Power System Stability
Unit-IV
What is Stability
Ability of the system to return to normal or
stable operation after having been subjected
to some disturbance
Rotor Angle Stability-ABILITY OF SYSTEM TO
REMAIN IN SYNCHRONISM EVEN AFTER
DISTURBANCE
Disturbance
Load Changes
Faults
Structural Changes due to isolation of some
faulted elements
Non-linear , dynamic continuously changing
PS
Stability dependent on initial operating
conditions and nature of disturbance
PS maybe stable for some (large ) disturbances
and maynot be stable for another
Types of Stability
Rotor Angle Stability
ability of system to remain in synchronism
even after disturbance
Some generators accelerate while others
decelerate losing synchronism
Small signal rotor angle stability, large signal
rotor angle stability
Small signal rotor angle stability
Maintain synch under small disturbances
Linearized around initial operating conditions
Stability depends only on operating cond and
not disturbance
Instability- non oscillatory periodic inc in rotor
angle or increceasing amplitude of rotor
oscillations due to insufficient damping
10-20 sec time frame
Large signal rotor angle stability
Large disturbance
Instability- large excursions from generator rotor
angles
Dependent of initial operating cond AND
disturbance parameters like type,
magnitude,location etc
3-5 sec time frame
Dynamic Stability- Small Signal+ automatic
controls (outdated terminology)
Swing Equation
NORMAL-Relative position of the rotor axis and
resultant magnetic field axis is FIXED-POWER
ANGLE or TORQUE ANGLE
DISTURBANCE-rotor will deccelerate or acc w r t
synch rotating air gap mmf
Equation describing relative motion of rotorSWING EQUATION
No power change rotor angle remains same
otherwise rotor comes to new operating power
angle relative to synch revolving field
Swing Equation -Derivation
E- no load generated emf
V-terminal voltage
-power angle
Te-electromagnetic torque developed
sm-Synchronous Speed
Tm-Driving Mechanical Torque
J-combined moment of inertia of gen and prime mover
m-angular displacement of rotor wrt stationary ref
frame
Derivation-Begins
Under Steady State cond
Modeling of Synchronous MachinesCylindrical Rotor
Constant voltage, E` and transient reactance
Xd`
Real Power at node 1
Power angle curve(Pe vs )
Maximum Power is referred to as Steady State Stability
Limit (SSSL)
Gen o/p can be inc till SSSL
Modeling of Synchronous MachinesConsidering Saliency
Under transient conditions
Steady State Stability
Transient Stability Equal Area Control
Equal Area Criteria to analyse stability
Graphical method based on energy stored in
rotating mass.
Must be zero for stability
Application of EAC-Sudden increase in
Power Input
Unit-IV contd
Application of EAC-three phase fault
Fault at sending end
Bolted fault at F- no power transfer to infinite
bus,Pe=0( Power angle curve is horizontal axis)
M/c takes total power input,Pm to accelerate
and store KE
Fault cleared
at del1
Critical clearing angle: A2>A1 : loss of stability
Critical Clearing time
which is the time taken by the machine to swing from
its initial position to its critical
clearing angle
Fault in between
Step by Step solution of swing
equation
the period of interest is divided into several short
intervals
The change in the angular position of the rotor
during a short interval of time is computed by
making the following assumptions
1. The accelerating power Pa computed at the
beginning of an interval is constant from the
middle of the proceeding interval to the middle
of the interval considered.
2. d/dtis constant throughout any interval at the
value computed at the middle of the interval.
Factors affecting transient stability
Auto reclosures
80-90% faults are temporary
Auto reclosing improves transient stability
when done for temporary faults
Method of improving the
transient stability limit of a power system
Increase of system voltages, use of AVR
Use of high speed excitation system
Reduction in system transfer reactance
Use of high speed reclosing breakers
Voltage Stability
voltage stability is concerned with the ability of a
power system to maintain acceptable voltages at all
buses in the system under normal conditions and after
being subjected to a disturbance
voltage instability when a disturbance results in a
progressive and uncontrollable decline in voltage
Following voltage instability, a power system
undergoes voltage collapse if thepost-disturbance
equilibrium voltages near loads are below acceptable
limits.
Voltage collapse may be total (blackout) or partial
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF VOLTAGE
STABILITY PROBLEM
slower forms of voltage instability are
normally analysed as steady state problems
using power flow simulation
PV curves and QV curves- give steady-state
loadability limits which are related to voltage
stability
Consider the radial two bus system
V is a double-valued function
P for a particular pf which determines Q in
terms of P
For each value of pf, the higher voltage
solution indicates stable voltage case, while
the lower voltage lies in the unstable voltage
operation zone
the changeover occurs at Vcr(critical) and
Pmax
Increase beyond Pmax, V(dec), I (inc), drop(inc)
and V further decreases
QV curve
Consider once again the simple radial system
Automatic Voltage Restorer
Reactive Power and Voltage Control
Generator Excitation System-maintains gen
voltage and controls reactive power
AVR- to maintain constant terminal voltage
Voltage mag is sensed using PT on a phase
Voltage rectified and compared with the dc
setpoint
Amplified error signal control exciter field and inc
exciter terminal voltage
Gen field current is inc and then gen emf
increases
Amplifier model
Exciter model
Generator model
Sensor Model
Modified AVR
With stabilizer to improve response
