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Understanding Immunity for GCSE

The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system and how it responds to pathogens like viruses and bacteria. It discusses the differences between viruses and bacteria, how the body responds differently to each through mechanisms like interferon for viruses and antibiotics for bacteria. It also outlines the immune response process, including the roles of antibodies, B cells, T cells, and how immunity is developed after exposure. It provides details on antibody structure and function, as well as conditions like HIV/AIDS, how it attacks the immune system, and current treatment approaches like antiretrovirals.

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180 views16 pages

Understanding Immunity for GCSE

The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system and how it responds to pathogens like viruses and bacteria. It discusses the differences between viruses and bacteria, how the body responds differently to each through mechanisms like interferon for viruses and antibiotics for bacteria. It also outlines the immune response process, including the roles of antibodies, B cells, T cells, and how immunity is developed after exposure. It provides details on antibody structure and function, as well as conditions like HIV/AIDS, how it attacks the immune system, and current treatment approaches like antiretrovirals.

Uploaded by

[email protected]
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT or read online on Scribd

Immune system

Skin
• Provides nonspecific
defense against
infection.
• Epidermis
• Dermis
Bacteria & Viruses
• Important differences between
bacteria and viruses with
respect for their requirement
for growth and replication.
• Body has different responses
to bacteria and viruses.
• Treatment for bacteria is
completely different than that
for viruses.
Virus
• Tiny particle
containing genetic
material
• Invades and
destroys cells
• Body produces
Interferon
• Treated with an
antiviral drug
Bacteria
• Single-celled living
organism
• Breaks down tissues
for food or releases
toxins.
• Inflammatory response
• Treated with antibiotic
drugs.
Immune response
• Defends the body
against specific
pathogens (like viruses
or bacteria).
• Immune System
response to an infection.
• Antibodies are produced
by the body in response
to antigens.
Antibodies
• B Cells: rapidly divide
resulting in large numbers of
B cells that recognize the
antigen.
• Some B Cells release more
antibodies which are then
carried in the blood and
lymph to the tissues.
• Antibodies bind to specific
antigens.
• Science Daily
Antibody structure
• Each antibody has a
specific site to bind to
the antigen.
• Once the antigen is
bound to the antibody it
is harmless.
• Pathogen + antibody
can attract _______
which “eat up” the
structure.
Immunity
• After an individual has been
exposed to a pathogen, and
produces antibodies to it, some
B cells “remember” how to
produce the antibodies.
• This reduces the risk of
succumbing to the pathogen
again in the future.
• The ability to resist a pathogen
is called immunity: passive
(natural) and active immunity
Vaccination
• Immunity can be acquired by
vaccination
• Injection of a weakened
pathogen into an organism to
create immunity.
• The pathogen is too weak to
create disease, but the
antigens present stimulate an
immune response.
Cells of the Immune System
• Phagocytes
• B Cells
(lymphocytes)
• T Cells
(lymphocytes)
Lymphocytes
• B-Cells • T-Cells
– B cells produce – T-cells provide
antibodies against defenses against
antigens in the bodily antigens in cells such
fluids: humoral as HIV and cancer:
immunity cell-mediated immunity
HIV/AIDS
• Human • Acquired Immune
immunodeficiency deficiency syndrome:
disease: HIV AIDS
– Virus – Disease named by
– Destroys helper T cells doctors in L.A.
– Immune system is – 1983
destroyed – Because it attacks cells
– First discovered when of the immune system
patients were dying it goes undetected
from harmless – See figure 40-15 pg.
organisms. 1046
Transmission of HIV
• Any type of sexual intercourse
with an infected person
• Sharing needles or syringe that
has been used by an infected
person
• Contact with blood or products
that contact blood
• From an infected mother to child,
either during pregnancy or during
childbirth, or breastfeeding.
Treatment for AIDS/HIV?
• No cure: HIV has evolved and
mutated, evading elimination
• 3 month “Window” of infection
• Education!
• Retro-virals and vitamins
• The HIV carrier rate in the U.S.
is now 1 carrier for every 100 to
200 people.
• More about HIV/AIDS

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