Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)

Outline

Networking Basics Introduction to IPv6 IPv6 Header Format IPv6 Addressing Model ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 IPv6 vs. IPv4
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Basics: OSI 7-Layer RM

Basics: TCP/IPv4 Protocol Suite

Internet Protocol (IP)

Features:

Layer 3 (Network layer) Unreliable, Connectionless, Datagram Best-effort delivery

Popular version: IPv4 Major functions

Global addressing Datagram lifetime Fragmentation & Reassembly

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IPv4 Header

IPv4 companion protocols (1)

ARP: Address Resolution Protocol

Mapping from IP address to MAC address Error reporting & Query

ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol

IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol Multicast member join/leave

Unicast Routing Protocols (Intra-AS)

Maintaining Unicast Routing Table E.g. RIP, OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
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IPv4 companion protocols (2)

Multicast Routing Protocols

Maintaining Multicast Routing Table E.g. DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, PIM

E.g. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

Exterior Routing Protocols (Inter-AS)

Quality-of-Service Frameworks

Integrated Service (ISA, IntServ) Differentiated Service (DiffServ)

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Why IPv6?

Deficiency of IPv4 Address space exhaustion New types of service Integration

Multicast Quality of Service Security Mobility (MIPv6)

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Header and format limitations

Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4

Larger address space Better header format New options Allowance for extension Support for resource allocation Support for more security Support for mobility
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Header: from IPv4 to IPv6

Changed Removed

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IPv6 Header Format

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IPv6 Packet (PDU) Structure

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Traffic Class

The 8-bit field in the IPv6 header is available for use by originating nodes and/or forwarding routers to identify and distinguish between different classes or priorities of IPv6 packets.

E.g., used as the codepoint in DiffServ Service interface must provide means for upper-layer protocol to supply the value of traffic class Value of traffic class can be changed by source, forwarder, receiver An upper-layer protocol should not assume the value of traffic class in a packet has not been changed.

General requirements

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IPv6 Flow Label

Related sequence of packets Needing special handling Identified by src & dest addr + flow label Router treats flow as sharing attributes

E.g. path, resource allocation, discard requirements, accounting, security Buffer sizes, different forwarding precedence, different quality of service

May treat flows differently

Alternative to including all info. in every header

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Payload Length

16-bit unsigned integer. Length of the IPv6 payload, i.e., the rest of the packet following this IPv6 header, in octets. Note that any extension headers present are considered part of the payload, i.e., included in the length count.

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Extension Header Order

Order 1 2 Header Type Basic IPv6 Header Hop-by-Hop Options 0 Next Header Code

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5 6 7 8 9

Routing header
Fragment header Authentication header Encapsulation Security Payload header Destination Options Mobility header No Next header (Null)

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44 51 50 60 135 59

Upper layer: TCP, UDP, ICMP

6, 17, 58

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Hop-by-Hop Options

Must be examined by every router

Specifies discard/forward handling Pad1 PadN Jumbo payload Router alert (can be used for RSVP)

Options

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Routing Header

List of one or more intermediate nodes to visit Header includes

Next Header Header extension length Routing type (e.g. type 0 = Source Routing) Segments left

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Source Routing Example

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Fragment Header (1)

Fragment Offset: 8-bit unsigned integer

The offset, in 8-octet units, of the data following this header, relative to the start of the Fragmentable Part of the original packet Unfragmentable part: IPv6 header + any extension headers that must be processed by nodes en route

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Fragment Header (2)

M flag: 1=more fragments, 0=last fragment Identification: combined with the src & dest addr uniquely identifies the original packet

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Reassembly (1)

The Unfragmentable Part of the reassembled packet consists of all headers up to, but not including, the Fragment header of the first fragment packet The Next Header field of the last header of the Unfragmentable Part is obtained from the Next Header field of the first fragments Fragment header The Payload Length of the reassembled packet is computed from the length of the Unfragmentable Part and the length and offset of the last fragment.
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Reassembly (2)

[Link] = [Link] - [Link] - 8 + (8 * [Link]) + [Link]

[Link] = Payload Length field of reassembled packet. [Link] = Payload Length field of first fragment packet.
[Link] = length of fragment following Fragment header of first fragment packet. [Link] = Fragment Offset field of Fragment header of last fragment packet. [Link] = length of fragment following Fragment header of last fragment packet.

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Reassembly (3)
[Link]

IPv6 Header Extension Header Fragment Header First Fragment

. . . .

[Link] 8*[Link]

IPv6 Header Extension Header Fragment Header Last Fragment

[Link]

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IPsec Scenario

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IPSec Benefits

Provides strong security for external traffic

Resistant to bypass
Below transport layer hence transparent to applications Can be transparent to end users Can provide security for individual users if needed
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IPSec Functions

Authentication Header

for authentication/integrity only for authentication/integrity/encryption (privacy) Manual or automated

Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)

A key exchange function

VPNs usually need combined function

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Authentication Header

VC ID for all packets sent during a Security Association connection Prevent playback

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Encapsulating Security Payload

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IPv6 Addressing Model

Addresses are assigned to interfaces, not hosts Interface expected to have multiple addresses Addresses have scope

Link-Local Site-Local Unique Local Global

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Text Representation of Address

Colon-Hex

[Link] [Link] becomes [Link]

Compressed Format:

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Address Type Prefixes

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Global Unicast Address

Global routing prefix

A (typically hierarchically-structured) value assigned to a site (a cluster of subnets/links) An identifier of a subnet within the site Constructed in Modified EUI-64 format

Subnet ID

Interface ID

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IEEE 802 IPv6 Interface ID

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Site-Local Address

Meaningful only in a single site zone, and may be reused in other sites Equivalent to the IPv4 private address space Address are not automatically configured and must be assigned Prefix= FEC0::/48

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Link-Local Address

Meaningful only in a single link zone, and may be reused on other links Link-local addresses for use during auto-configuration and when no routers are present Required for Neighbor Discovery process, always automatically configuration An IPv6 router never forwards link-local traffic beyond the link Prefix= FE80::/64

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Special IPv6 Address

Loopback address ([Link] or ::1)

Identify a loopback interface Used by dual-stack nodes IPv6 traffic is automatically encapsulated with an IPv4 header and send to the destination using the IPv4 infrastructure

IPv4-compatible address ([Link]w.c.x.z or ::w.c.x.z)

IPv4 mapped address ([Link]w.c.x.z or ::FFFF:w.c.x.z)

Represent an IPv4-only node to an IPv6 node Only use a single listening socket to handle connections from client via both IPv6 and IPv4 protocols. Never used as a source or destination address of IPv6 packet Rarely implemented

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Address Autoconfiguration (1)

Allow plug and play BOOTP and DHCP are used in IPv4 DHCPng will be used with IPv6 Two Methods: Stateless and Stateful Stateless:

A system uses link-local address as source and multicasts to "All routers on this link" Router replies and provides all the needed prefix info All prefixes have a associated lifetime System can use link-local address permanently if no router

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Address Autoconfiguration (2)

Stateful:

Problem w/ stateless: Anyone can connect Routers ask the new system to go DHCP server (by setting managed configuration bit) System multicasts to "All DHCP servers" DHCP server assigns an address

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Network Layer in v4 & v6

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ICMPv6

An integral part of IPv6 and MUST be fully implement by every IPv6 node (RFC 2463) Next Header value= 58 Report delivery or forwarding errors Provide simple echo service for troubleshooting Neighbor Discovery (ND): 5 ICMP messages Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD): 3 ICMP messages
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ICMPv6 Messages

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Neighbor Discovery (ND)

Node (Hosts and Routers) use ND to determinate the link-layer addresses for neighbors known to reside on attached links and quick purge cached valued that become invalid Hosts also use ND to find neighboring router that willing to forward packets on their behalf Nodes use the protocol to actively keep track of which neighbors are reachable and which are not, and to detect changed link-layer addresses

Replace ARP, ICMP Router Discovery, and ICMP Redirect used in IPv4 44

IPv6 ND Mechanisms (1)

Router discovery

Equivalent to ICMPv4 Router Discovery Equivalent to ICMPv4 Address Mask Request/Reply Discovery additional parameter (ex. link MTU, default hop limit for outgoing packet)

Prefix discovery

Parameter discovery

Address auto-configuration

Configure IP address for interfaces

Address resolution: Equivalent to ARP in IPv4

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IPv6 ND Mechanisms (2)

Next-hop determination

Destination address, or Address of an on-link default router

Neighbor unreachable detection (NUD) Duplicate address detection (DAD)

Determine that an address considered for use is not already in use by a neighboring node

First-hop Redirect function

Inform a host of a better first-hop IPv6 address to reach a destination, Equivalent to ICMPv4 Redirect 46

Transition from IPv4 to IPv6

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Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4 (1)

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Source and destination address

IPSec Payload ID for QoS in the header Fragmentation Header checksum

32 bits
Optional No identification Both router and the sending hosts included

128 bits
required Using Flow label field Only supported at the sending hosts Not included

Resolve IP address to a link layer address

broadcast ARP request

Multicast Neighbor Solicitation message

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Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4 (2)

Feature Determine the address of the best default gateway Send traffic to all nodes on a subnet Configure address Manage local subnet group membership IPv4 ICMP Router Discovery(optional) IPv6 ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement (required) Link-local scope allnodes multicast address Autoconfiguration Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)

Broadcast

Manually or DHCP (IGMP)

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IPv6 References

RFC 2460: IPv6

RFC 2461: Neighbor Discovery

RFC 2462: Stateless Address Autoconfiguration RFC 3513: Addressing Architecture RFC 3679: Flow Label Specification RFC 4443: ICMPv6

RFC 3810: Multicast Listener Discovery (MLDv2)

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