PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT REVIEWER….&4&&. Kdndkekjdkwfnke.

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| Mr. Bennedict Tapaoan

Brain (from video) o Reflexes (sneezing, coughing)

but some are controlled by
• Has three parts – forebrain (big brain) spinal cord (not forebrain)
– voluntary functions; midbrain and • Cerebellum – maintain balance,
hindbrain/lower brain – involuntary posture (walking, holding a cup) and
functions motor memory (ex. when learning
o Midbrain – beginning part of bicycle using forebrain at first but
brain stem (connects brain to once nakapractice, nagiging 2nd
spinal cord) nature na ung pagbbike dahil sa
▪ Lower section of brain cerebellum)
stem is part of o When drinking alcohol,
hindbrain cerebellum gets affected –
kaya nawawalan balance
Parts of forebrain – makes human special
and naaaffect motor
memory

Functions of Midbrain (involuntary)

• When shine light in eyes, pupil

becomes smaller

• Cerebrum – outer section – biggest

part
• Inner section
o Thalamus (inner
portion/region) - primitive
o Hypothalamus (below/lower
ng thalamus) - hormones
o Pituitary gland
-2Brain
Functions of forebrain (voluntary function)
• Soft, spongy and pinkish gray in color
• Thinking – learning abilities, speech, • Weighs 1300-1400 g (1.3 kg to 1.4 kg)
language • made-up of 100 billion of neurons,
• Sensing, memory, emotions (love that communicate in trillions of
comes from the forebrain), feelings connections called SYNAPSES (like
(hunger, thirst, sleepy) junction – connector of neurons;
transmit data)
o Pre-synaptic Neuron – send
the signal
o Post synaptic neuron –
receives the signal
o Synaptic cleft – gap between
the two neurons
Parts of Hindbrain • One of the largest and complex
organs in the Human Body
• Pons (latin: bridge) • The different parts of the body are
• Medulla Oblongata responsible for its functions.
• Cerebellum
Structures of the Brain
Functions of Hindbrain (involuntary)
1. Central Core (old brain)
• Medulla Oblongata – controls life • Functions:
giving involuntary processes o Breathing, eating, sleeping,
(digestion, heart beat etc) mostly for survival instincts
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT REVIEWER….&4&&. Kdndkekjdkwfnke. &;&
| Mr. Bennedict Tapaoan

o It can be found in all o Hippocampus – responsible in

vertebrates. forming new memories
o Relatively primitive part of the • “Animal Brain” - structure and
brain functions are so similar to those other
o It is called “Old brain” mammals.
because it evolved relatively 3. Cerebral Cortex (New Brain) – latest
in the development of parts
Human Species. • Function:
• Why is it called “old brain” o It is much larger with more
o Evolutionary origin – the and deeper fissures than
structure such as the animals.
brainstem, thalamus, and o It is a mass of sponge-like
hypothalamus - among the gray matter
oldest parts of the brain. o There are longitudinal fissures
Seen sa primitive species - divides the brain into two
o Basic life functions – control halves
essential life-sustaining • Cerebral Cortex – Outer layer that
functions like breathing, heart lies on top of cerebrum
rate, and temperature o Functions – reasoning,
regulations which are emotion, thought, memory,
necessary for survival. language, and
o consciousness
2. Limbic System (Animal brain) • Cerebrum – largest area of the brain
• Functions o it is divided in two halves
o Memory, pleasure, self- called hemisphere
preservation, learning, o the hemisphere is attached
instinct, fight or flight, hunger by a bundle of nerve fibers
• one of the oldest structures of our called corpus callusom -
brain. allows the the two
o it produces natural instinct hemisphere to communicate
that our ancestors used to with each other
survived by triggering ▪ Corpus Callusom -
behaviors such as eat and connect the two
drink, reproduce, care for the hemispheres
young, and react to • two kinds of Hemisphere – lateration
surroundings (fight or flight of the brain
response) o Left Hemisphere
• FOUR COMPONENTS: o Right Hemisphere
o Hypothalamus – produces
hormones to help us sleep Left Hemisphere-Right Hemisphere theory
and manage moods, hunger (hemispheric lateralization)
and thirst, sexual arousal
• States that each side of the brain
has different functions
• Paul Broca
o In the 1860s, Broca's work
indicated that the left
hemisphere is primarily
responsible for speech
output. He also suggested
o Amygdala – Involves in that left-handers have the
processing emotions and opposite cerebral control of
social interpretation speech than right-handers
o Thalamus – processes sensory • Carl Wernicke
information from environment
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT REVIEWER….&4&&. Kdndkekjdkwfnke. &;&
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o Wernicke's work extended • SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX is

the idea that language is located, it is responsible for body’s
lateralized to the left senses.
hemisphere to language • Responsible for SENSES (touch) and
comprehension. He identified LANGUAGE (reading and writing)
an area in the left temporal
lobe that's associated with Temporal Lobe
understanding spoken
• bottom section of the brain
language and forming
• AUDITORY CORTEX is located. It is
statements
responsible for interpreting the
• They say if you are left-handed, the
sounds and the language we hear.
right side of your brain is more
• Responsible for HEARING, LEARNING
dominant, and vice-versa. However,
and FEELINGS
there is an argument that there is no
o Wernicke’s Area – language
dominant side of the brain, which
comprehension – associated
led to the birth of whole brain theory.
sa natutuhan. Ex – buto in
The Four Lobes of the Brain Iloko is bone but is different in
other languages.

Occipital Lobe

Frontal Lobe

• Functions:
o Thinking or reasoning,
• back portion of our brain
behavior, memory, motor-
• VISUAL CORTEX located, which
skills
receives and interprets information
• Motor cortex – body movement
from the retinas of the eyes.
• Prefrontal cortex – incharge of
• Responsible for SEEING; sasakit if
“executive functions” such as
pagod eyes
thinking and problem solving. Also
supervises and directs other areas of Three main function of cerebral cortex
the brain, thinking, problem solving
• Broca’s Area – involved in speech • Sensory areas, Motor Areas,
production Association Areas

Parietal Lobe

• located in middle section of the

brain.
• It processes sensory information such
as pain, touch, taste and pressure. Whole-brain Theory
• Located between the frontal and
occipital lobe and above the • developed by Ned Herrmann. He
temporal lobe created this metaphorical model to
• Spatial processing and spatial illustrate that each person's brain has
manipulation; ex. Nakahawak ng four quadrants or four major types
pot na mainit - respond when it comes to the process of
o Somatosensory Cortex – it thinking and learning. Each of these
receives sensory information types is characterized by different
all over the body learning or thinking styles.
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT REVIEWER….&4&&. Kdndkekjdkwfnke. &;&
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Depending on which quadrants you Emotion

engage your learning and thinking
process can be significantly • A conscious mental reaction
different. subjectively experienced as a strong
• There are four thinking styles: feeling usually directed toward a
Analytical, Practical, Relational, and specific object and typically
Experimental. accompanied by physiological and
behavioral changes in the body.
Analytical - critical (Merriam-Webster)
• Etymological Origin
• Knows how things work, knows about o It came from the French
money, likes numbers word “Èmouvoir” which
• Realistic, critical, logical. quantifies, means “to stir up” which is
and analyzes also based from the Latin
word “Emovere”, which
Experimental – risk-takers
means “to move out”.
• infers, imagines, curious/plays, likes o Based on these - emotions
surprises, breaks rules, speculates, are reactions and expressions
impulsively takes risks to something.

Practical - planned The Three Aspects of Emotion

• Plans, timely, neat, organizes, • Cognitive Aspect – evaluation of the

reliable, gets things done, establishes event or situation.
procedures, takes preventive action • Physical Aspect – one’s physiological
response to the situation.
Rational - relationships (Involuntary)
• Behavioral Aspect – outward
• Feels, talks a lot, emotional, expression of emotions. (Voluntary)
expressive, supportive, touchy, likes
to teach, sensitive to others Psychologists who studied emotions

Developing your creativity – associative • Paul Ekman (1980)

thinking: relate words – concept mapping o He used photographs of
different facial expressions.
o He identified six basic human
The Brain and the Heart emotions: Anger, Disgust,
Fear, Happiness, Sadness,
• The heart has its bearing when it and Surprise.
comes to emotions ▪ Facial Action Coding
o The Heart is in a constant System
two-way dialogue with the • Robert Plutchik
brain. o Identified primary emotions in
terms of opposites.
Brain vs Mind o He created the wheel of
Brain – physical thing/material one emotions. Unlike Paul Ekman,
he identified eight primary
Mind - refers a person’s understanding and emotions: Anger, Fear,
also his conscience – an immaterial one. Sadness, Disgust, Surprise,
Anticipation, Trust, Joy.

Understanding and Expressing Emotions

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT REVIEWER….&4&&. Kdndkekjdkwfnke. &;&
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Feelings, Moods, and Emotions o This will guide a person on

his/her decisions.
• They are seemingly synonymous but • Self-management
moods, emotions, and feelings o Handling emotions
categorically differ from one effectively. Having a
another. troubling emotion can cause
stress.
Feelings - subjective representation of
o Involves controlling or
emotions. Usually private to the
redirecting one’s disruptive
individual experiencing them.
emotions and impulses, and
Moods - diffused affective states that adapting to changing
generally lasts for much longer durations circumstances.
than emotions. • Motivation
o Using emotions to continue
Emotional Intelligence (E.Q.) what you are doing to
achieve your goals, even in
• It is the ability to identify and
the face of difficulties.
manage your own emotions and the
• Empathy
emotions of others.
• capability of being aware of one’s
emotions and having the ability to
understand the emotions of others.

Different Theories About Emotions

• Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer’s

Theory
o They defined emotions as
organized responses to o it means considering other
internal and external events people’s feelings especially
that may have positive or in making decisions.
negative effects on the • Social Skills
adjustment of an individual. o social skills means managing
o The ability to manage relationships to move people
emotions so as to attain in the desired direction. To
specific goals. inspire. To have an authentic
• Daniel Goleman’s Theory relationship with others.
o He expanded the theory
developed by Salovey and Well-being
Mayer by including the role
• It is the state of being happy,
of social skills.
healthy, or successful.
o He developed the five
• Wellness begins when an individual
domains of Emotional
sees himself/herself as a growing,
Intelligence.
changing person. High level wellness
Five Domain of Emotional Intelligence means giving care to the physical
self, using the mind constructively,
• Self-awareness channeling stress energy positively,
o Knowing what you feel and expressing emotions effectively,
why you are feeling. becoming creatively involved with
o The ability to know one’s others, and staying in touch with the
emotions, strengths, environment. (more than just
weaknesses, drives, values happiness) – living a good/virtuous
and goals, and recognize life
their impact on others.
Mental health = psychological well-being
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT REVIEWER….&4&&. Kdndkekjdkwfnke. &;&
| Mr. Bennedict Tapaoan

• It is normal to lose focus on some

times, but if it regularly happens and
affects your normal functioning then,
Carl D. Ryff (1989) problem on attention/ focusing
occurs.
• Well-being is multidimensional that • ADHD - Attention Deficit
covers different aspects. Hyperactivity Disorder
• It consists of positive Psychological o This is a chronic problem in
functioning. attention, hyperactivity,
and/or impulsivity.
Ryff’s positive psychological functionings
Mood swings
1. Self-acceptance
• Having a positive attitude of who • Mood are less intense and less
you are. specific, but last longer compared to
• Accepting your good and bad emotions.
qualities. • fast shifting of moods.
• Accepting your past. • Mood Disorders - These are types of
2. Positive relations mental disorders characterized by
• Having a warm, trusting, and emotional disturbances that affect
satisfying relationship with others. physical, social, perceptual, and
3. Autonomy thought processes of an individual.
• Can resist social pressure
• Can manage and control one’s
behavior
• Can evaluate oneself basing
from one’s own standards.
4. Environmental Mastery
• Ability to manage and maximize
opportunities that are available
that match your values and that
suit your personal needs.
o Bipolar
5. Purpose in Life
• Finding and having a meaning in Low self-esteem
your life by setting goals and
having right direction and • One thinks low/inferior on oneself,
intention for what you do. and it affects his/her self-confidence
6. Personal Growth
• Committing oneself to develop Anxiety
one’s potentials ; to grow and be the
• It is normal to be anxious sometimes.
best person that you can be
• Occurs when one anticipates
Common Problems among Adolescents something we are fearful of, or when
faced with difficult situations. (think of
Problems with attention/focusing the worst)
• It is a problem when it is chronic/from
time to time and it affects your
normal functioning.
o Generalized anxiety disorder
o Panic disorder – panic attacks
o Social phobia
o Post-traumatic stress disorcer
(PTSD) – triggered when
exposed to similar situation
that traumatized them
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT REVIEWER….&4&&. Kdndkekjdkwfnke. &;&
| Mr. Bennedict Tapaoan

o Obsessive-Compulsive loss, Arrest and

disorder (OCD) - obsession on imprisonment
doing things (ex. Overly o How to prevent substance
organized) abuse
o Separation anxiety ▪ Keep good company.
Choose friends
Depression carefully and make
sure that their
• Occurs when one is bogged down to
influence is positive.
the sheer quantity and tenacity of
Deal with peer
problems that can impair your normal
pressure; Face
activities.
problems; Engage in
• Major Depressive Disorder is marked
healthy activities;
by persistent sadness, despair, and
Seek help
loss of interest in life activities.
How to take care of your well-being
Eating problems
• Think bright, think well. Do what is right,
• Caused by extreme self
take good action. Be on the move.
consciousness.
Be strong. manage your stress. Build
• One’s objective is to LOSE WEIGHT…
confidence. Find peace in and out.
and it leads to an obsession.
Develop your skills. Establish support
o Anorexia nervosa - one keeps
network. Help someone.
his/her weight as low as
possible thinking that he/she is
still fat.
o Bulimia - one overeat and
afterwards, try to expel the
food via laxatives, vomiting,
etc. fearing to gain additional
weight.

Substance Abuse

• It affects our Central Nervous System

by altering brain functions resulting in
changes in perception, behavior,
and mood; Alcohol and Illegal Drugs
o Reasons on the use and
abuse of substances (alcohol
and illegal drugs)
▪ Social influence,
Advertisement
(concerning media),
Boredom, Rebellion,
Gaining self-esteem,
Escape from problems
o Effects to oneself
▪ Organ damage,
Cancer, Hormonal
imbalance, Mood
swings, Depression,
Memory loss, Paranoia,
Academic failures,
Job loss, Strained
relationships, Financial