Rhythmical excitation of
the heart
1. Electrical activity of the heart
2. Electrophysiological properties
3. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
1.Electrical activity of the heart
1) Resting membrane potential
2) Action potential
Types of cardiac cell
Working cells
Atrial myocytes
Ventricular myocetes
Conducting cells
SAN
AVN
His bundles
Purkinje fibers
Recall:
Outward current
o positive ion efflux or negative ion influx
o Bring membrane potential to
hyperpolarized state
Inward current
o Positive ion influx or negative ion efflux
o Bring membrane potential to
depolarization state
Ion Concentration
Ion Extracellular Intracellular E
(mmol) (mmol) (mV)
Na+ 145 10 +70
K+ 4 135 -94
Ca2+ 2 0.0001 +132
Cl- 104 9 -65
1)Resting membrane potential
Equilibrium potential: At rest,
the cardiac muscle membrane
is highly permeable to K+ and
almost impermeable to the
others. The contractile cell’s
resting potential is about –
90mV.
2)Action potential
a. Contractile cell b. autorhythmic cell
a. Contractile cells:
Phase 0
deploarization,
upstroke
From –90 mV to +30
mV
Duration 1–2ms,
APA ~120mV,
Speed of depolarization
800-1000V/s
Phase 1
Early rapid
repolarization
MP from +30 mV
to 0 mV
Duration ~10ms
Spike shape
Phase 2
Plateau, slow
repolarization
MP is ± 0mV
Duration 100-
150ms
Determine ADP
Phase 3
Terminal repolarization
Late repolarization
MP from 0 mV to –90
mV
Duration 100-150ms
Phase 4
Resting state
MP -90mV
Ionic Mechanisms Underlying
the Action Potential
Phase 0
Voltage-gated sodium channel open
Phase 1
Phase 1 (fast
repolarization phase 1)
Sodium channel
inactivated
Transient
outward current
activated.
Carried by
potassium
Phase 2
Phase 2 (plateau phase)
MP stayed at ± 0 mV
resulting in a plateau
Inward component:
Ca2+
Outward component:
K+ efflux (Ik ） Ca2+ influx(ICa ， L ）
+
Phase 3
Phase 3 (Repolarization)
Ca2+ channel closed
K+ channels are
activated
Rapid K+ efflux
resulting in repolarization
bringing membrane
potential to its resting
Phase 4
MP tends to a stable state
Na+/K+ pump is
activated
Ca2+ pump is
activated
summary
Depolarization is very rapid & is due to the
inward diffusion of sodium (0).
Repolarization begins with a slow outward
diffusion of potassium, but that is largely
offset by the slow inward diffusion of calcium
(1 & 2). So, repolarization begins with a plateau
phase. Then, potassium diffuses out much more
rapidly as the calcium channels close (3), and
the membrane potential quickly reaches the
'resting' potential (4), which is due to the Na+-
K+- pump.
b. Autorhythmic cells(sinus node)
Autorhythmic cells exhibit PACEMAKER
potentials.
The key to the rhythmical firing of
pacemaker cells is that, these cells will
slowly depolarize by themselves.
Phase 4 There are several kind of
currents that contribute to
spontaneously
depolarization at phase 4 in
pace-maker cells of SAN.
An outward flow or "leak"
of K+ ions, declining with
the time goes on.
An inward flow of Ca2+ .
This relatively slow
depolarization continues
until the threshold potential
is reached ( -40 mV ~
-50mV.
Phase 0
The SA node do not have
fast sodium channels.
The depolarisation in phase
0 is mainly caused by a slow
influx of Ca2+ ions via
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels,
that opened when the
threshold was reached.
Phase 3
The Ca2+ channels are
inactivated, soon after
they opened.
Repolarization starts
when the K+ channels
open, allowing efflux of
K+ that renders the
interior of the cell
negative.
summary
Depolarization is due to the slow calcium
channels open (0).
Repolarization is due to the outward diffusion
of potassium (3).
During phase 4 there is a progressive reduction
in outward current of K+ and a steady inward
current of Ca2+.
important
Compare between ventricle cells and sinus node cells
Ventricle cells Sinus node cells
depolarization(phase 0) Na+ Ca 2+
Phase 1 K+ No
Phase 2(plateau) Ca 2+ No
Repolarization(phase 3) K+ K+
Phase 4 Na+-K+pump Ca 2+ K+
Speed of depolarization rapid slow
overshot +30 mV 0
Resting potential -90 mV No
Repolarizaiton potential NO - 60 mV
function contraction pacemaker
Overview of specific
events in the ventricular
action potential
Overview of specific events in
the action potential of
pacemaker cell
CHARACTERISTICS OF AP’S IN SKELETAL AND
CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS
