INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
What is IPM
Importance of IPM to Producers Importance of IPM to the environment Importance of IPM to human health and
safety What are IPM strategies Advantages and limitations to IPM
Why Study IPM?
Why a new approach to pest management is needed:
1920s cotton pest management Pesticide Treadmill of 1960s 1970s
Pesticide resistance Secondary pest outbreaks Environmental concerns
IPM concept reborn in 1970s
WHAT ARE PESTS?
Pests are plants and animals in undesirable locations according to mans liking Common pests are insects, mites, snails,
birds, weeds, nematodes, and pathogens Pests can cause health problems, cause structural damage to buildings, roads and landscape
What is IPM
Ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques (biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties) Philosophy utilizes all suitable pest management techniques and methods to keep pest populations below economically injurious levels Each IPM technique must be environmentally sound and compatible with producer objectives.
Recognizes there is no cure-all in pest control.
Dependence on any one pest management method will have undesirable effects.
A pest management philosophy..
Determine and correct the cause of the pest problem.
Understanding Pest biology and ecology is essential. Manipulate the environment to the crops advantage and to the detriment of the pest.
Recognizes that eradication of a pest is seldom necessary or even desirable, and generally not possible.
Some damage is unavoidable and acceptable
Utilizes all suitable pest management tactics..
Pesticides Cultural Mechanical Sanitary Natural Biological Host Plant Resistance
Should Pesticides be used in an IPM Program?
Pesticides can to be used in an IPM program, however only as a last resort and of course in a manner that is legal. Pesticides are to be used when there is no risk of environmental damage or when benefits outweigh the risks. Use pesticides only when other control practices arent available, economical or practical. Must monitor pest populations in the field. Identify the pest
Compare pest population and the economic threshold Life stage susceptible to pesticide? Crop stage and preventable loss.
THE PROBLEM WITH PESTICIDES
Lack of complete health and safety data on many
pesticides currently in use Possible adverse short- and long-term health effects from acute and low-level long term exposure to pesticides Contamination to the surrounding environment including waterways and food web Pest resurgence due to resistance to toxic chemicals, insects become resistant to chemical pesticides Approximately 500 species of insects are resistant to one or more pesticides
What is Cultural Control
Agronomic practices that are designed to:
Optimize growing conditions for the crop. Anything that increases a crops competitive edge will result in increased tolerance to pests often resulting in reduced pesticide use. Create unfavorable conditions for the pest Rotation to non-host crops Fallow and cover crops
What is Mechanical Control?
Limits the pest's access to food, water
and harborage sites
pests
Tillage
Uses machinery and/or other tools to control
- Improve drainage.
Physical barriers
- Propping plants with wires mechanical devices (i.e. traps)
What is Sanitary Control?
Methods to avoid introducing a pest into a field
Cleaning field equipment/areaa
- Composting crop residue
Planting certified seed
- Tissue culture plants
- Hot water treatment
Quarantines
QUARANTINE IN AGRICULTURAL WHAT & WHY
Practices guided by legislative measures through the policy in order to; 1.To keep free a country from the incursion of exotic pests and diseases. 2.Exclude pests or diseases of plants and animals of economic importance from that particular geographical area.
The continuous movement of MAN and cargo around the world carry unwanted pests and diseases No one can predict how a pest or disease will perform in a new environment Organisms regarded as harmless in one country maybe harmful in another country Facilitate trade yet ensuring border biosecurity High risks of pest and disease incursions relate to increased international trade. Conserve our biodiversity by preventing destructive invasive species from entering the country which will pose a threat to our endemic species of plants and animals.
Whats in a Plant Health Quarantine Regulation?
Mandatory production area requirements in
exporting countries/domestic production areas. Treatment requirements Inspection requirements Certification and Registration requirements Packing and Boxing Requirements Any measures necessary to mitigate risks
PREVENTION OF ALIEN SPECIES BEING LANDED (IMPORT PERMIT)
Plant and Plant Products
No plant or plant products (e.g. fruits and vegetables) is allowed entry unless a Import Permit is obtained through application from Quarantine Contents of an application should have relevant information of the commodity to be imported - Import Permit is the importers authorization to import a specific commodity from a specific country. It should clearly outline the conditions/requirements stated by the importing country. - This will prevent alien species accompanying the consignment.
Certain criteria's have to be met for an Import Permit application to be approved; Firstly, screen & verify all applications and inform importers on our Import Permit
Requirements/Standards & Conditions Liaise directly with exporting countries on Import Risk Analysis & Pest List Database on imported commodities Conduct Import Risk Analysis & Initiating the process of Pest Risk Analysis on Import Permit Applications & work in collaboration with Pathologists, Entomologists, Veterinarians, Forestry & Fisheries Dept, Environments
What is Natural Control?
Enhancement of naturally occurring pest
management methods
Beneficial insects Beneficial diseases Inoculation of soil with beneficial nematodes
What is Biological Control?
Manipulation of biological organism to control
pests
Suppression of insect populations by
native or introduced enemies Generic terms
A population-leveling process in which the population of one species lowers the number of another
Can be time consuming, expensive and difficult Example Lady bugs feed on aphids and can be
introduced to reduce the aphid population on crops
Why use biological control?
WHEN : Biological control agents are
Expensive Labor intensive Host specific
WHILE : Chemical pesticides are:
cost-effective easy to apply Broad spectrum
WILL: Chemical pesticides
Implicated in ecological, environmental, and human health problems Require yearly treatments Broad spectrum Toxic to both beneficial and pathogenic species
BUT: Biological control agents
Non-toxic to human Not a water contaminant concern Once colonized may last for years Host specific
Only effect one or few species
What is Host Plant Resistance?
Manipulating the crop to withstand or tolerate
pests
Natural breeding method Genetically modified plants
Not a permanent method of control
Examples: Glandular-haired Alfalfa, Bt Corn,
Pheromones and IPM
Pheromones can be utilized to catch or deter insects Example: Pheromone traps, which contain the pheromone emitted by the female gypsy moth can be set to catch male moths
Insects use of Pheromones
Pheromones are chemicals emitted by an animal that signals another animal of the same species. Example: female gypsy moths emit a pheromone to attract a male
Four Basic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest,
and the environment and their interrelationships 2) Requires advanced planning 3) Balances cost/benefits of all control practices 4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest conditions
KNOW YOUR PEST
What pests have affected in the past? What other pests can possibly emerge? What are the hazards if the pest remains unchecked? When is the pest most active? Where is this pests habitat preferences? What does the pest look like at different times of its lifecycle? Are there any benefits to the pest? How can you prevent a pest appearing? How can you control a pest once it is established?
IPM utilizes a combination of: 1. Preventive measures 2. Monitoring 3. Control techniques
IPMs goal is to suppress pests by the least toxic measures IPM does not exclude the use of chemical pesticides, but utilizes them sparingly and only as a last resort
PREVENTIVE MEASURE
eliminate the pest by disturbing a potential habitat erecting a physical barrier, eliminating food or
water, or introducing a predator The choice of pest-resistant varieties of species that are well adapted to local conditions precludes pest infestation
MONITORING
Regular inspection is key to IPM Monitoring must be systematic and regular to be effective Setting up a good monitoring program is a cost-effective way to get started in IPM Proper identification of pests and the problems they pose is essential in selecting control methods
What IPM Is and Isnt
Stresses a multi disciplinary approach to pest
management
Entomology Plant Pathology
Nematology
Weed Science Crop Sciences (Horticulture/Agronomy) Soil Science Ecology
BENEFIT OF IPM
Economic
costly - pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation are - cast associated with hazardous waste disposal is averted - Reduce health risks and monitoring
Safety
- eliminate handling of hazardous pesticides - reduce pesticide applications
Effectiveness
- delay pest resistance - does not rely solely on chemical controls, resistance to pesticides is less likely to occur - preserve effectiveness of pesticides reduce cost
Environmental
- preserve the environment - indiscriminate use of pesticide and fertilizer can reduce the population of beneficial biodiversity
Advantages & Disadvantages of IPM
Improve profitability by Individual using IPM
the reduction of chemicals being used May reduce pesticide resistant insects Elimination of unnecessary chemical application Long term benefits (lower cost for chemicals, better for environment and human health)
must be educated about the options Takes more time to initiate than simply spraying for pests Must be closely monitored for best results Natural enemies of pests may become pests themselves More labor intensive Success can be weather dependent
