Discovery of viruses
The discovery of viruses resulted from the search for the infectious agent causing tobacco mosaic plants and gives their leaves a mosaic coloration.
Chlorosis Necrosis
ADOLF MEYER
A German scientist demonstrated that the disease was contagious & proposed that infectious agent was an unusually small bacterium that could not be seen with a microscope.
He successfully transmitted the disease by spraying sap from
infected plants onto the healthy ones. Using a microscope, he examined the sap & was unable to identify a microbe.
D. IVANOWSKY
1890: A Russian scientist proposed that tobacco mosaic disease was caused by a bacterium that was either too small to be trapped by a filter or that produced a filterable toxin To remove bacteria, he filtered sap from infected leaves Filtered sap still transmitted disease to healthy plants
MARTINUS BEIJERINCK
1897: A Dutch microbiologist proposed that disease was
caused by a reproducing particle much smaller& simpler than
a bacterium He ruled out the theory that a filterable toxin caused the disease by demonstrating that the infectious agent in filtered sap could reproduce
Plants were sprayed with filtered sap from disease plants----->
sprayed plants developed tobacco mosaic disease----->sap from newly infected plants was used to infect others
WENDELL. M. STANLEY
1935:An American Biologist, from the Rockefeller Institute, crystallized
the infectious particle now known as Tobacco Mosaic Virus(TMV)
The purified virus precipitated in the form of crystals. He was able to show that viruses can be better regarded as chemical matter, than as living organisms. Crystals retained the ability to infect healthy tissue. Subsequent determination of chemical nature of TMV: Protein in combo with nucleic, TMV were rods 300 nanometers long, TMV was RNA surrounded by protein coat.
Viruses of bacteria, Archaea and eukaryotes
VIRUS-HOST RANGE
The host range of a virus is the spectrum of host cells the virus can
infect
Some viruses have broad host ranges which may include several species(e.g. swine flu and rabies)
Some viruses have host ranges so narrow that they can infect only
one species(e.g. phages of [Link]) Infect only a single tissue type of one species(e.g. human cold virus) Infects only cells of the URT; AIDS virus binds only to specific receptors on certain white blood cells
VIRAL SIZE
Smaller than bacteria Pass through a filter
Once called filterable agents
VIRAL STRUCTURE
The virus or virion, is just nucleic acid enclosed by a protein coat, Its a complete, fully developed infectious
viral particle that is a vehicle of
transmission from one host to another Viruses are classified by differences in the structures of these coats
NUCLEIC ACID-VIRAL GENOMES
Depending on the virus, viral genomes: May be double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, doublestranded RNA or single-stranded RNA
Are organized as single nucleic acid molecules that are either
linear or circular May have as few as four genes or as many as several hundred
CAPSID
Capsid: Protein coat that encloses the viral genome Its structure may be rod-shaped, polyhedral or complex Composed of many capsomeres: protein subunits
made from only one or a few types of protein
Membrane that cloak some viral capsid: Helps viruses infect their host
Derived from host cell membrane which is
usually virus-modified and contains proteins and glycoproteins of viral origin
GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
Helical viruses Polyhedral viruses Enveloped viruses Complex viruses
HELICAL VIRUSES
Resemble long rods. Maybe rigid or flexible. Viral Genome found inside a hollow cylindrical capsid.
POLYHEDRAL VIRUSES
Many-sided Capsid is in the shape of icosahedron
(a polyhedral with 20 triangular faces)
Eg.: Adenovirus, and poliovirus
ENVELOPED VIRUSES
Roughly spherical Enveloped-helical or enveloped polyhedral
viruses
Enveloped helical = Influenzae virus Enveloped polyhedral = Herpes simplex virus
Viral envelope
Not found in all viruses - Surrounds capsid - Derived from host cell (budding) - May have viral proteins and glycoproteins embedded - Assists the virus in infecting its host - Example is influenza
COMPLEX VIRUSES
Bacteriophage. Capsid(head) is polyhedral, tail sheath is helical. Tail fibers, plate and pin.
TWO BASIC TYPES OF VIRIONS
Naked: consist only of nucleic acid and capsid Enveloped virus: consists of nucleic acid, capsid, and
envelope
Overviewreplication cycle of viruses
Can only multiply within living cells that are actively metabolizing Viruses lack cellular components necessary to harvest energy and synthesize proteins Viruses must use structures & enzymes of cells they
infect to support their own reproduction- considered
parasites
Ultra structure of bacterial viruses
Bacteriophage
Virus that infects
bacteria
Excellent model for other bacteria
PHAGE T4
CHROMOSOME: DOUBLE STRAND LINEAR DNA ~2 x 105 NUCLEOTIDE PAIRS ~1 x 108 MOLECULAR WEIGHT COLLAR ~200 GENES BASE PLATE EXTERIOR SPIKES HEAD
CAPSOMER
TAIL
CORE SHEATH
TAIL FIBER (6)
INJECTION PENETRATION
RECEPTOR PROTEIN
WALL - OUTER MEMBRANE CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
Two possible outcomes following viral infection of a bacterial cell
Lytic Infection: Viruses multiply inside the cells they invade
Lysogenic Infection: Integrate viral DNA into host cell chromosome; the virus DNA replicates as the bacterial chromosome replicates
Replication of lytic phages
Phage nucleic acid enters the bacterium and capsid remains outside Nucleic acid replicated along with phage proteins
Many virions are formed
Phages exit by bursting the cell Phages that go through this life cycle are called virulent Virulent: has the ability to overcome host defenses and cause disease
Bacteria eater
- Viral genome has a promoter - Bacterial RNA polymerase transcribes viral genes
- EARLY STAGE PROTEINS
- Viral genes adjacent to the promoter are transcribed
- Proteins that stop host transcription - Proteins that stimulate viral replication - Viral nucleases digest host genome - Stimulate late gene transcription
-LATE STAGE PROTEINS
- Viral genes that code for viral capsid proteins - Proteins that lyse the host cell
Virus infects host
Hosts RNA polymerase transcribes EARLY genes
Lytic Stage
operon
Early proteins stop transcription of hosts genes Early protein stimulates viral genome reproduction, digest host genome & stimulate late gene transcription Viral capsid proteins Early protein stimulates transcription of LATE genes.
Lyse host
Lysogenic Infection
The viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome
Each time the host chromosomes replicated and split into new
cells, so is the viral DNA
Phage may excise itself from the chromosome and later and revert to lytic growth
Temperate phage
Bacterium growing well lysogenic cycle Bacterial host stressed or damaged lytic cycle Regulatory proteins Constant Growth Cro cI Lysogenic
cI(Clear) Cro
(Control of Repressor Operator)
Compete for promoter sites
STRESS or UV Damage cI Cro Lytic
Both are transcriptional inhibitor
35
STRESS or DAMAGE
Cro protein activates promoters for phage DNA replication & cell lysis
GOOD GROWTH
cI accumulates & activates promoters for integration Lysogenic Cycle
Host range of phages
Host range: number of different bacteria that a particular phage can infect Two factors determine the host range of a phage:
1. Phage must be able to attach to receptors on host cell surface
2.
The restriction modification system of the host cell
Restriction Modification System
In some bacteria to protect themselves from viral infection Bacterial cell makes restriction enzyme & methylating enzyme Methylating enzyme adds methyl group to bacterial DNA
Bacteria now knows this is its own DNA
Uses restriction enzyme to cut any DNA that is not methylated Cuts viral DNA- inactivating it
Multiplication of Animal Viruses
Multiplication of Animal Viruses
Similar to bacteriophage replication Animal viruses attach to host plasma membrane via spikes on the capsid or envelope
Animal viruses are usually taken into the cytoplasm as intact
nucleocapsids Uncoating is the separation of the capsid from the genome
Entry of Animal Viruses into their Host Cells
Interactions of Animal Viruses with their hosts
Acute Infections Latent Viral Infections Persistant Viral Infections
Latent Viral Infections
When acute infection followed by symptomless period and then reactivation of disease Symptoms of the initial and reactivated diseases may differ Provirus: latent form of virus in which viral DNA
incorporated into host DNA
Examples of Latent Infectionsvaricella zoster virus
Initial infection of children- chicken pox Then can remain latent for years with no disease symptoms Can be reactivated and cause shingles Chicken pox and shingles- different diseases caused by same virus
Persistent Viral Infections
Occurs gradually over a long period Example: Measles Several years after contracting measles can get Subacute sclerosing panenchaphalitis
Retroviridae
Family of viruses that carry their genetic information as ssRNA Have enzyme reverse transcriptase which forms a DNA copy that is then integrated into the host genome
