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CAPRICORN SOUTH

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

2021 SPRING CLASSES CAMP MATERIAL

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE
1. Momentum and Impulse 3-5
2. Newton’s Laws of Motion 6 - 11
3. Electric Circuits 11 - 16
4. Reaction Types in Organic Molecules 17 - 21
5. Electrochemical Cell (Galvanic Cell) 22 - 27
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1. MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

Momentum and Impulse (This section must be read in conjunction with the
CAPS, p. 99–101.) Momentum
 Define momentum as the product of an object's mass and its velocity.
 Describe linear momentum as a vector quantity with the same direction as
the velocity of the object.
 Calculate the momentum of a moving object using p = mv.
 Describe the vector nature of momentum and illustrate it with some simple
examples.
 Draw vector diagrams to illustrate the relationship between the initial
momentum, the final momentum and the change in momentum for each of the
cases above.
Newton's second law in terms of momentum
 State Newton's second law of motion in terms of momentum: The net (or
resultant) force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of
momentum of the object in the direction of the net force.
 Express Newton's second law of motion in symbols: Fnett= p
 Explain the relationship between net force and change in momentum for a
variety of motions.
 Calculate the change in momentum when a resultant/net force acts on an
object and its velocity:
o Increases in the direction of motion, e.g. 2nd stage rocket engine fires
o Decreases, e.g. brakes are applied
o Reverses its direction of motion, e.g. a soccer ball kicked back in the
direction it came from
Impulse
 Define impulse as the product of the resultant/net force acting on an object
and the time the net force acts on the object.
 Use the impulse-momentum theorem, FnetΔt = mΔv, to calculate the
resultant/net force exerted, the time for which the force is applied and the
change in momentum for a variety of situations involving the motion of an
object in one dimension.
 Explain how the concept of impulse applies to safety considerations in
everyday life, e.g. airbags, seatbelts and arrestor beds.
Conservation of momentum and elastic and inelastic collisions
 Explain what is meant by a system (in Physics).  Explain (when working
with systems) what is meant by internal and external forces.
 Explain what is meant by an isolated system (in Physics), i.e. a system on
which the net external force is zero. (An isolated system excludes external
forces that originate outside the colliding bodies, e.g. friction. Only internal
forces, e.g. contact forces between the colliding objects, are considered.)
 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum: The total linear
momentum of an isolated system remains constant (is conserved).
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 Apply the conservation of momentum to the collision of two objects moving

in one dimension (along a straight line) with the aid of an appropriate sign
convention.
 Distinguish between elastic collisions and inelastic collisions by calculation

ACTIVITIES

Ball P of mass 0,16 kg, moving east at a speed of 10 m∙s-1, collides head-on
with another ball Q of mass 0,2 kg, moving west at a speed of 15 m∙s-1. After
the collision, ball P moves west at a speed of 5 m∙s-1, as shown in the
diagram below. Ignore the effects of friction and the rotational effects of the
balls.

1 Define the term momentum in words. (2)

2 Calculate the:

2.1 Velocity of ball Q after the collision (5)

2.2 Magnitude of the impulse on ball P during the collision (3)
[10]

A bullet moves east at a velocity of 480 m∙s-1. It hits a wooden block that is
fixed to the floor. The bullet takes 0,01 s to move through the stationary block
and emerges from the block at a velocity of 80 m∙s-1 east. See the diagram
below.
Ignore the effects of air resistance.
Consider the block-bullet system as an isolated system.

1. Explain what is meant by an isolated system as used in Physics. (2)

The magnitude of the momentum of the bullet before it enters the block is
24 g∙m∙s-1.
[Link] the:
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2.1 Mass of the bullet (3)

2.2 Average net force exerted by the wooden block on the bullet (5)
[10]
A trolley of mass 1,5 kg is held stationary at point A at the top of a
Frictionless track.
When the 1,5 kg trolley is released, it moves down the track. It passes point P
at the bottom of the incline and collides with a stationary 2 kg trolley at point
B. Refer to the diagram below. Ignore air resistance and rotational effects.

4.1 Use the principle of conservation of mechanical energy to calculate

the speed of the 1,5 kg trolley at point P. (4)
When the two trolleys collide, they stick together and continue moving
with constant velocity.
4.2 The principle of conservation of linear momentum is given by
the incomplete statement below.
In a/an … system, the … linear momentum is conserved.
Rewrite the complete statement and fill in the missing words or
phrases. (2)
4.3 Calculate the speed of the combined trolleys immediately after
the collision. (4)
4.4 Calculate the distance travelled by the combined trolleys in 3 s after the
collision. (3)
[13]
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Newton's Laws and Application of Newton's Laws
(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 62–66.)
Different kinds of forces: weight, normal force, frictional force,
applied force (push, pull), tension (strings or cables)
 Define normal force, N, as the force or the component of a force which a
surface exerts on an object with which it is in contact, and which is
perpendicular to the surface.
 Define frictional force, f, as the force that opposes the motion of an object
and which acts parallel to the surface.
Define static frictional force, fs, as the force that opposes the tendency of
motion of a stationary object relative to a surface.
Define kinetic frictional force, fk, as the force that opposes the motion of a
moving object relative to a surface.
Know that a frictional force:
o Is proportional to the normal force
o Is independent of the area of contact
o Is independent of the velocity of motion
 Solve problems using fmaxs = μsN where f max s is the maximum static
frictional force and μs is the coefficient of static friction.
NOTE:
o If a force, F, applied to a body parallel to the surface does not cause the
object to move, F is equal in magnitude to the static frictional force.
o The static frictional force is a maximum (fmaxs) just before the object
starts to move across the surface.
o If the applied force exceeds fmaxs , a resultant net force accelerates the
object.
 Solve problems using fk = μkN, where fk is the kinetic frictional force and μk
the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Force diagrams, free-body diagrams

 Draw force diagrams.

 Draw free-body diagrams. (This is a diagram that shows the relative

magnitudes and directions of forces acting on a body/particle that has
been isolated from its surroundings.)
 Resolve two-dimensional forces (such as the weight of an object on an
inclined plane) into its parallel (x) and perpendicular (y) components.
 Determine the resultant or net force of two or more forces.

Newton's first, second and third laws of motion

 State Newton's first law of motion: A body will remain in its state of rest or
motion at constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant/net force acts on it.
 Discuss why it is important to wear seatbelts using Newton's first law of
motion.
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 State Newton's second law of motion: When a net force acts on an object,
the object will accelerate in the direction of the force and the acceleration
is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass
of the object.
 Draw force diagrams and free-body diagrams for objects that are in
equilibrium or accelerating. Physical Sciences 8 DBE/2021 Examination
Guidelines Copyright reserved Please turn over
 Apply Newton's laws to a variety of equilibrium and non-equilibrium
problems including:
o A single object:
- Moving on a horizontal plane with or without friction
- Moving on an inclined plane with and without friction
- Moving in the vertical plane (lifts, rockets, etc.)
o Two-body systems (joined by a light inextensible string) by applying
Newton's laws of motion separately to EACH of the bodies:
- Both on a flat horizontal plane with and without friction
- One on a horizontal plane with and without friction, and a second hanging
vertically from a string over a frictionless pulley
- Both on an inclined plane with or without friction
- Both hanging vertically from a string over a frictionless pulley
 State Newton's third law of motion: When object A exerts a force on object
B, object B SIMULTANEOUSLY exerts an oppositely directed force of
equal magnitude on object A.
 Identify action-reaction pairs.
 List the properties of action-reaction pairs.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

State Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: Each body in the universe
attracts every other body with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between their centres.
 Solve problems using F  Gm1m2/r2 .
 Describe weight as the gravitational force the Earth exerts on any object
on or near its surface.
 Calculate weight using the expression w = mg.
 Calculate the weight of an object on other planets with different values of
gravitational acceleration.
 Distinguish between mass and weight.
 Explain weightlessness.
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ACTIVITIES

A 20 kg block, resting on a rough horizontal surface, is connected to blocks P and Q

by a light inextensible string moving over a frictionless pulley. Blocks P and Q are
glued together and have a combined mass of m.
A force of 35 N is now applied to the 20 kg block at an angle of 40° with the
horizontal, as shown below.

The 20 kg block experiences a frictional force of magnitude 5 N as it moves to the

RIGHT at a CONSTANT SPEED.
1 Define the term normal force. (2)
2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram of the 20 kg block. (5)
3 Calculate the combined mass m of the two blocks. (5)
4 At a certain stage of the motion, block Q breaks off and falls down.
How will EACH of the following be affected when this happens?
4.1 The tension in the string
Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
4.2 The velocity of the 20 kg block Explain the answer. (3)
[16]
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Block P, of mass 2 kg, is connected to block Q, of mass 3 kg, by a light inextensible

string. Both blocks are on a plane inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizontal.
Block Q is pulled by a constant force of 40 N at an angle of 25° to the incline.
Block P moves on a rough section, AB, of the incline, while block Q moves on a
frictionless section, BC, of the incline. See diagram below.

An average constant frictional force of 2,5 N acts on block P as it moves from A to B

up the incline.
1 State Newton's Second Law in words. (2)
2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for block P. (4)
3 Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of block P while block P is moving on
section AB. (8)
4 If block P has now passed point B, how will its acceleration compare to
that calculated in QUESTION 3?
Choose from GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO.
Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[16]

Block P, of unknown mass, is placed on a rough horizontal surface. It is connected to

a second block of mass 3 kg, by a light inextensible string passing over a light,
frictionless pulley, as shown below.
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Initially the system of masses is held stationary with the 3 kg block, 0,5 m above the
ground. When the system is released the 3 kg block moves vertically downwards
and strikes the ground after 3 s. Ignore the effects of air resistance.
1 Define the term acceleration in words. (2)
Calculate the magnitude of the:
2 Acceleration of the 3 kg block using equations of motion (3)
3 Tension in the string (3)
The magnitude of the kinetic frictional force experienced by block P is 27 N.
4 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for block P. (4)
5 Calculate the mass of block P. (3)
[15]

A block, of mass 8 kg, is placed on a rough horizontal surface. The 8 kg block, which
is connected to a 2 kg block by means of a light inextensible string passing over a
light frictionless pulley, starts sliding from point A, as shown below.

1 State Newton's Second Law in words. (2)

2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for the 8 kg block. (4)
3 When the 8 kg block reaches point B, the angle between the string and
the horizontal is 15° and the acceleration of the system is 1,32 m·s-2.
3.1 Give a reason why the system is NOT in equilibrium. (1)
3.2 Use the 2 kg mass to calculate the tension in the string. (3)
3.3 Calculate the kinetic frictional force between the 8 kg block and the
horizontal surface. (4)
4 As the 8 kg block moves from B to C, the kinetic frictional force between the
8 kg block and the horizontal surface is not constant.
Give a reason for this statement. (1)
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The horizontal surface on which the 8 kg block is moving, is replaced by another

horizontal surface made from a different material.
5 Will the kinetic frictional force, calculated in QUESTION 3.3 above, change?
Choose from: YES or NO. Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[17]

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 88–89 & 121.)
Ohm's law
 State Ohm's law in words: The potential difference across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current in the conductor at constant temperature.
 Determine the relationship between current, potential difference and resistance at
constant temperature using a simple circuit.
 State the difference between ohmic conductors and non-ohmic conductors and
give an example of each.
 Solve problems using R  V/I for series and parallel circuits (maximum four
resistors).
Power, energy
 Define power as the rate at which work is done.
 Solve problems using P = W/t.
 Solve problems using P = VI , P = I2R or P = V2/R .
 Solve circuit problems involving the concepts of power and electrical energy.

 Deduce that the kilowatt hour (kWh) refers to the use of 1 kilowatt of electricity for 1
hour.
 Calculate the cost of electricity usage given the power specifications of the
appliances used, the duration and the cost of 1 kWh.
Internal resistance, series and parallel networks
 Solve problems involving current, voltage and resistance for circuits containing
arrangements of resistors in series and in parallel (maximum four resistors excluding
internal resistance).
 Define the term emf as the maximum energy provided by a battery per unit charge
passing through it.
 Solve circuit problems using ε = Vload + Vinternal resistance or ε =IRext+ Ir.
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 Solve circuit problems, with internal resistance, involving series-parallel networks of

resistors (maximum four resistors).

ACTIVITIES
A battery with an internal resistance of 0,5 Ω and an unknown emf (ε) is connected
to three resistors, a high resistance voltmeter and an ammeter of negligible
resistance, as shown in the circuit diagram below.
The resistance of the connecting wires must be ignored.

1 Define the term emf of a battery. (2)

The reading on the voltmeter DECREASES by 1,5 V when switch S is closed.
2 Give a reason why the voltmeter reading decreases. (2)
3 Calculate the following when switch S is closed:
3.1 Reading on the ammeter (3)
3.2 Total external resistance of the circuit (4)
3.3 Emf of the battery (3)
4 A learner makes the following statement:
The current through resistor R3 is larger than the current through resistor R2.
Is this statement CORRECT? Choose from YES or NO. Explain the answer. (3)
5 The 4 Ω resistor is now removed from the circuit.
How will this affect the emf of the battery? Choose from INCREASES,
DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
[18]
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In the circuit diagram below, resistor R, with a resistance of 5,6 Ω, is connected,

together with a switch, an ammeter and a high-resistance voltmeter, to a battery with
an unknown internal resistance, r.
The resistance of the connecting wires and the ammeter may be ignored.

The graph below shows the potential difference across the terminals of the battery
as a function of time.
At time t1, switch S is closed.

1 Define the term emf of a battery. (2)

2 Write down the value of the emf of the battery. (1)
3 When switch S is CLOSED, calculate the:
3.1 Current through resistor R (3)
3.2 Power dissipated in resistor R (3)
3.3 Internal resistance, r, of the battery (3)
4 Two IDENTICAL resistors, each with resistance X, are now connected in the same
circuit with switch S closed, as shown below.
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The ammeter reading now increases to 4 A.

4.1 How would the voltmeter reading change? Choose from INCREASES,
DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Give a reason for the answer by
referring to Vinternal resistance. (2)
4.2 Calculate resistance X. (5)
[19]

1 In the circuit diagram below the battery has an unknown emf (ε) and an internal
resistance (r) of 0,8 Ω.

1.1 State Ohm's law in words. (2)

The reading on ammeter A2 is 0,6 A when switch S is closed.
Calculate the:
1.2 Reading on voltmeter V1 (3)
1.3 Current through the 6 Ω resistor (2)
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1.4 Reading on voltmeter V2 (2)

1.5 Emf (ε) of the battery (3)
1.6 Energy dissipated as heat inside the battery if the current flows in the circuit for
15 s (3)

2 A simplified circuit diagram for the windscreen wiper of a car consists of a variable
resistor and a wiper motor connected to a 12 volt battery.

When switch S is closed, the potential difference across the variable resistor is 2,8 V
and the current passing through it is 0,7 A.
2.1 Calculate the resistance of the variable resistor. (2)
The resistance of the variable resistor is now decreased.
2.2 State whether the speed at which the wiper turns will INCREASE, DECREASE
or REMAIN THE SAME. Give a reason for the answer. (3)
[20]
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The battery in the circuit diagram below has an emf of 12 V and an internal
resistance of 0,5 Ω. Resistor R has an unknown resistance.

1 What is the meaning of the following statement?

The emf of the battery is 12 V. (2)
The reading on the ammeter is 2 A when switch S is OPEN.
2 Calculate the:
2.1 Reading on the voltmeter (3)
2.2 Resistance of resistor R (2)
Switch S is now CLOSED.
3 How does this change affect the reading on the voltmeter? Choose from:
INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Explain the answer. (4)
[11]
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REACTION TYPES IN ORGANIC MOLECULES

Oxidation of alkanes

for the combustion of an alkane in excess oxygen.

Esterification

structural formulae, for the formation of an ester.

Write down reaction conditions for esterification.

Substitution, addition and elimination reactions

and
reaction conditions for the following addition reactions of alkenes:
o Hydrohalogenation:
The addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene
o Halogenation:
The reaction of a halogen (Br2, Cℓ2) with a compound
o Hydration:
The addition of water to a compound
o Hydrogenation:
The addition of hydrogen to an alkene

equations and reaction conditions for the following elimination reactions:

o Dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes:
The elimination of hydrogen and a halogen from a haloalkane
o Dehydration of alcohols:
Elimination of water from an alcohol
o Cracking of alkanes:
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The chemical process in which longer chain hydrocarbon molecules are broken
down to shorter more useful molecules.

equations and reaction conditions for the following substitution reactions:

o Hydrolysis of haloalkanes
Hydrolysis: The reaction of a compound with water
o Reactions of HX (X = Cℓ, Br) with alcohols to produce haloalkanes
o Halogenation of alkanes
The reaction of a halogen (Br2, Cℓ2) with a compound
saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons using bromine
water.

ACTIVITIES
The flow diagram below shows how compound A can be used to prepare
other organic compounds. The numbers I, II, III and IV represent different
organic reactions.

Use the information in the flow diagram to answer the following questions.
1 Name the homologous series to which compound A belongs. (1)
2 Write down the TYPE of reaction represented by:
2.1 I (1)
2.2 III (1)
2.3 IV (1)
3 Consider reaction III. Write down the:
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3.1 TWO reaction conditions for this reaction (2)

3.2 IUPAC name of the primary alcohol that is formed (2)
4 Draw the STRUCTURAL FORMULA for compound B. (2)
5 Consider reaction IV. Write down the:
5.1 Structural formula of organic compound C (2)
5.2 NAME or FORMULA of the catalyst that is used (1)
[13]

Propan-1-ol can undergo a number of organic reactions, as indicated by

the letters A to D in the diagram below.

1 Write down the type of reaction represented by:

1.1 A (1)
1.2 B (1)
1.3 C (1)
1.4 D (1)
2 For reaction C, write down the:
2.1 Function of H2SO4 (1)
2.2 IUPAC name of the organic product (2)
2.3 Structural formula of the other organic reactant (2)
3 Use STRUCTURAL FORMULAE for all organic reactants and products to
write a balanced equation for reaction A. (5)
[14]
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1 Three reactions of organic compounds from the same homologous series are
shown below

1.1 Define a homologous series. (2)

1.2 Name the type of reaction represented by I. (1)
1.3 Write down the formula of the inorganic compound P. (1)
1.4 Give the structural formula of a POSITIONAL isomer of 2-bromobutane. (2)
1.5 Using molecular formulae, write down the balanced equation for
reaction II. (3)
Reaction III is an example of a cracking reaction.
1.6 Define a cracking reaction. (2)
1.7 Give the structural formula of organic compound Q. (2)
2 Study the flow diagram below.

2.1 Write down the IUPAC name of compound R. (2)

2.2 Compound R reacts in the presence of concentrated phosphoric
acid to form an alkene.
Write down the structural formula of the MAJOR PRODUCT in this
reaction. (2)
[17]
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The flow diagram below shows how an alcohol (compound P) can be used
to prepare other organic compounds. The letters A to E represent different
organic reactions. X, Y and Z are organic compounds.

4.1 Is compound P a PRIMARY, SECONDARY or TERTIARY alcohol? Give a

reason for the answer. (2)
4.2 Write down the type of:
4.2.1 Elimination reaction represented by A (1)
4.2.2 Addition reaction represented by B (1)
4.2.3 Elimination reaction represented by D (1)
4.3 Sodium hydroxide is used as one of the reactants in reaction C.
4.3.1 What type of reaction takes place here? (1)
4.3.2 State the TWO reaction conditions for this reaction. (2)
4.3.3 Write down the IUPAC name of compound X. (2)
4.4 Write down the FORMULA of an inorganic reactant needed for reaction D. (1)
4.5 Using STRUCTURAL FORMULAE, write down a balanced equation for
reaction E. (3)
4.6 Write down the IUPAC name of compound Z. (1)
[15]
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Electrochemical Reactions
(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 134–137.)
Galvanic cells

to electrical energy.
oxidation and reduction in terms of electron (e-) transfer:
Oxidation is a loss of electrons. Reduction is a gain of electrons.
oxidation and reduction in terms of oxidation numbers:
Oxidation: an increase in oxidation number
Reduction: a decrease in oxidation number
oxidising agent and a reducing agent in terms of oxidation and
reduction:
Oxidising agent: a substance that is reduced/gains electrons.
Reducing agent: a substance that is oxidised/loses electrons.

Anode: the electrode where oxidation takes place

Cathode: the electrode where reduction takes place
electrolyte as a substance of which the aqueous solution contains
ions OR a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that
conducts electricity.
Relation of current and potential difference to rate and equilibrium
cell) is related to the extent to
which the spontaneous cell reaction has reached equilibrium.
qualitative relationship between Vcell and the concentration
of product ions and reactant ions for the spontaneous reaction, namely
Vcell decreases as the concentration of product ions increases and
the concentration of reactant ions decreases until equilibrium is reached at
which the Vcell = 0 (the cell is 'flat'). (Qualitative only. Nernst equation is
NOT required.)
Understanding of the processes and redox reactions taking place in
 23

galvanic cells
in the solutions.

-reactions that occur at the electrodes.

When writing cell notation, the following convention should be used:

o The H2|H+ half-cell is treated just like any other half-cell.
o Cell terminals (electrodes) are written on the outside of the cell notation.
o Active electrodes:
reducing agent | oxidised species || oxidising agent | reduced species
o Inert electrodes (usually Pt or C):
Pt | reducing agent | oxidised species || oxidising agent | reduced species | Pt
Example: Pt | Cℓ-(aq) |Cℓ2(g) || F2(g) | F-(aq) | Pt
-cell in which oxidation will take place when two half-cells are
connected.
Physical Sciences 24 DBE/2021
Examination Guidelines
Copyright reserved Please turn over
-cell in which reduction will take place when connected to another
half-cell.
-reactions.

galvanic cell.
eaction is
spontaneous under standard conditions.
Standard electrode potentials

determined.
ference
 24

electrode.
e reference
electrode and state the convention regarding positive and negative values.

ACTIVITIES
A standard electrochemical cell is set up using two standard half-cells, as shown
in the diagram below.

1 State the energy conversion that takes place in this cell. (1)
2 What is the function of component Q? (1)
X is a metal. A voltmeter connected across the cell initially registers 1,49 V.
3 Use a calculation to identify metal X. (5)
4 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the reducing agent. (1)
5 The reading on the voltmeter becomes ZERO after this cell operates for
several hours.
5.1 Give a reason for this reading by referring to the rates of oxidation
and reduction half-reactions taking place in the cell. (1)
A silver nitrate solution, AgNO3(aq), is NOW added to the chlorine half-cell
and a precipitate forms.
5.2 How will the reading on the voltmeter be affected?
(Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS the same) (1)
5.3 Use Le Chatelier's principle to explain the answer to
QUESTION 5.2. (2)
[12]
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1 Consider the electrochemical cell represented by the cell notation below,

where X is an unknown metal:
Pt(s) | Fe2+(aq), Fe3+(aq) || X+(aq) | X(s)
The cell potential of this cell was found to be 0,03 V.
1.1 Write down the type of electrochemical cell illustrated above. (1)
1.2 What does the single line (|) in the above cell notation represent? (1)
1.3 Write down the half-reaction that takes place at the anode in the
above cell. (2)
1.4 Identify X with the aid of a calculation. (5)
2 A Pt(s) | Fe2+(aq), Fe3+(aq) half-cell is connected to a Cu(s) | Cu2+(aq) halfcell.
Write down the:
2.1 Chemical symbol for the electrode in the cathode half-cell (1)
2.2 NAME of the oxidising agent (1)
2.3 Overall balanced cell reaction that takes place in this cell (3)
[14]

1 Corrosion is a redox reaction that takes place in the presence of oxygen and
water. Rusting is the corrosion of iron leading to the formation of iron(III) ions.
1.1 Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer. (2)
A cleaned copper rod and a cleaned iron nail are placed in a beaker
containing water at 25°C, as shown below.

After a while it was observed that the iron nail was coated with rust. The
copper rod showed no visible signs of corrosion.
1.2 Write down the half-reaction for the iron nail. (2)
1.3 Does iron act as REDUCING AGENT or OXIDISING AGENT in the
beaker? (1)
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1.4 Explain the above observation by referring to the Table of Standard

Reduction Potentials. (3)
To prevent rusting of an underground iron pipe, the pipe is connected to a
metal (Q) that corrodes easily.

1.5 You are given two metals, Zn and Cu, to use as metal Q.
Which metal would more suitable? Give a reason. (2)
2 A galvanic cell is constructed using a Fe | Fe3+ half-cell and a Cu | Cu2+ half-cell.
2.1 Write down the overall (net) cell reaction that takes place when the
cell is functioning. (3)
2.2 Calculate the cell potential of this cell under standard conditions. (4)
[17]

1 Learners set up a galvanic cell and measure its emf under standard
conditions.

1.1 Write down the name of component Y. (1)

1.2 Is Aℓ the ANODE or the CATHODE? (1)
1.3 Write down the overall (net) cell reaction that takes place in this cell
when it is working. (3)
1.4 Calculate the initial emf of this cell. (4)
2 Consider the half-cells, P, Q and R, represented in the table below.
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Different combinations of the half-cells above are compared to determine the

highest emf produced under standard conditions.
2.1 Write down the NAME of a suitable electrode for half-cell Q. (1)
2.2 State the standard conditions under which the half-cells should
operate to ensure a fair comparison. (2)
2.3 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the strongest reducing agent
in the half-cells above. (1)
2.4 Which combination of half-cells will produce the highest emf?
Choose from PR, PQ or QR. (NO calculation is required.) (1)
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