PT-603 : Polymer Rheology and Processing
Total Credit hours: 03 (Th) + 01 (Lab)
Teachers Name: Engr. Dr. Asif Ali Qaiser
Text Books: 1. Barnes,H.A., Hutton, J.F., Walters, K., An Introduction To Rheology , Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. The Netherlands, 1993 2. Cogswell, F.N., Polymer Melt Rheology: A guide for industrial practice, Woodhead Publishing Ltd Reference Book: 1. Barnes, H. A., A Handbook Of Elementary Rheology, The University of Wales UK, 2000 2. Ebewele, R. O. Polymer Science and Technology, CRC Press, NY,1996 Advanced Readings: Malkin, A. Y., Rheology Fundamentals, ChemTec Publishing Canada, 1994
Table of Contents of the Text
Rheology: An Introduction
The study of the deformation and flow of matter-By Professor Bingham of Lafayette College, PA in 1920s 1st meeting of American Society of Rheology-1929 biorheology, polymer rheology, suspension rheology and rheology in the chemical processing industries Historical Prospectives: "True Theory of Elasticity in 1678 by Robert Hooke proposing "the power of any spring is in the same proportion with the tension thereofclassical (infinitesimal-strain) elasticity.
Rheology: Historical Prospective
The "Principia" published in 1687 by Isaac describing liquid behaviour "The resistance which arises from the lack of slipperiness of the parts of the liquid, other things being equal, is proportional to the velocity with which the parts of the liquid are separated from one another". Internal resistance or viscosity The stress is proportional to the shear strain rate
The viscosity of glycerine in SI units is of the order of 1 Pa.s, whereas the viscosity of water is about 1 mPa.s, i.e. one thousand times less viscous- obeying Newtons fluid behaviour
Rheology: Historical Prospective
The Navier Stokes equation (N-S eqns.) for a Newtonian viscous fluid were developed in early 1900s! Newtonian Fluid and Hookean Solid The Constitutive equation
G is the Modulus of Rigidity
Rheology: Historical Prospective
The Hookean solid and Newtonian Liquid behaviours were considered universal until in 19th century (1835) Wilhelm Weber carried out experiments on silk threads and found time-dependent elastic behaviour, cannot be described by Hooke's law alone. There are elements of flow in the described deformation pattern, which are clearly associated more with a liquid-like response. -'viscoelasticity Fluids with elasticity- a paper by James Maxwell in 1867, On the dynamical theory of gases" The interest in rheology boosted after WW2 due to the advent of new polymeric materials and processes in around 1950s (high MW thermoplastics and polyester fiber) Rheology falls in between Newtonian mechanics and classical elasticity!
Linearity vs. Non-linearity
Hookes law: stress is linearly proportional to the strain Newtons law: Stress is linearly proportional to the strain rate Linear viscoelastic behaviour (LVE) Material properties such as rigidity modulus and viscosity can change with the applied stress, and the stress needs not be high. The change can occur either instantaneously or over a long period of time, and it can appear as either an increase or a decrease of the material parameter Examples: Shear thinning liquids Thixiotropes-Non-drip paints
Solid and Liquid Behaviours
Real materials are viscoelastic and the behaviour depends on temperature, stress/strain magnitude and time Daily life stress and time scales are short so only solid or liquid behaviour is observed. We can experience the both behaviours or shift the behaviour by varying the scales! Plastic-rigid solid beyond yield point-steel Different behaviours of Silicone Putty
Scale of Time in Rheology
'Deborah number', by Professor Marcus Reiner everything flows if you wait long enough even the mountains
where T is a characteristic time of the deformation process being observed and t is a characteristic time of the material. The time t is infinite for a Hookean elastic solid and zero for a Newtonian viscous liquid. t~10-12 for water and few seconds for polymers (showing elasticity!) High Deborah numbers correspond to solid-like behaviour and low Deborah numbers to liquid-like behaviour Solid: a material that will not continuously change its shape when subjected to a given stress, i.e. for a given stress there will be a fixed final deformation not be reached instantaneously on application of the stress. Liquid: a material that will continuously change its shape (i.e. will flow) when subjected to a given stress, irrespective of how small that stress may be.
Some Terminology
Viscoelastic solid 'viscoelastic liquid', 'elastico-viscous liquid', 'elastic liquid Liquids whose behaviour cannot be described on the basis of the Navier-Stokes equations are called 'non-Newtonian liquids'.
