Management of Aftermath: Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after a Disaster
Dr. Khondoker Mokaddem Hossain Director of Centre for Disaster and Vulnerability Studies Professor Department of Sociology University of Dhaka
THE END-A NEW BEGINNING
Outline of the Presentation
Recovery Stage Defining Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Difference between Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Factors/Aspects of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Requirement of good management of rehabilitation and reconstruction Need assessment, Sectors and Losses Actors involved in the Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Existing Management at Local Level in Bangladesh
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Outline of the Presentation
Institutions Involved in Management Other Agencies Activities Role of Union Parishad at rehabilitation stage Available of Resource Relationship to other stages of DM Guiding Principles CDMPs contribution to Rehabilitation/Reconstruction Case study: Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after Sidr & Galachipa Upazila under Patuakhali District
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Recovery Stage
Returning to the community to normal Decisions and issues closely relate to emergency response, preparedness, mitigation and long term development planning. Combination of social, psychological, cultural, economic, architectural and political processes. Mitigation reduces the probability of disaster occurrence
Defining Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Rehabilitation refers to the action taken in the aftermath of a disaster to enable basic services to resume functioning, assist victims self-helf efforts of repair physical damage and community facilities, revive economic activities and provide support for the psychological and social well being of the survivors (UNDP/UNDRO).
Defining Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Reconstruction refers to the full restoration of all services, and local infrastructure, replacement of damaged physical structures, the revitalization of economy and the restoration of social and cultural life (UNDP/UNDRO).
Difference between Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
SL Rehabilitation No
1 Focuses on enabling the affected population to resume more-or- less normal (predisaster) patterns of life. Considered as a transitional phase between immediate relief and more major, long-term development. Essential services needed to continue to function. Example: Recovery of power line after a cyclone.
Reconstruction
Damaged structures and services may not necessarily be restored in their previous form or location.
It may include the replacement of any temporary arrangements established as part of emergency response or rehabilitation. To rebuild the rehabilitated system to a higher or safer standard than before so that the future risk to the power lines from a similar damaging event would be reduced.
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Difference between Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
REHABILITATION
RECONSTRUCTION
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Factors/Aspects of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Nature of the disaster Scale of the damage Location of the event Sectors affected Resulting losses (direct and indirect) Available human and material resources including institutional and local capacities Political commitment
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Requirement of Good Management at Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Wide range of skills Planning Technical sectoral experiences Resources Successful Recovery relates to the combination of
-Physical -Social -Psychological
Need Assessment
Immediate and consequential losses Help to prioritize the rehabilitation and reconstruction actions Initial assessment of a disaster naturally focuses on emergency needs Met by the local communities, various ministries, local authority departments, NGOs and sometimes international donors and agencies. Works jointly, or separately, Some assessment of the situation initially for relief response and eventually for rehabilitation and reconstruction decisions.
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Sectors and Losses
Vulnerable to disaster impact Buildings Infrastructure Economic assets (including formal and informal commercial sectors, industrial and agricultural activities) Administrative and political Psychological Cultural Social and Environmental
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Actors involved in the Rehabilitation & Reconstruction
Ministries Local Authorities Armed Forces International Government/UN agencies NGOs Media Professional, Commercial sector Communities
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Actors involved in the Different Stages
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Existing Management at Local Level in Bangladesh
Follow the Standing Orders on Disaster (SOD) Assess the loss and damages by the all concerned department/agency at local level (D form:SOD)
Name of Upazila, Affected Union, Affected Area Number of affected people and families Number of house damaged-totally, partially Loss of livestock, crops, salt, shrimps Educational Institutions destroyed, mosques/temples Roads, embankments destroyed Damaged power lines, forests, telecommunications, industrial concerns Damaged tub wells, water reservoir, boat/trawler, fishing nets, loom and others
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Institutions Involved in Management
Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM)
Ministry of Agriculture
Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation
Ministry of Fisheries and livestock
Department of Agricultural Extension
Local Government Division Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)
Public Health Engineering Directorate (DPHE)
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Institutions Involved in Management
Ministry of Education Ministry of Land Ministry of Water Resource
Bangladesh Water Development Board
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
Directorate of Health Bangladesh Betar and Television
Armed Forces Division
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Other Agencies Activities
NGOs Bangladesh Red Crescent Society
Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP)
Participate in reconstruction and rehabilitation programme in special circumstances Provide assistance to the local authority in any possible way for relieving the distress of people.
Assist in coordinating the activities of NGO Vaccination, prevention medicines and other health measures
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The reconstruction program has been designed to address the needs of beneficiaries comprehensively...
Physical Infrastructure Capacity Building
RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION
Housing
Social & Economic Rehabilitation
Holistic Reconstruction & Rehabilitation
Urban/Rural Reconstruction
Livelihood Rehabilitation Health
Education
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Role of Union Parishad at Rehabilitation/Reconstruction stage
Conduct rescue and relief operations round the clock (24 hrs) with the help of volunteers and UDMC Arrange for a rapid survey in the affected areas and send reports of loss and damage to the UNO Receive emergency relief materials from Upazila Headquarters Ensure proper, fair and quick distribution of relief materials, houses, cash, and house blinding grants Prepare rehabilitation schemes for affected areas through Test Relief, Food for works Programme, Vulnerable Group Feeding
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Available of Resource
Balancing between needs and resource The bottlenecks for speedy recovery Funds and the appropriate mechanisms for channeling them to the survivors and the necessary sectors. Energy and power sources required for transport, communications, industrial production and functioning of the critical facilities Land is likely to become a scare resource -affected communities landless
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Available of Resource
The bottlenecks for speedy recovery
Human resources to plan, co-ordinate and implement rehabilitation and reconstruction Adequate and relevant information to act upon Administrative structure and organizations to carry out rehabilitation and reconstruction activities
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Relationship to other stages of DM
Mitigation into reconstruction
Construction code (building Code) Land-use changes Decentralization Diversification of the economy
- positive and negative influence
Reconstruction and development
Reconstruction and preparedness plans Emergency relief into rehabilitation
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Dilemmas and Alternatives
Decision makers face in planning
Rapid damage survey versus accurate technical survey Repairs versus rebuilding Safety standards versus rapid reconstruction Relocation versus reconstruction on the same site Participation versus rapid response Public versus private investment
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Guiding Principles
The planning of recovery needs to be fully integrated; A balance between of reform and conservatism; Reconstruction should not be delayed; Economic recoveries should be prerequisite for rapid physical recovery;
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Guiding Principles
contd-
Reconstruction introduces to reduce future risks; The relocation is usually not effective; Recovery can be regarded as a therapeutic process; The availability and maintenance of an adequate flow of cash and credit needed;
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Guiding Principles
contd-
Successful reconstructions are linked to land ownership; To maximize the use of local resources; Physical recovery is dependent local institutions, training and leadership; Political commitments are vital to ensure effective recovery.
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CDMPs contribution to Rehabilitation/Reconstruction
Hazard resilient house reconstructed101(Shatkhira, Faridpur, Jessor) Hazard resilient house constructed287(Shatkhira, Rajshahi) 75 km Brick Flat Soiling(BFS) roads-six Sidr affected districts Embankment raising of pond, installation of hand deep tube well, rain water harvesting
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Build Back Better
What went wrong? Why it went wrong? And then to determine how it can be built back better to prevent it Government, development partners and donors must look Beyond brick and cement replacement solutions to also include a comprehensive Understanding of the risk environments within which people live and work Development, social, environmental and economic safety nets to sustain Infrastructure, life and livelihoods be established.
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Case study: Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after Sidr
More than 8.9 million people in 1,950 unions of 200 upazilas under 30 districts were affected by Cyclone Sidr. Official reports indicated an increasing death toll over 3,406 people, with 1,001 Missing and 55,282 injured. Total damage is estimated to 2.3 billion US Dollars.
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Source: CEGIS
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Loss Assessment
Sl. Item
Affected Households
Affected People Fully damaged Crops (ha) Partially damaged crops (ha) Fully & Partially damaged house
Quantity (no/km)
2,064,026
8,923,259 300,940 700,533 564,967 & 957,110
1
2 3 4 5
6
7 8 9
Fully & partially damaged Educational Institution
Partially damaged Road (km) & Damaged bridge/ culverts (No.) Damaged embankment (km) Damaged Trees (No.)
4,231 & 12,723
6,361 & 1,850 1,875 4,065,316
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Galachipa Upazila under Patuakhali District
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Case study: Galachipa Upazila under Patuakhali District
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Case study: Galachipa Upazila under Patuakhali District
Cyclone SIDR
GR cash, House building grant, Programme for 100 days 2000House building by Saudi Govt, Japanese Barrack 19 Building of Cyclone Shelter, 25km Repairing road 1Constructionof Bridge, 8 Reconstruction of bridge/culvert 232 Repairing of Primary School 73 Reconstruction of College, School, and Madrasa73 Supply of furniture to the College, School, and Madrasa Cyclone Aila: GR cash, House building grant
Source:UNO office, Galachipa, Patuakhali
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Types of Cyclone Shelter
BDRCS
BRAC
Saudi
Cabinet Division European Union
German
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Types of Cyclone Shelter
Grameen Bank
JICA-I
JICA-II
LGED-I
LGED-II (PEDP-II
Union Parishad
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