant. The process is isothermal. Student should be familiar with the first law
Q. 8. A system goes from P to Q by two different paths of thermodynamics and its application in
in the P-V diagram as shown in Fig. Heat given detail.
to the system in path 1 is 1000 J. The work done Q. 9. Is it possible to increase the temperature of a gas
by the system along path l is more than path 2 by without adding heat to it? Explain.
100 J. What is the heat exchanged by the system
[NCERT Exemplar Q. No. 15]
in path 2?
[NCERT Exemplar Q. No. 13] Ans. Yes. When the gas undergoes adiabatic
compression, its temperature increases, while no
heat is given to it.
From First Law of Thermodynamics.
dQ = dU + dW
As dQ = 0 [for adiabatic process]

so, dU = −dW
Ans. For path 2, In compression, work is done on the system So,
∆Q = ∆U + ∆W (i) work done is negative,

For path 1,
1000 =∆U + ( ∆W + 100 ) i.e., dW = −ve
or ∆U + ∆W =900 or dU = +ve
or ∆Q =900 J (from (i)) So, internal energy of the gas increases due to

which its temperature increases.
Commonly Made Error Q. 10. Air pressure in a car tyre increases during
driving. Explain. [NCERT Exemplar Q. No. 16]
Students can not find the heat exchanged by
the system. Ans. Try it yourself. Refer Q3(c) of NCERT corner.
 THERMODYNAMICS

Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 11. Consider a cycle tyre being filled with air by a Q. 12. The initial state of a certain gas is ( Pi , Vi , Ti ) . It

pump. Let V be the volume of the tyre (fixed) undergoes expansion till its volume becomes Vf
and at each stroke of the pump ∆V ( << V ) of air Consider the following two cases:
is transferred to the tube adiabatically. What is (a) the expansion takes place at constant
temperature.
the work done when the pressure in the tube is
(b) the expansion takes place at constant pressure.
increased from P1 to P2 ?
Plot the P-V diagram for each case. In which of
[NCERT Exemplar Q. No. 19] the two cases, is the work done by the gas more ?
Ans. Let initial volume of air in tyre be V and after [NCERT Exemplar Q. No. 22]
pumping one stroke it becomes (V+dV) and
pressure increased from P to (P + dP). Ans.
Then
P1V1γ = P2V2γ
P (V + dV ) =
( P + dP ) V γ
γ

γ
 dV   dP  γ
PV γ  1 +  =P 1 + V
 V   P 
     
 dV  γ dP  The P-V diagram for each case is shown in the
PV γ 1 + γ=  PV 1 + P 
 V    figure.
dV dP
or γ = (a) In case (i) Pi Vi = Pf V f ; therfore process is
V P
isothermal. Work done = area under the PV
VdP VdP
or = dV = or PdV curve.
γP γ
(b) The expression is at constant pressure Pi, so (ii) is
Integrating both sides isobaric process. Work done = area under the PV
P2 VdP P2 VdP curve.
=∫ PdV ∫P1 = γ
or ∫ dW ∫P=
1 γ
[V constant]
Area enclosed by graph (i) is less than (ii), so work

W=
( P2 − P1 ) V done is more when the gas expands at constant
γ pressure (case ii).

Long Answer Type Questions

Q. 13. Consider a P-V diagram in which the path 1

followed by one mole of perfect gas in a =

Ans. Let = K
PV 2 constant
cylindrical container is shown in Fig. (a) Work done by the gas for process 1 to 2
(a) Find the work done when the gas is taken from V2
state 1 to state 2.  
V2 V2
 V
(b) What is the ratio of temperature T1/T2, if V2=2V1 ? ∆=
W ∫ PdV
= K∫
dV
= K =
 2K ( V2 − V1 )
(c) Given the internal energy for one mole of gas at V1 V1 V  1 
 2  V1
temperature T is (3/2) RT, find the heat supplied 1
to the gas when it is taken from state 1 to 2, with = 2 P1V12  V2 − V1 
V2=2V1.
(b) From ideal gas equation-
PV = nRT
PV P V V
= or =
T
nR nR
K V P V K 
= T =  
nR
K V1 K V2
=T1 = , T2
nR nR
[NCERT Exemplar Q. No. 23]
K V1
T1 nR V1 V1 1
= = = = [=
V2 2V1 ]
T2 K V2 V2 2V1 2
nR
 PV P V V
= or =
T
nR nR
K V P V K 
= T =
nR  
( )
1
W= 2 P1∆V1 2 V2 V1 −
K V
CBSE Question K V PHYSICS, Class-XI
= T1 = 1
, T2 Bank Chapterwise
2 & Topicwise,
( )
1
nR nR = 2 2
2P1×V1 − V1 V1
K V1
T1 nR V1 V1 1 =2 P1 V1 × V1 2 − 1 ( )
∴ = = = = [=V2 2V1 ]
T2 K V2 V2 2V1 2 = 2 P1V1 2 − 1 ( )
nR
3
= 2 RT1 2 − 1 ( )
(c) Then, the change in internal energy= U= RT
2 Such that,

∆U = U 2 − U1 =
3
2
R ( T2 − T1 ) =
3
2
RT1 ( 2 −1 ) ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W =
3
2
RT1 ( )
2 − 1 + 2 RT1 ( 2 −1 )
( ) ( 3
)
1
=
∆W 2 P1V1 2
V2 − V1 =−
2 1 RT1  + 2 
2 
( )
1
= 2 P1V1 2
2 × V1 − V1
=
Amount of heat supplied, ∆Q
7
RT1 ( )
2 −1
=2 P1 V1 × V1 ( ) 2 −1 2

= 2 P V ( 2 − 1)
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS
1 1

= 2 RT ( 2 − 1)
1
These questions have been specially developed as per the latest typologies prescribed by CBSE in
accordance with NEP 2020
Q. 2. Which is of the following is correct ?
A Objective Questions (A) T1 < T2 (B) T1 > T2
(C) T1 = T2 (D) T1 ≤ T2
Read the following text and answer any 4 of the Ans. Option (B) is correct.

following questions on the basis of the same:
Explanation: The real gas approaches the ideal
I. A gas which obeys the ideal gas equation
behaviour and the temperature increases. Since
PV = nRT at all temperature and pressure values the plot of temperature T1 is close to the ideal
is called an ideal gas equation. Molecules of such behaviour, it can be concluded that T1 > T2.
a gas are free from inter molecular attraction and PV
have negligible volume. The gas particles are Q. 3. The value of where curves meet on y-axis is
T
equally sized and motion of the particles follows (A) 8.31 JK–1 (B) 0.26 JK–1
Newton’s laws of motion. These particles do not (C) 0.52 JK –1
(D) 4.15 JK–1
undergo any energy loss as they have perfect Ans. Option (B) is correct.
PV Explanation: The ideal gas equation is given by
elastic collisions. Figure shows plot of versus
T PV
P for 1.00 × 10–3 kg of oxygen gas at two different = nR
T
temperatures. MO2 = 32 g
y
1
nR = × 8.314 JK -1
T1 32
PV
T = 0.259 JK–1
JK–1 T2 Q. 4. Relation between Boltzmann constant and
universal gas constant is
x [kB = Boltzmann constant, R = Universal gas

P constant, N = Avogadro number]
Q. 1. What does the dotted line signify in the above (A) R = kB/N (B) N = kBR
diagram? N
(C) kB = (D) R = kBN
(A) Ideal gas behaviour R
(B) Real gas behaviour Ans. Option (D) is correct.
PV
(C) Oxygen gas at temperature T1 Q. 5. What will be the value of for 1.00 × 10–3 kg
T
(D) Oxygen gas at temperature T2
of Hydrogen gas if the oxygen gas is replaced by
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
hydrogen gas? [Give: mass of Hydrogen = 2.02 u]
Explanation: The dotted line is a straight line (A) 2 JK–1 (B) 16.8 JK–1
parallel to P axis, so it signifies the ideal gas (C) 8.3 JK –1
(D) 4.11 2 JK–1
behaviour. Ans. Option (D) is correct.
 THERMODYNAMICS

Explanation: No. of moles of Hydrogen atom 7. Cyclic process: In this process a system goes
−3 through a sequence of states before returning to
1.00 × 10 kg its initial state.
n= = 0.495
2.02 u Q. 1. Ice starts melting at its melting point. It is similar
PV to which type of thermodynamic process?
Since,  nR  0.495  8.314  4.11 JK 1
T Explain.
Ans. When ice melts at stars melting at its melting
point, the temperature remains fixed till the whole
B Subjective Questions ice melts. Hence, this is similar to thermodynamic
isothermal process.
Read the following text and answer any 4 of the Q. 2. What is the shape of isothermal curves?
following questions on the basis of the same: Ans. Shape of isothermal curves is rectangular
There are different types of thermodynamic hyperbola.
processes having their own characteristics. Q. 3. What is the difference between isothermal
curves and adiabatic curves?
1. Isothermal process: In this process the system’s
Ans. Adiabatic curves are always steeper that
temperature remains constant. Heat is either isothermal curves.
supplied to or removed from the system in such a Q. 4. A spring is compressed its shape is deformed
system. and when released it returns to its original shape.
2. Adiabatic process: In this process there is no It is similar to which type of thermodynamic
exchange of heat with its surroundings. There process? Explain.
The temperature of the system is constantly Ans. Normally a spring is in state 1. When compressed
changing. it moves to state 2. When released it returns to
state 1. Hence, it is similar to thermodynamic
3. Isobaric process: In this process the pressure of
reversible process.
the system remains constant.
Q. 5. An ideal gas at 300K undergoes isobaric
4. Isochoric process: In this process the volume of expansion at 2 Kpa. If volume increases from
the system remains constant. 1m3 to 5m3, find its final temperature.
5. Reversible process: In this process the direction Ans. In isobaric process V ∝ T
of flow can be reversed at any point in the Vinitial Tinitial
process. Throughout this process, the system ∴ =
Vfinal Tfinal
maintains a virtual state of equilibrium with the
1 300
surroundings. or =
5 Tfinal
6. Irreversible process: A process that cannot be
reversed is known as irreversible. ∴ Tfinal = 1500 K

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