TOPIC
Biological science
BIOLOGY
Biology is one of the natural sciences that
deals with organism and different phenomena
of life.
Biological sciences, is the study of structure,
function, growth, origin, evolution, and
distribution of living things.
BIOLOGY
Word Biology is coming from Greek
language which mean: βίος, bio, “life"; and
λόγος, logos, “knowledge”.
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
Nearly one and half million species of plants
ans animals are known to the world so all
these species are divided in to two main
branches.
Botany
Zoology
BOTANY
Define by Webster 1913
The science which
treats of the structure of
plants, the functions of
their parts, their places
of growth, and their
classification.
ZOOLOGY
Zoology is the study of
animal life.
The origin of animal
diversity.
How animals perform
basic life processes.
The basic function of
animals.
The other branches
Morphology
Anatomy
Physiology
Cytology
Taxonomy
Cont…..
Ecology
Genetics
Bacteriology
Entomology
Molecular biology
Types of kingdoms
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protoctista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Divion of kingdom
Own the basis of their character the kingdom are further
diveded ….
Phylum
Sub phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
KINGDOM : MONERA
These are the oldest, simplest and most numerous microorganisms.
They are distinguished by the following characters:
Characters
• They are prokaryotes. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus enclosed by a
membrane.
• They are mostly single celled, but may be in the form of colonies or filaments of
independent cells.
• Their mode of nutrition is mainly a but some are photosynthetic or chemosynthetic.
• They are usually no motile, but some may have flagella and gliding movements.
Cilia are absent.
• Their reproduction is primarily by fission.
• They are either autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Cell structure
They have a cell wall.
Their cytoplasm is does not contain
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi
complex and true plastids but does contain
ribosome's.
Their chlorophyll spread on a membrane rather
than in a plastid.
Kingdom : Protista
(Eukaryotic single celled organisms)
Some Protista
They are first eukaryotes, having a well organized
nucleus and complex membranous organelles.
They are autotrophic or heterotrophic showing
varieties of metabolic systems.
These 'primitive' eukaryotes have been divided into
the 18 phyla
They show mitosis, meiosis. Common examples are
Ameba, Paramecium, Euglena, diatoms.
They are generally motile. Locomotion is
carried out by flagella, cilia or pseudopodia.
Kingdom Fungi
They are non chlorophyllous eukaryotes .
They are heterotrophic like animals.
The digestion take outside the body and nutrients
are absorbed directly.
They having cell wall and coenocytes type body
structure.
Previously they were placed in plant kingdom as a
sub group of Thallophyta.
The study of fungi is called mycology.
Kingdom Plantae
Plants are different from animals in that animals in
that have spores or seeds for reproduction. They
make their own food using sunlight carbon dioxide
and chlorophyll in their leaves in a process called
photosynthesis.
Plants are also divide into two part
Flowering plants
No flowering plants
Kingdom Animalia
Animal are broadly divided
into vertebrates and
invertebrates.
vertebrates are those which
have back bone.
There are about 47000
different kind of vertebrates
on earth.
Vertebrates are divide into
five group fish , birds,
reptiles, amphibians and
mammals.
Invertebrates are those
animals which without
backbones.
There are more than
1200000 different kind
of invertebrates.
