Logarithm
Mathematics
Pretest
To gain the idea about logarithm. We have to know the knowledge about
number section.
1. What do you mean by Natural number?
2. What do you mean by Integer?
3. What do you mean by Fraction number?
4. What do you mean by Rational number?
5. What do you mean by Irrational number?
6. What do you mean by Prime number?
2
3
4
Chapter-2
Logarithm
Discovery of Logarithm: The chapter logarithm is discovered by Newton. If ax=m then to find
out the relation between power “a” and result “m” he wrote logam=x Here “x” is called the
“base”. By applying this thoughts he was able to solve multiplication and division of large
quantities.
Definition of Logarithm: If x,a,m (m>0, a>0. a≠1) be the three numbers such that ax=m then x
is called the logarithm of number m with respect to the base”a” and it is written as x = logam.
For example : If 10-3=1/1000=0.001 therefore from definition -3=log10(0.001)
Conversely, if x=logam then ax=m.
Use of Logarithm: Logarithm is further use to solve a critical result given below. We find out
the values of x from given eq. xa=M ----(i) => x= (M)1/a
But we can’t findout the value of x without using logarithm from the given eq. ax=M-------(ii)
To findout the value of x we use logarithm in the following way x=logaM.
Similarly, to findout the value of x, from the eq. bx=M--------(iii) we have x=logbM
Where “a” &”b” are the base of the logarithm. For different values of “a” & “b” values of x will
be different.
Types of Logarithm
1. Natural logarithm : The natural logarithm is the logarithm to the base e, where e is an
irrational and transdental constant approx equal to 2.718281828. It is generally written as
lnx or logex.
2. Common logarithm: The common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10. It is
indicated by log10x.
Some properties of Logarithm:
1. Loga(xy)=logax+logay
Proof:
R.H.S Consider logax=m
=> x= am-------- (i)
5
Similarly, logay=n
=>y=ay---------------------------- (ii)
(xy)= [Link]=am+n
Loga(xy)=m+n
Loga(xy)= logax+logay
2. loga(x/y)=logax-logay
Proof:
R.H.S Consider logax=m
=> x= am-------- (i)
And, logay=n
=>y=ay---------------- (ii)
(x/y)=(am/an)=(m-n)
Loga(x/y)=m-n
Logax-logay=L.H.S
3. loga(xk)=k(logax)
Proof:
R.H.S= logax=m
=> x= am=xk=(amk)-------- (i)
L.H.S= Let, loga(xk)=n
=> an=xk i.e xk=an
Form (i)&(ii)
xk=amk=an
n=mk
loga(xk)=k(logax)
6
4. loga1=0 [Since a0=1]
Proof:
Let loga1=x
ax=1=a0
x=0
loga1=0
5. logxx=1
Proof:
Consider log xx=m
xm=x1
m=1
logxm=1
6. logax= 1/logxa
Proof:
Consider logax=m
am=x---------(i)
Again consider logxa=n
a=xn----------(ii)
From (i) and (ii) xn=a=(am)n=amn
a=amn
mn=1
m=1/n
logax=1/logxa
7. logax=logbx/logba
Proof:
Consider logax=m
x=am--------(i)
logbx=n
x=bn--------(ii)
7
logba=l
a=bl------(iii)
From (i) and (ii)
x=am=bn i.e (am)1/m=(bn)1/m
a=b(n/m)----------(iv)
from (iii) &(iv) a=bl=b(n/m)
l=(n/m)
logba=logbx/logax
logax=logbx/logba
8. alogax=x
Proof:
Let logax=m
am=x
alogax=x
9. If a>1 and x>1 then logax>0
10. If 0<a<1 and 0<x<1 then logax>0
11. If 0<a<1 and x>1 then logax>0
12. If a>1 and 0<x<1 then logax<0
13. When base is not mentioned it will be taken as 10.
14. log10x consists of two parts, the integral part is known as characteristics and the decimal part
known as mantissa.
Worked out examples
1. Find the value of
(i) 2 log √2√2
(ii) log 3√2324
8
(iii) 1/loga(abc)+1/logb(abc)+1/logc(abc)
(iv) log√7343
(v) 1/logx(yz)+1 + 1/logy(zx)+1 + 1/logz(xy)+1
Solution
1. (i) 2 log √2√2=2 * 1=2
(ii) log3√2(324)
= log3√2(34×22)
= log3√234(√2)4
= log3√2(3√2)4
=4 log 3√2(3√2)
=4
(iii) 1/loga(abc)+1/logb(abc)+1/logc(abc)
= logabca+logabcb+logabcc
= logabc(abc) =1
(iv) log√7(343) =log√7(7)3
= log√7(√7)6
= 6 log√7(√7)=6
(v) 1/logx(yz)+1 + 1/logy(zx)+1 + 1/logz(xy)+1
=1/logx(yz)+logxx +1/ logy(zx)+logyy + 1/ logz(xy)+logzz
= 1/logx(xyz) +1/logy(xyz) +1/logz(xyz)
= logxyz(xyz)=1
9
2. If logx/y-z = logy/z-x = logz/x-y show that xxyyzz=1
Let, logx/y-z = logy/z-x = logz/x-y =k
log x =k(y-z) , log y= k(z-x) , log z=k(x-y)
Now, log(xxyyzz) = logxx +logyy+logzz
log(xxyyzz) =x log x+y log y+z log z
log(xxyyzz) = xk(y-z)+yk(z-x)+zk(x-y)
log(xxyyzz) = k[xy-xz+yz-xy+xz-yz]
log(xxyyzz) = k.0
log(xxyyzz) = 0=log 1
xxyyzz=1
3. Solve the following
(i) logx log2 log381 =1
(ii) 1/log3x=1/9
Solution
(i) We have, logx log2 log3 81=1
logx log2 log334=1
logx log2 4log33=1
logx log24=1
logx2log22=1
logx2=1
x1=2
x=2
(ii) 1/log3x=1/9
Log3x=9
x= 39
4. If logx/(b-c) =log y/(c-a) = logz/(a-b) then show that
(i) xaybzc =1 , (ii) xb+c. yc+[Link]+b
Solution
Consider logx/(b-c) =log y/(c-a) = logz/(a-b)=k
10
logx=(b-c)k-------(i), log y=k(c-a)-------(ii), logz=k(a-b)-----(iii)
∴ x= 10(b-c)k
y= 10k(c-a)
z= 10k(a-b)
(i) xaybzc =[10(b-c)k]a. [ 10k(c-a) ]b. [ 10k(a-b)]c
=10(b-c)ak × 10bk(c-a) × 10ck(a-b)
= 10k[ab-ac+bc-ab+ac-bc]
= 100=1
(ii) xb+c. yc+[Link]+b
= [10(b-c)k](b+c). [ 10k(c-a) ](c+a). [ 10k(a-b)](a+b)
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 10k(b – c ) × 10k( c - a ) ×10k( a - b )
= 10k.0
= 100=1
Home work
1. Find the value of
(i) log2√3 1728 (ii) 2 log √22 (iii) log√39
logab
2
2. If logak, logbk, logck are in A.P then prove that c =(ac)
[Link] x+y/log z= y+z/logx=z+x/logy, then prove that x(y-z).y(z-x).z(x-y)=1
4. Show that 1/logxy(xyz) + 1/logyz(xyz) + 1/logxz(xyz)=2
[Link]
(i) logx(8x-3)-logx4=2 (ii) 1/logx10 +2=2/logx10
6. If a=xyp-1, b= xyq-1, c=xyr-1, Prove that (q-r)loga+(r-p)logb+(p-q)logc=0
7. If ax=bc, by=ac and cz=ab then prove that , x/x+1 + y/y+1 + z/z+1 =2
ay-a-y 1+x
8. If x= then prove that y=1/2 loga
ay+a-y 1-x
11
Sum up[Logarithm]
1. Classification of Logarithm
Log
Common Logarithm Natural Logarithm
Base=10 Base=e
Mostly used in Calculations 2<e<3
e≈2.71
Mostly used in calculus
2. Relationship between Common Logarithm & Natural Logarithm
Loge x
We know that logax=
Log ea
log ex= log10x/log10e= log10x/log102.718=log10x/0.4343
logex≅ 2.3025×log10x
3. Log10x consist of two parts the integer part is known as characteristic and the decimal part is
known as mantissa.
Log 1020 =1.3010 “1” is the characteristic and “0.3010” is the mantissa
Characteristic of a number is the number of digit less by 1 and characteristics is available from
log table.
Post test [Logarithm]
1. What is definition of logarithm?
2. When logarithm is used?
3. What are the types of logarithm?
4. What is the relationship between common logarithm and natural logarithm?
5. If logax=0.3 and loga3=0.4
12
Find the value of log3x?
6. If logpx=a and logqx=b then find the value of logp/qx.
Answer of Home work [Logarithm]
1. Find the value of
(i) log2√3 1728
Solution
log2√326(√3)6
= log2√(2√3)6
=6 log2√3(2√3)
=6
(ii)2 log √22
Solution
2 log √22
=2 log √2 (√2)2
=[Link] √2 √2
=4
(iii) log√39
Solution
log√39
= log√3(√3)4
= 4log√3√3
=4
13
logab
2. If logak, logbk, logck are in A.P then prove that c2=(ac) .
Solution
logbk - logak= logck - logbk
1 1
=> 2. logbk= logak+ logck= + logkc
1 logka
2 1 logkc+ logka
=> = + =
logkb logka logkc logkc. logka
logkb logka. logkc logkc. logka
=> = =
2 logkc. logka logkac
[Link]. logka
=> logkb=
logkac
[Link]. logka
=> logkac=
logkb
2. logka
=> logkac=2. × logkc
logkb
=> [Link]× logkc
logkac
=> =2logba
logkc
=> logcac=2logba
2
=> logcac=
logba
=>c2/logab =ac
=> [c2/logab ]logab=(ac)logab
=> c2=(ac)logab
[Link] x+y/log z= y+z/logx=z+x/logy, then prove that x(y-z).y(z-x).z(x-y)=1
Solution
14
x+y/log z= y+z/logx=z+x/logy=1/k (say)
logx=k(y+z)-----------(i)
logy=k(x+z)-----------(ii)
logz=k(x+y)-----------(iii)
Now, log[x(y-z).y(z-x).z(x-y)]
(y-z)logx+(z-x)logy+(x-y)logz
=k(y+z)(y-z) + k(z-x)(z+x) + k(x-y)(x+y)
=k[y2 -z2+ z2- x2+ x2- y2]
=k[0]
=0
4. Show that 1/logxy(xyz) + 1/logyz(xyz) + 1/logxz(xyz)=2
Solution
L.H.S=1/logxy(xyz) + 1/logyz(xyz) + 1/logxz(xyz)
=logxyz (xy) + logxyz (yz) + logxyz(zx)
= logxyz (xyz)2
= 2logxyz (xyz)
=2=R.H.S
5. (i) logx(8x-3)-logx4=2
Solution
logx(8x-3)-logx4=2
=> logx(8x-3)/4=2
=>x2=(8x-3)/4
=> 4x2=8x-3
=> 4x2-8x+3=0
8±√64-4.4.3
=> x=
2.4
15
8±√64-48
=> x=
2.4
8±√16
=> x=
2.4
8±4
=> x=
2.4
8+4 8-4
∴ x= and x=
2.4 2.4
=>x=3/2 and x=1/2
(ii) 1/logx10 +2=2/logx10
Solution
1/logx10 +2=2/logx10
=> log10x+2=2.log10x
=> 2.log10x- log10x=2
=>log10x=2
=> x=102
=> x=100
6. If a=xyp-1, b= xyq-1, c=xyr-1, Prove that (q-r)loga+(r-p)logb+(p-q)logc=0
Solution
We have, a=xyp-1
loga= log(xyp-1)
loga= logx+(p-1)logy--------(i)
b= xyq-1
logb= log(xyq-1)
logb= logx+(q-1)logy--------(ii)
c=xyr-1
16
logc= log(xyr-1)
logc= logx+(r-1)logy--------(iii)
Now, (q-r)loga+(r-p)logb+(p-q)logc
= (q-r)[ logx+(p-1)logy]+ (r-p)[ logx+(q-1)logy]+ (p-q)[ logx+(r-1)logy]
=logx[q-r+r-p+p-q]+ [pq-pr-q+r-rq-pq-r+p+pr-qr-p+q]
=0
7. If ax=bc, by=ac and cz=ab then prove that , x/x+1 + y/y+1 + z/z+1 =2
Solution
ax=bc
log ax=logb+logc
xloga=logb+logc
x=logab+logac
by=ac
log by=loga+logc
xlogb=loga+logc
x=logba+logbc
cz=ab
log cz=loga+logb
zlogc=loga+logb
z=logca+logcb
Now, x/x+1 + y/y+1 + z/z+1
logab+logac logba+logbc logca+logcb
= + +
logab+logac+1 logba+logbc +1 logca+logcb +1
logabc logbac logcab
= + +
logabc+logaa logbac+logbb logca+logcc
logabc logbac logcab
= + +
loga abc logbabc logcabc
17
= logabc a× logabc× logabc b× logbac×logabc c× logcab
= logabc ac+ logabc ab+ logabc bc
=logabca2b2c2
=logabc (abc)2
=2logabcabc
=2
ay-a-y 1+x
8. If x= then prove that y=1/2 loga
ay+a-y 1-x
Solution
Here x/1= ay-a-y
ay+a-y
1+x ay-a-y+ay-a-y
=
1-x ay+a-y-ay+a-y
1+x ay
( )= -y
1-x a
( 1+x )=a2y
1-x
Logaa2y=loga[ 1+x ]
1-x
2y= loga [ 1+x ]
1-x
1+x
y= ½ loga [ ]
1-x
Solution of Pretest [Logarithm]
1. 1,2,3,4………….N are called Natural Number.
2. 0,±1,±2,±3,±4…………are called Integer
[Link] real number containing decimal part is called fraction number.
Eg. 2.5, 3.6, -0.476
4. Rational Number: Rational Number is any number that can be expressed as fraction of two
integer .P & Q. It is denated by p/q with denominator Q is not equal to zero.
18
i.e Rational Number= P/Q P=integer , Q=integer≠0
5. Irrational Number: he number that can’t be expressed as P/Q form .i.e they are not rational is
called Irrational [Link] can be written as decimal but not fraction
i.e 𝜋 = 3.141592 …
√2=1.414213……
Note: In between 0and 1 on the number line there are infinite number of irrational number.
[Link] Number: A prime number is a whole number greater than 1 whose only two whole
number factors are 1 & whose only two whole number factor are 1 & itself. It must be whole
number greater than 1.
Eg. 2,3,5,7,11,13,19……….etc
Answer of Posttest [Logarithm]
1. see main body.
2. see main body.
3. see main body.
4. Relationship between common logarithm & natural logarithm
logex
We know that logax=
logea
log10x
logex=
log10a
log10x
=
log102.718
log10x
=
log100.4343
log 𝑥 ≅ 2.3025×log x
e 10
19
5. Here logax=0.3 loga3=0.4
Logax
∴ log3x = =0.3/0.4=0.75
Loga3
6. Logpx=a, logqx=b
Now, logxp= 1/logpx=1/a
Logxq=1/logqx=1/b
Logx(p/q)=logx(p)-logx(q)
= 1/a-1/b
=(b-a)/ab
∴log(p/q)x =1/logx(p/q)=ab/(b-a)
ab
∴log(p/q)x=
b-a
20
MCQ QUESTIONS
1. The logarithm of 324 to the base 3√𝟐 is
a. 4 b. 6 c. 2 d. None of these.
SOLUTION : OPTION (a)
EXPLANATION : Let log 3√2 324=x or, (3√2)𝑥 =324 or, (3√2)𝑥 =34×22 or, (3√2)𝑥 =
(3√2)4 i.e x=4
Therefore log 3√2 324 = 4.
2. The base of log 1296 =4 is
a. 4 b. 2 c. 6 d. None of these.
SOLUTION : OPTION (C )
EXPLANATION:
Let X be the base i.e log 𝑋 1296=4 Or, X4=1296 Or, X4=24.34 Or,X4=(2.3)4=64
Or, X= 6. Therefore the base is 6.
3. The value of x when 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 (𝟕𝒙 − 𝟓) = 𝟐 is
a. 15 b. 12 c. 10 d. None is correct.
SOLUTION: OPTION ( a)
EXPLANATION :
100+5
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (7𝑥 − 5) = 2 or, 7x-5=102 or, 7x-5=100 or, x= = 15
7
21
4. 3√𝟕 is an example of
pure surd. b. mixed surd. c. compound surds. d. None of these.
SOLUTION : OPTION(b )
EXPLANATION :
A surd having a rational co-efficient other than unity is called a mixed surd.
For example, each of the surds 2√7, 3√6, a√b, 2√x, 5 ∛3, x∛y, 5 ∙ 72/3 are mixed
surd.
5. The value of log 1 ([Link] any base > 𝟎, ≠ 𝟏)is
a. 1 b. 0 c. ∞ d. None of these.
SOLUTION : OPTION ( )
EXPLANATION :
The value of log 1 ([Link] any base > 0, ≠ 1) is 0.
6. If a< 𝒃 then 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝒂 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝒃 if
a. x< 𝟏 b. x> 𝟏 c. x=0 d. None of these.
SOLUTION : OPTION (b )
EXPLANATION :
If a< 𝑏 then log 𝑥 𝑎 = log 𝑥 𝑏 if x > 1.
7. The value of logarithm of zero([Link] any base) is
a. +∞ b. -∞ c. 0 d. None of these.
SOLUTION : OPTION ( b)
EXPLANATION :
The value of logarithm of zero is −∞.
22
𝒏
8. √𝒂 equals to
𝟏
a. an b. a-n c. 𝒂𝒏 d. None of these.
SOLUTION : OPTION (c )
EXPLANATION :
1
𝑛
√𝑎=𝑎𝑛 .
9. log(any negative number) can be
a, defined. b. undefined. c. a negative number d. zero.
SOLUTION : OPTION ( b)
EXPLANATION :
log(any negative number) can be undefined.
[Link] value of 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂 . 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒃 is
a. ab b. a/b c. b/a d. 1.
SOLUTION : OPTION (d )
EXPLANATION :
log 𝑎 log 𝑏
log 𝑏 𝑎 . log 𝑎 𝑏 =log 𝑏 . log 𝑎=1.
23
11. The value of 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟔 is
a) 1
b) 2
c) 4
d) 0
SOLUTION : OPTION ( a)
8 3
EXPLANATION : 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 256=𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 log 22 =log 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔28 =log 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔22 =𝑙𝑜𝑔33 = 1
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟖𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟑
12If 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 = 𝟏, then 𝒙 =
a) 2
b) 3
c) 1
d) None
SOLUTION : OPTION (a )
𝑙𝑜𝑔81
𝑙𝑜𝑔 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔381 𝑥 𝑥 2
EXPLANATION: 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 = 1=> 𝑥 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 =>2𝑥 =𝑙𝑜𝑔381=> 32 = 81=> 32 = 32 ∴ 𝑥 = 2
[Link] the value of X if 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝑿 − 𝟐) + 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝑿 − 𝟑) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐. is
a) 1,4 b) -1,4 c) 2,3 d)-1,-4
SOLUTION: OPTION(a )
EXPLANATION: log(𝑋 − 2) + log(𝑋 − 3) = log [Link], log[(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)]=log2 or,
2
(x-2)(x-3)=2 or, x -5x+4=0 or, (x-1)(x-4)=0 Or, x=1, 4.
[Link] 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟑 = 𝒙, the value of 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟖 𝟐𝟕 is (a) x (b)2x (c)x2(d) none of these
SOLUTION: OPTION ( a)
log 27 log 33 3log 3 log 3
EXPLANATION: log 8 27= log 8 = log 23 = 3log 2 = log 2 = log 2 3= x
24
15. If 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐,then value of x is (a) 2 (b) -2 (c) ±𝟐 (d)4
SOLUTION: OPTION(c )
EXPLANATION: log 2 𝑥 2 = 2 or,x2=4 or,x=±√4 = ±2
𝟏𝟔. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏𝟔= a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d)-1
SOLUTION: OPTION (b)
EXPLANATION: log 2 log 2 log 2 24 =log 2 log 2 (4log 2 2)= log 2 log 2 (22×1)
= log 2 2 log 2 2 = log 2 (2×1)= = log 2 2=1.
25
