LANGUAGE
Derakuruzu, Guanzon, Yumul.
Language
1.
Definition 2. Subsystems 3. Nature of Language [Link] Oral Language
LANGUAGE
A
system of arbitrary symbols by which thought is conveyed from one human being to another
LANGUAGE
System
an organized scheme or method
Phonology Grammar Semantics
LANGUAGE
Arbitrary
Symbols no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning
Why is language called language? Who? When?
LANGUAGE
Human
Communication
Cultural Transmission - humans are born with some kind of predisposition to acquire language in a general sense
SUBSYTEMS (PGS)
Phonology Grammar Semantics
PHONOLOGY
Deals
with systems of sounds in a particular language. Study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.
PHONOLOGY
Minimal
Pairs - words that vary by only a single sound
PHONOLOGY
Vowel Sounds: // and /i:/ (sit and seat) /e/ and // (desk and disk) /e/ and /e/ (wet and wait) // and // (bat and but) // and /:/ (so and saw) // and // (not and note) // and /e/ (bad and bed) /:/ and /:/ (fast and first)
PHONOLOGY
Consonant Sounds: /b/ and /v/ (berry and very) /b/ and /p/ (buy and pie) /n/ and // (thin and thing) /l/ and /r/ (alive and arrive) // and /t/ (catch and cat) /s/ and // (sea and she) /f/ and /v/ (fan and van)
PHONETICS
Study
of how speech sounds are produced
PHONETICS
Place
of Articulation
Bilabials
p,b,m Labiodentals f , v Dentals th (thigh vs thy) Alveolars (Alveolar ridge) s , z , t , d ,n , l, r
PHONETICS
Palatals
(Alveola-palatals) ch, j , sh, (treasure) Velars (soft palate) k, g Glottals (glottis) h, wh
Activity
1.
Chicanery 2. Queue 3. Dais 4. Corps 5. Buoy
GRAMMAR
Refers
to the categories and rules of combining vocal symbols
GRAMMAR
Nouns
Articles
Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Pronouns Conjunctions
GRAMMAR
Boy,
lucky, the + Adjective + Noun
Article The
lucky boy
SEMANTICS
Study
of sentence meaning and word meaning
SEMANTICS
Mean a. That was no mean (insignificant) accomplishment. b. This will mean (result in) the end of our regime. c. I mean (intend) to help if I can. d. Keep O. the Grass! This means (refers to) you. e. His losing his job means (implies) that he will have to look again.
SEMANTICS
Linguistic
a.
Meaning
Procrastinate means to put o. doing something.
Speaker
b.
Meaning
In saying Its getting late, she meant that we should leave.
SEMANTICS
Review
Phonology Study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages Phonetics Study of how speech sounds are produced
Grammar The categories and rules of combining vocal symbols
Semantics Study of sentence meaning and word meaning
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
The
minute I set eyes on an animal I know what it is. I dont have to reflect a moment; the right name comes out instantly. I seem to know just by the shape of the creature and the way it acts what animal it is. When the dodo came along he [Adam] thought it was a wildcat. But I saved him. I just spoke up in a quite natural way and said Well, I do declare if there isnt the dodo!
- Mark Twain, Eves Diary
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
1.
Words are only symbols
What they represent in the languages of the world is, for the most part, an arbitrary one
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
2.
Meanings are in people, not in words.
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
Ogden
and Richards Triangle of Meaning
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
SELFIE
/self/
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
3.
Language is dynamic
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
4.
Words have many types of meaning
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
5
General types of Meaning
1.
Denotation 2. Connotation 3. Structural meaning 4. Contextual meaning 5. Sound meaning
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
Denotation
It
is the objective, precise, literal or dictionary meaning of a word. It is like pointing to a referent or the object itself.
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
Connotation
It
is the subjective, figurative, and variable meaning of the word. It is extremely personal and fewer people would agree on this meaning of a term.
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
Structural
It
Meaning
tells us that the meaning of a sentence is determined not by the word alone but also by the total arrangement and sequence of words.
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
What
did John bring to the party? B1: He brought PAELLA to the party. B2: He brought only PAELLA to the party. B3: He brought PAELLA to the PARTY and COOKIES to the RECEPTION. B4: Only PAELLA did he bring to the party.
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
Contextual
Meaning Accounts for circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
Sound
It
Meaning
is a meaning derived from the word or words that are spoken.
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
5.
Words give an incomplete picture of reality
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
1.
Words are only symbols 2. Meanings are in people, not in words. 3. Language is dynamic 4. Words have many types of meaning. 5. Words give an incomplete picture of reality
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
ACTIVITY
Effective Spoken Language (ESL)
ATTRIBUTES
1.
Effective oral language is clear
ATTRIBUTES
4
Attributes of Clarity
1.
Correctness 2. Accuracy 3. Simplicity 4. Understandability
ATTRIBUTES
(1) Include your children when Baking Cookies (2) Safety Experts Say School Buss Passengers should be Belted
(3) Bank Drive-in Window Blocked by Board
(4) Killer Sentenced to Die for Second Time in Ten Years
ATTRIBUTES
2.
Effective oral language is direct and conversational.
ATTRIBUTES
Imprecision
1.
may arise from:
All-purpose words 2. Abstract words 3. Concrete words 4. Exaggeration
ATTRIBUTES
To
Achieve Simplicity
1.
Avoid verbosity or wordiness. 2. Use short and simple sentence construction. 3. Avoid tautology or redundancy 4. Avoid hackneyed phrases/ trite expressions
ATTRIBUTES
Exceptions: 1.
Discussing taboo issues. 2. Breaking bad news.
ATTRIBUTES
3.
Effective oral language is appropriate to the listeners, the occasion, the speech purpose, and the speaker's personality
ATTRIBUTES
4.
Effective oral language is vivid and impressive
ATTRIBUTES
1.
Effective oral language is clear. 2. Effective oral language is direct and conversational. 3. Effective oral language is appropriate to the listeners, the occasion, the speech purpose, and the speaker's personality. 4. Effective oral language is vivid and impressive (leave lasting impression).
END
the
only normal way to begin speaking in a new language is to begin speaking badly
Activity
1.
Although exhausted, the ride was so much fun that we went again.
2.
Unable to start my car, my dog and I never arrived at the clinic.
3.
I almost ate all of my roommates groceries.
4.
My friend who lives with me now wants to enter medical school.
5.
We visited the spot where Jose Rizal was shot last summer
