ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING SAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
BY SAURABH DUBEY SHASHANK DUBEY VIKAS MISHRA VINEET MISHRA 1014131055 1014131061 1014131069 1014131070
November 29,2013
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLE OTHER METHODS FOR DETECTING CABLE FAULT TYPES OF FAULTS OCCURING IN TRANSMISSION LINES BLOCK DIAGRAM SOFTWARE COMPONENT ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS ADVANCEMENT
November 29,2013 2
INTRODUCTION
The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometers. The underground cable system is a common practice followed in many urban areas.
While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing
process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. The proposed system
is to find the exact location of the fault.
November 29,2013
PRINCIPLE
The project uses the simple concept of OHMs law where a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor. The current would vary depending upon the length of fault of the cable in case there is a short circuit of LL , 3L or LG etc. The series resistor voltage drop changes accordingly which is then fed
to an ADC to develop precise digital data which the programmed
microcontroller would display the same in Kilo meters. The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable
length in KMs and fault creation is made by a slide switches at every
known KM.
4
November 29,2013
OTHER METHODS FOR DETECTING CABLE FAULT
Sectionalizing method :- It is also called as CUT & TRY METHOD this was among the first method to be used for fault locating on a direct buried cable. Low voltage TDR :- A low voltage TDR is an excellent method for locating open circuit and conductor to conductor short. OTDR and OPM method :- Both these method are used for detecting fault in Optical fiber cable. Arc Reflection :- This method is often referred to as a high voltage radar technique that overcomes the 200 limitation of low-voltage radar.
November 29,2013
TYPES OF FAULTS OCCURING IN TRANSMISSION LINES
Transient fault
Persistent fault
Symmetric fault
Asymmetric fault
November 29,2013
BLOCK DIAGRAM
November 29,2013
SOFTWARE
Keil Vision2 software are used in a proposed model. Vision IDE allow developers to create embedded applications using the keil development tool. It provides several development tools like : IDE (Integrated Development environment). Project Manager. Simulator. Debugger. C Cross Compiler , Assembler, Linker.
November 29,2013
COMPONENTS
TRANSFORMER
RECTIFIER
VOLTAGE REGULATOR ANALOG DIGITAL CONVERTOR(ADC0804) 8051 MICROCONTROLLER RELAY LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD )
November 29,2013
RATINGS OF COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS
TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE REGULATOR 8051 MICROCONTROLLER ANALOG DIGITAL CONVERTOR RELAY LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
RATINGS
0-12V
Vo=5V TO 18V for Vin=35V Vo=24V for Vin=40V 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range 0V to 5V analog input voltage range , 2.5V voltage reference 12V Single +5.0V supply operation
10
November 29,2013
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. In this project we uses a step down transformer.
November 29,2013
11
RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electronic device that changes alternating current into direct current. This process is called rectification. In this project, The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. Which converts A.C. into pulsating D.C.
12
November 29,2013
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. In this project the filtered dc coming from the rectifier is being unregulated, the voltage regulator (LM7805 ) is used for regulate it to get constant 5V DC. The regulated 5V DC is further filtered by a small electrolytic capacitor of 10F for any noise generated by the circuit and then apply to microcontroller for further processing.
November 29,2013 13
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER
Analog to digital converters find huge application as an intermediate device to convert the signals from analog to digital form. ADC0804 is a very commonly used 8-bit analog to digital convertor . It is a single channel IC i.e , it can take only one analog signal as input.
November 29,2013 14
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory and programmable input/output peripherals. In this project the 8051 microcontroller AT89S52 is used. It is a lowpower, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8k bytes of insystem programmable flash memory.
15
November 29,2013
WHY RELAY IS USED?
A relay is an electrically operated switch.
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first.
ULN2003 is an IC which is used to interface relay with the microcontroller.
November 29,2013
16
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source and communicates directly with the LCD.
November 29,2013 17
ADVANTAGES
This proposed model are applicable to all types of cables ranging from 1 kv to 500 kv. Fault Detection method is simple and easy to maintain. Not specified training are required to use this model. Operator can easily differentiate between light and severe faults.
November 29,2013
18
DISADVANTAGES
Continuous observation of the operator are required. No direct detection of multiple faults.
The accuracy of the measurement depends on the size of the
measuring current.
November 29,2013
19
APPLICATION
Telecom engineering companies.
Network engineering companies.
It used in department of electricity, railways, mines to ensure the construction quality inspection of underground cables. Location of incipient faults. The permanent fault in cables would be averted if the incipient fault was located.
November 29,2013
20
ADVANCEMENT
Further this project can be enhanced by using capacitor in an ac circuit to measure the impedance which can even locate the open circuited cable, unlike the short circuited fault only using resistors in DC circuit as followed in the above proposed project.
November 29,2013
21
