Scribd
Upload
13 views11 pages

Module 12

The document explains the unit step function, also known as Heaviside's unit step function, and its Laplace transform. It also covers the second shifting property of Laplace transforms and provides examples of finding Laplace transforms for various functions. Additionally, it includes exercises for practice on Laplace transforms.

Uploaded by

Christian Torres
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views11 pages

Module 12

The document explains the unit step function, also known as Heaviside's unit step function, and its Laplace transform. It also covers the second shifting property of Laplace transforms and provides examples of finding Laplace transforms for various functions. Additionally, it includes exercises for practice on Laplace transforms.

Uploaded by

Christian Torres
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MODULE NO.

12
UNIT STEP FUNCTION AND
SECOND SHIFTING PROPERTY
UNIT STEP FUNCTION
The unit step function also called Heaviside’s unit step function
is defined as
0 𝑡<𝑎
𝑢𝑎 (𝑡) = 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 = ቊ
1 𝑡>𝑎
and is graphically shown in the figure.
The Laplace transform of the unit step function is
𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
ℒ 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) = ; 𝑠 > 0 or 𝑎 > 0
𝑠
SECOND SHIFTING PROPERTY
If ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑠), then ℒ 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) where
0 𝑡<𝑎
𝑓 𝑡−𝑎 𝑢 𝑡−𝑎 =ቊ
𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) 𝑡 > 𝑎
Similarly, let 𝑓(𝑡) be a function that has a Laplace transform
and let "𝑎" be a positive constant, then
ℒ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑢𝑎 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ℒ 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑎)
or
ℒ 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑢𝑎 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ℒ 𝑓(𝑡)
The Laplace transform of a 𝑘-periodic function 𝑓(𝑡) is given by
𝑘 −𝑠𝑡
ℒ 𝑓1 (𝑡) ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑓1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = −𝑘𝑠
=
1−𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑠
where 𝑓1 (𝑡) represents the first period of 𝑓(𝑡) that is
𝑓(𝑡) 0<𝑡<𝑘
𝑓1 𝑡 = ቊ
0 𝑡>𝑘
EXAMPLES
Find the Laplace Transform.
8 𝑡<2
a. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቊ
6 𝑡>2
Solution:
For 𝑓 𝑡
0 𝑡<2
𝑓 𝑡 =8+ቊ
−2 𝑡 > 2
0 𝑡<2
= 8 − 2ቊ
1 𝑡>2
𝑓 𝑡 = 8 − 2𝑢 𝑡 − 2
Hence
ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = ℒ 8 − 2 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)
8 𝑒 −2𝑠
= −2
𝑠 𝑠
or
8 − 2𝑒 −2𝑠 2
ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = = 4 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑠 𝑠
4
b. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቊ 𝑡 − 4 𝑡 > 4
0 𝑡<4
Solution:
ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = ℒ (𝑡 − 4)4 𝑢 (𝑡 − 4) = 𝑒 −4𝑠 ℒ 𝑡 4
where
4
4! 24
ℒ 𝑡 = 4+1 = 5
𝑠 𝑠
hence
24 𝑒 −4𝑠
ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = 5
← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑠
4𝑥
c. 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ 𝑒 𝑥 > 3
0 𝑥<3
Solution:
For 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥 = 𝑒 12 𝑒 4(𝑥 − 3)
and
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 12 𝑒 4(𝑥 − 3) 𝑢(𝑥 − 3)
ℒ 𝑓(𝑥) = e12 ℒ 𝑒 4 𝑥 – 3 𝑢(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑒12 𝑒 −3𝑠 ℒ 𝑒 4𝑥
where
4𝑥
1
ℒ 𝑒 =
𝑠−4
hence
1
ℒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒12 𝑒 −3𝑠
𝑠−4
or
𝑒 −3(𝑠 − 4)
ℒ 𝑓(𝑥) = ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑠−4
d. Find the Laplace Transform of 𝑓1 𝑡 = 𝑢1 𝑡 − 𝑢2 𝑡 for the 2 -
periodic function.
Solution:
ℒ 𝑓1 (𝑡)
ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) =
1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑠
where
ℒ 𝑓1 𝑡 = ℒ 𝑢1 𝑡 − 𝑢2 𝑡
1 −𝑠 1 −2𝑠
= 𝑒 − 𝑒
𝑠 −𝑠 𝑠
−2𝑠
𝑒 −𝑒
ℒ 𝑓1 𝑡 =
𝑠
Hence 𝑠 −1
1 1 𝑒
𝑒 −𝑠 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 𝑠 − 2𝑠 2𝑠 𝑒 𝑠
− 1 (𝑒 𝑠
− 1)
ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = = 𝑒 = 𝑒 = =
𝑠(1 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 ) 𝑠 1− 1 2𝑠
𝑒 −1 2𝑠
𝑠 𝑒 −1 𝑠 𝑒 2𝑠 − 1
𝑒 2𝑠 𝑠 2𝑠
𝑒
𝑒𝑠 − 1
=
𝑠 𝑒𝑠 − 1 𝑒𝑠 + 1
1
ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑠
← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑠 𝑒 +1
EXERCISE NO. 3
Find the Laplace Transform of each function.
5 𝑡<3
a. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቊ
−2 𝑡 > 3
3 𝑡<2
b. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቐ2 2 < 𝑡 < 3
3 𝑡>3
3 𝑡 < 𝜋/2
c. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቊ
cos 𝑡 𝑡 > 𝜋/2
2 𝑡<1
d. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቐ3 1<𝑡<4
2 𝑡>4
𝑡 𝑡<2
e. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቊ𝑒
0 𝑡>2
0 𝑡<1
f. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቐ𝑡 − 1 1<𝑡<2
3−𝑡 𝑡>2
1 𝑡<1
g. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቊ 2
𝑡 𝑡>1
0 𝑡<1
h. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቐ2𝑡 − 1 1 < 𝑡 < 2
5−𝑡 𝑡>2
𝑡 𝑡<1
i. 𝑓 𝑡 = ൜ 1 − 𝑡
𝑒 𝑡>1
0 𝑡<0
j. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቐcos 2𝑡 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋/2
0 𝑡 > 𝜋/2
sin 𝑡 0<𝑡<𝜋
l. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቄ ቅ 𝑘 = 2𝜋
0 𝜋 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋
𝑡 0<𝑡<1
m. 𝑓 𝑡 = ቄ ቅ 𝑘=2
2−𝑡 1<𝑡<2

You might also like