Signals and Systems
Lecture # 2
Introduction
Prepared by:
Dr. Mohammed Refaey
Signals and Systems
Lecture # 2
Topics of the lecture: Introduction. Signals Definition.
Signals Classification according to the Independent Variable.
Signals Energy and Power.
Signals and Systems
Lecture # 2
Introduction
Are you interested to study Signals and Systems? Do not answer now! Let us first know the applications of signals and Systems: 1- Communications. (e.g. the internet carrier signal, the mobile communicationsetc) 2- Aeronautics. (Study, design, and manufacturing of air flight-capable machines.) 3- Astronautics. (The science and technology of space flight.)
4- Circuit Design. (Design and test electrical circuits.)
5- Acoustics. (e.g. how to make the sound clear and effective to the audience) 6- Seismology. (e.g. detecting earthquakes.) 7- Biomedical Engineering. (e.g. design of medical imaging devices) 8- Energy Generation and Distribution Systems. 9- Chemical Process Control. (e.g. Adjusting the mix parameters according to sensors.) 10- Speech Processing. (e.g. Speaker Identification, text to speech, Speech Recognition.)
11- Image Processing. (e.g. Image restoration and enhancementetc)
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Introduction
Are you involved? No OK, let us see some examples:
Aeronautics example
Astronautics example
Signals and Systems
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Introduction
Are you involved? No OK, let us see more examples:
Before Enhancement
After Enhancement
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Introduction
Are you involved? No OK, let us see more examples:
Recording Enhancement Process
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Signals and systems Definition
Now let us know what is the signal? And what is the system?
The Signal:
It is a mean to convey information that is usually have some form of variations. The contained information point to the behavior or nature of some phenomena.
Mathematically: The signal is a function of one or more independent variable that maps a domain, often time or space, into a range, often a physical measure such as air pressure or light intensity.
The System:
It is a tool that transform a signal to get another signal or process a signal to obtain a desired behavior or extracting a piece of information. Mathematically: A system is a function that maps signals from its domainits input signalsinto signals in its rangeits output signals. The domain and the range are both sets of signals; we call a set of signals a signal space. Thus, systems are functions whose domains and ranges are signal spaces.
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Signals and systems Definition
Examples: Sequence of bits stored on a flash memory Spoken Words MP3 Player High Quality Stereo Sound Sequence of commands to a computer Images
Interactive Voice Response (IVR)
Sound
Ultrasound Imaging System
Driver depresses the accelerator pedal Images
Automobile
Increased Automobile speed
Recognized Objects/ Detecting manufacturing errors
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Image Processing System
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Motivations
What are the types of problems that signals and systems techniques try to answer? 1- System Characterization in detail to understand how it will respond to different inputs. (e.g. aircraft/ electrical circuit) 2- System design to react to inputs in a specific way. This usually involves a signal enhancement or restoration. (e.g. air traffic control tower in airport) 3- Extracting specific pieces of information. (e.g. electrocardiogram estimation of heart rates)
4- Design of Signals with particular properties. (e.g. the carrier signal in long distance communications)
5- Modification and control the characteristics of a given system. (e.g. chemical process control through sensors)
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Signal Classification according the independent variable
From the examples shown in previous slides, some of signals are continuous in time (e.g. voltages and currents in electrical circuits), while other signal are discrete in time (e.g. closed stock market average)
Continuous-Time
Discrete-Time
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Signal Classification according the independent variable
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Signals Energy and Power
As too many signals are related to physical quantities capturing energy and power, it is useful to define and measure the signals energy and power.
in electrical circuit, the power consumed : 1 2 Pt V t .I t V t , V is the voltage R in autombile, the power consumed through friction: Pt b.V 2 t , V is the automobilespeed
In the above two examples, though they are different they have something in common, that is the power is a constant (that could be ignored for analysis purposes) times a square of the system variable.
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Signals Energy and Power
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Signals Energy and Power
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Signals Energy and Power
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Signals Energy and Power
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