„µ¦˜°­œ°Š

·
ÁŠ¡¨«µ­˜¦ r °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦µŠ
à o
n · Å
£µ¥Ä˜Â¦ŠÂŸœ—œÅ®ª
Ä o
éø.. ÿčîĉêĉ ÿčõćó
éø
Dr. Suniti Suparp
nisuparp@[Link]
1

°„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r¡¨«µ­˜¦r ??
°³Å¦‡°„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®Â¡¨«µ­˜¦
°³Å¦‡º
„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r—oª¥ª·›¸¡¨«µ­˜¦r ((Dynamic
y analysis)
y ) ‹ÎµÁžÈ œ˜o°ŠÄoÁ¤º°É
(i) ¦Šš¸„É ¦³šÎµ˜n°Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠÂž¦Ÿ´œ˜µ¤Áª¨µ ¨³ (2) Ÿ¨ °ŠÂ¦ŠÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‡ªµ¤
ÁŒºÉ°¥¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°Ÿ¨˜°­œ°Š °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦µŠ
ÁŒ°¥¤Ÿ¨˜°Ÿ¨˜°­œ°Š °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ

ÄĜ‡ªµ¤ÁžÈžÈ œ‹¦·Š· ¡ªnµn ¦Š­nªn œ¤µ„ œÎÎʵ®œ´´„¦¦š»„‹¦

P1 P2 P3
ÁžÈ œÂ¡¨ª´˜· ˜nª«· ª„¦œ·¥¤˜´ŠÊ
¡· ‹µ¦–µÂ­™· ˜¥r
­¤¤»˜“· µœÄ®o¦Šš¸¤É „¸ µ¦Âž¦Ÿ´œ„´
Áª¨µÅ¤n¤µ„ÁžÈ œÂ „¹ÉŠ­™·˜¥r (Quasi static) P1(t) P2(t) P3(t)
‹µ¦–µÂ¡¨ª´˜·
¡·¡‹µ¦–µÂ¡¨ª˜
2
 µÅ¤˜o°Šª·Á‡¦µ³®r¡¨«µ­˜¦r ??
šµÅ¤˜°ŠªÁ‡¦µ³®¡¨«µ­˜¦
šÎ

®µ„ǦŠ­¦µŠ¤‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™Äœ„µ¦˜°­œ°ŠšµŠ¡¨«µ­˜¦—
®µ„ǦŠ­¦oµŠ¤¸‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™Äœ„µ¦˜°­œ°ŠšµŠ¡¨«µ­˜¦r—¸ ð„µ­š‹³Á„—
ð„µ­š¸‹É ³Á„·—
„µ¦Á­¦·¤š´„´œ °ŠÂ¦Š ­nŠŸ¨Ä®oŸ¨˜°­œ°Šš¸ÁÉ „·— œÊ¹ ¤¸‡µn ¤µ„„ªnµÂ¦Š„¦³šÎµ
­™·˜¥r
­™˜¥
¤oªµn ª·«ª„¦¡¥µ¥µ¤¨—¦¼žÂ¦Š„¦³šÎµÂ¡¨«µ­˜¦rÄ®oÁžÈ œ ¦Š­™·˜¥r
Áš¸¸¥Ášnnµ (Equivalent static) Á¡º°Éº ‡ªµ¤­³—ª„Äœ„µ¦°°„
Ä
‡ªµ¤­³—ª„¤µ¡¦o°¤„´ÁŠº°É œÅ ‹Îµ„´—˜nµŠÇ¤µ„¤µ¥ Ç
Ĝ„¦–¸šÃɸ ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ¤¸‡ªµ¤¡·Á«¬
„µ¦ª·Á· ‡¦µ³®rÁr ·Š· ¡¨«µ­˜¦rÁr ¡º°Éº
Ä®oŗoŸ¨˜°­œ°Šš¸™É „¼ ˜o°Š‹¹Š¤¸‡ªµ¤‹ÎµÁžÈ œ!!
Collapse of Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940) 3

· Á‡¦µ³®r¡¨«µ­˜¦r¤¸„¸É ??
„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®Â¡¨«µ­˜¦¤„
„µ¦ª
„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r—ªo ¥ª·›¡¸ ¨«µ­˜¦rÁ·Š¥º—®¥»œ»n ¤¸°¥¼n¼ 2 ®¨´„ ‡º°
(1) „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r—oª¥ª·›¸ Response Time History Analysis
(2) „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r—oª¥ª·›¸ Response Spectrum Analysis
Ground motion
œ·¥¤¤µ„„ªnµ
(Response Time
history analysis-RHA)
(­³—ª„)

Design response spectrum

(Response spectrum Analysis
RSA)

4
 ž¦³„°Äœ„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r°µ‡µ¦¡¨«µ­˜¦r
°Š‡ž¦³„°Äœ„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®°µ‡µ¦¡¨«µ­˜¦
°Š‡r
ž¦³„°Åž—oª¥ 4 ­nªœ ‡º°
¦ŠÁŒºÉ°¥ °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ
( ‡”–‹ƒˆ‘” ‡ǣƒ)

+
‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™Äœ„µ¦­¨µ¥¡¨ŠŠµœ
Ä ´
¦Š„¦³šÎµ
((¡¨ª´˜· —‰) (‡ªµ¤®œnªŠ – †ƒ’‹‰ǣ ˜)
+
­¤—¨¨
­¤—» ‡ªµ¤Â ŠÈ „¦nŠ °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ
(–‹ˆˆ‡••ǣš)
ƒΪ ˜Ϊšα—‰ ­¤„µ¦„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸É
­¤„µ¦„µ¦Á‡¨°œš
5

Šš¸ÉŸ·ª—·œ (PGA)
‡ªµ¤Á¦ŠšŸª—œ
‡ªµ¤Á¦n
Ÿnœ—·œÅ®ªÁ„·—‹µ„„µ¦Á‡¨º°É œ˜´ªš¸ÅÉ ¤nÁšnµ„´œ °ŠÂŸnœÁž¨º°„è„
¡¨´ŠŠµœš¸žÉ ¨—ž¨n°¥°°„¤µ‹µ„´œÊ ®·œ (Rock acceleration) ‹³­nŠŸnµœ¤µ¥´ŠŸ·ª
—·œÄœ¦žž °Š‡¨º
—œÄœ¦¼ °Š‡¨œœÉ (Waves) „°Ä®Á„—
„n°Ä®oÁ„·—
‡ªµ¤Á¦nŠ­¼Š­»—š¸ŸÉ ·ª—·œ
‡ªµ¤Á¦n¦nŠš¸ÉŸ·ª—· œ ((a)

(Peak Ground Acceleration, PGA ®¦º° aG)

Áª¨µ (ª· œµš¸)

6
 ‡ªµ¤Á¦nŠ °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦µŠ
‡ªµ¤Á¦Š °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ (Structural
(St t l acceleration)
l ti )

‡ªµ¤Á¦ŠšŸª—œ
‡ªµ¤Á¦nŠš¸ŸÉ ª· —·œ (PGA) ‹³šµÄ®Ã‡¦Š­¦µŠÁ‡¨°œ˜ª
‹³šÎµÄ®oǦŠ­¦oµŠÁ‡¨º°É œ˜´ª ®¦°Á„—
®¦º°Á„·—
‡ªµ¤Á¦nŠ °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ (Structural acceleration, aS)
Structural Acceleration : a S
‡ªµ¤Á¦nŠ—´Š„¨nµª°µ‹‹³¤¸‡µn ˜„˜nµŠ
Ş‹µ„‡ªµ¤Á¦nŠš¸ŸÉ ª· —·œ œœ°¥¼
Ş‹µ„‡ªµ¤Á¦ŠšŸª—œ ʹ °¥n„´ m
ž‹´ ‹´¥®¨µ¥ž¦³„µ¦ Ánœ PGA : a G

(1) ž’·­¤´ ¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ—·œÂ¨³Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ

(2) ‡»‡–­¤´
–­¤˜šµŠ¡¨«µ­˜¦
˜š· µŠ¡¨«µ­˜¦r °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦µŠ
°ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ ² c wave
s
smi
S ei

¦ŠÁŒºÉ °¥ (Inertia
¦ŠÁŒ°¥ (I ti fforce))

Á¤°¤ª¨
Á¤º °Š°µ‡µ¦®¦º° m = W/g (×¥¤µ„‹³„µ®œ—Ä®¦ª¤„œ°¥¼
°É ¤ª¨ °Š°µ‡µ¦®¦° (×¥¤µ„‹³„ε®œ—Ä®o¦ª¤„´œ°¥nš¡¡œ
ɸ œÊº °Š
˜n¨³´œÊ °Š°µ‡µ¦) Á„·—„µ¦Á‡¨º°É œš¸‹É µ„‡ªµ¤Á¦nŠ °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ (aS) ‹³„n°Ä®oÁ„·—
¦Šš¸Áɸ ¦¸¥¸ „ªnµn ¦ŠÁŒººÉ °¥ (Inertia force) Ž¹ŠÉ¹ ‡ÎµÎ œª–Å—o
Å ‹o µ„
x

F = ma ¤ª¨ x ‡ªµ¤Á¦nŠn m
F = maS
k (stiffness)
Ä o¦ŠÂŸnœ—·œÅÅ®ª
—´Šœ´œÊ ¡ªnµž´®µ °Š°µ‡µ¦£µ¥Ä˜o
‹³Á„·—¤µ‹µ„œÎʵ®œ´„ °Š˜´ªÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÁ°ŠÁžÈ œ®¨´„ ¦ŠÁŒº°œÄœÁ­µ
V = kx
ǦŠ­¦oµŠ­¼ŠÂ˜nÁµ°µ‹‹³Á„·—¦ŠÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Ÿnœ—·œÅ®ª
œo°¥„ªnµÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÁ˜¸¥Ê ˜n®œ´„Å—o (˜µŠ‹µ„¦Š¨¤??)
œ°¥„ªµÃ‡¦Š­¦µŠÁ˜¥Â˜®œ„Å— (˜nµŠ‹µ„¦Š¨¤??)
8
‡µ„µ¦­´œÉ (Period,
‡µ„µ¦­œ (P i d T)
Áª¨µš¸ÃÉ ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÄoĜ„µ¦Á‡¨º°É œ˜´ªÅž-„¨´ ‡¦ 1 ¦° (˜µ¤›¦¦¤µ˜·)
™¼„Á¦¸¥„ªnµ “‡µ„µ¦­´œ›¦¦¤µ˜
É · (Natural period, Tn ®œn ª¥ ª·œµš¸)”
Tn
‡µ›¦¦¤µ˜· ™º°ÁžÈ œ®´ªÄ‹­Îµ‡´ x
t
Ĝª·µÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ¡¨«µ­˜¦r ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³
ĜªµÃ‡¦Š­¦µŠ¡¨«µ­˜¦ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ
x+ x-
°¥nµŠ¥·ŠÉ ‡µ„µ¦­´œÉ “‡nµÂ¦„ (First period)” m m m

®¦º° “‡µ¤¼¨“µœ (Fundamental period)”

N t ­ªœ„¨
Note ­nªœ„¨´ °Š‡µ ‡°
‡º° ‡ªµ¤™
‡ªµ¤™¸É (frequency,
(f f) ¤®œª¥Ážœ
¤¸®œnª¥ÁžÈ œ Hz
H
9

°Š«µ°· ­¦³ (DOFs)

°Š«µ°­¦³ (DOF )
ǦŠ­¦oµŠ¤¸‡µ„µ¦­´œ®¨µ¥‡n
É µ œÊ¹ °¥¼„n ´ ‹Îµœªœ “°Š«µ°·­¦³ (Degree
of freedoms : DOFs)” °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ ץĜš¸œÉ ʸ °Š«µ°·­¦³ ‡º° š·«šµŠÄœ„µ¦
Á‡¨º°É œš¸°É ¥nµŠ°·­¦³ (independent) °Š¤ª¨
Á‡¨°œš°¥µŠ°­¦³ x 2

Y Y Y
x x " sin T T
m2
"1 x1
y " cosT sin E sin T
"2 "2
m m
m1 y2

y "1 "2 y1
T T
" "1

X T E X X
m2
x2 " 1 sin T1  " 1 sin T 2
y2 " 1 cosT1  " 1 cosT 2
One Degree of freedom Two Degree of freedom 10
 ǦŠ­¦o µŠÂ®¨µ¥°Š«µ°·­¦³ (MDOFs)
ǦŠ­¦µŠÂ®¨µ¥°Š«µ°­¦³ (MDOF )
Ĝª·µÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ¡¨«µ­˜¦r ‹³„ε®œ—Ä®o¤ª¨ °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÅž¦ª¤°¥¼šn¼ ɸ
CM (center of mass) Ĝ¡ºœÊ °ŠÂ˜n¨³´œÊ (Rigid diaphragm)
uxi 4rd ux4
m4
y, uy
3rd ux3
m3
x, ux plan
aG r, T 2nd ux2
m2
CM(=CR) CM
1st aG CR
plan m1 ux1 CM = CR
uyi Ti
3 DOF/1 floor
1 DOF/1 floor uxi ´ ´ Ê ¸‡µ 12 ‡µn
—Šœœ¤¸
—´Šœ´œÊ ¤¸‡µ 4 ‡nµ
11

„µ¦­´œÉ (Mode
„µ¦­œ (M d shape)
h )
„µ¦Á‡¨º°É œ˜´ª °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ£µ¥Ä˜o¦Š¡¨«µ­˜¦rĜ˜n¨³‡µ ‹³™¼„
Á¦¸¥„ªnµ „µ¦­´œÉ (Mode shape)
„µ¦­´œš¸
„µ¦­œš­°—‡¨°Š„‡µ‡µ¤¼
É ­É °—‡¨o°Š„´‡nµ‡µ¤¨“µœ
¨“µœ ‹³Â­—Š°°„™Šš«šµŠ„µ¦
‹³Â­—Š°°„™¹Šš·«šµŠ„µ¦
Á‡¨º°É œš¸ÇÉ Šnµ¥š¸­É —» °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ (š·«š¸ÃÉ ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ°n°œÂ°š¸­É —» ) ®¦º°‹³Á„·— œÊ¹ „n°œ
œ´œ´ É Á°Š ×¥š´ªÅž°µ‡µ¦
É RC ‹³¤¸
‡µ¤¼¨“µœž¦³¤µ–šÉ
‡µ¤¨“µœž¦³¤µ–š¸
T = 0.1N Á¤º°É N ‡º°
‹Îµœªœ´œÊ °Š°µ‡µ¦
¨³‡µ˜n°ÇŞš¸É 1/3 ¨³
1/5 ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´
°µ‡µ¦ T1 = 0.45 s T2 = 0.15 s T3 = 0.09 s
12
„µ¦­´œÉ °Š°µ‡µ¦
„µ¦­œ
˜´ª°¥nµŠÃ®¤—„µ¦­´œÉ °Š°µ‡µ¦Â ž¦„˜· (regular building)

Ã¥„Žoµ¥ ­¤—»¨ Ã¥„ ªµ

Mode shape °Š°µ‡µ¦š¸¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤­¤µ˜¦: cantilever deflection , T1 = 1.58 sec
13

„µ¦­´œÉ °Š°µ‡µ¦
„µ¦­œ
˜´ª°¥nµŠÃ®¤—„µ¦­´œÉ °Š°µ‡µ¦Â Ťnž¦„˜· (irregular building)
Shear wall

Ã¥„Žoµ¥ ­¤—»¨ Ã¥„ ªµ

Mode shape °Š°µ‡µ¦š¸¸ÉŤn¤n ¸‡ªµ¤­¤µ˜¦: Torsional distortion, T1 = 1.27 sec
14
 „µ¦¤¸ ­nªœ¦nª¤ °ŠÃ®¤— (Mode
„µ¦¤­ªœ¦ª¤ (M d participation)
ti i ti )
¦Šš¸ÁÉ „·— œÊ¹ ĜǦŠ­¦oµŠ‹µ„‹µ„Ÿnœ—·œÅ®ª ‹³ÂnŠÁ µo °Š‡r°µ‡µ¦˜nµŠÇÇ
˜µ¤ „µ¦¤¸­nªœ¦nª¤ °ŠÃ®¤— (Mode participation) ץ¦Š­»š›·Äœ„µ¦
°°„ ‹³Á„·
‹³Á„—‹µ„„µ¦¦ª¤Â¦ŠÄœÂ˜¨³Ã®¤—
—‹µ„„µ¦¦ª¤Â¦ŠÄœÂ˜n¨³Ã®¤—
Vtotal = (V12 + V22 + V32 + …))0.5 Á¤°
Á¤º°É Vi ‡°
‡º° ¦ŠÄœÃ‡¦Š­¦o
¦ŠÄœÃ‡¦Š­¦µŠ
µŠ °ŠÂ˜¨³Ã®¤—
°ŠÂ˜n¨³Ã®¤—
°¥µŠÅ¦„—Á¦µÅ¤‹µÁžœ˜°Š¦ª¤Â¦Š‹µ„š»
°¥n µŠÅ¦„È—Á¸ ¦µÅ¤n‹µÎ ÁžÈ œ˜o°Š¦ª¤Â¦Š‹µ„š„
„ Á¡¸
Á¡¥ŠÂ˜Á¨°„¦ª¤Â¦Š
¥ŠÂ˜nÁ¨º°„¦ª¤Â¦Š
‹µ„­Îµ‡´ Ž¹ŠÉ ¤¸­ªn œ¦nª¤˜n°Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠÁ„·œ 90% („µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r—oª¥
ަ„¦¤‡°¤¡·ªÁ˜°¦r˜o°Š„ε®œ—‹Îµœªœ minimum mode shapes
Ž¹ É º É
ŽŠÁ¤°¦ª¤„œÂ¨ª¤‡µ´ o ¸ n PMR Á„œ · 90% ¤ÁœœœÂ¦Š®µ¥Åž)
· n ´ Ê Åž)
15

P ti i ti Mass
Participating M Ratio
R ti (PMR)
PMR ­Îµ®¦´ mode š¸É 1 Ž¹ŠÉ ÁžÈ œ cantilever response
¤¸‡µn ‡n°œ µo Š­¼ŠÁ„·œ (80%) ™º°ªnµÁžÈ œÃ‡¦Š­¦o
à µŠ regular

Period T1 = 0.45 s T2 = 0.15 s T3 = 0.09 s

MPR 85% 10% 3%

˜o°o Š„µ¦°¥nµn Šœoo°¥ 2 Modes : 85+10 = 95 > 90% O.K.

16
THE END

Ÿnœ—· œÅ®ªš¸Éž¦³Áš«‹¸œœ¡ºœÊ š¸ÉÇŤnÁ‡¥‡· —ªnµ‹³Á„· —Ÿnœ—· œÅ®ª (2008) 17

éø. ÿčîĉêĉ ÿčõćó

Dr. Suniti Suparp
nisuparp@[Link]
i h

1
 1
2

4
2

` CrossbeamǣStrutǦandǦtiemethod(STM)vs.
conventiondesign
convention design
` Column ǣSeismicconsideration
` Pilecap ǣstrutǦandǦtieapproach
` Pile ǣ
ǣ soilstructureinteraction(SSI)
soil structure interaction (SSI)

3
` „µ¦°°„Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ‡°œ„¦¸˜Á­¦·¤Á®¨È„š´ªÅž‹³Äo É š§¬‘¸ °Š [Link]
œ´œ‡º
É °
` „ε®œ—Ä®o‡ªµ¤Á‡¦¸¥—ž¦Ÿ´œÁžÈ œÁ­oœ˜¦Š˜¨°—®œoµ˜´— Ž¹ŠÉ ÁžÈ œŸ¨Ä®o ¦³œµ
„n°œ„µ¦—´—¥´Š‡Š‡ªµ¤ÁžÈ œ¦³œµ£µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦—´— (plane sections
„°œ„µ¦——¥Š‡Š‡ªµ¤Ážœ¦³œµ£µ¥®¨Š„µ¦——
remain plane)
` °¥nµŠÅ¦„È
Å —®¸ ¨´„„µ¦œ¸Ê¤µ­µ¤µ¦™ÄoÄ Å—o„´ ¡ºœÊ š¸ÇÉ µ—‡ªµ¤˜n°ÁœºÉ °Š
(discontinuities) Ž¹ŠÉ °µ‹Á„·—‹µ„„µ¦Áž¨¸¥É œÂž¨Š°¥nµŠ„³š´œ®´œ °ŠœÎʵ®œ´„
¦¦š»„®¦º°¦¼žš¦ŠšµŠÁ¦ µ‡–·˜

5
` —Šœœ¡œšÄœÃ‡¦Š­¦µŠ‹Š™¼ „Š°°„Ážœ
Š°°„ÁžÈ œ 2 °µ–µ¦Áª–
—´Šœ´œÊ ¡ºœÊ š¸ÄÉ œÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ‹¹Š™„n °µ–µ¦·Áª– œœ‡°
œ´œ‡º
É °
` (1) ¡ºœÊ š¸šÉ §¬‘¸ °Š‡µœ (beam theory) ­µ¤µ¦™ÄoªÁ· ‡¦µ³®rŗo Á¦¸¥„ªnµ
“°µ–µ¦·Áª– B (B-region)”
` ¨³ (2) ¡ºœÊ š¸ÇÉ š§¬‘¸ °Š‡µœÅ¤n­µ¤µ¦™Äoŗo®¦º°¡ºœÊ š¸ÇÉ µ—‡ªµ¤˜n°ÁœºÉ°Š
—´Šš¸„É ¨nµª Ž¹ŠÉ¹ Á¦¸¥„ªnµ “°µ–µ¦·Áª– D (D-region)”

°µ–µ¦·Á· ª– B
°µ–µ¦·Áª– D

` ĜnªŠ ¥º—®¥»nœ (elastic range) Ž¹ŠÉ ®œoµ

˜´—¥´ŠÅ¤nÁ„·—„µ¦Â˜„¦oµª (Uncracked) ‡nµ
®œnª¥Â¦Šš¸ÁÉ „·— œÊ¹ Ĝ D-region ­µ¤µ¦™
ª·Á‡¦µ³®rŗo×¥ FEM ®¦º°š§¬‘¸¥—º ®¥»œn
(theory of elasticity)

7
` ˜Á¤°‡°œ„¦˜Â˜„¦µª
˜nÁ¤º°É ‡°œ„¦¸˜Â˜„¦oµª (cracks) ‹³Á„—„µ¦„¦³‹µ¥„¨
‹³Á„·—„µ¦„¦³‹µ¥„¨´ °ŠÂ¦Š£µ¥Äœ (redistribution
of the internal force) ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„„µ¦Âž¦Ÿ´œ °Š‡ªµ¤Á‡¦¸¥—
` „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®rĜnªŠœ¸ÊÁ®¤µ³­¤š¸‹É ³ª·Á‡¦µ³®r—ªo ¥ ª·›¸Ã‡¦Š o°®¤»œ‹Îµ¨°Š (truss
analogy) —Áš°¦¤Áœš ®¦º°š¸ÁÉ ¦¸¥„ªnµ strut
—¸Áš°¦r¤Á· œš ®¦°šÁ¦¥„ªµ strut-and-tie
and tie model (STM)
` ǦŠ­¦oµŠ °ŠÂ‹Îµ¨°Š
ž¦³„°—oª¥ (1) šn°œÂ¦Š°´—
( t t Á­oœž¦³) (2) œªÂ¦Š—Š
(strut-Á­œž¦³) œªÂ¦Š—¹Š
(tie-Á­oœš¹) ¨³ (3) ¡ºœÊ š¸É‹—» ˜n°
(nodal zone)

` Strut ­µ¤µ¦™‹µ¨°ŠÁžœÂš°œ­Á®¨¥¤ ®¦º° š¦Š ª— (bottle-

­µ¤µ¦™‹Îµ¨°ŠÁžÈ œÂšn°œ­¸ÁÉ ®¨¸¥É ¤ (rectangular) ®¦° (bottle
shaped) Ž¹ŠÉ Á„·— œÊ¹ Ĝ„¦–¸š„ɸ µ¦ÂŸn °ŠÂœªÂ¦Š°´—Á„·—¦³®ªnµŠ¡ºœÊ š¸‹É —» ˜n°Å—o„ªoµŠ¤µ„Ç
(°·­· ¦³)

`×¥š´ªÅž
É strut œ·¥¤‹Îµ¨°ŠÄ®oÁžÈ œ
¤¸¦žš¦ŠÂ­¸
¤¦¼žš¦ŠÂ­Á®¨¥¤‡Šš
ÁÉ ®¨¸¥É ¤‡Šš¸É
(prismatic member) Ž¹ŠÉ œµ—®œoµ˜´—
°Š strut ‹³ œÊ¹ „´¡ºœÊ š¸É °Š¡ºœÊ š¸É
‹—˜n
» °œ´œÁ°Š
É ˜o°Š„µ¦Á®¨È„Á­¦·¤¡·Á«¬
Î ‡ªµ¤Â ŠÈ ¦Š °Š strut ‹³ œÊ¹ „´ „ε¨´Š¦´Â¦Š°´—ž¦³­·š›·Ÿ¨ (effective concrete
compressive i strength)
t th)
9
 ` ÁžÈ œ˜´ªÂšœ °Šª´­—»¦´ ¦Š—¹Š (prestressed ®¦º°
p
nonprestressed steel))
` ¡ºœÊ š¸®É œoµ˜´— °Š tie ‹³ÁžÈ œ¡ºœÊ š¸É °Š‡°œ„¦¸˜š¸®É °n ®»¤o ¡ºœÊ š¸É
°ŠÁ®¨È
°ŠÁ®¨„Á­¦¤—Š„¨µª
„Á­¦·¤—´Š„¨nµª
` Ĝ œ´ Ê ˜°œ °Š„µ¦°°„ ‡°œ„¦¸˜š¸ÄÉ œ tie ‹³™¼„­¤¤»˜·
Ä®oŤn­µ¤µ¦™¦´Â¦Š—¹ŠÅ—o
` °¥nµŠÅ¦„ȗĸ œ£µ¥Ä˜oœÊ宜´„čoŠµœ ((service load)) „ε¨´Š¦´
¦Š—¹Š °Š‡°œ„¦¸˜Äœ­nªœœ¸Ê‹³nª¥Ä®o„µ¦Á­¸¥¦¼ž °Š tie
¨—¨ŠÅ—o
¨—¨ŠÅ—

10

` Ážœ¡œšÁ„—‹µ„„µ¦˜—„œ
ÁžÈ œ¡ºœÊ š¸ÁÉ „·—‹µ„„µ¦˜´—„´œ °Š strutt t
¨³ tie
` ¡ºœÊ š¸œÉ ʸ¤‡¸ ªµ¤­Îµ‡´ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ÁžÈ œ‹»—
¦ª¤ °ŠÂ¦ŠÂ¨³ÁžÈ œ¡ºœÊ š¸ÇÉ ÁžÈ œ˜´ª
™nµ¥Â¦Š °Š strut ¨³ tie
` ¡ºœÊ š¸œÉ ʸ­µ¤µ¦™‹Îµ¨°ŠÄ®o·œÊ Á—¸¥ª
¡œšœ­µ¤µ¦™‹µ¨°ŠÄ®ÂœÁ—¥ª
®¦º°Â¥„®¨µ¥·œÊ Á¡º°É šÎµ„µ¦­¤—»¨
¦Š
` Á¡º°É ­¤—»¨°¥nµŠœo°¥‹³˜o°Š¤¸ 3 ¦Š
„¦³šÎµš¸É nodal zone

11
` œ´ Ê ˜°œ„µ¦°°„—oª¥ª·›¸ STM ž¦³„°—ª¥
œ˜°œ„µ¦°°„—ª¥ª› ž¦³„°—oª¥
` (1) ˜¦ª‹­°ªnµ STM ­µ¤µ¦™ÄoĜ„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®rŗo®¦º°Å¤n ?? (ACI approach)
` (2) Â¥„­nªœš¸ÁÉ žÈ œ B-region ¨³ D-region
` (3) ‡Îµœª–®µÂ¦Šž’·’„¦· ¥· µÄœ D-region
` (4) Á¨º°„¦¼žÂ„µ¦ªµŠ Strut ¨³ tie ˜µ¤¦¼žÂ °Š Truss analogy
` (5) ‡µœª–®µÂ¦ŠÄœ
‡Îµœª–®µÂ¦ŠÄœ strut ¨³ tie
` (6) ‡Îµœª–®µ œµ— °Š nodal zone
` (7) ˜¦ª‹­°„ε¨´Š °Š strut š´ŠÊ Ĝ­nªœ„¹ŠÉ „¨µŠÂ¨³š¸žÉ ¨µ¥·œÊ ­nªœ
` (8)
( ) ®µž¦·¤µ–Á®¨È„Á­¦·¤‹µ„ tie
` (9) „µ¦Ä®o¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—¨³˜¦ª‹­°ž¦·¤µ–Á®¨È„Á­¦·¤˜Îɵ­»—

12

` ˜o°Š˜¦ª‹­°ªnµ

5
Vu d f cc bw d
6

` ACI approach only

13
 ` „µ¦Á¨º°„¦¼žÂÁžÈ œÁ­¦¸ °ŠŸ¼°o °„
—´Šœ´œÊ Ÿ¨ÁŒ¨¥Ã—¥ª·›œ¸ ʸ‹Š¹ ¤¸®¨µ¥ÂœªšµŠ
` °¥nµŠÅ¦„È—¦¸ ž¼ š¸ÁÉ ®¤µ³­¤˜o°Š “ÁžÈ œ
¦¼¦žÂš¸
žÂšÃ‡¦Š­¦µŠÄ¡¨ŠŠµœœ°¥­»
ÃÉ ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÄo¡¨´ŠŠµœœo°¥­—Äœ
—Äœ
„µ¦™nµ¥ÁšÂ¦Š„¦³šÎµ¨Š“µœ¦°Š¦´”
` °¥nµŠÅ¦„È—¸ model š¸¤É ¸ “‹ÎµœªœÂœª °Š tie
œo°¥” ÁžÈ œš¸œÉ ·¥¤Äœ„µ¦°°„

14

` ­µ¤µ¦™šÎµ„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–Å—o‹µ„Âœª °Š crack ®¦º° FEM

P P P

Compressive stress

Tensile stress

15
` Ĝ„¦–š
Ĝ„¦–¸šÉ¸ strut 2 ˜ª®¦°¤µ„„ªµ¤µœ„œš—µœÄ——µœ®œŠ
˜´ª®¦º°¤µ„„ªnµ¤µœ„´œš¸—É µo œÄ——oµœ®œ¹ÉŠ °Š node ˜°Ššµ
˜o°ŠšÎµ
„µ¦¦ª¤Â¦ŠÂ¨³‡Îµœª–®µ ¤»¤ °ŠÂ¦Š¨´¡›rÄ®¤n
` ‡ªµ¤®œµ °Š strut / tie / nodal zone
Ášnµ„´‡ªµ¤®œµ °Š°Š‡r°µ‡µ¦š¸­É œÄ‹
` ™oµ‡ªµ¤®œµ °Š bearing œo°¥„ªnµ‡ªµ¤
®œµ °Š°Š‡r
°Š°Š‡°µ‡µ¦
°µ‡µ¦ °µ‹¤‡ªµ¤‹µÁžœ˜°Š
°µ‹¤¸‡ªµ¤‹ÎµÁžÈ œ˜o°Š
¨—‡ªµ¤®œµ °Š strut/tie/nodal zone ¨Š
®¦º°˜o°Š¤¸„µ¦Á¡·¤É Á®¨È„Á­¦·¤Ž¹ŠÉ ªµŠ˜´ŠÊ Œµ„
„´„¦³œµ„µ¦ª˜Á¡°Á¡¤„µ¦Ã°¦—Á¡°
¦³œµ„µ¦ª·˜´ Á· ¡º°É Á¡·¤É „µ¦Ã°¦´—Á¡º°É
žo°Š„´œ„µ¦ž¦·Â˜„

16

` ‡nµÂ¦Š°´—š¸ÁÉ „·— œÊ¹ Ĝ strut ™¼„‡ª‡»¤Ã—¥

Pu <= IPn

Á¤º°É Pn ‡º° „ε¨´Š °Š strut ¨³

f ༡ 0.70

17
` Unreinforced concrete strut

Pn = fcuAcs

Á¤º°É fcu = f’c/(0.8+170H1)<=0.85f’c (limiting compressive stress)

H1 = (Hs + 0.002)cot
0 002)cot2Ds
Hs = tensile strain in the concrete in the direction of tension tie,
Ds = smallest angle between the compressive strut and adjoining
tension tie, DEG
Acs = effective area of strut

18

` Unreinforced concrete strut

Pn = fcuAcs

Á¤º°É fcu = f’c/(0.8+170H1)<=0.85f’c (limiting compressive stress)

H1 = ((Hs + 0.002)cot
) 2Ds
Hs = tensile strain in the concrete in the direction of tension tie,
Ds = smallest angle between the compressive strut and adjoining
tension tie, DEG
Acs = effective area of strut
Note for individual strut Hs shall be included to H1 equation

19
` Reinforced concrete strut

Pn = fcuAcs + fyAss

Á¤º°É Ass = are of reinforcement in strut

20

` „ε¨´Š °Š tension tie ‡Îµœª–‹µ„

Pn = fyAst + Aps(fpe + fy)

Á¤º°É fy = „ε¨´Š‡¦µ„ °ŠÁ®¨È„Á­¦·¤ž¦„˜·

fpe = ®œnª¥Â¦ŠÄœ¨ª—°´—¦Š (£µ¥®¨´Š‹µ„„µ¦ losses)
Astt = ¡œš
¡ºœÊ š¸É °ŠÁ®¨„Á­¦¤ž¦„˜Äœ
°ŠÁ®¨È„Á­¦·¤ž¦„˜·Äœ tie
Aps = ¡ºœÊ š¸É °Š¨ª—¨´—¦ŠÄœ tie

21
` Ĝ„¦–¸šÉ¸ nodal zone µ„„µ¦Á­¦·¤„ε¨´Š¦´Â¦ŠÃ°¦´— (confining reinforcement)
‡nµ„ε¨´Š˜o°Š¤¸‡µn ŤnÁ„·œ

I c Î node regions bounded by compressive struts and bearing area

(1) 0.85If’
(2) 0.75If’c Î node regions anchoring only tension tie
(3) 0.65If’c Î node region anchoring tension ties in more than one direction

×¥ I = 0.70

22

` Á¡º°É ®o°Š„´œ„µ¦Á„·—¦°¥¦oµªš¸„É ªoµŠÁ„·œÅžÄœ°Š‡r°µ‡µ¦š¸°É °„—oª¥ª·›¸ STM

“
(¥„ÁªoœÂŸnœ¡ºœÊ ¨³“µœ¦µ„) ¨³Á¡º°É Ä®oœnċªnµÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ¤¸‡ªµ¤Á®œ¸¥ªÁ¡¸¥Š¡°
Á¡º°É Ä®oÁ„·—„µ¦„¦³‹µ¥ °Š®œnª¥Â¦Š£µ¥
` AASHTO LRFD ¦³» ¦³Ä®o
Ä®˜°Ššµ„µ¦Á­¦¤Á®¨„Äœ¨„¬–³
˜°o ŠšÎµ„µ¦Á­¦·¤Á®¨È„Äœ¨´„¬–³ °Š˜µ¦µŠ (orthogonal
reinforcing grid) Ĝ˜n¨³®œoµ °Š°Š‡r°µ‡µ¦
` šŠœ¸
´ Ê Ê¦¸ ³¥³Á¦¸¥¸ Š °ŠÁ®¨È„È —Š„¨n
´ µn ª˜o°o ŠÅ¤n
Å Án „·œ· 30 Ž¤.
` ×¥¤¸°˜´ ¦µ­nªœÁ®¨È„Á­¦·¤Ášnµ„´ 0.003 Ĝ˜n¨³š·«šµŠ

` Note š´šŠœ
ŠÊ œ¸Ê AASHTO ¥°¤Ä®o
œÎµÁ®¨È„Á­¦·¤ œœ˜µŽŠ°¥¼
¥°¤Ä®œµÁ®¨„Á­¦¤ ´ Ê ˜ÎɵŽ¹ŠÉ °¥nĜ¡º
œÊ š¸É °Š Tie
œ¡œš
¤µnª¥Äœ„µ¦‡Îµœª–„ε¨´Š¦´Â¦Š—¹ŠÅ—o

23
` ‹Š°°„Á®¨È„Á­¦·¤ °Š‡µœ ªµŠ—´ŠÂ­—ŠÄœ¦¼ž

24

` „µ®œ—
„ε®œ— ff’c = 24 MPa, fy = 400 MPa
` Á­µ¦°Š¦´ÁžÈ œÁ­µ„¨¤ œµ—Á­oœŸnµœ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠ 75 Ž¤.
` „ε®œ—‡ªµ¤®œµ cap = 80 Ž¤.
` œÎʵ®œ´„¦¦š»„» ÁžÈ œœÎʵ®œ´„ž¦³¨´¥š¸¦É ª¤œÎʵ®œ´„˜µ¥˜´ª °Š cap beam ¨oª

¾ ž¨ŠÁ­µ„¨¤ÁžÈ œÁ­µÁ®¨¸¥É ¤ ‹³Å—o D = 66.467 Ž¤.

¾ „ε®œ— covering 5 Ž¤.

25
 ` Áœ°Š‹µ„
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ Vu = 1425 kN < (5/6)sqrt(24) 800 (900 50) = 2776 kN O.K.
(5/6)sqrt(24)*800*(900-50)

µœª–¦Šž’·„·¦·¥µ
‡µœª–¦Šž’„¦¥µ
‡Î
Moment

Shear

Reaction

26

456.77 kN 1425 kN
1425 kN 968 23 kN
968.23
V = 14425.00 kNN
V = 456.77 kNN
V = 968.23 kNN
V = 1425 kN

1425 kN 456.77 kN
968 23 kN
968.23 1425 kN
CL
nŠ¡ºœÊ š¸É °ŠÁ­µ (1.1) : (1425/2393.23)*66.467 = 39.576 Ž¤.
(1.2) : (968.23/2393.23)*66.467 = 26.891 Ž¤.
nŠ¡ºœÊ š¸É °ŠÁ­µ (2.1) : (456.77/1881.77)
Š¡œš (456.77/1881.77)*66.467
66.467 = 16.134 Ž¤.
(2.2) : (1425/1881.77)*66.467 = 50.333 Ž¤.
B i
Bearing (3 1) : (968.23/1425)*50
(3.1) (968 23/1425)*50 = 33.973
33 973 Ž¤.
Ž¤
(3.2) : (456.77/1425)*50 = 16.027 Ž¤. 27
¾ ž¦³¤µ–  œ °Š truss Ášnµ„´ jd = (7/8)d ®¦º° (7/8)(90-5) = 74.37 Ž¤.

28

MEMBER FORCE (kN)

AB 1977.32
BC 1370.83
CD 1974.79
DE 350.31
EF 1016.58
FG 666.27
GH 1684.94
HI 232.84
AD 1370.83
CF 350.31
EH 666.27
GJ 232 84
232.84

29
Concrete covering x 2
(Tie controlled)

30

ž¦³¤µ– œµ— °Š “c” c Ášµ„ (Naaman 2000) Î Top steel

Ášnµ„´ 15% °Š h (Naaman,
—´Šœ´œÊ c = 0.15x90 = 13.5 Ž¤. œ´œ‡º
É ° a = c/0.85 = 15.88 Ž¤. (čo 16 Ž¤.)

31
ž¦³¤µ– œµ— °Š “c” c Ášµ„ (Naaman 2000) Î bottom steel
Ášnµ„´ 10% °Š h (Naaman,
—´Šœ´œÊ c = 0.10x90 = 9.0 Ž¤. œ´œ‡º
É ° a = c/0.85 = 10.59 Ž¤. (čo 11 Ž¤.)

32

steel controlled




   r


r

 



r 


“a” controlled

33
    

   

34

Node Thickness Vertical area Horizontal area Inclined area

(mm) (mm.2) (mm.2) (mm.2)
A 800 80000 400000 343680
B 800 128000 316640 316880
C 800 128000 215120 217040
D 800 88000 271760 209920
E 800 88000 128240 136240
F 800 80000 129040 129440
G 800 80000 402640 383200
H 800 128000 400000 406560

Design area of struts

35
 Strut Left end Right end
Node Area (mm.2) Node Area (mm.2)
AB A 343680 B 316880
CD C 217040 D 209920
EF E 136240 F 129440
GH G 383200 H 406560
HI H 406560 I 128000

36

` ‡µÂ¦Š­¼ Š­»—Äœ Top-Tie

‡nµÂ¦Š­Š­—Äœ Top Tie ‡° 1370 83 kN Î Overhang
༡ 1370.83
` ‡nµÂ¦Š­¼Š­»—Äœ Bottom-tie ‡º° 350.31 kN
` Á¤º°É IfyAst >= 1370.83, Ast = 1370.83x1000/0.9/400 = 3807.861 mm.2 Î Top
` Á¤º°É IIfyAst >= 350.31, Ast = 350.31x1000/0.9/400 = 973.08 mm.2 Î Top
` Use DB25 : As = 490.87 mm.2
` Top reinforcement : Num = 3807.86/490.87
3807 86/490 87 = 7.75
7 75 # use 8 #
` Bottom reinforcement : Num = 973.08/490.87 = 1.98 # use 2 #
` Minimum for tension steel : 14/fy = 14/400 = 0.035,
` Ass,min1
min1 = 0.035x800x850 = 238000 mm.2 or
` Asmin2 = 1.33As,required = 1.33x973.08 = 1294.196 mm.2 == use here!!
` —´Šœ´œÊ Á®¨È„¨nµŠÄo Num
—ŠœœÁ®¨„¨µŠÄ N 1294.196/490.87
1294 196/490 87 = 2.64
2 64 # č
čo 3 Á­œ
Á­oœ
37
 Node Efficiency factor Horizontal face (kN) Vertical face (kN) Inclined face
(kN)
A Force 0.75 1425 1370.83 1977.32
Strength 0.75 5040 1008.00 4330.37
B Force 0.85 1370.83 1425 1977.32
Strength 0.85 4521.20 1827.84 4525.05
C Force 0.75 968.23 1370.83+350.31 = 1721.14 1974.79
Strength 0.75 2710.51 1612.80 2734.70
D Force 0.75 968.23 1370.83+350.31 = 1721.14 1974.79
Strength 0.75 3424.18 1108.80 2644.99
E Force 0.75 456.77 350.31+666.27 = 1016.58 1016.58
Strength 0.75 1615.82 1108.80 1716.62
F Force 0.75 456.77 350.31+666.27 = 1016.58 1016.58
Strength 0.75 1625.90 1008.00 1630.94
G Force 0.75 1425 666.27+232.84 = 899.11 1684.94
Strength 0.75 5073.26 1008.00 4828.32
H Force 0.75 1425 666.27+232.84 = 899.11 1684.94
Strength 0.75 5040.00 1612.80 5122.6538

` ˜´ª°¥nµŠ­Îµ®¦´ node A
Hs = 0 + 0.002
0 002 = 0
0.001
001

Hs = 0 Hs = Ts/(As*Es)
(full anchorage) = 1370.83x1000/(8*491*2x105)
46.11o
= 0.002

—´Šœ´œÊ H1 = 0.001 + (0.001 + 0.002)cot246.11

= 0.004 mm./mm
fcu =24/(0.8+170x0.004)
( ) <= 0.85x24
= 16.22 <=20.40
—´Šœ´œÊ IPn = 0.7x16.22x343680/1000
—Šœœ 1977 32 kN O.K.
0 7x16 22x343680/1000 = 3902 kN > 1977.32 OK
39
 ` ˜´ª°¥nµŠ­Îµ®¦´ node B Î No tie Î Hs = 0

—´Šœ´œÊ H1 = 0 + (0 + 0.002)cot246.11
= 0.002
0 002 mm./mm
/
fcu = 24/(0.8+170x0.002)
( ) <= 0.85x24
= 21.05 <=20.40
—´Šœ´œÊ IPn = 0.7x21.05x316880/1000
—Šœœ 0 7x21 05x316880/1000 = 4669.81 1977 32 kN O.K.
4669 81 kN > 1977.32 OK

40

` ­Îµ®¦´ÁŠº°É œÅ r = 0.003 ­Îµ®¦´Á®¨È„Á­¦·¤¦´Â¦ŠÁŒº°œ ‹³Å—o

` Av = 0.003x240x800
0 003x240x800 = 576 mm. mm 2
` ®µ„čo DB12 ‹³Å—o Num = 576/113 = 5.09 Á­oœ
` ®¦º° 3loops DB12 œª—·ŠÉ
` Á®¨È„ È Á­¦·¤· ˜´ª´ œ¸Ê¸˜°o ŠÅžÁž¦¸
Ş ž ¥¸ Áš¸¥¸ „´´ Á®¨È„È Á­¦·¤· œ´ Ê ˜ÎɵК¸˜É¸ °o Š„µ¦Ã—¥
Ã
` ((1)) ¡§˜·
§ „¦¦¤‡µœ¨¹„ ((deepp beam)) ¨³
` (2) ¡§˜·„¦¦¤‡µœž¦„˜·

41
Design criteria

42

43
 „µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®„µ¨Š¦Â¦Š——
„µ¦ª· Á‡¦µ³®r„µÎ ¨´Š¦´Â¦Š—´— °ŠÁ­µÄœš»
°ŠÁ­µÄœš„¤µ˜¦“µœ­µ¤µ¦™šÎ
„¤µ˜¦“µœ­µ¤µ¦™šµÅ—×¥„µ¦¡‹µ¦–µ
µÅ—o×¥„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ
interaction diagram P n
H cu

(0, P0 ) „µ¦ª·˜´ š· ‡É¸ ª‡»¤Ã—¥Â¦Š°´—

A
Uniaxial bending „µ¦ª·˜´ Ä· œnªŠÁž¨¸¥É œ™nµ¥

P M (0, Pn (max) )
B C H cu
„µ¦ª·˜´ š· ™É¸ „„‡ª‡¤Ã—¥Â¦Š—¹
„µ¦ª˜š™¼ ‡ª‡»¤Ã—¥Â¦Š—ŠŠ

H cu „µ¦ª˜Â
„µ¦ª·˜´ · 
e 0 1/e min ¦Š°´—ÁžÈ œ®¨´„
D
Hy
My
‹»—„εÁœ·— 1/eb (M nb , Pnb ) „µ¦ª·˜´ · 
Mx (Origin) E
H cu ¦Š—¹ŠÁžÈ œ®¨´„
=
F
(0,0) e f G (M 0 ,0) Mn
Mb = (My2 + Mx2)0.5
Ht 0.005
44

„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®
„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r biaxial strength ­µ¤µ¦™ªÁ‡¦µ³®Ã—¥ž¦³¤µ–‹µ„
­µ¤µ¦™ª·Á‡¦µ³®r×¥ž¦³¤µ–‹µ„
1 1 1 1
  Á¤°Éº Pu t 0.10If cc Ag
Prxy Prx Pry P0

M ux M uyy
¨³  d 1 .0 Á¤º°É
Á¤° Pu  0.10If cc Ag
M rx M ry

Á¤º°É Prxy = Factored axial resistance in biaxial flexure

Prx,Pry = Factored axial resistance corresponding to Mrx,Mry
Mrx,Mry = Uniaxial factored moment about x, y axis
45
 
Design
Design
load 
¦Š„¦³šÎµ˜o°Š°¥n£µ¥Äœ interaction curve
¦Š„¦³šµ˜°Š°¥¼

–‡”ƒ –‹‘
•—”ˆƒ ‡

46

˜o°o ŠÁžÈžÈ œÅž˜µ¤­¤„µ¦

Ş Vu d I(Vc  Vs )

Á¤º°É
§ Nu ·
Vc ¨
0.17 1  ¸ f cc bw d
¨ 14 Ag ¸
© ¹
¨³
Av f y d
Vs
s
47
` ­µ¤µ¦™Äo„µ¦°°„—oª¥ª·›¸ general
design Á®¤º°œ‡µœ Ž¹ŠÉ ˜o°Š¡·‹µ¦–µ‡nµ Hx
ÁœºÉº°Š‹µ„ Nu (negative) —oª¥

Vc 0.083E f cc bv d v

` E, T = factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to

transmit tension (function of ex and vu/f’c for sxe)

Av f vy d v cot T
Vs
s
48

‡nµ¨—¨Š ˜·—¨
|Mu |
 0.5Nu  0.5|Vu  Vp |cott T  Aps fps
dv
Hx d 0.001
2(E s As  E p Aps )

` IfHHx fromaboveequationarenegative,thestrainshallbe
If from above equation are negative the strain shall be
takenas

|Mu |
 0.5Nu  0.5|Vu  Vp |cot T  Aps fps
dv
Hx
2(E c Ac  E s As  E p Aps )
Note :ThesignofHx shallbemaintained.
49
 ‡nµ Hx ¨— Î E Á¡·É¤ Î Vc Á¡·É¤ 50

` SimplifiedforRC
Simplified for RC :FornonͲprestressedconcretesectionnot
: For non prestressed concrete section not
subjectedtoaxialtensionandcontainingatleasttheminimum
transverse reinforcement (Av,min),orhavinganoveralldepthof
transversereinforcement(A ) or having an overall depth of
lessthan400mm.
Vc 0.083E f cc bv d v
T=45o
E =2.0
=20
f cc
Vc | bv d v
6
Av f vy d v cot T
Vs
s
Av f vy d v
Vs
s
51
 ` œ°„‹µ„‹³¡·‹µ¦–µ­¤„µ¦ µo Š¨nµŠŸnµœÂ¨oª
M u d IM n & Vu d IVn

` ‡ª¦¡‹µ¦–µ‡µ
· n momentt tto shear
h strength
t th ratio
ti —ª¥
o

Mn
d 1.0
aVn

` Á¡º
Á¡°š‹³ÂœÄ‹ªµš­£µª³ž¦³¨¥
°É š¸‹É ³Âœnċªnµš¸­É £µª³ž¦³¨´¥
„µ¦ª·˜´ ­· —» šoµ¥ °ŠÁ­µ‡º° „µ¦—´—

52

START
Evaluationflowchart
No Yes
N / N b  1

Column failure Beam-column failure

Yes
V c / P y  1

No
Yielding of Main Reinf
Reinf.
without shear crack
V c  V c

Flexural failure before

Shear Crack  1 No
V V  V
V c / P u yielding of web Reinf
Reinf.
n c s
without shear crack
Yes
Shear Crack
V n V c  V s

Yielding of main Reinf. Flexural failure before

 1 No before yielding  1 No
V n / P y
of web Reinf.
V n / P u yielding of web Reinf.
V n V c  V s with shear crack
Yes Yes
Yielding of web Reinf. Yielding of main and
before yielding Web Reinf.
of main Reinf. ~
Vˆ n V c  V su V n V c  V su

Yielding of main and Flexural failure after

No ~ No
Vˆ n / P y  1 web Reinf. V n / P u  1 yielding of web Reinf.
~
V n V c  V su with shear crack
Yes Yes
Shear failure before Shear failure after
yielding of main Reinf. yielding of main Reinf.
53
` The failure codes use in this research are defined as followings:

` (1) Flexural failure before yielding of web reinforcement without shear crack (FBO)

` (2) Flexural failure before yielding of web reinforcement with shear crack (FBW)

` (3) Flexural failure after yielding of web reinforcement with shear crack (FAW)

` (4) Shear failure after yielding of main reinforcement (SAY)

` (5) Shear failure before yielding of main reinforcement (SBY)

54

` ­¤„µ¦ °ŠÂ¦ŠÁŒº°œ‡ª¦¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„ ­¤„µ¦š¸¡É ‹· µ¦–µ shear strength

g
degradation

Av f y d ª 0 .5 f c P º
 k« 1 » 0.8 Ag
c
Vn k
s « a/d 0.5 Ag f cc »
¬ ¼

` ­¤„µ¦œ¸ÊÁ­œ°Ã—¥ Sozen, H. and Moehle, J. P. (2004) Ž¹ŠÉ ¦ª¤Ÿ¨ °Š„µ¦Á­º°É ¤¨—

°Š„εΠ¨´Š´ ¦´´ ¦ŠÁŒºº°œÁ¤º°Éº „µ¦Á‡¨º°Éº œš¸É¸ °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦o
à µo Š¤µ„ (Á®œ¸¸¥ª) Á®¤µ³­ÎµÎ ®¦´´ Á­µš¸É¸
Ťnŗo°°„Â¨³Á­¦·¤Á®¨È„Á¡º°É ˜oµœšµœÂŸnœ—·œÅ®ª (lightly reinforcement)

55
 ` ­¤„µ¦š¸ÁÉ ­œ°Ã—¥ Priestly ¨³‡–³ (1995)
Vn Vc  Vs  V p
` Á¤º°É
Á¤°
Vc k f cc Ae ×¥ Ae 0.80 Ag
Av f y D c
Vs cot T
s
Vs

D’
56

` ‡Îµœª–‹µ„

Vp P tan D

57
 Reduction factor (k)

1.2
Priestly - 1995
0, 1 2, 1
1 Moehle - 2004

0.8
MPa)

0.6 6, 0.7 10, 0.7

k (M

0.4
0, 0.29 2, 0.29

0.2
10, 0.05
8, 0.05
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Ductility factor

58

59
 Balanced design
` „µ¦°°„“µœ¦µ„ž¦„˜ÄÂœª‡—
„µ¦°°„“µœ¦µ„ž¦„˜· °Šª·›¸ “µœ¦µ„ ŠÁ„¦Š
čoœª‡·— °Šª› ŠÈ Á„¦ÈŠ œœ‡°
œ´œ‡º
É °
(1) „ε®œ—Ä®o“µœ¦µ„¤¸­˜·¢Áœ­­¼Š¼ ¨³­µ¤µ¦™„¦³‹µ¥Â¦Š¨ŠÁ ¤È ŗo°¥nµŠ
­¤ÎɵÁ­¤°®¦º°¤¸„µ¦„¦³‹µ¥Â¦ŠÂÁ·ŠÁ­oœ
P
P
R1 = P/3 R2 = P/3 R3 = P/3

(Rigid Beam)
P
βϔλυϔΣ
R1 =0 R2 = P R3 = 0

((Flexible Beam)

60

„µ¦°°„—oª¥ª· ›¸—Š´ Ê Á—·¤ ((Conventional Design

g Method)
Method)

(2) ¡‹µ¦–µÂšœ®ªÁ
¡·‹µ¦–µÂšnœ®´ªÁ ¤Á­¤°œ‡µœ¥œ
¤È Á­¤º°œ‡µœ¥ºœÉ äÁ¤œ˜š®œµ˜—ª„§˜‡µœª–‹µ„¦Š
äÁ¤œ˜rš®É¸ œoµ˜´—ª·„§˜·‡µÎ œª–‹µ„¦Š
ž’·„¦· ¥· µÄœÁ ¤È ‡¼– œÂ¦Š
P

q = P/A
L

(„) “µœÂŸn
q = P/A L

L P/2

(„) “µœ¦µ„Á­µÁ ¤È
L
P/2 P/2

61
 Load transfer in footing
` Ĝ‡ªµ¤Ážœ‹¦Š
Ä žÈ · Ã×¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥µŠ¥Š
n ·É
šnœ®´ªÁ ¤È š¸¤É ‡¸ ªµ¤¨¹„¤µ„ÇÇ ((a/d < 1))
` ¡§˜„¦¦¤Äœ„µ¦™µ¥Â¦Š
¡§˜·„¦¦¤Äœ„µ¦™nµ¥Â¦Š
‹³Å¤nÁžÈ œÂ “‡µœ¥µª
(slender beam)”
` ˜n¤¡
¸ §˜·„¦¦¤™nµ¥Â¦ŠÂ d
“‡µœ¨¹„ (Deep beam)”
a
Thk. pile cap 662

„µ¦°°„—o
„µ¦°°„—ª¥ª¥ STM
` ›—¸ Š´ „¨nµª¡´•œµ¤µ‹µ„ Truss Analogy Method
ª·ª›—Š„¨µª¡•œµ¤µ‹µ„
` ­µ¤µ¦™ª·Á‡¦µ³®r N
N
Moment ¨³ shear œªÂ¦Š—¹Š
(Tie)
ŗoĜ‡¦µªÁ—¸¥ª
ŗĜ‡¦µªÁ—¥ª y
z x

®´ªÁ ¤È
®´ªÁ ¤È
œªÂ¦Š°´—
(Strut) =Lx
¤È
®´ªÁ ¤È ª´ Á
‡ªµ¤¨¹„ž¦³­·š›·Ÿ¨ nµŠ®
¦³¥³¦ ®ª
(Effective depth,
depth d) ³®ªµn Š ³¦³
®ª´ Á ¤È
=L ¦³¥
y ®´ªÁ ¤È

` ¤¸Ä¸ oÄo œ¤µ˜¦“µœ„µ¦°°„ °Š¥»Ã¦žž (œµœÂ¨oªo )

` ž‹´ ‹» » œ´ ¤µ˜¦“µœ
“ ACI ŗo„µÎ ®œ—Ä®oÁžÈ œ 1 ª·›š¸ Äɸ oĜ„µ¦°°„
663
 P
d l l 1 äĒĩ ùćóĝăçûïĔïáăĔĂĒ
P ğùĜĊĒĜâģā
R1 R2
C ćĒôĝùćâčç
T T
2 Strut & Tie èĒá
C T =Tan
=Tan-11(d/l) R1 R2
R1 Ġû ĜĤĕ âģģā
ĝăçáăĐ÷ĩĒĩ Ġû÷ĕ
T
T 3 ĊāôĘ
Ċāôąâčçĝăç÷ĕ
ąâčçĝăç÷èĘ è Ĥ ô
ôõõčč
Ĥ
R1=CsinT ..(1)
T = CcosT ..(2)
T/R
/ 1 = cosT/sinT
/ 4 þė
ù ĥ ÷ĕĜĤ ċąģáĜĊăĔā (A))
þù÷ĜċąáĜĊăā
Î T = R1(cosT/sinT) = R1/tanT
= T/(Ify)
0.90
0 (RC
C LRFD)

664

˜ÎµÂ®œn Š °ŠÂ¦Š„¦³šµ
˜µÂ®œŠ °ŠÂ¦Š„¦³šÎµ
` ŸoŸ¼°°„­µ¤µ¦™„µ®œ—˜µÂ®œŠ
°„­µ¤µ¦™„ε®œ—˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ load Ūš„¨µŠÁ­µ
Ūoš„ɸ ¨µŠÁ­µ ŽŠ‹³šµÄ®
Ž¹ŠÉ ‹³šÎµÄ®o Strut
angle (T) ¤¸‡µn ¤µ„ Î ˜o°Š„µ¦Á®¨È„Á­¦·¤¤µ„
` ®¦º°„ε®œ—˜ÎµÂ®œn Š load „¹ŠÉ „¨µŠ °Š‡¦¹ŠÉ Á­µÅ—o Î „µ¦°°„‹³
ž¦³®¥´— ¹œÊ
P P/2 P/2
/

T T

P/2 P/2 P/2

/ P/2
/

Mid of Column Mid half of Column

65
 —ªµŠÁ®¨È„Á­¦·¤
„µ¦‹´
„µ¦‹—ªµŠÁ®¨„Á­¦¤
` ‡nµš¸ÅÉ —o‹µ„ STM ÁžÈ œÂ¦Š—¹Š¦³®ªnµŠ®´ªÁ ¤È —´Šœ´œÊ „µ¦Á­¦·¤Á®¨È„‡ª¦
‹³„¦³‹„Á®¨È
‹³„¦³‹» „Á®¨„Ĝœª®ªÁ
„Ĝœª®´ªÁ ¤È
` ˜Áœ°Š‹µ„
˜n ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ACI °œ»
°œµ˜Ä®o
µ˜Ä®„¦³‹µ¥Á®¨„Á­¦¤°¥µŠ­¤µÁ­¤°Å—
„¦³‹µ¥Á®¨È„Á­¦·¤°¥nµŠ­¤ÎɵÁ­¤°Å—o
—´Šœ´œÊ „µ¦Á­¦·¤Á®¨È„­µ¤µ¦™šÎµÅ—o×¥„µ¦œÎµ¡ºœÊ š¸ÁÉ ®¨È„Á­¦·¤˜µ¤
œª®´ªÁ ¤È ¤µ¦ª¤„´œÂ¨oª„¦³‹µ¥

666
Balanced Method STM

2 piles

3 piles
p

4 piles

5 piles

67
 N
N
œªÂ¦Š—¹Š
(Ti )
(Tie)
z x
y
®´ªÁ ¤È
®´ªÁ ¤È
œªÂ¦Š°——
œªÂ¦Š°´
(Strut) = Lx
®´ªÁ ¤È ª´ Á ¤È
‡ªµ¤¨¹„ž¦³­·š›·Ÿ¨ ¦³ nª Š®
µ
(Effective depth, d)
¥³¦³®
ªnµŠ®ª´ ³ ¦³®
Á ¤È = ¦³¥
L
y ®´ªÁ ¤È

668

N ¦Š„¦³šÎµ (Load)
œªÂ¦Š°´— (strut) N

C
d C d
T T

œªÂ¦Š—¹Š (Tie)
P/2 P/2 /
N/2 N/2
/
l l/2 l/2

¦Š—¹Š T ­µ¤µ¦™‡Îµœª–Å—o‹µ„ ­µ¤Á®¨¸¥É ¤‡¨oµ¥ °ŠÂ¦Š

T N /2
l /2 d
Nl
œœ‡º
´ É °º T
4d
69
 N
l/2
C
30o C ­¤—»¨ °ŠÂ¦ŠÄœÂœª—·ÉŠ
§d ·
T T N 3C ¨ ¸
l C d K ©K ¹
T T
z N §K ·
T T —´Šœ´œÊ C ¨ ¸ 1
T T 3©d ¹
T 30oo C C
30 Z
T ¦Š C œ¦³œµ
l T T
§Z · N § K ·§ Z · NZ
C¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸ 2
ž¨œ Ÿ´ŠÂ¦Š°·­¦³ ©K ¹ 3 © d ¹© K ¹ 3d

¦Š T ˜µ¤Âœª­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤
œ´œÉ ‡º°Â¦Š—¹ŠÄœ„¦–¸Á ¤È 3 ˜o œ Ášnµ„´
NZ
2T cos 30
3d
NZ l
3T oZ
3d 3
Nl
T 3
9d 7
70

 ­¤—»¨» °ŠÂ¦ŠÄœÂœª—·ŠÉ
lȀʹ
T 
  §d·
T  N 4C¨ ¸
T ©K ¹
T 


—´Šœ´œÊ
 N §K ·
l
 C ¨ ¸
4©d¹
1
T T lȀʹ † 

T T     ¦Š C œ¦³œµ

l
  § Z · N § K ·§ Z · NZ
C¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸
© K ¹ 4 © d ¹© K ¹ 4d
2
ž¨œ Ÿ´Š£µ¡Â¦Š°·­¦³
¦Š T ˜µ¤Âœª °
NZ § l /2·
œ´œ‡º
É °Â¦Š—¹ŠÄœ„¦–¸Á ¤È 4 ˜oœ Ášnµ„´ T ¨ ¸ 3
4d © Z ¹

71 71
¦Š—¹ŠÄœÂšnœ®´ªÁ ¤È

772

` ¡‹µ¦–µÂšœ®ªÁ
¡·‹µ¦–µÂšnœ®´ªÁ ¤Â¤Á
¤È ¤¸Á ¤È 2 ˜œ
˜oœ P = 9000 kN
` ®µ„čoª·›¸ž¦„˜·‹³Å—o
` R1 = R2 = 4500 kN
` M = 4500(1.25-0.50)
= 3375 kN-m
‡·—ÁžÈ œÂ¦Š—¹Š T Ášnµ„´
` T = M/jd
` = 3375/[(7/8)
3375/[(7/8)*11.15]
15]
` = 3354 kN

773
 ` ®µ„‡Îµœª–—oª¥ª·›¸ STM ‹³Å—
®µ„‡µœª–—ª¥ª› ‹³Å—o
` T =4500/tan45.98o
= 4348 kN
` As = T/[0.9f
T/[0 9fy]
` Įo fy = 400 MPa
` As = 4348x103/360
= 12,077.79 mm2

774

` šœ®ªÁ
šnœ®´ªÁ ¤Á—¤¦
¤È Á—·¤¦´ Mu Á¡¤Ášµ„
Á¡·¤É Ášnµ„´ 2250 kN-m.
kN m
` —´Šœ´œÊ Rmax = Pu/2 + Mu/(2l)
` Rmax = 5400 kN
` ®µ¦³Á¥º°Ê Š e = Mu/Pu
®µ¦³Á¥°Š 250
` e = 2250/9000
= 0.25 m
` ‹µ„¦¼ž¼ T = 5400/tanT
` T = 5400/tan45.98
` = 5218 kN

775
` ¡‹µ¦–µÁ
¡·‹µ¦–µÁ ¤È 3 ˜œ
˜oœ ¤¤¸ Pu = 7242.60
7242 60 kN
` T = Nl/(8d)
= 7242.60x2.2/(8x1.23)
= 1619.28 kN 2.2 m

` As = T/(If
(I y)
= 1619.28x103/(0.9x400)
= 4498 mm2 1 23
1.23
3 m.
m
čo 10DB25 Ĝ 3 š·«šµŠ
¦·Á· ª–š¸Áɸ ®¨º°º „¦³‹µ¥Á®¨È„È „´œ´ ¦oµo ª

776

` ‹Š°°„Á®¨È„Á­¦·¤ÄœÂšnœ®´ªÁ ¤È °ŠÁ­µ­³¡µœ—Š¦¼
‹Š°°„Á®¨„Á­¦¤ÄœÂšœ®ªÁ °ŠÁ­µ­³¡µœ—´Š¦žž
1.10 4.50 1.10
N
MN = 10,069 kN-m
1 10
1.10

P = 57,892 kN
4.50 L
ML = 22,453
22 453 kN-m
kN

1.10
°°„—oª¥ª·›¸ STM
• °°„—ª¥ª›
• ×¥„µ¦Â¥„¡·‹µ¦–µš¸É¨³Â„œ7
77
 778

` Load on piles
` Rmax = Pu/N + Mu/(2l)
= 2(57892/4) + 10069/4.5
= 31183 kN 1 375
1.375
For fy = 490 MPa
T/1 375 = Ru/2.25
T/1.375 /2 25
C
T = 19.1 MN 2.25 0.875
q
T
Ru = 31183
As = 19.1/(0.9x490) = 43,310 mm2
Use 55D32 @0.115, Asp = 44,000 mm2
779
` Load on piles
` Rmax = Pu/N + Mu/(2l)
= 2(57892/4) + 22453/4.5
= 33935 kN 0 50
0.50
For fy = 490 MPa
T/0 5 = Ru/2.25
T/0.5 /2 25
C
T = 7.54 MN 2.25
q
T 0.50

Ru = 33935
As = 7.54/(0.9x490) = 21,480 mm2
Use 49D32 @0.13, Asp = 24,010 mm2
880

881
 ‘—†ƒ–‹‘

‘‹Ž —’‡†ƒ Š‹‡ƒ••

ˆ‘‘–‹‰

‹Ž‡•

(1) Full continuum model

‹Ž‡

‘‹Ž•’”‹‰•

(2) Pile + soil springs

(3) Pile springs

82

` ž‹´ ‹»œ´ „µ¦°°„Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠÅ¤nŗo‡µÎ œ¹Š™¹Š „ε¨´Š (Strength Based Design :

SBD) ǦŠ­¦µŠÁ¡¥Š°¥µŠÁ—¥ª
ǦŠ­¦oµŠÁ¡¸¥Š°¥nµŠÁ—¸¥ª ˜˜°Š‡µœŠ™Š„µ¦ª˜Â¨³„µ¦š¦»
˜n˜°o Š‡Îµœ¹Š™¹Š„µ¦ª·˜´ · ¨³„µ¦š¦—˜´
—˜ªª °Š—œš°µ‹
°Š—·œš¸°É µ‹
¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°Â¦Šš¸ÁÉ „·— œÊ¹ ĜǦŠ­¦oµŠ—oª¥

` „µ¦°°„Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ˜o°Š‡Îµœ¹Š™¹Š„µ¦Á‡¨º°É œ˜´ª °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³Äœ¡ºœÊ š¸É

˜o°Š¦´ÂŸnœ—·œÅ®ª®¦º°Â¦Š¨¤ ‡ªµ¤Â Š®¦°‡ªµ¤°°œ
˜°Š¦ÂŸœ—œÅ®ª®¦°Â¦Š¨¤ ŠÈ ®¦º°‡ªµ¤°n°œ °Š—œ¤Ÿ¨˜°„µ¦Á‡¨°œ˜ª
°Š—·œ¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦Á‡¨º°É œ˜´ª
°ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ°¥nµŠ¤µ„

` „µ¦°°„Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ“µœ¦µ„ Ánœ “µœÂŸn “µœÂ¡ “µœ¦µ„Á­µÁ ¤È ² ˜o°Š¡·‹µ¦–µ

­¤´ ¡´œ›r °Š—œÁ¡°‡µœª–¦ŠšÁ„—
ž’·
ž’­¤¡œ› °Š—·œÁ¡º°É ‡Îµœª–¦Šš¸ÁÉ „·— œÄœÃ‡¦Š­¦µŠ“µœ¦µ„
œÊ¹ ĜǦŠ­¦oµŠ“µœ¦µ„

83
 ` ž¦³Á£š °Š “µœ¦°Š¦
“µœ¦°Š¦´ (supports) ¤Ÿ¨˜°„¦³š˜°
¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„¦³š˜n° äÁ¤œ˜
äÁ¤œ˜r ¦ŠÁŒ°œ
¦ŠÁŒº°œ „µ¦
Á‡¨º°É œš¸ÂÉ ¨³¦¼žÂ„µ¦ª·˜´ · °Š°µ‡µ¦ °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ

Stiff/St
Stiff/Strong F d ti
Foundation Fl ibl /W k FFoundation
Flexible/Weak d ti

“µœ¦µ„Áž¨¸¥É œ = Áž¨¥œ¦¼
“µœ¦µ„Áž¨¥œ Áž¨¸¥É œ¦žÂ„µ¦ª· ˜´ · !!
žÂ„µ¦ª˜!!
84

` µŠÃ‡¦Š­¦o
à µŠ£µª³Äo Ä Šµœ °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦o
à µŠÁžÈÈ œ­·ŠÉ ­Îµ‡´
´ ¨³‹ÎµÁžÈÈ œ˜o°Š¡·‹µ¦–µÁžÈÈ œ°´œ´ —´´
˜oœÇ
` Ánœ ǦŠ­¦oµŠ¦™Å¢¢oµš¸˜É °o Š‡ª‡»¤„µ¦Á‡¨º°É œ˜´ª °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÅ¤nÄ®oÁ„·œ‡nµš¸¥É °¤Ä®o
Á¡º°É Ä®oŸÃ¼o —¥­µ¦¦¼­o „¹ ­µ¥˜´ª –³Äo¦·„µ¦
- + - +
< 'all
Pin support Pile & Spring support
„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸É ¦™Å¢Ã‡¨Š¤µ„Á¨¥
Å Ã „µ¦Á‡¨ººÉ°œš¸¸É
œo °¥„ªnµš¸É‡ª¦‹³ÁžÈ œ ¦¼­o „¹ ¤¹œ®´ª!! Ą¨o„´ ‡ªµ¤ÁžÈ œ‹¦·Š

Soil spring
„µ¦ model
d l “µœ¦µ„×¥šªÅž
à ´ É Åž
Ťn­µ¤µ¦™Â­—Š‡nµ„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸ÉÇšo‹¦· ŠÅ—o Pile
85
` Ĝ„¦–¸šÅɸ ¤nŗo¡‹· µ¦–µ¨´„¬–³ °Š—·œš¸¦É °Š¦´Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠª·«ª„¦Äo“µœ¦°Š¦´°¥¼n¼ 2
ž¦³Á£šÄœ„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®rǦŠ­¦oµŠ

“µœ¦µ„¥ºº—®¥»nœ
(Elastic support)
šÎµÅŠ—¸°¥µ„‹Îµ¨°Š
Ÿ¨„¦³š‹µ„—·œ· ˜nn
ަ„¦¤š´ªÅžÁ¨º
É °„
˜¦¹ ŠÂœn œ
˜¦ŠÂœœ Ä­nŗo‡n 2  ž¨n °¥®¤œœ
ž¨°¥®¤»
(Fully Rotation Fixed) (Fully Rotation Free)

86

` Ĝ°—¸˜ª·«ª„¦°µ‹ª·Á‡¦µ³®ršŠ´ Ê 2 ¦³Â¨oªœÎµŸ¨˜°­œ°Š­¼Š­»—Ĝ˜n¨³„¦–¸¤µ
°°„
` ¤oªµn ‹³Ä®o‡µn š¸žÉ ¨°—£´¥Â˜nŤnž¦³®¥´—¨³Å¤n­—Š¡§˜·„¦¦¤‹¦·Š °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ
Fixed Free

Moment Shear Deformation Moment Shear Deformation

°°„
87
 ` „µ¦‹Îµ¨°ŠÃ—¥Äož’·­¤´ ¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ—·œÂ¨³Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ (SSI) Á µo ¤µ¤¸šµš°¥nµŠ¤µ„
ª·«ª„¦‹ÎµÁžÈ œ˜o°Š¦o ˜°ŠÄ­Ä‹
ª«ª„¦‹µÁžœ˜°Š¦¼ ˜o°ŠÄ­nċ
` „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r¤®¸ ¨µ¥¦³—´ œ´ Ê œÊ¹ °¥¼„n ´ ‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´ °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ

Spring Element Soil Solid Element

88

` „µ¦‹µ¨°Š“µœ¦µ„¤®¨µ¥ª›
„µ¦‹Îµ¨°Š“µœ¦µ„¤¸®¨µ¥ª·›¸ œ„š§¬’šÄªÁ‡¦µ³®Â¨³ž¦³Á£š
œÊ¹ „´š§¬’¸šÄɸ oªÁ· ‡¦µ³®r¨³ž¦³Á£š °Š“µœ¦µ„
` ×¥“µœ¦µ„°¥nµŠŠnµ¥­»— ‡º° “µœ¦µ„Ÿn (Spread footing) ¨³ ¨³“µœ¦µ„¨¹„
(Deep footing)

89
„µ¦‹ÎµÎ ¨°Š ““µœ¦µ„˜ºÊ ºœ
¦Â¦ŠšµŠ
´ µŠ
o

90

` nŠ„µ¦‹Îµ¨°Š°°„ÁžÈ œ „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®rÁ·Š¦ª¤ (Global analysis) ¨³ „µ¦

ª·Á‡¦µ³®rÁŒ¡µ³‹—— (Local analysis)
ªÁ‡¦µ³®ÁŒ¡µ³‹»
` „µ¦ª · Á‡¦µ³®rÁ·Š¦ª¤ Ážœ„µ¦‹µ¨°Š°¥µŠÁ¦ª
„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®ÁŠ¦ª¤ ÁžÈ œ„µ¦‹Îµ¨°Š°¥nµŠÁ¦Èª Á¡º
Á¡°—¼
°É —Ÿ¨˜°­œ°Š¦ª¤
Ÿ¨˜°­œ°Š¦ª¤ °Š
ǦŠ­¦oµŠ ×¥¡·‹µ¦–µ“µœ¦°Š¦´—oª¥»—­ž¦·Š °Š—·œ¦ª¤„´œ‹»—Á—¸¥ª Ĝ
„¦–¸œ¸ ʸ‹³Å¤n
Å ­n µ¤µ¦™°°„Á®¨È„È Á­¦·¤· ÄĜ“µœÅ—o
Å o
` · Á‡¦µ³®rÁŒ¡µ³‹—— Ážœ„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®°¥µŠ¨³Á°¥—
„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®ÁŒ¡µ³‹»
„µ¦ª ÁžÈ œ„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r°¥nµŠ¨³Á°¸¥— ­µ¤µ¦™Äo
­µ¤µ¦™ÄªÁ‡¦µ³®
ªÁ· ‡¦µ³®r
Ÿ¨˜°­œ°Š¦ª¤ °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠÅ—o—ªo ¥Â˜n¤‡¸ ªµ¤Ž´Žo°œ š´ªÅžœ· É ¥¤Â¥„
ª·Á‡¦µ³®rÁr ¡º°É °°„Á®¨È„Á­¦·¤ÄĜ“µœ¦µ„

91
 ª·Á‡¦µ³®rÁ·Š¦ª¤ ª·Á‡¦µ³®rÁŒ¡µ³‹»—

»—­ž¦·Š °Š—·œ
Kv 3 Kv 2 Kv 3
K h1
Kv 2 K v1 Kv 2
Kh 2

Kv 3 Kv 2 Kv 3 K h1 »—­ž¦·Š °Š—·œ
92

` „µ¦‡Îµœª–®µ­ž¦·Š °Š—·œ­µ¤µ¦™šÎµÅ—o®¨µ¥ª·›¸ —´Šœ¸Ê

` (1) ‹µ„ o°„ε®œ— °Š FEMA Î elastic half space theory

` ((2)) ‹µ„ª·›¸š¸Éœ³œÎµÃ—¥ bowles ((1996))

93
` ‹³¡·‹µ¦–µ“µ– °ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ—oª¥­ž¦·Š °Š—·œ 3 ˜´ª ‡º° ­ž¦·ŠÂœª—É· Š (vertical
spring) ­ž¦·ŠÄœÂœª¦µ (Horizontal spring) ¨³ ­ž¦·ŠÁ·Š®¤»œ»
(Rotational spring)

P
H M
Kr Kh

Kv

94

` ‡nµ­ž¦·Š °Š—·œ‹³Âž¦Ÿ´œ˜µ¤‡nµ 䗼¨­´ ¦ŠÁŒº °œ °Š—·œ (Shear modulus of

soil) ¨³‡µ
¨³‡nµ °˜¦µ­ªœÃ¡Ž°Š °Š—·œ (Poisson
°´˜¦µ­nªœÃ¡Ž°Š °Š—œ (Poisson’ss ratio of soil) —Šœ
—´Šœ¸Ê

E so
Gso
2(1  Q so )

` Ã×¥°˜¦µ­ªœÃ¡Ž°Š
´ ­n à Ž °Š—œ¤‡µž¦³¤µ– · ¸nž 0 3 – 0.5
0.3 05
` ¨³‡nµÃ¤—¼¨­´ ¦ŠÁŒº°œÁžÈ œ­´—­nªœ„´‡nµ 䗼¨­´ ¥º—®¥»nœ °Š—·œ (Modulus of
elasticity of soil) Ž¹ŠÉ ¤¸‡µn œ³œÎµ—´Šœ¸Ê

95
 ˜µ¦µŠš¸É 1

96

` „µ¦šÎµ­Îµ¦ª‹Äœ­œµ¤­µ¤µ¦™¦³»»®µ‡nµ shear wave velocity °Š´œÊ —·œ˜nµŠÇŗo Ánœ

97
` „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r×¥ª·›¸ °Š FEMA ‹³Âž¨Š“µœ¦µ„­¸ÁÉ ®¨¸¥É ¤ÅžÁžÈ œªŠ„¨¤Áš¸¥Ášnµ —´Šœ¸Ê

x
R
y B
z

L
L

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 2 ¦´«¤¸Áš¸¥Ášnµ

98

` ‡ªµ¤Â ŠÈ Á„¦ÈŠ °Š“µœ®¦º°­ž¦·Š °Š—·œ ­µ¤µ¦™‡Îµœª–—oª¥­¼˜¦—´Šœ¸Ê

K = DEk0
` Á¤º°É D ‡º° ¡µ¦µ¤·Á˜°¦rÁ„¸¥É ª„´¦¼ž¦nµŠ ¦¼žš¸É 1
` ¨³ E ‡°‡º° ¡µ¦µ¤Á˜°¦Á„¥ª„‡ªµ¤¨„
¡µ¦µ¤·Á˜°¦rÁ„¸¥É ª„´‡ªµ¤¨¹„ ¦¼¦žš¸
žšÉ 2
` ¨³ k0 ‡º° ­.ž.­.‡ªµ¤Â ŠÈ Á„¦ÈŠ °Š“µœ
` š´ŠÊ œ¸Ê K ¤¸®œnª¥ÁžÈ œ “¦Š/„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸É”

99
 100

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 2

101
˜µ¦µŠš¸É 3

102

· ›¸šµÎ ž¦³¤µ–‡n
ªª›šµ ž¦³¤µ–‡µµ Eso ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠš
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠš¸É 1,
1 Eso = 13,750 ˜´œ/¤ 2
13 750 ˜œ/¤.
¨³Äo‡µn ÁŒ¨¸¥É °Š vso = 0.40 —´Šœ´œÊ
Gso = Eso/[2*(1+vso)]
= 13,750/[2
13,750/[2*(1+0.40)] ˜´œ/¤.2
(1 0.40)] = 4,910.71 ˜œ/¤.
103
 œ´ Ê š¸É 1 ‡Îµœª–¦´«¤¸Áš¸¥Ášnµ
- „µ¦Á¨º°Éº œš¸,ɸ Rt = (BL/S)0.5
0 5 = (2*3/S)0.5
0 5 = 1.38 ¤.

- „µ¦®¤»œ» ¦°Â„œ x, Rrx = (BL3/3S)0.25 = (2*33/3S)0.25 = 1.55 ¤.

œœš
´ Ê š¸É 2 ®µ ­.ž.­
­ ž ­ D ‹µ„¦¼
‹µ„¦žž 1 Á¤°
Á¤º°É L/B = 1.50
1 50
- ‡nµ D ­Îµ®¦´„µ¦Á¨º°É œš¸É œª y ‡º° 1.013
- ‡nµ D ­Îµ®¦´„µ¦Á¨º°É œš¸É œª x ‡º° 1.035
- ‡n‡µµ D ­Î­µ®¦„µ¦¡¨„‡ªµ
µ®¦´„µ¦¡¨·„‡ªÎɵ ¦°Â„œ x ‡º‡°° 1.055

104

œ´ Ê š¸É 3 ®µ ­.ž.­ E ‹µ„¦¼žš¸É 2

- ­Îµ®¦´ D/Rt = 0.75/1.38 = 0.54 ‡º° 1.65
- ­Îµ®¦´ D/Rrx = 0.75/1.55 = 0.48 ‡º° 1.80
œš
œ´ Ê š¸É 4 ­.ž.­.‡ªµ¤Â
­ ž ­ ‡ªµ¤Â ŠŠÁ„¦Š
È Á„¦ÈŠ
- œª—·ŠÉ kov = 4GsoR/(1-vso) = 4*4,91071*1.38/(1-0.4)
= 45,178.57 ˜´œ´ /¤.
- œª¦µ (//y) kohyy = 8GsoR/(2-vso) = 8*4,910.71*1.38/(2-0.4)
= 33,883.93 ˜´œ/¤.
-„µ¦¡¨·„ (@x) (@ ) korx = 8GsoR3/(3*(1-v
( ( so)) = 8*4,910.71*1.55
, 3/(3*(1-0.4))
( ( ))
= 81,274.98 ˜´œ/¤./Á¦Á—¸¥œ

105
 œ´ Ê š¸É 5 ‡Îµœª–‡nµ­ž¦·Š °Š—·œ
- œª—Š
œª—·ŠÉ Kv = DEkov = 1.035*1.65*45,178.57
1 035*1 65*45 178 57
= 77,153.70 ˜´œ/¤.
- œª¦µ (//y) Khy = DEk
E ohy = 1.013*1.65*33,883.93
´ /
= 57,635.30 ˜œ/¤.
-„µ¦¡¨·„ (@x) Krx = DEkorx = 1.055*1.8*81,274.98
= 154,341.19 ˜´œ/¤./Á¦Á—¸¥œ

106

` čo®¨´„„µ¦ °Š 䗼¨­´ ˜oµœšµœÂ¦Š„— °Š´œÊ —·œ (Modulus of subgrade

reaction ks)
reaction,
` ‡nµ—´Š„¨nµªÁ„·—‹µ„¦Š—´œš¸šÉ µÎ Ä®o—œ· Á„·—„µ¦¥»˜´ª 1 œ·Êª Ž¹ŠÉ ™º°ªnµÁžÈ œ£µª³ª·˜´ ·
°Š—·œ· (Ultimate)
®œn ª¥ “˜´œ/¤.3” P
ŸnœÁ®¨È„
ŸœÁ®¨„
Bowles (1996)

ks = 40qult G
q

` Á¤º°É qult ‡º° ¦Š—´œ—·œž¦³¨´¥ ¤¸‡µn Ášnµ„´Â¦Š—´œ—·œš¸¥É °¤Ä®o (qa) ‡¼–„´

°´˜¦µ­nªœ‡ªµ¤ž¨°—£´¥ ((F.S)) œ´œ‡º É ° qult = F.S.*qa

107
˜µ¦µŠš
˜µ¦µŠš¸É 4

108

- ÿðøĉ
ð ĉÜ×ĂÜéĉîĉ ÿŠŠüîÖúćÜ, Kv1 = ks*(óČ
( îČĚ ìĊĊę 1234))
- ÿðøĉÜ×ĂÜéĉîìĊę×Ăï, Kv2 = ks*(óČî Ě ìĊę 2356)
- ÿðøĉÜ×ĂÜéĉîìĊęöčö, Kv3 = ks*(óČî Ě ìĊę 4789)

Kv1
Kv3
t 1 2 6

7
4 3 5
Kv2
L 8 9

B
Actual footing Model footing : Shell element
109
¾ ­ž¦·
ž Š· °Š—·œ· šµŠ µo Š‡ÎµÎ œª–‹µ„ª·›· ¸ °Š Vesic (1961)

Kv 3 Kv 2 Kv 3
K h1
4 Kv 2 K v1 Kv 2
2 u 0.65 E so E so B
k sh 12 Kh 2
B 2 E pI p
1  Q so
Kv 3 Kv 2 Kv 3 K h1

„µ¦‹Îµ¨°Š­ž¦·Š °Š—·œÃ—¥ª·›¸ °Š Bowles

¾Á¤º°É B ‡º° ‡ªµ¤„ªoµŠ“µœ¦µ„—oµœš¸˜É µo œšµœÂ¦Š (¤.)

Ep ‡º°º Ã䗼¨­´ ¥º—º ®¥»œn °Šª´­—»ššÉ¸ µÎ “µœ¦µ„ (˜´œ/¤.2)
Ip ‡º° äÁ¤œ˜r‡ªµ¤ÁŒºÉ°¥ °Š“µœ¦µ„ (¤.4)

110

ª·›¸šµÎ Â¥„‡Îµœª–­ž¦·ŠÄœÂœª—·ŠÉ ¨³Âœª¦µ

œš
œ´ Ê š¸É 1 ­ž¦Š
­ž¦·Š °Š—·
°Š—œÄœÂœª—Š
œÄœÂœª—·ŠÉ
‡nµ ks = 40qult = 40*120=4,800 ˜´œ/¤.3
‡ªµ¤Â ŠÈ Á„¦ÈŠÈ ¦ª¤ÄœÂœª—·
Ä Š·É Kv = ksBL
É ° Kv = 4,800*2,*3 = 28,800 ˜´œ/¤.
œ´œ‡º

œš
œ´ Ê š¸É 2 ­ž¦Š
­ž¦·Š °Š—œÄœÂœª¦µ
°Š—·œÄœÂœª¦µ
Á¤º°É Ep ­Îµ®¦´ f’c = 280 „„./Ž¤.2 Ášnµ„´ 2,526,713.3 ˜´œ/¤.2
‡nµ Ip = (1/12)Bt3 = (1/12)*2*0.53 = 0.021 ¤.4

111
ª·›¸šµÎ Â¥„‡Îµœª–­ž¦·ŠÄœÂœª—·ŠÉ ¨³Âœª¦µ
œš
œ´ Ê š¸É 2 šœ‡µÄœ­¼
šœ‡nµÄœ­˜¦
˜¦ °Š Vesic

2 u 0.65 E so E so B 4
k sh 12
B 1  Q2 E pI p

1/12
1.30 13,750 §¨ 13,750 u 24 ·
¸
2 1  0.402 ¨© 2,526,713.3 u 0.021 ¸¹

É ° ksh = 11,978.64 ˜´œ/¤.3

œ´œ‡º
‡n‡µ‡ªµ¤Â
µ‡ªµ¤Â ŠÁ„¦ŠÂœª¦µ
ŠÈ Á„¦ÈŠÂœª¦µ Kh = kshhBt
œ´œ‡º
É ° Kh = 11,978.64*2*0.5 = 11,978.64 ˜´œ/¤.

112

` Áž¦¥Áš¥„µ¦Á‡¨°œ˜ª
Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„µ¦Á‡¨º°É œ˜´ª °Š¥°—°µ‡µ¦
ux = 7.91 Ž¤. ux = 8.14 Ž¤.
uz = 0.52 Ž¤. uz = 0.63 Ž¤.

((„)) Rigid
g foundation ( ) Springs foundation

113
 „µ¦‹µ¨°Š
„µ¦‹Î
µ¨°Š “µœ¦µ„¨„
“µœ¦µ„¨¹„
¦´Â¦ŠšµŠ µŠ
¦Â¦ŠšµŠ oµŠ

114

` nŠ¦³—´ œ´ Ê °Š„µ¦‹Îµ¨°Š°°„ÁžÈ œ
(1) „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r°¥nµŠŠnµ¥ (¤º°)
2 1 „µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®—ª¥ª›
2.1 · r o · ¸ °Š¦°¤
2.2 „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r—ªo ¥ª·›‡¸ µœœ“µœ¦µ„¥º—®¥»œn
2 3 „µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®—ª¥ª›‡µœ¥œÁš¥Ášµ
2.3 „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r—ªo ¥ª·›‡¸ µœ¥ºœÉ Áš¸¥Ášnµ
B
Q
· Ãr čo­ž · °Š—œ
(2) „µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®Ã—¥Ä­ž¦Š · K k s u B u 'L

(‡°¤¡·ªÁ˜°¦r) Á­µÁ ¤È
´œÊ š¸É 1
'L

´œÊ š¸É 2

­œÄ‹
Ä ´œÊ š¸É 3

115
(„) Á­µÁ ¤È +´œÊ —·œ ( ) ž¨µ¥¥ºœÉ (‡) ­ž¦·ŠÂš¸É 1 (Š) ­ž¦·ŠÂš¸É 2
Ĝ„¦–¸šÉ¸ œ´ Ê —·œ—oµœ¨nµŠ¤¸‡ªµ¤Â ŠÈ ­¼Š‹³‹Îµ¨°Š
ž¨µ¥¨nµŠ °ŠÁ­µÁ ¤Ä®Ážœ¨¼
ž¨µ¥¨µŠ ¤È Ä®oÁžÈ œ¨„„¨·
„„¨ŠŠÊ (Roller support)

116

Ÿ´ŠÃ¤Á¤œ˜r——´ (BMD)
ŸŠÃ¤Á¤œ˜——

Lfix = ??

äÁ¤œ˜rÁšnµ„´œ
äÁ¤œ˜Ášµ„œ

Á­µ¥ºÉœ
Á­µ¥œ · Š°n°œ ­ž¦ŠÂ
­ž¦Š°°œ
­ž¦ ­ž¦·ŠÂ ŠÈ
117
 ` ‡nµÃ¤—¼¨­´ ˜oµœšµœÂ¦ŠÂœª¦µ °Š—·œ (Modulus of horizontal
subgrade
g reaction, ks) ‡º° ‡ªµ¤´œ °Š„¦µ¢š¸ÁÉ ¥¸ œ¦³®ªnµŠÂ¦Š—´œšµŠ µo Š
¨³„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸šÉ µŠ µo Š °ŠÁ­µÁ ¤È
¡ºœÊ —·œ y
p

˜ÎµÂ®œnŠÁ ¤È Á—·¤

¦Šž’·„¦·¥µ °Š—·œ
p ks y ks p /y

x
˜ÎµÂ®œnŠÁ ¤È Ä®¤n
118

` ‡µn Ášnµ„´ ks = nh(x/B)

¤¸¤‡µÁšµ„
` Á¤º°É nh ‡º° ‡nµ‡Šš¸­É µÎ ®¦´˜oµœšµœÂ¦ŠÂœª¦µ (Constant of horizontal
subgrade reaction) ¦¼žš¸É 3
` ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´ ‡nµ‡ªµ¤®œµÂœnœ­´¤¡´š›r °Š—·œ ((Relative density,y, Dr)
˜µ¦µŠš¸É 6
` ¨³ x ‡° ‡º° ‡ªµ¤¨¹
‡ªµ¤¨„„ °Š‹»°Š‹—š¸
—š¡‹µ¦–µ
¡É ‹· µ¦–µ (¤.)
(¤ )
` ¨³ B ‡º° ‡ªµ¤„ªoµŠ®¦º°Á­oœŸnµœ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠ °ŠÁ­µÁ ¤È (¤.)

119
˜µ¦µŠš¸¸É 5.1 ‡nµn nh œ³œÎε
ž¦³Á£š °Š—·œ nh (˜´œ/¤.3)
„¦ª— (Granular) 284 - 2,838
˜³„°œ (silt) 11 85
11–
¡º (Peat) 6
˜µ¦µŠš¸É 5.2 ‡nµ nh œ³œÎµ
®¨ª¤ žµœ„¨µŠ œn œ
œœ

Terzaghi (1955) 74 – 218 218 – 738 738 – 11,447

447
Reese ¨³‡–³ 568 1,703 3,547
(1974)
120

¦žš¸
¦¼žšÉ 3

121
‡nµ SPT-N ‡ªµ¤ ­£µ¡—·œ
(‡¦´ŠÊ ˜n° ®œµÂœnœ
¢»˜) ­´¤¡´š›r
0-4 0 - 0.2 ®¨ª¤¤µ„
4-10 0.2 – 0.4 ®¨ª¤
10 30
10-30 0 4 – 0.6
0.4 06 žµœ„¨µŠ
30-50 0.6 – 0.8 œnœ
> 50 0.8 – 1.0 œnœ¤µ„

·Êœ˜´ª°¥nµŠ

122

` ¤¸‡µn Ášnµ„´ ks = 67Su/B

` ¨³ Su ‡º° „ε¨´ŠÁŒº°œÂÅ¤n¦³µ¥œÎʵ (Undrained shear strength)

×¥ Su = qu/2
Á¤º°É qu ‡°
Á¤° ‡º° „΄µ¨Š¦Â¦Š°—Å¤Ã°¦—
µ¨´Š¦´Â¦Š°´—Å¤n𝦴— °Š—œ
°Š—·œ (Unconfined compressive
strength)

123
 ` Á¡º°É šÎµÄ®o„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®rÁ­µÁ ¤È ˜oœÁ—¸¥É ªŽ¹ŠÉ Š´ °¥¼Än œ´œÊ —·œš¸¤É ‡¸ –
» ‡»–­¤´˜·
­¤ÎɵÁ­¤°¤¸‡ªµ¤­³—ª„¥·ŠÉ œ´ Ê
` Davisson, M. T. (1970) ŗoÁ­œ°­¼˜¦Âž¦³¤µ–Á¡º°É čo‡µÎ œª–®µÃ¤Á¤œ˜r
—´—¨³¦³¥³ ‹´‹—­¼
——¨³¦³¥³ —­Š­—‹µ„„µ¦„Î
Š­»—‹µ„„µ¦„µ®œ—¦³¥³
µ®œ—¦³¥³ ŠÂœœ Š´ œnœ (Fixity depth)
ž¦³Á£š—·œ ¦³¥³ ‹´— äÁ¤œ˜r
—·œÁ®œ¸¥ª Ld = 1.40R Lm = 0.44R
—·œš¦µ¥ Ld = 1.80T Lm = 0.78T

124

1/ 5
§ E pI p ·
T ¨ ¸
¨ n ¸
© h ¹

1/ 4
§ E pI p ·
R ¨ ¸
¨k uB ¸
© s ¹

Á¤º°É Ep ¨³ Ip ‡º° 䗼¨¼ ­´ ¥º—®¥»œ»n °Š‡°œ„¦¸˜Â¨³Ã¤Á¤œ˜rÁŒºÉ°¥ °Š®œoµ˜´—

˜µ¤¨Îµ—´

125
 ` ‹µ„¦¼ž‹³¡ªnµ Davisson „ε®œ—¦³¥³ Ld š¸šÉ µÎ Ä®o¦³¥³ ‹´—š¸žÉ ¨µ¥ °Š‡µœ
Áš¸¥Ášnµ¤¸‡µn Ášnµ„´¦³¥³ ‹´‹—— °Š‡µœ‹¦ŠÂ¨³„µ®œ—¦³¥³
Áš¥Ášµ¤‡µÁšµ„¦³¥³ °Š‡µœ‹¦·ŠÂ¨³„ε®œ—¦³¥³ Lm ššµÄ®Ã¤Á¤œ˜——
š¸šÉ µÎ Ä®oäÁ¤œ˜r——´
­¼Š­»—Äœ‡µœÁš¸¥ÁšnµÁšnµ„´Ã¤Á¤œ˜r——´ ­¼Š­»— °Š‡µœÄœ¦³‹¦·Š
' '
Q Q Q

M max
Lm
Ld
M max
x

Á­µÁ ¤È
äÁ¤œ˜r——´ ¦³¥³ ‹´— (‡µœ¥ºœÉ Áš¸¥Ášnµ) (‡µœ¥ºœÉ Áš¸¥Ášnµ)
(ǦŠ­¦oµŠ‹¦·Š) ­Îµ®¦´¦³¥³ ‹´— ­Îµ®¦´Ã¤Á¤œ˜r­Š¼ ­»—
126

™ Á ¤È ‹´˜»¦­´ œµ— 22 Ž¤. 22 Ž¤.

™ ¥µª 22 ¤.
™ —œš¦µ¥®¨ª¤
—·œš¦µ¥®¨ª¤ ¤¸¤‡µ ˜´œ/¤.3
‡µn nh = 66 ˜œ/¤.
22 Ž¤.
™ ¦ŠšµŠ µo Šž¦³¨´¥ Hu = 2.0 ˜´œ
™ ¦ŠšµŠ µŠÄŠµœ
µo ŠÄoŠµœ Hs = 1.5
1 5 ˜œ
˜´œ
™ ¦Š°´—˜µ¤ÂœªÂ„œž¦³¨´¥ Pu = 35 ˜´œ
™ 'h = 2.50 Ž¤. („µ¦Á‡¨º°Éº œ˜´ª´ šµŠ µo Šš¸¥É¸ °¤Ä®o
Ä )o
™ f’c = 350 „„./Ž¤.2
™ fy = 4,000 „„./Ž¤.2

127
 ` œ´ Ê š¸É 1 ‡Îµœª–‡»–­¤´˜· °Š®œoµ˜´—

- ‡nµÃ¤—¼
à ¨­´ ¥º—º ®¥»œn °Š‡°œ„¦¸˜¸ , E c 15,100 f cc
É ° Ec 15,100 300 261,539.67 „„./Ž¤.2
- œœ‡°
œ´œ‡º
bh 3
- äÁ¤œ˜r‡ªµ¤ÁŒºÉ°¥, I
12
2
224
- šœ‡nµ‹³Å—o I 12

É ° I = 19,521.33 Ž¤.4
- œ´œ‡º

128

` œ´ Ê š¸É 2 ˜¦ª‹­°ªnµÁžÈ œÁ ¤È ­´œÊ ®¦º°¥µª

- Á¤°„µ®œ—
Á¤º°É „ε®œ— nh = 66.26 ˜´œ/¤ 3
66 26 ˜œ/¤.
- Á¤º°É Ep = Ec = 2,824,951.33 ˜´œ/¤.2
- ¨³ Ip = I= 0.000195 ¤.4
1/ 5
§ E pI p ·
- ­ÎµÎ ®¦´´ —·œ· š¦µ¥ T ¨
¨
© nh
¸
¸
¹

0.20
- œ´œ´ É ‡º°º T
§ 2,824,951 .33 u 0.000195 ·
¨
66
¸ 1.53
© ¹

129
äÁ¤œ˜r ‡µœ¥ºÉœÁš¸¥Ášnµ
` ­µ®¦—œš¦µ¥
­Îµ®¦´—·œš¦µ¥ Lm = 0.78T = 0.78
0.78*1.63
1.63 = 1.27 ¤.
` äÁ¤œ˜r—— ´ ­¼Š­»—‹µ„ Hu = 2 ˜´œ
` ༡
º Mu = Hu*Lm = 2*1.27 = 2.54 ˜´œ´ -¤.
„µ¦Á‡¨°œ˜ªšµŠ
„µ¦Á‡¨º É°œ˜´ªšµŠ µŠ
oµŠ
` ­Îµ®¦´—·œš¦µ¥ Ld = 1.80T = 1.80*1.63 = 2.93 ¤.

QL3d
` ¦ŠšµŠ µo ŠÁ¤º°É Hs = 1.50 ˜´œ ‡º° 'H
3EI
3
1.5 u 1,000 u (2.93 u 100)
` œ´œ‡º
É ° 'H 1.67 Ž¤. < 2.50 Ž¤. O.K.
3 u 282,495.13 u 26,735.25

130

` „µ¦‡Îµœª–ץčo‡µn ­ž¦·Š °Š—·œ‹³¡·‹µ¦–µ¨´„¬–³ °Š´œÊ —·œ‡ª‡¼„n ´ ‡nµ

䗼¨¼ ­´ ˜oµœšµœÂ¦Š„—šµŠ µo Š ((ks)

` „µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®Ã—¥ª›‡µ­ž¦Š
· Ãr · ¸ n ž · °Š—œÂšš‹¦Š„‡°„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®—ª¥ª›‡µœœ
· o ɸ · È º · r o ·¸
“µœ¦µ„¥º—®¥»œn œ´œÁ°Š
É Ã—¥ °o ˜„˜nµŠ„ȇ°º ª·«ª„¦­µ¤µ¦™ª·Á‡¦µ³®rŗoÁ°ŠÃ—¥
Ťn˜°o ŠÄo„µ¦°nµœ‡nµ‹µ„„¦µ¢®¦º°˜µ¦µŠ

131
` ¡·‹µ¦–µÁ­µÁ ¤È š¸šÉ »„Ǧ³¥³ 1 Á¤˜¦ (nªŠÄœ) ˜n­µÎ ®¦´š¸‹É —» ž¨µ¥œ­»—¨³¨nµŠ­»—
°ŠÁ­µÁ ¤¤„µ®œ—¡œš¦Ÿ—°Ášµ„
È „ε®œ—¡ºœÊ š¸¦É ´ Ÿ·—°Ášnµ„´ 0.50
0 50 ¤.
¤ ‹µ„‡µ
‹µ„‡nµ
nh = 66 ˜´œ/¤.3 ­µ¤µ¦™‡Îµœª–‡nµ­ž¦·Š °Š—·œÃ—¥

nh
K k s ˜ B ˜ 'L ˜ x ˜ B ˜ 'L n h ˜ x ˜ 'L
B

Á¤º°Éº x ‡º°º ‡ªµ¤¨¹„¹ š¸¡É¸ ‹· µ¦–µ‹µ„Ÿ·ª· —·œ· Ş

Ş¥´Š´ ˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ °Š­ž¦·
ž Š· (¤.)
'L ‡º° ‡ªµ¤¥µª¦´Ÿ·—° °ŠÁ­µÁ ¤È (¤.)
B ‡º° œµ—®¦º°Á­oœŸnµœ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠ °ŠÁ­µÁ ¤È (¤.)

132

133
` ‹µ„¦¼žÃ¤Á¤œ˜r——´ š¸ÁÉ „·— œÊ¹ Ž¹ŠÉ ¤¸‡µn Ášnµ„´ 2.63 ˜´œ-¤. – ˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ °Š‹»——´—„¨´Ž¹ŠÉ
ª´—‹µ„ž¨µ¥œ¨Š¤µž¦³¤µ– 2.00 ¤.
ª—‹µ„ž¨µ¥œ¨Š¤µž¦³¤µ–
Hu = Qg = 2 Ton
Ks0 = 0 T/m

Ks1 = 66.26 T/m

Sand K2 = 132.52 T/m

Mu = 2.63 ˜´œ-¤.
nh = 66 T/m3 Ks3 = 198.78 T/m

Ks4 = 265.04 T/m

22.0 m.
Ks18 = 1,192.68 T/m

Ks19 = 1
1,258.94
258 94 T/m

Ks20 = 1,325.20 T/m

Ks21 = 1,391.46 T/m

Ks22 = 728.86 T/m

134

No ª· ›¸ äÁ¤œ˜r——´ (˜´œ-¤.)

1 ‡µœ¥ºÉœÁš¸¥Ášnµ 2.54

2 FEM 2.63

135
 136

Shearr and
d Torsion
n
Design

éø. ÿčîĉêĉ ÿčõćó

LOGO Dr. Suniti Suparp
nisuparp@[Link] 1
 Concrete structure vs. Shear
failure
™Shear and torsion are the catastrophic mode
off failure
e especially
y forr concrete
e structures.
structures
™Improper design leads non-warning sign
which
hi h ffollowed
ll dbby suddenly
dd l collapse
lll off
structure.

B-Region

h need
™The
™Th d off shear
h d
design
i di
divided
id d iinto
t ttwo
regions : (1) B-region and (2) D-region.

™ B-region
i : where
h Bernoulli
B llii ‘s
‘ equation
tii can
be applied
pp or “plane
p section still remain p
plan
before and after bending” Î “sectional
designn method”
method .

™ D-region
i : disturbed
di t b d region
i Î “member
“ b
design method”. (general Î can also 3
 B-region vs. D-region

D-Region B-Region
P

B-Region

D-Region

Hole

B-Region
B Region DR i
D-Region

Designmodels
g

™ Formemberin“D”region,therearetypicaltwo
approachesfordesigning(1)ShearͲfrictionmodel and(2)
Strut and Tie model
StrutandTiemodel.
ShearͲfrictionmodel Strut&Tiemodel

™ Forsectionin
For section in ‘B”
B region,mostly,thedesignarebasedon
region mostly the design are based on
empiricalformulas(i.e.,ACIcode orAASHTOstandard).

™ Recently,AASHTOLRFD,thedesignofshear+torsion,in
g , pp
“B”region,areapproachedtomathematicalformulas.Î Î
MCFT
5
 SheardesignMETHODs
g
™ Both
BothStandardandLRFDprovidethreeshearstrength
Standard and LRFD pro ide three shear stren th
components.

Ͳ Vc Î shearstrengthfromconcrete
Ͳ Vs Î Shear strength from transverse steel
Shearstrengthfromtransversesteel
Ͳ Vp Î Shearstrengthfrominclinedprestresstendons
™ Therefore,thenominalshearresistancecanbeexpressedas
Vn =V
= Vc +V
+ Vs +V
+ Vp

™ Thefactoredshearforcemustbelessthanorequalthe
q
nominalshearresistancereducedbyaresistancefactor(I)
<= IVn
Vu <=IV
6

AASHTOSTDvs.LRFDsheardesignmethod

™ Although
AlthoughbothSTDandLRFDsheardesignmethodsarebased
both STD and LRFD shear design methods are based
ontrussanalogy.
Î Struts=concrete
Î Ties =steels

(Ritter,1899) ‰ Goodapproximateultimateshear
Good approximate ultimate shear
‰ Overconservativeforcrackingshear

™ Thereisasignificantdifferentinthewayinwhichitisused.
™ STD fixedtheangleofcompressivestrutsat45
fixed the angle of compressive struts at 45o..
™ ThislimitationisappropriateforRCbutmaybetoo
conservative for PC
conservativeforPC.
™ LRFDspecifications usevariableinclinationtrussanalogy.

7
 AASHTOStandardprovision

™ Themembermustbedesignedsothat
The member must be designed so that

<= I(Vc +V

Vu <=I + Vs)

™ Theconcretecontribution(V
The concrete contribution (Vc)istakenastheshearrequiredto
) is taken as the shear required to
producetheshearcracking.
™ Twotypesofshearcrackshavebeenidentified:
Two types of shear cracks have been identified :

™ (1)FlexuralͲshearcrack(V
(1) Flexural shear crack (Vci) and
and
™ (2)Webshearcrack(Vcw)

™ Therefore,Vc istakenasthelesserofVci andVcw.

Typeofshearcracks
yp
™ Aninclinedcrackoccurringinabeamthatwaspreviously
A i li d k i i b th t i l
uncracked duetoflexureisknownasa“web
webͲͲshearcrack
shearcrack”.

™ Aninclinedcrack
originatingatthe
i i ti t th
topofandbecoming
anextensiontoa
previouslyexisting
flexuralcrack is
knownasa
“flexural
flexuralͲͲshearcrack
shearcrack”

9
 FlexuralͲshearstrength(V
g ( ci))
™ Theshearstrength,V
The shear strength, Vcii,shallbecomputedby
, shall be computed by

Vi
Vci 0.05 fccbw d  Mcr
Mmax

™ Butnotlessthan 0.14 fccbw d

™ And“d”neednotbetakenlessthan0.80h.
™ Themomentcausingflexuralcrackingatthesectiondue
h fl l k h d
toexternallyappliedloads,Mcr,shallbe

1
Mcr ( fr  fpe  fd )
ct
10

WebͲshearstrength(V
g ( cw))
™ Theshearstrength,V
The shear strength, Vcw,shallbecomputedby
, shall be computed by

Vcw 0.29 fcc  0.3 fpc bw d  Vp

™ When“d”neednotbetakenlessthan0.80h.

Vu

P
Vp

™ Wherestrandisstraight,Vp iszero.

11
 Webreinforcementcontribution(Vs)

™ Theshearstrengthcontributionfromwebreinforcement
The shear strength contribution from web reinforcement
T =45o)is
intheformofverticalstirrup(assumedT

Av fvy d
Vs
s

12

Additionalrequirementsonsheardesign

™ IfV
If Vu >0.5V
0 5Vc shearreinforcementisrequired.
h i f i i d

™ If0.5Vc <Vu/I <Vc shearreinforcementisrequired.

{ vfy//bw,,0.50d,600}
s=Min{3A , } mm.

™ If0 < Vu/I

If 0 <V I– Vc <= 1 3 bw d fcc themaximumspacingofshear
the maximum spacing of shear
reinforcementiss=Min{Avfvyd/Vs,3Avfy/bw,0.750d,600} mm.

u/I – Vc <=,thespacingofshear
1 bw d fcc
™ If<V 2 bw d fcc
3 3
reinforcementiss=Min{Avfvyd/Vs,3Avfy/bw,0.375d,300} mm.

f u/I – Vc > 2 3 bw d fcc thesectionshallbeenlarged.

™ IfV h i h ll b l d
13
 AASHTOLRFDprovision

™ Themethodisbasedon
thevariableangletruss
modelinwhichthe
inclinationofthediagonal
compressionfieldis
allowedtovary.

™ Thisdiffersfromthe
approachusedintheSTD
h d i th STD
inwhichthisangleis
always assumed to be 45o.
alwaysassumedtobe45

14

AASHTOLRFDprovision

™ ThisespeciallysignificantforPCmemberswherethe
inclinationistypically20o to40o degreesduetotheeffectof
theprestressingforce.

Theextensionofvariable
The extension of variable
angletrussmodelisthe
beginning of “compaction
beginningof compaction
compaction
fieldtheory”
fieldtheory
Î f1 (concretetension=0)
(concrete tension =0)

15
 AASHTOLRFDprovision

™ Afteraddingthetension
strengthofconcrete +compression
softening +somesimplificationof
compactionfieldtheory,the
ModifiedCompactionFieldTheory
(MCFT) isestablished.

fcc
f2max d fcc
0.8  170H1

16

Thecomparison

™ Considerthedesignequations
Consider the design equations

STD Equation
STDEquation Basedon45o angletrussmodel
g
(noconcretetensionͲequilibrium)
Vu
d Vc  Vs
I
Empirical formula
Empiricalformula

Basedon(1)Equilibrium
Based on (1) Equilibrium
+(2)Compatibility
+(3) Constitutive
+(3)Constitutive Vu
 Vp d Vc  Vs
+(4)Experimentalverification I
LRFD E
LRFDEquation
i
17
 Thenominalshearresistance

™ Thenominalresistanceistakenthelesserof
The nominal resistance is taken the lesser of

Vn Vc  Vs  Vp ,,or

Vn 0.25 fccbv dv  Vp
Wherebv =effectivewebwidth(minimumwebwidth)
Î maximumof
dv =effectivesheardepthÎ

dv =Mn/(Asfy +Apsfps)
= 0 9de
=0.9d
=0.72h
c/de <=0.42
<= 0 42

18

Concretecontribution(Vc)

™ LRFD definestheconcretecontributionasthenominalshear
defines the concrete contribution as the nominal shear
resistanceprovidedbythetensilestressintheconcrete.

Vc 0.083E fccbv dv

™ E =factorindicatingabilityofdiagonallycrackedconcreteto
transmit tension (function of Hx andv
transmittension(functionofH and vu/f’c fors
for sxe)

19
 Webreinforcementcontribution(Vs)

™ Thecontributionofthewebreinforcementisgivenbythe
The contribution of the web reinforcement is given by the
generalequation

Av fvy dv (cot T  cot D) sin D

Vs
s
™ T =angleofinclinationofdiagonalcompressivestresses(DEG)
angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses (DEG)
™ s=spacingofstirrups
™ D =angleofinclinationoftransversereinforcementto
l f i li ti ft i f tt
longitudinalaxis(DEG),whereD =90o.
Av fvy dv cot T
Vs
s
20

Theneedoftransversereinforcement

™ Thetransversereinforcementshallbeprovidedwhen
The transverse reinforcement shall be provided when

Vu ! 0.5I(Vc  Vp )

™ Whenthereactionintroducescompressionintotheendof
member,LRFDspecifiesthatthecriticalsectionforshear isthe
largerof

™ (1)0.5d T
(1) 0 5dvcotT
tT
™ (2)dv
Critical section
Criticalsection
T are
™ Measurefromthefaceofsupport,wheredv andT
measured at the critical section for shear
measuredatthecriticalsectionforshear.
21
 Minimumreinforcement
™ Wheretransversereinforcementisrequired,theareaofsteel
Where transverse reinforcement is required the area of steel
shallsatisfy

bv s
Av ,min t 0.083 fcc
fvy

Withoutshearreinf. Withshearreinf.
(flexuralfailure) (Shearfailure)
22

Maximumspacing(s
p g ( max)
™ Thespacingofthe
The spacin of the 9 ifv
if u/f’c <0.125then,
0 125 h
transversereinforcement smax =0.8dv <=600mm.
shall not exceed the
shallnotexceedthe
maximumpermitted 9 ifvu/f’c >=0.125then,
spacing smax,determineas
spacing,s determine as smax =0.4d
= 0 4dv <=300mm.
<= 300 mm

™ Theshearstressonthe
concrete shall be
concreteshallbe
determinedas |Vu  IVp |
vu
Ibv dv

23
 T andE
HowtodetermineT E

™ Simplified
SimplifiedforRC
for RC :FornonͲprestressedconcretesection
: For non prestressed concrete section
notsubjectedtoaxialtensionandcontainingatleastthe
minimum transverse reinforcement (Av,min),orhavingan
minimumtransversereinforcement(A ) or having an
overalldepthoflessthan400mm.
Vc 0.083E fccbv dv
T =45o
E =2.0 fcc
Vc | bv dv
6
Av fvy dv cot T
Vs
s
Av fvy dv
Vs
s 24

T andE
HowtodetermineT E

™ General
Generalprocedure
procedure :Forsectioncontainingatleastthe
: For section containing at least the
minimumtransversereinforcement(Av,min),thebandqshall
be specified in Table 1
bespecifiedinTable1.

25
 T andE
HowtodetermineT E

™ In using this table Hx shallbetakenasthecalculated

Inusingthistable,H shall be taken as the calculated
longitudinalstrainatthemiddepth ofthememberwhenthe
section is subjected to Mu,N
sectionissubjectedtoM , Nu andV
and Vu.

26

T andE
HowtodetermineT E

™ Unless more accurate calculations are made Hx shallbe

Unlessmoreaccuratecalculationsaremade,H shall be
determinedas(containedAv,min):

|Mu |
 0.5Nu  0.5|Vu  Vp |cot T  Aps fps
dv
Hx d 0.001
2(E s As  E p Aps )

™ IfHx fromaboveequationarenegative,thestrainshallbe
taken as
takenas
|Mu |
 0.5Nu  0.5|Vu  Vp |cot T  Aps fps
dv
Hx
2(E c Ac  E s As  E p Aps )
Note :ThesignofHx shallbemaintained. 27
 T andE
HowtodetermineT E

™ fpo =0.70fpu
™ Ac =areaofconcreteontheflexuraltensionsideofthe
membersasshowninthefigure.

28

Longitudinalreinforcement
g
™ At
Ateachsectionthetensioncapacityofthelongitudinal
each section the tension capacity of the longitudinal
reinforcementontheflexuraltensionsideofthemember
shall be proportional to satisfy :
shallbeproportionaltosatisfy:

|Mu | Nu ª Vu º
Aps fps  As fy t  0.5  «  Vp  0.5Vs » cot T
Ifdf Ia ¬« I s »¼

™ Vs=shearresistanceprovidedbytransversereinforcement
atthesectionunderinvestigationas
t th ti d i ti ti

Vs =A
Avfvydv(cotT+cotD)sinD/s
(cotT+cotD)sinD/s

exceptVsshallbetakenasgreaterthanVu/T.

29
 Designexample
g p
™ Use
Usethesameproblemaspresentedforflexuraldesign,
the same problem as presented for flexural design
pleasechecktheshearcapacity.
J. Sh
J Shear d design
i
J.1 Critical section
- Effective shear span, dv = Max(de-0.5*a, 0.9de, 0.72hc) 1767.54 mm.
- de-0.5*a 1767.54 mm.
- 0.9de 1635.23 mm.
- 0.72hc 1152.00 mm.
- Angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses, assumed 23.00 DEG
- 0.5dv cotT 2082.034 mm.
- Therefore,
Therefore the critical section = Max(0
Max(0.5d
5dv cotT,d
cotT dv ) 2082.03
2082 03 mm.
mm
- The ratio, x/L 0.083 L

D i ( iti l)
Design(critical)section
ti

30

Designexample
g p
Distance section Girder weight slab weight Barrier weight Wearing surface
x x/L shear Moment shear Moment shear Moment shear Moment
Vg Mg Vs Ms Vb Mb Vw s Mw s
(m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m)
0.00 0.00 146.88 0.00 117.50 0.00 25.00 0.00 32.90 0.00
2 08
2.08 0.08
0 08 122 41
122.41 280 33
280.33 97 93
97.93 224 27
224.27 20 84
20.84 47 72
47.72 27 42
27.42 62 79
62.79
2.50 0.10 117.50 330.47 94.00 264.38 20.00 56.25 26.32 74.03
5.00 0.20 88.13 587.50 70.50 470.00 15.00 100.00 19.74 131.60
7 50
7.50 0 30
0.30 58 75
58.75 771 09
771.09 47 00
47.00 616 88
616.88 10 00
10.00 131 25
131.25 13 16
13.16 172 73
172.73
10.00 0.40 29.38 881.25 23.50 705.00 5.00 150.00 6.58 197.40
12.50 0.50 0.00 917.97 0.00 734.38 0.00 156.25 0.00 205.63

Distance section T ruc k lo a d + im pa c t T a nde m lo a d + im pa c t la ne lo a d F a t igue t uc k / t a nde m + im pa c t

x x/L shear Moment shear Moment shear Moment Moment Moment
VTL MTL VTD MTD VLL MLL MTL+I MTD+I
(m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m)
0.00 0.00 272.08 0.00 207.96 0.00 83.77 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.08 0.08 246.52 428.07 190.21 330.29 70.40 133.35 256.20 197.68
2 50
2.50 0 10
0.10 241 39
241.39 503 30
503.30 186 65
186.65 389 16
389.16 67 86
67.86 157 20
157.20 301 22
301.22 232 91
232.91
5.00 0.20 210.69 878.60 165.33 689.43 53.61 279.47 525.84 412.62
7.50 0.30 180.00 1125.90 144.01 900.81 41.05 366.80 673.85 539.13
10 00
10.00 0 40
0.40 167 84
167.84 1270 29
1270.29 122 70
122.70 1023 30
1023.30 30 16
30.16 419 20
419.20 760 26
760.26 612 44
612.44
12.50 0.50 137.15 1297.94 101.38 1056.91 20.94 436.67 776.81 632.55

31
 Designexample
g p
J.2 Contribution of concrete
- Vp 0 kN
- fpo = 0.75fpu 1395 Mpa
- Nu 0 kN
- Area of tension zone (assumed half of composite girder-tension part) 270000 mm.2
- Shear resistance factor (I) 0.9
- Mu = 1.25(Mg+Ms+Mb) + 1.50Mw s + 1.75(MTL+IM +MLL) 1767.07 kN-m
- Vu = 1.25(Vg+Vs+Vb) + 1.50Vw s + 1.75(VTL+IM +VLL) 1007.37 kN
- Hx = [(
[(Mu//dv ))+0.5Nu+0.5(V
( u-Vp))-Apsfpo]/[
]/[2(E
( sAs+EpAps)] -0.002154 mm./mm.
/
- Hx = [(Mu/dv )+0.5Nu+0.5(Vu-Vp)-Apsfpo]/[2(EcAc+EsAs+EpAps)] -0.000114 mm./mm.
3
- Design longitudinal strain, Hs -0.11382 10 xmm./mm.
- Shear stress carried by concrete
concrete, vu = (Vu-IV
IVp)/(Ibv dv ) 2 69
2.69 MPa
- vu/f'c NotO.K. 0.0768
- T compare with assume value 23.00 20.1 DEG
- E 4.75
- Concrete contribution, Vc = 0.083E*sqrt(f'c)*bv dv 824.53 kN
- Requirement for shear reinforcement, Vu>0.5I(Vc+Vp) ?? Need 371.04 < 1007.37
- Vs = (Vu/I)-Vc-Vp 294.78 kN

32

Designexample
g p
J.1 Critical section
- Effective shear span, dv = Max(de-0.5*a, 0.9de, 0.72hc) 1767.54 mm.
- de-0.5*a 1767.54 mm.
-00.9d
9de 1635 23
1635.23 mm
mm.
- 0.72hc 1152.00 mm.
- Angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses, assumed 20.10 DEG
- 0.5d
0 5dv cotT 2415 018
2415.018 mm.
- Therefore, the critical section = Max(0.5dv cotT,dv ) 2415.02 mm.
- The ratio, x/L 0.097 L

33
 Designexample
g p
Distance section Girder weight slab weight Barrier weight Wearing surface
x x/L shear Moment shear Moment shear Moment shear Moment
Vg Mg Vs Ms Vb Mb Vw s Mw s
(m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m)
0.00 0.00 146.88 0.00 117.50 0.00 25.00 0.00 32.90 0.00
2.42 0.10 118.50 320.44 94.80 256.35 20.17 54.54 26.54 71.78
2.50 0.10 117.50 330.47 94.00 264.38 20.00 56.25 26.32 74.03
5.00 0.20 88.13 587.50 70.50 470.00 15.00 100.00 19.74 131.60
7 50
7.50 0 30
0.30 58 75
58.75 771 09
771.09 47 00
47.00 616 88
616.88 10 00
10.00 131 25
131.25 13 16
13.16 172 73
172.73
10.00 0.40 29.38 881.25 23.50 705.00 5.00 150.00 6.58 197.40
12.50 0.50 0.00 917.97 0.00 734.38 0.00 156.25 0.00 205.63

Distance section T ruc k lo a d + im pa c t T a nde m lo a d + im pa c t la ne lo a d F a t igue t uc k / t a nde m + im pa c t

x x/L shear Moment shear Moment shear Moment Moment Moment
VTL MTL VTD MTD VLL MLL MTL+I MTD+I
( )
(m) (k )
(kN) (k
(kN-m)) (k )
(kN) (k
(kN-m)) (k )
(kN) (k
(kN-m) ) (k
(kN-m) ) (k
(kN-m))
0.00 0.00 272.08 0.00 207.96 0.00 83.77 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.42 0.10 242.43 488.30 187.37 377.39 68.37 152.43 292.24 225.87
2 50
2.50 0 10
0.10 241 39
241.39 503 30
503.30 186 65
186.65 389 16
389.16 67 86
67.86 157 20
157.20 301 22
301.22 232 91
232.91
5.00 0.20 210.69 878.60 165.33 689.43 53.61 279.47 525.84 412.62
7.50 0.30 180.00 1125.90 144.01 900.81 41.05 366.80 673.85 539.13
10.00 0.40 167.84 1270.29 122.70 1023.30 30.16 419.20 760.26 612.44
12.50 0.50 137.15 1297.94 101.38 1056.91 20.94 436.67 776.81 632.55

34

Designexample
g p
J.2 Contribution of concrete
- Vp 0 kN
- fpo = 0.75fpu 1395 Mpa
- Nu 0 kN
- Area of tension zone (assumed half of composite girder-tension part) 270000 mm.2
- Shear resistance factor (I) 0.9
- Mu = 1.25(M
1 25(Mg+Ms+Mb) + 1.50M
1 50Mw s + 1.75(M
1 75(MTL+IM
TL IM +MLL) 2018 11
2018.11 kN-m
- Vu = 1.25(Vg+Vs+Vb) + 1.50Vw s + 1.75(VTL+IM +VLL) 1022.66 kN
- Hx = [(Mu/dv )+0.5Nu+0.5(Vu-Vp)-Apsfpo]/[2(EsAs+EpAps)] -0.001908 mm./mm.
- Hx = [(Mu/dv )+0.5Nu+0.5(Vu-Vp)-Apsfpo]/[2(EcAc+EsAs+EpAps)] -0.000101 mm./mm.
3
- Design longitudinal strain, Hs -0.10081 10 xmm./mm.
- Shear stress carried byy concrete,, vu = ((Vu-IV
I p)/(I
)/(Ibv dv ) 2.35 MPa
- vu/f'c O.K. 0.067
- T compare with assume value 20.10 20.1 DEG
- E 4 75
4.75
- Concrete contribution, Vc = 0.083E*sqrt(f'c)*bv dv 824.53 kN
- Requirement for shear reinforcement, Vu>0.5I(Vc+Vp) ?? Need 371.04 < 1022.66
- Vs = (Vu/I)-V
/I) Vc-V
Vp 311 76
311.76 kN

35
 Designexample
g p
J.3 Determine spacing
p g of transverse reinforcement
- Minimum reinforcement spacing
- if vu < 0.125f'c ==> smax = 0.80dv <= 600 mm. smax 600 mm.
- if vu >= 0.125f'c ==> smax = 0.40dv <= 300 mm. smax 300 mm.
- 0.125f'c case 1 4.375 Mpa
- smax 600 mm.
- "s"
s p provided
o ded 250
50 mm. O.K.
O
- "Av " required 40.34 mm.2
- Av ,min 61.4 mm.2
- Number of bundle bar 1 #
- Required bar diameter 6.25 mm.
- Provided bar diameter 12 mm.
- Provided shear reinforcment area
area, Av 226 19
226.19 mm 2
mm. OK
O.K.
- Provided shear strength from steel, Vs 1748.05 kN
- Combined shear strength of section, Vc + Vs 2572.57 kN
- To prevent web crushing
crushing, Vc + Vs <= 0.25f
0 25f'cbv dv , 0 25f'cbv dv =
0.25f 3093 199
3093.199 kN OK
O.K.

36

Designexample
g p
J.4
J 4 Minimum Longitudinal reinforcement requirement (C.G.
(C G fo bearing)
- T F = Asfy + Apsfps 3945.67 kN
- Mu = 1.25(Mg+Ms+Mb) + 1.50Mw s + 1.75(MTL+IM +MLL) 0.00 kN-m
- Vu = 1.25(V
2 ( g+Vs+Vb) + 1.50V
0 w s + 1.75(V
( TL+IM +VLL) 1033.82
033 82 k
kN
- T V = Mu/(dv *If)+0.5*(Nu/Ia)+(|(Vu/Is)-Vp|-0.5*Vs )cotT 3820.85 kN
- T F >= TV ?? O.K.

37
 CombinedshearandTorsion
™ Thetorsionaleffectwillnotbeconsideredwhen,
The torsional effect will not be considered when

Tu d 0.25ITcr
™ Thetorsionaleffectwillnotbeconsideredwhen,

2
Acp fppc
0.28 fcc 1
p
Tcr
pc 0.325 fcc

™ Acp =totalareaenclosedbyoutsideperimeterofconcrete
cross section
crossͲsection
™ pc =thelengthoftheoutsideperimeteroftheconcrete
section
38

CombinedshearandTorsion
™ Thetorsioneffectonsectionshallbesatisfied
The torsion effect on section shall be satisfied

Tu d ITn
™ Thenominaltorsionresistanceshallbetakenas,

2 A0 At fvy cot T
Tn
s

™ A0 =areaenclosedbytheshearflowpath.
™ At =areaofonelegofclosedtransversetorsion
area of one leg of closed transverse torsion
reinforcementinsolidmember.

39
 CombinedshearandTorsion
™ The
Thelongitudinalreinforcementinsolidsectionsshallbe
longitudinal reinforcement in solid sections shall be
proportionaltosatisfy

2 2
|M | 0.5Nu § Vu · § 0.45phTu ·
Aps fps  As fy t u   cot T ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
I f dv Ia ¨ I  Vp  0.5Vs ¸  ¨ 2 A I ¸
© s ¹ © 0 s ¹

40

CE solution
consultancy
LOGO

41
 BEAMLEDGESandDAPPEDENDS
BEAM LEDGES d DAPPED ENDS

éø. ÿčîĉêĉ ÿčõćó

Dr. Suniti Suparp
nisuparp@[Link]
i h

` Generallyshearcarryingmechanismisknownvariouslyas
(1) Aggregate interlocking Î monotonicmember/diagonal
(1)Aggregateinterlocking
Aggregateinterlocking monotonic member/diagonal
tensionfailure.
ShearͲͲfriction Î concreteconnection/directshearfailure.
(2) Shear
(2)Shear concrete connection/direct shear failure.
` UseofshearͲfrictiontheoryisrecognizedbythecode,which
states that shear friction “may be applied where it is
statesthatshearfriction“maybeappliedwhereitis
inappropriatetoconsidershearasmeasureofdiagonal
tension”
tension .(PCI)
(PCI)

2
` Whenthedepthofmember(h)isrelativelylargecomparedto
shearspan(a),thestressdistributionmaynotuniformand
thegeneraltheoryofsheardesignisnotappropriateto
handle.Î a/h<1.0.
R
Requiredtrialanderrorprocesses
i d i l d
` Therearetwotheorytoconsider.

(1)Strutandtiemodel,andÎ moregeneral
(2)
(2)Shear
ShearͲfriction
frictiontheory.
theory.
Explainhere!!

` To reduce superstructure height, PC girders are often

recessed (notched) at their ends and supported by a ledge
beam.
` Because of the reduced section at supports, special attention
must to paid to :
` (1) Ensuring sufficient shear resistance in that region, and
` (2) Detailing of the reinforcement to transfer the load
g it.
through

4
` Thedesignofdappedendrequirestheinvestigationof
severalpotentialfailuremodes.
p
1.7ld
Avh
2
4 As +An
h d

(2/3)d
d
max.
1
Nu
3
Ash
Vu
40
max.

a ld
5

(1) Flexure(cantileverbending)andaxialtensionintheextended
end.Provideflexuralreinforcement,As plusaxialtension
reinforcementA
i f An.
(2) Directshearatthejunctionofthedapandthemainbodyof
themember.ProvideshearͲfrictionreinforcementcomposed
ofAs andAvh,plusaxialtensionreinforcement,An.
(3) DiagonaltensionemanatingfromthereͲentrantcorner.
Provideshearreinforcement,Ash.
(4) Diagonaltensionintheextendedend.Provideshear
reinforcementcomposedofAvh.

6
` Eachofthesepotentialfailuremodesshouldbeinvestigated
separately.
` Thereinforcementrequirementareanotcumulative,thatis
As isthegreaterofthatrequiredby1,2,or5,notthesum.
` Thefollowingrecommendationsapplyonlytodapped
connectionswitha/d<=1.0andNu/Vu<=1.0.

` Theflexuralandaxialtensionhorizontalreinforcementcan
bedeterminedby:

1 ªVua  Nu (h  d ) º
As  An «¬  Nu»
Ify d ¼
` Where
` I =0.70(PCI)
= 0 70 (PCI)
` a =shearspan
` h =depthofmemberabovethedap
d h f b b h d
` d =effectivedepthatthedap.
` fy =yieldstrength
8
` Thepotentialverticalcrackisresistedbyacombinationof(As +
An)andAvh.Thesereinforcementscanbecalculatedby:

2Vu Nu Vu
As , An , Avh
3Ify P e Ify 3Ifvy P e

` Where
` I =0.70(PCI)
= 0 70 (PCI)
` fy =yieldstrengthofAs andAn
` fvy =yieldstrengthofA
i ld h f Avh
` Pe =6.9O2bhP/Vu Î O =1.0fornormalconcrete

` The recommended minimum reinforcement requirements are :

Therecommendedminimumreinforcementrequirementsare:

0.6bh 0.3bh
As ,min , Avh ,min
fy fvy

` UnlessoneͲthirdmorethanthatrequiredbythefactoredshear
forceisprovided.
` ReinforcementAvh shouldbeuniformlydistributedwithin(2/3)d
ofreinforcementAs+Ah.
` Furthermore,themaximumdirectshearresistanceislimitedto:

Vu  0.2Ifccbh
10
` Thereinforcementrequiredtoresistdiagonaltensioncracking
The reinforcement required to resist diagonal tension cracking
startingfromthereͲentrantcornercanbecalculatedform:

Vu
Ash
Ifsy

` I =0.7(PCI)
` Vu =factoredshearforce
` Ash =verticalbarsacrosspotentialdiagonaltensioncrack
p g
` fsy =yieldstrengthofAsh

11

` Thereinforcementrequiredtoresistdiagonaltensionat
The reinforcement required to resist diagonal tension at
extendedendcanbecalculatedform:

As ,required
required
Avh
2

` $s,required =Max(As fromflexure,As formdirectshear)

12
 13

` FindAs,Ah,Ash andAv fordappedzoneofIͲgirderasshown.

0.70

1.40

Vu =1023kN

0.70

14
 f’c =35MPaandfy =400MPa(forall)
b=600mm.,h=700mm.,L=700mm.,
andH=1,400mm.

Step
Step1
St 11 :AssumedN
A d Nu =0.20xV
0 20 Vu =0.2x1023=205kN
0 2 1023 205 kN

S
Step2
Step2 :Assume
2 A ““a”=0.55m.and“d”=0.658m.
” 0 55 d “d” 0 658
Therefore, a/d=0.55/0.658=0.83<1.0O.K.
Ch k
Check
Vu <=I0.2f’cbh
<= 0 7x0 2x35x600x700/1 000
<=0.7x0.2x35x600x700/1,000
<=2058kNO.K.

15

Step3
Step3 :Directshear
Pe =6.9O
6.9O2bhP/Vu
=6.9x12x600x700x1.4/(1023x103)
=3.96

find
As =(2/3)Vu/(IfyPe)
=(2/3)x1023x103/(0.7x400x3.96)
=615.07mm.2

16
Step3
Step3 :Directshear
As,min =0.6bh/f 0 6x600x700/400 630 mm 2
0 6bh/fy =0.6x600x700/400=630mm.
Avh =Vu/( I vyPe)
/(3If
=(1023x103)/(3x0.7x400x3.96)
=307.54mm.2

Avh,min =0.3bh/f
0 3bh/fy
=0.3x600x700/400
=315mm.2 >307.54mm.2
17

Step4
Step4 :Flexureandaxialtensioninextendedend :
1 ªVua  Nu (h  d ) º
As  An «¬  Nu »¼
Ify d
103 ª 1023 u 550  205(700  658) º
 205
0.7 u 400 ¬« 658 »¼
3,100.63  732.14 3832.772 mm.2

>630>615.07mm.2 use3,100.63mm.2

18
Step4
Step4 :Flexureandaxialtensioninextendedend :

As+An= =3,100.63+732.14=3,832.77mm.2

Use8DB25 Î (As +An)provided =3,927mm.2 >3,832.77mm.2O.K.

19

Step5
Step5 :Diagonaltensionatextendedend :
Avh =As,required/2,when
/

As,resuired =Max{3100.63,615.07,630}
M {3100 63 615 07 630}

Th f
Therefore, =0.5x3100.63=1550.32mm.
0 5 3100 63 1550 32 2

>307.54mm.2
315 06 mm 2
>>315.06mm.
Use 1550.32mm.2
if provide 3loops of DB20
ifprovide3loopsofDB20 = 1 884 96 mm 2
=1,884.96mm.
>1550.32O.K.
20
Step6
Step6 :DiagonaltensionatreͲentrantcorner

Ash =Vu/(Ify)
(1023x103)/(0.7x400)
==(1023x10 )/(0 7x400)
=3656.57mm.2
Use4loopsofDB25
Î Ash,provided
h 3,927 mm.2 >>3,656.57mm.
id d =3,927mm. 3,656.57 mm.2 O.K.

21

Detailofreinforcingbars
il f i f i b
3 20 (l
3DB20(loops)
)

4BB25(loops)

8DB25
8DB25

22
COMPARE TO PCI-1980

23

COMPARE TO PCI-1980 - Alternative

24
 COMPARE TO STRUT-and-tie25

1. Flexure,shear,andhorizontalforcesat
Flexure, shear, and horizontal forces at
Failuremodes locationofcrack1.
2. Tensionforceinthesupportelementat
pp
thelocationofcrack2.
3. Punchingshearatpointsofloadingatthe
locationofcrack3.
4. Bearingforceatthelocationofcrack4.

26
` Beamledgesmaybedesignedinaccordancewitheitherthe
strutͲandͲtiemodel ortheshearͲfrictionmodel.
` Itshallbenotedthatdappedcanbeconsideredtobeinverted
beamledges.

Bridgeapplication
27

Negativemoment Hangerbar(A
( hr)
bar(Anem)

skinbar(Ak)
Primaryledgebar(As)
Vu
Nu auxiliaryledgebar(Ah)

Positivemomentbar(Apom)
28
 Mpos

Mneg
Asm =M/(fyjd)
29

` Theloadonthebearingpadpropagatesalongatruncated
pyramidwhosetophasthearea(A1)andwhosebasehasthe
area(A2).
` A1 isloadarea=LxW
` A2 istheareaoflowestrectanglecontainedwhollywithinthe
support.

Vu <=IVn
=I0.85f’cA1m

0.70 m=sqrt(A2/A1)<=2

30
` Thedesignfactoredshearshallbethanpunchingshear
strength:
Vn =0.328sqrt(f’c)(W+2L+2de)de
Vu <=IVn

0.90

31

` Thewidthoftheconcretefaceassumedtoparticipatein
resistancetoshear :

bs =W+4a
= W+4av

` Theprimarytension
reinforcement shallbespaced
shall be spaced
uniformlywithin:

bm =W+5av

32
Shearstrengthistheminimumof

(1) Vn =0.2f’cAcv
(2) =5.5Acv

Acv =areaofconcrete
f t
engagedinshear
transfer (dexbs)
transfer(d

Vu <= IVn
<=IV
0.90

33

Vn =cAcv +P[Avffy+Pc]

Acv =areaofconcreteengagedinsheartransfer(dexbs)
Avf =areaofshearreinforcementcrossingtheshearplane
area of shear reinforcement crossing the shear plane
c=cohesionfactor(=1monotonicelement)
P =1.4(monotonicelement)
( )
Pc =netcompressiveforcenormaltotheshearplane

Vu <=IVn Vu/fͲ
/f cAcv =P[A
[ vffy+Pc]

0.90 (Vu/I – cA
Acv)/
)/P – Pc =A
Avffy

Th s Avf =[(V
Thus,A [(Vu/I–
/I cAcv)/P
)/ – Pc]/fy
34
Minimumreinforcingforshearfriction

Avf,min >=0.35bsde/fy

TheminimumreinforcementrequirementofAvf maybewaivedif
Vn/Acv islessthan0.70MPa

35

Factoredmoment Mu =Vuaf +Nuc(hͲde)

IMn >=Mu

Mn =Affy(de – a/2) SolveforAf

Min
Min Af,min =0.04(f’
0 04(f’c/fy)bsde
36
 Requiredreinforcementforaxialtension

An =Nuc/(Ify)

0.90

37

Allrequirementshallbesatisfied

1. As,provied >=Af,min
2. As,provied
s provied >=Af +An Primaryledgebar
a y edge ba
3. As,provied >=(2/3)Avf +An

4 Ah,provided>=0.5(A
4. >= 0 5(As,required Ͳ An) Auxiliary ledge bar
Auxiliaryledgebar

Where As,required =Max{Af,min,Af+An,(2/3)Avf+An}

38
 ` Firstly,areaofAhr shallbeassumed.
` Thebarsshallsatisfytheminimum of:

­ Ahr fy
°° 0.165 f c b
c f fd  (W  2d f )
s
Vn ® Ahr fy
° S
°̄°¯ s
SS=spacingofbearings
spacing of bearings
I =0.9

39

40
C l i
Conclusions
éø.. ÿččîĉêĉ ÿčõč ćó
éø
Dr. Suniti Suparp
nisuparp@[Link]

Bridge Design Process

and Development

R
Resources
Researches

Knowledge

Process

Rating &
Maintenance
Output

2
nisuparp@[Link]
p p@y
081-696-3623

[Link]@[Link]
081 379 9758
081-379-9758