Design Process
In ancient times
Intuition
Experience
Time & economy not primary factors
CE 382 Reinforced Concrete
Fundamentals
Structural Safety and Design
Hammurabi Rules Hammurabi Rules
If the builder has built a house for a man and has not made his
work sound, and if the house, which he has built, has collapsed
and so caused the death of the owner, the builder shall be put
to death.
If it causes the death of owner's son, a son of the builder shall
be put to death.
If it causes the death of a slave of the owner of the house, the
builder shall give to the owner a slave of equal value.
If it destroys property, the builder shall restore whatever is
destroyed and because the house, which he built has collapsed,
he shall rebuild the house at his own expense.
If a builder built a house for a man and did not make its
construction meet the requirements and a wall fell in, that
builder shall strengthen the wall at his own expense.
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Concept of Structural Safety Collapse
To provide economically a structural system, which will
remain functional under external effects ( loads)
foreseen for that structure.
Functional o collapse & remain serviceable
Failure Collapse or unserviceable
Unserviceable:
Excessive deformations (deflection, displacement, etc.)
Excessive vibrations
Excessive cracking
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Concept of Structural Safety Working Stress Design Emniyet Gerilmeleri
Failure can cause loss of property and human life Elastic Design
Safety both on design calculations & on the Apply a Factor of Safety (F.S.) to the limiting strength
supervision on site As time passed:
Design techniques improved
More sophisticated analysis methods became available
Strength external action Material, member & system behavior better understood
against deflection Computers speed up more analysis
or cracking F.S. new approaches: probabilistic or semi-
probabilistic approaches
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Variation of the Design Load Variation of Resistance, R
Load Effect, F Variation in strength of material
In the past no adequate data recommended values Steel ±5%
higher than expected values Concrete ±20%
Variation in dimensions
Today load can be represented by statistical
800 mm deep beam 15 mm error, not critical
distributions.
100 mm slab 15 mm error, critical
Adequate data to realistically establish design load. Steel area can differ
Earthquake load data limited. The real behavior of the structure can be different from
the idealized behavior
Approximations & assumptions made in developing the
analytical methods.
Behavior & strength can change as a function of time
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Normal Distribution Normal Distribution
Variation in Resistance can be represented with
reasonable accuracy using the normal distribution
Variation in Load, generally, has unsymmetrical
distribution assume normal distribution for simplicity.
xm: mean value
: standard deviation
n: # of observations
xi: magnitude of ith value
u: coefficient related to the
probability
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Characteristic values Limit State Design
Fk: characteristic load effect which can
be exceeded by a predetermined The local or overall behavior at all stages is considered
probability (10%)
Rk: characteristic resistance, below which Elastic
Failure probability of 10% a small percentage will fall (10%)
(1-F=0.1) u=1.282 Plastic
Cracked
Ultimate
According to Turkish Code TS 500-2000
Ultimate limit state Gücü Durumu
Serviceability limit state Durumu
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Safety Safety
Rk Fk Prof. Rüsch for office building
Total Cost = capital expenditure + probable cost of
failure or other damage
characteristic values are not adequate:
m
f
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Load Factors & Load Combinations in
Design Load TS500-2000
G: Dead Load
Fd: Design load Q: Live Load
G: Dead load T: load due to imposed deformations,
Q k: Basic live load temperature change, shrinkage, support
Qik: other live load settlement
E: Earthquake Load
g: load factor for dead load
W: Wind Load
q: load factor for live load
H: Earth Pressure
oi
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Design Strength Coefficient of variation
for 10% u=1.28
: coefficient of variation
for steel:
excellent quality control
good quality control
for concrete: average quality control
inadequate quality control
fc=4 MPa for C16, C18
1.4 for precast concrete =6 MPa for C20 to C30
=8 MPa for C35 to C50
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Live Load Arrangement Maximum span moment
Dead load exists on all spans of the structure
Live load may or may not be present on a given span
Live load should be arranged in such a way as to produce
q q q
the maximum internal force at that point
For continuous beams checkerboard loading
maximum span moment
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Maximum support moment Live Load Arrangement
q q
q q q
q q
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Live Load Arrangement Fundamentals of Design
Reinforced Concrete Members exhibit:
Inelastic
q q
Nonlinear
Time Dependent Behavior
Determining the state of stress and deformations is a challenging task
q q Including all the variables in design is challenging!
Engineer should make reasonable simplifying assumptions considering
important variables based on knowledge and experience.
Consider safety, economy, practicality
q q
Avoid sophistication and oversimplification
Accuracy in math calculations may turn out to be useless
SIMPLE BUT NOT SIMPLER
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Steps in the Design of RC Structures Dilemma in Design Catch-22
Select the Structural System: We have to know member sizes in order to be able to
Consider structural behavior, economic factors, architectural conduct structural analysis.
[Link] the load path.
Estimate the Loads: Preliminary Design is essential.
Remember that this is just an estimation. Use relevant
codes/standards (TS 498, DBYBHY2007, BDY2018). Do not
forget construction loads. Preliminary Design: Estimation of member sizes with very simple
Conduct Structural Analysis: and approximate procedures (rule of thumbs, experience,
Compute internal member forces for a number of combinations judgment).
(reversed etc.)
Final Design: Decision on sizes, details based on more
Proportion members and conduct detailing
sophisticated methods of analysis.
Ensure safety by checking deflections, cracking, ultimate strength.
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