Geography

Prepared By

Muhammad Shakir

Class
BS Islamic Study 3rd Sem

Roll No
14
Session
2019 to 2023
Professor
Sir Abd-ul-Rauf
Q1:Introduction

The word 'geography' is derived from 'geographia' which is the combination of two Greek words;
geo(earth) and graphien or graphia(describe). So the literal meaning of the geography is "description of
earth.

Definitions

The branch of knowledge which deals with study of earth is called Geography.

OR

The Study of earth or description of earth is called geography.

OR

Geography is the branch of science which is deals with the spatial variation of nature and culture
Phenomena on the earth surface.

OR

Geography is the study of earth with relation to environment.

OR

Geography is the study of earth as the home of people.

Spheres Of Earth

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere

Biosphere

Lithosphere

Anthrosphere

Branches Of Geography

1Physical Geography

2Human Geography
Q.2 Physical Geography

It is the branch of natural science which deals with the study of process and patterns in nature
environment such as the atmosphere.

Further Branch of Physical Geography.

Geomorphology

It is one of the main branches of physical geography that is devoted to study the landforms, their
evolution and related processes.

OR

The Study of the physical features of the surface of the earth and their relation to its geological
structures.

Climatology

Climatology studies the structure of the atmosphere, elements of weather and climates, climatic types
and classification , impacts of climate and climatic regions.

Oceanography

The Branch of the Science deals with the physical and biological properties and phenomena of the sea.

OR

The Scientific Study of the seas and oceans concerned with the form of ocean basins.

Biogeography

The branch of the biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals.

OR

Study of the spatial distribution of plants and animals and other form of life.

Soil Geography

The study of soil formation, soil types, soil fertility, status, structure, texture and global distribution and
use of soil.

Q. 3 Human Geography

The study of interrelationship between people place and environment is called Human Geography.
Further Branches Of Human Geography

Anthropogeography

The study of human kinds.

OR

The study of human societies and culture and their development.

Cultural Geography

It focuses on the spatial aspect of human culture including distribution of cultural traits .i.e. language,
religion and their impact.

Population Geography

Main branch of human geography that studies of various dimensions of human population like its
distribution, density, composition, fertility, mortality, migration.

Economic Geography

It refers to the study of the location and distribution of economic activities at the local, regional,
national and international scale.

Historical Geography

It is concerned with the study of historical processes through which the geographical phenomena gets
organized.

Q. 4 Fundamental Theme Location

The location of place and object is the striating paints of all geographic study as well as of all our
personal movement and spatial action in every life.

Types of Location

Absolute Location

It is the identification of place by some precise and accepted system of coordinate it is therefore is some
time called mathematical location.

Relative Location

Relative location refers to the position of a place or entity based on its location with respect to other
location.

Migration
The movement of human from one place to another place is called Migration.

Types Of Migration

Permanent Migration

When some one moves from one place to an other place and has no plans to return to his original home
is Called Permanent Migration.

Temporary Migration

It is limited by time. This could be for seasonal employment.

OR

When some one moves from one place to an other place and has plans to return to his original home is
Called Temporary Migration.

Human Environment Interaction

This theme describes how people interact with the environment and how the environment responds
with three keys concepts.

Human Depends on Environment

The Natural environment made up of living things and non-living things. Human depends on the natural
environment fort their basic needs food, shelter and clothing.

Human Adapt To the Environment

Humans have settled in virtually every corner of the word by successfully adapting to people who live in
the northeastern united state use heating units to keep there human warm in winter.

Human Modify The Environment

People modify the natural environment to meet their needs, houses , schools and shopping centers on
land.

Place

Specific area with specific characteristics.

OR

A particular position or point in space.

Characteristics

Place have location, direction distance with respect to other places. A place has size it may be large or
small. A place has both physical and structured and cultural content .The attributes of place develop and
change over time.
Spatial Distribution

May be analyzed by the elements common to all spatial distributions density, dispersion and pattern.

Density

The measure of the number or quantity of anything with a defined unit of area is its density.

OR

The Degree of compactness of a substance.

Dispersion

Dispersion is a statement of the amount of spread of a phenomenon over on how many or how but how
for things are spread out if they are closed to together spatially they are considered clustered or
agglomerated

OR

The action or process of distributing things or people over wide area.

Region

Earth area that display signification elements of internal uniformly and external difference from
surrounding territories.

Types of Region

Formal or Uniform Region

Area of essential uni-formally in one or a limited communication of physical or culture feature.

Functional Region

It is a region that serves a function places within an area are limited together through a common factor.

Perceptual Region

It is less regionally structured than the formal and functional regions geographers device.

Administrative Region

Administrative Are the territorial units which a countries is divided in. There is normally an
administrative with some government functions and power connected to the administrative region. The
jurisdiction of an administrative areas normally covers total areas inside its boarder.

Bahawalpur Division
There are three districts in Bahawalpur Division.

Bahawal Pur

Bahawal Nagar

Rahim Yar Khan

District Bahawal Pur

There are Five Tehsils in BWP District.

Bahawalpur

Ahmad Pur East

Hasil Pur

Yazman

Khair Pur Tammewali

Bahawal Nagar District

Tehsils

Bahawal Nagar

Haroon Abad

Chishtian

Minchin Abad

Fort Abbas

Rahim Yar Khan District

Tehsils

Rahim Yar Khan

Liaqat Pur

Khan Pur

Sadiq Abad
Rotation Of Earth

Earth rotates from west to east on its own axis. The movement of spinning of the earth on its polar axis
is called Rotation. The Earth completes its one circle on its axis in about 24 hours. This is called solar
day. Earth completes its one circle in 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds. This is called Sidereal day.

Effects of Rotation of Earth

1 Day and night appeared due to rotation

2 Sense of Time(The concept of Morning , Noon, Evening and night)

3 Direction(East , west, North and south)

4 Climate

5 Concept of longitude

Revolution Of Earth

The movement of earth on its orbit around the sun is called Revolution. Each year to complete one circle
around the sun, it takes the approximately 365 day 6 hours.

Effects of Revolution of Earth

1) The Axis of the earth is inclined on its ecliptic plane in which the earth orbits around the sun at an
angle of 66 1/2٥.

2) When sun is on the tropic of cancer then the day become long in 21 June.

3) On 21 June this is termed as summer solstice.

4) On 23 September sun is on the equator.

5) In 23 September day and night are equal.

6) When sun on the tropic of cancer when the days of 4 month on north pole. And night of 4 month on
south pole.

7) when sun is on the Capricorn on 22 December then the summer on north pole and winter on south
pole.

8) when sun on equator on 21 march then days and night are equal.

Longitude and latitude

Longitude

The line which join the northern and southern pole is called Longitude.
 OR

The angular distance east or west of the prime meridian and is depicted by north-south line called
meridian, which converge at the poles. Total number of longitude are 360٥.180٥ of East and 180٥ of
West. All longitude are semi circle.

On 0٥ longitude= time line(Prime meridian)

On 180٥ longitude= International date line.

Latitude

An angular distance north and south from the equator from the center of the Earth. Equator and
parallels of latitude run due to eat-west. All latitudes are circle except 90. Total latitudes are 180, 90 in
north 90 in south.

Chap; 2nd

Atmospheric Structure And Composition

Introduction

The "Atmosphere" is a gases envelope surrounding the earth and held in place by the other planet's
gravitational attraction. In other word, atmosphere is a blanket of air that adheres to the earth's surface.
The earth's atmosphere is a complex dynamical, physical and chemical system.

Structure of Atmosphere

The Atmosphere is divided into many layers according to major changes in temperature and density.
Atmosphere can be divided into the following layers.

Troposphere

The term troposphere derived from the Greek word meaning 'to turn' because heat driven process
regularly changing the state of this layer. The lowest region of the atmosphere that extends from the
earth's surface to height of about 8- 16 km, which is the lower boundary of the stratosphere.

Temperature decrease with the height of the rate of 6.5c٥/km or 1c٥/165 meter .It is called Normal
Lapse rate(NLR) OR Environmental Lapse Rate(ELR).

Other process in change in temperature variation is called " Adiabatic Lapse Rate".

Stratosphere

The layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere that extends to about 50 km about the
earth's surface. It is lower boundary of mesosphere.
Mesosphere

It is the layer that extends above the stratosphere from 50-80 km about the earth' surface. It is the
lower layer of thermosphere.

Thermosphere

The upper layer of the Mesosphere that extends from 80-400km is called Thermosphere layer. The
lower part of the thermosphere is called Ionosphere where gases particles absorb ultraviolet X-Rays
radiation from the sun.

Exosphere

The upper layer of the thermosphere is called Exosphere. It is extends from the exobase which is located
at top of the thermosphere about 400 km from thousand of km.

Composition

The atmosphere is primary composed of the gases, water vapours and dust particles.

Gases

There are some gases and there ratio in atmosphere.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen gas 78.08% available in atmosphere in the 1st layer troposphere of atmosphere.

Oxygen

Oxygen gas is 21% available in the 2nd layer stratosphere.

Carbon Dioxide Gas

It is 0.41% available in the mesosphere of the atmosphere.

Ozone

It is variable available in the thermosphere layer of atmosphere.

Water Vapours

Water in a vapours from diffused in the atmosphere but below boiling temperature. Water vapours is
also a from of variable gas that may vary its amount in the atmosphere which decrease with the altitude.

Dust Particles
Atmosphere has sufficient capacity to keep small solid particles. Dust particles are generally
concentrated in the lower layers of the atmosphere; yet, conventional air current may transport them to
great heights.

Heating of The Atmosphere

The atmosphere acts to distribute the energy received by the earth as solar radiation. The heating
mechanism is complex in nature and involved few processes of the following.

Radiation/ Insolation

Radiant energy of the sun that strikes the earth is called Radiation or insolation.

Absorption

The ability of an abject to absorb the radiation or insolation that strikes it is called absorption.

Reflection

The ability of an object to push back the striking radiation is called reflection.

Scattering

The process of deflecting the radiation which changes the direction of radiation but not its wavelength is
called scattering.

Conduction

When two object or bodies of different temperature come in which contact the heat is transmitted from
the body of higher temperature to lower temperature.

Convection

When the air is heated, it expands and becomes lighter and then rises above vertically.

Advection

When the same process of heating of the air takes place horizontally.

Compression

Air has a weight so that is exert the pressure to lower layers and compressed them.

Horizontal Distribution Of Temperature

The horizontal or latitudinal distribution of the temperature is unequal and depends on various
factors.i.e. solar radiation, latitude, altitude, winds, currents, seasonal changes etc.

Zones

Torrid Zone
This zone is extended on both sides of the equator between the Tropic of cancer(23 1/2٥N) to the north
and Tropic of Capricorn (23 /12٥S) to the south.

Temperate Zone

This zone is found between Tropic of Cancer(23 1/2٥ N) and Arctic Circle(66 1/2٥ N) in the northern
hemisphere and between the Tropic Of Capricorn(23 1/2٥ S) and Antarctic Circle(66 1/2٥S ) in the
southern hemisphere.

Frigid Zone

This zone is lies between Arctic Circle(66 1/2٥ N) to North Pole(90٥N) in the northern hemisphere and
between Antarctic Circle(66 1/2٥S) to South Pole(90٥S) in the southern hemisphere.

Range Of Temperature

Difference between maximum and minimum temperature is called Range Of Temperature.

Diurnal Range of Temperature

The difference between the minimum and maximum temperature during the day is called Diurnal or
Daily Range of Temperature.

Daily Temperature

Day 2:00--45C٥

Night 2:00--25C٥

Maximum _ Minimum Temp

45C٥ _ 25C٥ =20C٥ daily Temperature.

Annual Range Of Temperature

The difference in the temperature between the hottest and coldest month of the year is called ' Annual
Seasonal Range of Temperature

Suppose.

Hotest Month: 50C٥

Coldest Month: 25C٥

Hotest Temp _ Coldest Temp

50 _ 25= 25C٥ Annual Temperature.

Atmospheric Pressure
The 'Atmospheric Pressure' is a measure of the force exerted by the air on the earth surface Which is
1013.25mb, 14 1b/in square at sea level 2.2 pounds= 1kg.

Horizontal Distribution Of Pressure

The distribution of pressure across the latitude is called global horizontal distribution of atmospheric
pressure.

There are 7 major pressure belts.

Equator Low Pressure Belt

Between the 5٥N and 5٥S of the equator, the pressure is low and the sea or belt is known as equator
low.

Sub-tropical High Pressure Belt

Sub-tropical high pressure belts are extended from tropics to 30٥--35٥N to 30٥---35٥S and these areas
also known as subtropical high pressure belt.

Sub-Polar Low Pressure Belt

The sub-polar low pressure belts are located between 60٥N and 60٥S to 65٥N and 65٥S. The winds
coming from the sub-tropics and polar areas converge and rise in this zone.

Polar High Pressure Belt

Polar high pressure belts are found between 80٥N and 80٥S to North Pole(90٥N) and South Pole(90٥S)
respectively.

Winds

The Motion of air is simply called Wind.

Types Of Winds

Permanent Wind

Local Winds

Permanent Winds

The system of the winds blown on the earth's surface is known as Permanent Winds or Planetary Winds.

Types of Permanent Winds

The winds that are blowing from sub-tropical high pressure areas of 30٥ north and 30٥ south latitudes
towards equatorial low pressure belt called Trade Winds or Easterlies. These are extremely winds.

Roaring/ Westerlies

The anti-trade or westerlies blow from the sub-tropical high pressure belt to sub-polar low pressure belt
from 30٥ north and south of the equator.

Polar Winds

These winds are blowing from polar high pressure belts to sub-polar low pressure belts.

Local Winds

Differences is the heating and cooling of earth surface and the cycles those develop daily or annually can
create several common, local or regional winds.

Types of Local winds

Monsoon

Land and sea breeze

Mountain - Valley

Loo

Simoom

Chinook

Mistral Wind

Monsoon Winds

A seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South Southeast Asia blowing from the southeast between
May and September and bring rain, or from the northeast between October and April.

Land and Sea Breeze

Land Breeze

A breeze blowing toward the sea from land, especially at night, owing to the relative warmth of the sea.

Sea Breeze

A breeze blowing toward the land from sea, especially at night, owing to the relative warmth of the land.
Mountain Wind and Valley Winds

Mountain Winds

During the night slopes get cooled and the dense air descends into the valley bottom with a great force
and displaces the warm air known as the Mountain Wind.

Valley Wind/Breeze

In mountain regions, during the day the slopes get heated up and air moves upslope and to fill the
resulting gap the air from the valley blows up the valley.

Chinook Winds

A warm and dry wind blowing down the slopes of the Rockies.

OR

Chinook is a hot and dry wind blow down the Rockies Mountains in North America.

Mistral Winds

It is cold wind which rushes from the central plateau of France towards the Gulf of Lyons and passes
through the valley of Rhone.

Simoom Wind

A hot dry and dust-laden wind blowing in the desert especially in Arabian. This is hot and dry wind that
causes high temperature.

Muhammad Shakir