One Dimensional Kinematics - Chapter Outline

Lesson 1 : Describing Motion with Words Lesson 2 : Describing Motion with Diagrams Lesson 3 : Describing Motion with Position vs. Time Graphs Lesson 4 : Describing Motion with Velocity vs. Time Graphs Lesson 5 : Free Fall and the Acceleration of Gravity Lesson 6 : Describing Motion with Equations

Lesson 1 : Describing Motion with Words

1. Introduction to the Language of Kinematics 2. Scalars and Vectors 3. Distance and Displacement 4. Speed and Velocity 5. Acceleration

Introduction to the Language of Kinematics

Mechanics - ________________________________ Kinematics - _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Scalars and Vectors

Scalars _________________________ Vectors _________________________

Check Your Understanding

To test your understanding of this distinction, consider the following quantities listed below. Categorize each quantity as being either a vector or a scalar. Quantity a. 5 m Category

b. 30 m/sec, East c. 5 mi., North d. 20 degrees Celsius e. 256 bytes f. 4000 Calories

Distance and Displacement

Distance _____________________________________ Displacement ____________________________________________. Example: consider the motion depicted in the diagram below. A physics teacher walks 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and finally 2 meters North.

the physics teacher has walked a total distance of ___ meters, her displacement is ___ meters.

example
Use the diagram to determine the resulting displacement and the distance traveled by the skier during these three minutes.

The skier covers a distance of ______________________________. and has a displacement of _________________________________.

example
What is the coach's resulting displacement and distance of travel?

The coach covers a distance of ________. and has a displacement of _____________.

Check Your Understanding

1. What is the displacement of the cross-country team if they begin at the school, run 10 miles and finish back at the school?

2. What is the distance and the displacement of the race car drivers in the Indy 500?

Speed and Velocity

Speed __________________________________ Velocity __________________________________ The direction of the velocity ___________________ _____________________________________________

Calculating Average Speed and Average Velocity

The average speed during the course of a motion is often computed using the following formula:

In contrast, the average velocity is often computed using this formula

example
While on vacation, Lisa Carr traveled a total distance of 440 miles. Her trip took 8 hours. What was her average speed?

Average Speed versus Instantaneous Speed

Instantaneous Speed - ________________________ ____________________________________________

Average Speed - _____________________________ ____________________________________________.

Average speed is a measure of the distance traveled in a given period of time; Suppose that during your trip to school, you traveled a distance of 5 miles and the trip lasted 0.2 hours (12 minutes). The average speed of your car could be determined as

During your trip, there may have been times that you were stopped and other times that your speedometer was reading 50 miles per hour. Yet, on average, you were moving with a speed of 25 miles per hour.

Constant speed: __________ ________________________ ________________________

An object with a changing speed would be __________ _______________________ _______________________

example
The physics teacher walks 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and finally 2 meters North. The entire motion lasted for 24 seconds. Determine the average speed and the average velocity.

her average speed was ___________ and her average velocity of __________

example
Use the diagram to determine the average speed and the average velocity of the skier during these three minutes.

The skier has an average speed of ____________________ and an average velocity of __________________________.

example
What is the coach's average speed and average velocity?

The coach has an average speed of __________________

and an average velocity of __________________________

In conclusion
Speed and velocity are kinematics quantities that have distinctly different definitions. Speed, being a _______quantity, is the rate at which an object covers ___________. The average speed is the _____________ (a scalar quantity) per time ratio. Speed is ignorant of direction. On the other hand, velocity is a _________quantity; it is direction-aware. Velocity is the rate at which the position changes. The average velocity is the ______________ or position change (a vector quantity) per time ratio.

Acceleration Acceleration _______________________ __________________________________

The Meaning of Constant Acceleration

constant acceleration __________________________ _____________________________________________

An object with a constant acceleration should not be confused with an object with a constant velocity.

Calculating the Average Acceleration

a = ______

a = ______

a = ___________

the units on acceleration is ____________

The Direction of the Acceleration Vector

Check Your Understanding

Use the equation for acceleration to determine the acceleration for the following two motions.

Lesson 2 : Describing Motion with Diagrams

1. Introduction to Diagrams 2. Ticker Tape Diagrams 3. Vector Diagrams

Introduction to Diagrams
The two most commonly used types of diagrams used to describe the motion of objects are: _________________________ _________________________

Examples of ticker tape diagram

Check Your Understanding

Ticker tape diagrams are sometimes referred to as oil drop diagrams. Imagine a car with a leaky engine that drips oil at a regular rate. Describe the cars motion characteristics during each section of the diagram.
1.
____________________________________________________________________________________

2.
____________________________________________________________________________________

3.

____________________________________________________________________________________

 Vector diagrams are diagrams that depict the direction and relative magnitude of a vector quantity by a vector arrow.

Lesson 3 : Describing Motion with Position vs. Time Graphs

1. The Meaning of Shape for a p-t Graph
2. The Meaning of Slope for a p-t Graph 3. Determining the Slope on a p-t Graph

Lesson 3 - Describing Motion with Position vs. Time Graphs

The Meaning of Shape for a p-t Graph

Straight line _______________ _______________

Curved line _________________ _________________

 The Importance of Slope

As the slope goes, so goes the velocity

As the slope goes, so goes the velocity

Check Your Understanding

Use the principle of slope to describe the motion of the objects depicted by the two plots below.

The Meaning of Slope for a p-t Graph

The slope of the line on a position-time graph is __________________________________. If the object is moving with a velocity of +4 m/s, then the slope of the line will be ______. If the object is moving with a velocity of -8 m/s, then the slope of the line will be _______. If the object has a velocity of 0 m/s, then the slope of the line will be ________.

example

Describe the velocity of the object between 0-5 s and between 5-10 s.

 Determining the Slope on a p-t Graph

Let's begin by considering the position versus time graph below.

1. Pick two points on the line and determine their coordinates. 2. Determine the difference in y-coordinates of these two points (rise). 3. Determine the difference in x-coordinates for these two points (run).

4. Divide the difference in y-coordinates by the difference in x-coordinates (rise/run or slope).

Example: Determine the slope

Example: determine the slope

Check Your Understanding

Determine the velocity (i.e., slope) of the object as portrayed by the graph below.

Lesson 4 : Describing Motion with Velocity vs. Time Graphs

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Meaning of Shape for a v-t Graph The Meaning of Slope for a v-t Graph Relating the Shape to the Motion Determining the Slope on a v-t Graph Determining the Area on a v-t Graph

Lesson 4 - Describing Motion with Velocity vs. Time Graphs

The Meaning of Shape for a v-t Graph

 the slope of the line on a velocity-time graph reveals useful information about the acceleration of the object.
If the acceleration is zero, then ____________________________________ If the acceleration is positive, then ____________________________________ If the acceleration is negative, __________________________________

how can one tell whether the object is moving in the positive direction (i.e., positive velocity) or in the negative direction (i.e., negative velocity)?

how can one tell if the object is speeding up or slowing down?

Check Your Understanding

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

Consider the graph at the right. The object whose motion is represented by this graph is ... (include all that are true): moving in the positive direction. moving with a constant velocity. moving with a negative velocity. slowing down. changing directions. speeding up. moving with a positive acceleration. moving with a constant acceleration.

 The Meaning of Slope for a v-t Graph:

the actual slope value of any straight line on a velocity-time graph is the acceleration of the object.

From 0 s to 4 s: slope = _____ ; a = _____ From 4 s to 8 s: slope = _____ ; a = _____

Check Your Understanding

The velocity-time graph for a two-stage rocket is shown below. Use the graph and your understanding of slope calculations to determine the acceleration of the rocket during the listed time intervals. 1. t = 0 - 1 second 2. t = 1 - 4 second 3. t = 4 - 12 second

 Relating the Shape to the Motion

Velocity acceleration

Velocity acceleration

velocity acceleration

velocity acceleration

Compare direction of velocity and acceleration __________

Compare direction of velocity and acceleration __________

velocity acceleration

velocity acceleration

Compare direction of velocity and acceleration __________

Compare direction of velocity and acceleration __________

Check Your Understanding

Describe the motion, include the direction of motion (+ or - direction), the velocity and acceleration and any changes in speed (speeding up or slowing down) during the various time intervals (e.g., intervals A, B, and C).
1.

A: ___________________________________________ B: ___________________________________________ C: ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________

2.

A: + direction, slowing down, constant negative acceleration B: zero velocity, zero acceleration C: - direction, speeding up, constant negative acceleration.

3.

A: + direction, constant velocity, zero acceleration B: + direction, slowing down, constant negative acceleration Point indicate changing direction C: - direction, speeding up, constant negative acceleration.

 Determining the Slope on a v-t Graph

A method for carrying out the calculation is 1. Pick two points on the line and determine their coordinates. 2. Determine the difference in y-coordinates for these two points (rise). 3. Determine the difference in x-coordinates for these two points (run). 4. Divide the difference in y-coordinates by the difference in x-coordinates (rise/run or slope).

Check Your Understanding

Determine the acceleration (i.e., slope) of the object as portrayed by the graph.

Determining the Area on a v-t Graph

For velocity versus time graphs, the area bound by the line and the axes represents the ___________________.

The shaded area is representative of the displacement during from 0 seconds to 6 seconds. This area takes on the shape of a rectangle: area = base x height

The shaded area is representative of the displacement during from 0 seconds to 4 seconds. This area takes on the shape of a triangle can be calculated using the appropriate equation.

area = base x height

The shaded area is representative of the displacement during from 2 seconds to 5 seconds. This area takes on the shape of a trapezoid can be calculated using the appropriate equation.

area = base x ( height1 + height2)

example
Determine the displacement (i.e., the area) of the object during the first 4 seconds (Practice A) and from 3 to 6 seconds (Practice B).

example
Determine the displacement of the object during the first second (Practice A) and during the first 3 seconds (Practice B).

example
Determine the displacement of the object during the time interval from 2 to 3 seconds (Practice A) and during the first 2 seconds (Practice B).

Lesson 5 : Free Fall and the Acceleration of Gravity

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction to Free Fall The Acceleration of Gravity Representing Free Fall by Graphs How Fast? and How Far? The Big Misconception

Lesson 5 - Free Fall and the Acceleration of Gravity

Introduction to Free Fall:
There are two important motion characteristics that are true of free-falling objects: ________________________________________. _________________________________________.

Ticker tape trace for free fall

 acceleration of gravity - __________________ ________________________________________ ____________________________________ the symbol g is used to represent the acceleration of gravity. g = ____________________________
The value of the acceleration of gravity (g) is different in different gravitational environments. On the moon, g = 1.6 m/s2 On Mercury, g = 3.7 m/s2 In Chicago, g = 9.79 m/s2

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity. It is the ratio of velocity change to time between any two points in an object's path.

To accelerate at 9.81 m/s/s means to change the velocity by __________ m/s each second.
If the velocity and time for a free-falling object being dropped from a position of rest were tabulated, then one would note the following pattern.

Time (s)

Velocity (m/s)

0
1 2 3 4 5

0
- 9.81

 Representing Free Fall by Graphs

A position versus time graph for a free-falling object A velocity versus time graph for a free-falling object

 How Fast? and How Far?

The formula for determining the velocity of a falling object from rest after a time of t seconds is vf = ______

The distance fallen from rest after a time of t seconds is given by the formula: d = __________

example
determine the velocity of a free-falling object after six and eight seconds At t = 6 s

example
Determine the distance fallen by a free-falling object after one, two and five seconds.

The Big Misconception

the acceleration of a free-falling object (on earth) is 9.81 m/s2. This value (known as the acceleration of gravity) is the same for all free-falling objects regardless of ______________________________________ ______________________________________. ______________________________________.

Lesson 6 : Describing Motion with Equations

1. The Kinematics Equations 2. Kinematics Equations and ProblemSolving 3. Kinematics Equations and Free Fall 4. Sample Problems and Solutions 5. Kinematics Equations and Graphs

Lesson 6 - Kinematics Equations (4) and Problem-Solving

d - _______________________________ t _______________________________ a _______________________________ v - _________________________________ vi - ______________________ vf - _______________________

The strategy for solving problems:

1. Identify and list the given information in variable form. 2. Identify and list the unknown information in variable form. 3. Identify and list the equation that will be used to determine unknown information from known information. 4. Substitute known values into the equation and use appropriate algebraic steps to solve for the unknown information. 5. Make sure your answer has proper unit

Example A
Ima Hurryin is approaching a stoplight moving with a velocity of +30.0 m/s. The light turns yellow, and Ima applies the brakes and skids to a stop. If Ima's acceleration is -8.00 m/s2, then determine the displacement of the car during the skidding process. (Note that the direction of the velocity and the acceleration vectors are denoted by a + and a - sign.)

Example B
Ben Rushin is waiting at a stoplight. When it finally turns green, Ben accelerated from rest at a rate of a 6.00 m/s2 for a time of 4.10 seconds. Determine the displacement of Ben's car during this time period.

 Kinematics Equations and Free Fall

1. An object in free fall experiences an acceleration of -9.81 m/s2. ( downward acceleration.) 2. If an object is merely dropped (as opposed to being thrown) from an elevated height, then the initial velocity of the object is 0 m/s. (vi = 0) 3. If an object is projected upwards in a perfectly vertical direction, then it will slow down as it rises upward. The instant at which it reaches the peak of its trajectory, its velocity is 0 m/s. This value can be used as one of the motion parameters in the kinematics equations; for example, the final velocity (vf) after traveling to the peak would be assigned a value of 0 m/s. 4. If an object is projected upwards in a perfectly vertical direction, then the velocity at which it is projected is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the velocity that it has when it returns to the same height. That is, a ball projected vertically with an upward velocity of +30 m/s will have a downward velocity of -30 m/s when it returns to the same height.

Example A
Luke Autbeloe drops a pile of roof shingles from the top of a roof located 8.52 meters above the ground. Determine the time required for the shingles to reach the ground.

Example B
Rex Things throws his mother's crystal vase vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 26.2 m/s. Determine the height to which the vase will rise above its initial height.

Check Your Understanding

1. An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for 32.8 s until is finally lifts off the ground. Determine the distance traveled before takeoff. Given: Find:

2.

A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly over a time of 5.21 seconds for a distance of 110 m. Determine the acceleration of the car.

3.

Upton Chuck is riding the Giant Drop at Great America. If Upton free falls for 2.6 seconds, what will be his final velocity and how far will he fall?

practice
Kinetics equations problem solving

 Kinematics Equations and Graphs

there are now two methods to solve problems involving the numerical relationships between displacement, velocity, acceleration and time. Using ___________________________ Using ___________________________

example
An object that moves with a constant velocity of +5 m/s for a time period of 5 seconds and then accelerates to a final velocity of +15 m/s over the next 5 seconds. What is the acceleration of the object? How far did the object travel in total of 10 seconds? Using graph

1.

2. Kinematics equations:

Check Your Understanding

1. Rennata Gas is driving through town at 25.0 m/s and begins to accelerate at a constant rate of -1.0 m/s2. Eventually Rennata comes to a complete stop. Represent Rennata's accelerated motion by sketching a velocity-time graph. Use the velocity-time graph to determine this distance. Use kinematics equations to calculate the distance that Rennata travels while decelerating.

2.

 Otto Emissions is driving his car at 25.0 m/s. Otto accelerates at 2.0 m/s2 for 5 seconds. Otto then maintains a constant velocity for 10.0 more seconds. 1. Represent the 15 seconds of Otto Emission's motion by sketching a velocity-time graph. Use the graph to determine the distance that Otto traveled during the entire 15 seconds. 2. Finally, break the motion into its two segments and use kinematic equations to calculate the total distance traveled during the entire 15 seconds.

 Luke Autbeloe, a human cannonball artist, is shot off the edge of a cliff with an initial upward velocity of +40.0 m/s. Luke accelerates with a constant downward acceleration of -10.0 m/s2 (an approximate value of the acceleration of gravity). 1. Sketch a velocity-time graph for the first 8 seconds of Luke's motion. 2. Use kinematic equations to determine the time required for Luke Autbeloe to drop back to the original height of the cliff. Indicate this time on the graph.

 Chuck Wagon travels with a constant velocity of 0.5 mile/minute for 10 minutes. Chuck then decelerates at -.25 mile/min2 for 2 minutes. 1. Sketch a velocity-time graph for Chuck Wagon's motion. Use the velocity-time graph to determine the total distance traveled by Chuck Wagon during the 12 minutes of motion. 2. Finally, break the motion into its two segments and use kinematics equations to determine the total distance traveled by Chuck Wagon.

 Vera Side is speeding down the interstate at 45.0 m/s. Vera looks ahead and observes an accident that results in a pileup in the middle of the road. By the time Vera slams on the breaks, she is 50.0 m from the pileup. She slows down at a rate of -10.0 m/s2. 1. Construct a velocity-time plot for Vera Side's motion. Use the plot to determine the distance that Vera would travel prior to reaching a complete stop (if she did not collide with the pileup). 2. Use kinematics equations to determine the distance that Vera Side would travel prior to reaching a complete stop (if she did not collide with the pileup). Will Vera hit the cars in the pileup? That is, will Vera travel more than 50.0 meters?

 Earl E. Bird travels 30.0 m/s for 10.0 seconds. He then accelerates at 3.00 m/s2 for 5.00 seconds. 1. Construct a velocity-time graph for Earl E. Bird's motion. Use the plot to determine the total distance traveled. 2. Divide the motion of the Earl E. Bird into the two time segments and use kinematics equations to calculate the total displacement.