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Week 5

This study module covers data processing techniques, emphasizing the conversion of raw data into meaningful information through various methods. It identifies three main types of data processing: manual, mechanical, and electronic, with a focus on electronic methods such as batch processing, real-time processing, and multiprocessing. The module concludes that advancements in technology have made manual and mechanical methods largely obsolete, highlighting the importance of electronic data processing in modern organizations.

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35 views6 pages

Week 5

This study module covers data processing techniques, emphasizing the conversion of raw data into meaningful information through various methods. It identifies three main types of data processing: manual, mechanical, and electronic, with a focus on electronic methods such as batch processing, real-time processing, and multiprocessing. The module concludes that advancements in technology have made manual and mechanical methods largely obsolete, highlighting the importance of electronic data processing in modern organizations.

Uploaded by

jaybalami8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

STUDY MODULE 4:

Study Session 1:
Data Processing Techniques
Introduction
1.0Learning Outcomes
2.0 Main Content
2.1 Data Processing Techniques
3.0 Study Session Summary and Conclusion
4.0 Self-Assessment Questions
5.0 Additional Activities(videos/audios)
6.0 Further Readings

Introduction
In this study session, we are going to learn how data is processed into information. Several data
processing methods are used to convert raw data into meaningful information. Data is manipulated
to produce results that leads to a resolution of a problem or an improvement in the existing
situation. Data processing follows a cycle where inputs (raw data) are fed to a process (computer
systems, software, etc.) to produce output (information and insights). Computer systems are
employed to carry out a series of operations on the data to present, interpret, or to obtain
information. The process includes activities like data entry, summary, calculation, storage, etc. A
useful and informative output is presented in various appropriate forms such as diagrams, reports,
graphics, etc. Data processing is important in business and scientific operations. Business data is
repeatedly processed, and usually needs large volumes of output.
Scientific data requires numerous computations and usually needs fast-generating outputs.
1.0 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this study session, you should be able to

[Link] different types of batch processing methods

[Link] between different type of batch processing methods

2.0 Main Content


2.1 Data Processing Techniques
Data is unprocessed facts. In its raw form it is not useful to any organization. Data processing is
the method of collecting raw data and translating it into usable information. It is usually performed
in a step-by-step process by a team of experts in an organization. The raw data is collected, filtered,
sorted, processed, analyzed, stored and then presented in a readable format. Data processing is
important for organizations in order to create better business strategies and increase their
competitive edge. By converting the data into a readable format like graphs, charts and documents,
employees throughout the organization can understand and use the data.

Types of Data Processing Techniques


There are three methods of data processing techniques:
1. Manual Data Processing Technique
2. Mechanical Data Processing Technique
3. Electronic Data Processing Technique

Manual Data Processing Technique


In manual data processing technique, data is processed manually without using any machine to
get the required results. All calculations and logical operations are performed manually on the
data. Data is also transferred manually from one place to another. This method of data
processing is very slow and full of errors. Mostly, data is processed manually in many small
business firms as well as government offices & institutions. This type of data processing is very
primitive. With the advancement of technology, the dependency on manual methods has
drastically decreased.
Mechanical Data Processing technique
This involves the use of different devices like typewriters, mechanical printers or other mechanical
devices to process data. This method of data processing is faster and more accurate than manual
data processing. These are faster than the manual mode but still forms the early stages of data
processing. With invention and evolution of more complex machines with better computing power
this type of processing has faded away.

Electronic Data Processing (EDP)


Here data is processed through a computer. Data and a set of instructions are given to the
computer as input, and the computer automatically processes the data according to the given set
of instructions. This method of data processing is the fastest and most reliable method. Technology
used is the latest as this method uses computers. Manpower required is minimal.
Electronic data processing uses the following methods to process data:
1. Batch Processing
2. Real-time processing
3. Multiprocessing

4. Time-sharing

5. Online Processing
6. Offline Processing

Batch Processing
In this type of processing method, jobs from different users are processed in the order received
i.e., in batches. After the jobs are organized into batches, they are sent for processing in the same
order. This processing of a large volume of data helps in reducing the processing cost thus
making data processing economical. Batch processing improves efficiency by setting processing
priorities and completing jobs on time. It allows large amount of data to be processed easily and
accurately.

Real Time Processing


In real-time data processing, data is processed in the shortest possible time there by providing
instant output. The processing is done as the data is inputted, so it needs a continuous stream of
input data in order to provide a continuous output. Examples of real-time data processing systems
are bank ATMs, traffic control systems and modern computer systems such as the PC and mobile
devices. It is the fastest data processing technique.

Multiprocessing
Multi-processing refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor at the same
time. It is the use of two or more central processing units within a single computer system.
A multiprocessing operating system is capable of running many programs at the same time.
Applications in a multi-processing system are broken to smaller tasks that run independently. The
operating system allocates these tasks to the processors improving performance of the system. A
computer's ability to process more than one task simultaneously is called multiprocessing. The
term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor or the ability to
allocate tasks between them simultaneously.

Source: [Link]

Time Sharing
This is a method of data processing where computer resources are shared by different users in
different locations simultaneously. It is also called multiprogramming or multitasking. The
operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small
portion of a time. This provides the advantage of quick response, avoids duplication of software
and reduces CPU idle time. This method however poses the question of data integrity and security.

Online Processing
This involves processing done in real time and provides instant output. This is a method use
Internet connections and equipment connected to a computer. This allows the data to be stored in
one place and being used at an altogether different place. Cloud computing is a perfect example
which uses this type of processing.

Offline processing
Here data is stored in files on a high-speed data storage device. A different computer system is
used to type in data from paper into a file on a high- speed storage device. When the computer is
ready, it can get all the data it needs from these files rather than from relatively slow input
devices. This is termed ‘offline’ processing because the main computer doing the processing is
not immediately controlling and reading the data from its input devices. The data is being
prepared and stored away from that computer on a high-speed storage device and is then made
available as necessary.

In text questions

1. What are the three methods of data processing?

2. Define multiprogramming

3. Define data

Answer

1. Manual, mechanical and electronic

2. This is a method of data processing where computer resources are shared by


different users in different locations simultaneously.

3. Data are raw un processed facts


3.0 Summary and Conclusion

In this study session, we learnt there are three main methods of data processing –
manual, mechanical and electronic. The manual and mechanical methods are no longer in use with
advancement in technology. The electronic method uses different data processing technique
including batch, multiprocessing, real time, online and offline methods.

4.0 Self-Assessment Questions

Answer the following questions

1. What do we mean by multiprocessing?

2. Differentiate between real time processing and batch processing

3. Define data processing

5.0 Additional Activities(videos/audios)

6.0 Further Readings


[Link]

[Link]

Common questions

Powered by AI

Manual data processing is generally much slower and prone to errors as it involves human intervention in calculations and data handling. On the other hand, electronic data processing methods are highly efficient and reliable, utilizing computer systems to process large data volumes quickly and accurately. EDP minimizes human error and allows for complex data handling using advanced techniques such as batch and real-time processing, significantly surpassing manual approaches in both speed and accuracy .

Advancements in technology have significantly reduced the reliance on manual and mechanical data processing methods. As electronic data processing techniques have become more efficient and reliable, the need for labor-intensive and error-prone manual methods has decreased. Similarly, mechanical methods, which utilize outdated machinery, have been largely replaced by advanced computing systems that offer superior speed and accuracy in processing data .

Multiprocessing enhances the performance of a computer system by allowing multiple processors to work concurrently. This enables the system to handle more than one task simultaneously, improving overall efficiency and processing speed. The operating system divides applications into smaller tasks and allocates them to different processors, which increases computing power and performance, particularly for complex computations .

Offline processing involves preparing data away from the main processing unit on a high-speed storage device, with data input occurring separately from processing. In contrast, batch processing organizes data into batches and processes them sequentially and continuously within the same system, directly affecting the main processing unit. Offline processing allows for independent data preparation, which can alleviate system loads during peak times, whereas batch processing focuses on cost-efficient handling of repetitive tasks .

Electronic Data Processing (EDP) is the most advanced method as it automates data processing using computer systems, which allows for fast and reliable processing. Unlike manual processing, which is slow and error-prone, and mechanical processing, which is limited by older machinery, EDP uses batch processing, real-time processing, multiprocessing, and other methods to process large volumes of data accurately and efficiently with minimal manpower .

Online processing utilizes real-time capabilities by connecting to the internet and enabling data to be accessed and processed instantly across different locations. This allows for cloud computing, where data is stored at one location and used at another, facilitating immediate data usage and analysis. This system supports real-time decision-making and enables seamless data integration from multiple sources, enhancing overall data utilization .

Real-time processing is characterized by its ability to process data nearly instantaneously as it is input, providing immediate output. Unlike batch processing, which handles data in large groups, real-time processing requires a continuous stream of input data and constantly delivers up-to-date information. This method is essential for applications requiring immediate response, such as ATM systems and traffic control, distinguishing it from other techniques like batch or offline processing .

The time-sharing method provides computer resources to multiple users simultaneously, which can lead to potential drawbacks regarding data integrity and security. Since multiple users access the same computing resources, there is a risk of unauthorized data access and potential data breaches, which can compromise data integrity. Additionally, simultaneous resource sharing can lead to conflicts and data corruption if proper safeguards are not implemented .

Batch processing improves overall processing efficiency by organizing jobs into batches, which are processed in the same sequence they are received. This helps in reducing processing costs and allows large volumes of data to be handled efficiently and accurately. By setting processing priorities, batch processing ensures that jobs are completed on time, making it a cost-effective solution for handling repetitive tasks .

Electronic Data Processing (EDP) methods have considerable implications for business strategy development by enabling organizations to convert raw data into meaningful insights quickly and reliably. This allows businesses to make informed decisions, optimize operations, and gain a competitive edge. EDP supports the rapid analysis of large datasets to identify trends and patterns, thus enhancing strategic planning and execution .

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