1
Satellite Communications
3-Dec-14
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS
[Link] Kumar
Asst. Prof., in ECE
VBIT
PRODDATUR
Contents
Introduction
Orbit
Keplers laws
Frequency Allocation
Advantages of satellite/
Applications
Disadvantages
Conclusion
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
Introduction
Satellite is a microwave repeater in the space.
There are about 750 satellites in the space, most of
them are used for communication.
They are:
Wide area coverage of the earths surface.
Transmission delay is about 0.3 sec.
Transmission cost is independent of distance.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
What exactly is a
satellite?
The word satellite originated from the Latin word
Satellit- meaning an attendant, one who is constantly
hovering around & attending to a master or big man.
For our own purposes however a satellite is simply any
body that moves around another (usually much larger) one
in a mathematically predictable path called an orbit.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
Components of a satellite
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
What are Communication Satellites?
A satellite is an object that orbits another large object
like planet.
A communication satellite is a station in space that is
used for telecommunication, radio and television
signals.
The first satellite with radio transmitter was in 1957.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
Communication Satellites
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
The origin of satellite
The concept of using object in space to reflect signals for
communication was proved by Naval Research Lab in
Washington D.C. when it use the Moon to establish a
very low data rate link between Washington and Hawaii
in late 1940s.
Russian started the Space age by successfully launching
SPUTNIK the first artificial spacecraft to orbit the
earth, which transmitted telemetry information for 21
days in Oct. 1957.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
Cont
The American followed by launching an experimental
satellite EXPLORER In 1958.
In 1960 two satellite were deployed Echo &
Courier
In 1963 first GSO Syncom The first commercial GSO
(Intelsat & Molnya) in 1965 these provides video
(Television) and voice (Telephone)
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
Why Use Satellite?
Satellite communication is just one example of wireless
communication systems.
Familiar examples of wireless systems are all around
us, such as radio, television- broadcasting, mobile and
cordless telephones.
These systems rely on a network of ground-based
transmitters and receivers and for this reason they are
often referred to as terrestrial " systems.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
10
Cont
One major use of satellites familiar to everyone is
satellite television broadcasting.
Other applications of satellite communications
include high speed internet, telephony and corporate
networks for multinational businesses.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
11
How do satellites work?
Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through
radio broadcast but are too far away to use
conventional means.
The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station
for their communication.
One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite.
This is called a Uplink.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
12
The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends
it down to the second earth station. This frequency is
called a Downlink.
Transponder
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
13
Concept:
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
14
Consider the light bulb as an example:
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
15
Early satellites
Telstar
Allowed live transmission across the Atlantic
Syncom 2
First Geosynchronous satellite.
TELSTAR
3-Dec-14
SYNCOM 2
Satellite Communications
16
Orbits
Circular orbits are simplest.
Inclined
orbits are useful for coverage of equatorial
regions
Elliptical orbits can be used to give quasi
stationary behaviour viewed from earth using
3 or 4 satellites
Orbit changes can be used to extend the life of
satellites.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
17
Satellite orbits
Classification of orbits:
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
18
How does a satellite stay in its orbit?
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
19
Origin of planetary laws
Derived 3 laws based
upon his observations
of planetary motion.
Sir. Johannes Kepler
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
20
The 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
Planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one
of the foci.
The line joining the sun and the planet sweeps out
equal areas in equal times.
The cube of the distance of the planet from the sun is
proportional to the square of the period. r3 T2
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
21
Keplers 1st Law: Law of Ellipses
The orbits of the planets are ellipses with the sun
at one focus
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
22
Keplers 2nd Law: Law of Equal Areas
The line joining the planet to the center of the sun sweeps
out equal areas in equal times
T4
T5
A5
A4
T3
A3
T2
T1
A2
A1
T6
A6
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
23
Keplers 3rd Law: Law of Harmonics
The squares of the periods of
two planets orbits are
proportional to each other as
the cubes of their semi-major
axes:
T12/T22 = a13/a23
In English:
Orbits with the same semimajor axis will have the
same period
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
24
Elements of Satellite
Communications
The basic elements of a communication satellite service
are divided between;
Space Segment
Ground Segment
The space segment consist of the spacecraft & launch
mechanism.
The ground segment comprises the earth station and
network control center of entire satellite system.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
25
Space Segment
Space segment consist of a
satellite in suitable orbit.
Space segment classified on
the basis of orbit.
LEO
MEO
GEO
MONIYA
HAP
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
26
Satellite orbit altitudes
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
27
Ground Segment
3-Dec-14
The ground Segment of each service has
distinct characteristics.
Services like;
FSS
BSS
MSS
Maritime, Aeronautical & Land base
DBS etc..
Satellite Communications
28
Service Types
3-Dec-14
Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)
Example: Point to Point Communication
Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)
Example: Satellite Television/Radio
Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).
Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)
Example: Satellite Phones
Satellite Communications
29
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO
satellites, ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the
surface.
LEO satellites dont stay in fixed position relative to
the surface, and are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes
each pass.
A network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO
satellites to be useful.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
30
The Iridium system has 66 satellites in six LEO orbits,
each at an altitude of 750 km.
Iridium is designed to provide direct worldwide voice and
data communication using handheld terminals, a service
similar to cellular telephony but on a global scale
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
31
Advantages:
A LEO satellites proximity to earth compared to
a GEO satellite gives it a better signal strength
and less of a time delay, which makes it better for
point to point communication.
A LEO satellites smaller area of coverage is less
of a waste of bandwidth.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
32
Disadvantages:
A
network of LEO satellites is needed, which can
be costly
LEO satellites have to compensate for Doppler
shifts cause by their relative movement.
Atmospheric drag effects LEO satellites, causing
gradual orbital deterioration.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
33
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between 8,000
km and 18,000 km above the earths surface.
MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in
functionality.
MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of
time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8
hours.
MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO
satellites.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
34
MEO satellites
The GPS constellation
calls for 24 satellites to
be distributed equally
among six circular
orbital planes
3-Dec-14
Glonass (Russian)
Satellite Communications
35
Advantage
MEO satellites longer duration of visibility
and wider footprint means fewer satellites are
needed in a MEO network than a LEO network.
Disadvantage
A MEO satellites distance gives it a longer time
3-Dec-14
delay and weaker signal than a LEO satellite,
Satellite Communications
36
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the
earths surface along the equator.
Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the
earth at the same speed as the earth rotates. This
means GEO satellites remain in the same position
relative to the surface of earth.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
37
Advantages:
A GEO satellites distance from earth gives it a
large coverage area, almost a fourth of the earths
surface.
GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a
particular area.
These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast
and other multipoint applications.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
38
Disadvantages:
GEO satellites distance also cause it to have both
a comparatively weak signal and a time delay in
the signal, which is bad for point to point
communication.
GEO
satellites, centered above the equator, have
difficulty broadcasting signals to near polar
regions.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
39
Other Orbits
Molniya Orbit Satellites
Used by Russia for decades.
Molniya
Orbit is an elliptical orbit. The satellite
remains in a nearly fixed position relative to earth
for eight hours.
A series of three Molniya satellites can act like a
GEO satellite.
Useful in near polar regions.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
40
Molniya Orbit
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
41
High Altitude Platforms (HAPs)
One of the newest ideas in satellite
communication.
A blimp or plane around 20 km above the earths
surface is used as a satellite.
HAPs would have very small coverage area, but
would have a comparatively strong signal.
Cheaper to put in position, but would require a lot
of them in a network.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
42
Frequency Allocations
Frequency bands for satellite services are shared with
terrestrial services.
Satellite signal strength is constrained to avoid
interference by it to others.
Thus a large antenna and sensitive receiver are needed at
the earth station.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
43
Cont
Frequency sharing techniques are an important study
area.
Many satellites have to share a limited frequency
band (and limited orbital arc) thus coordination in
frequency and orbital location is important.
Frequency allocation are done by international
agreements.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
44
Frequency Bands
Different kinds of satellites use different frequency bands.
LBand: 1 to 2 GHz, used by MSS
S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA, deep space
research
C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz, used by FSS
X-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in terrestrial
imaging, ex: military and meteorological satellites
Ku-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and BSS (DBS)
K-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz: used by FSS and BSS
Ka-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz: used by FSS
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
45
Advantages of satellite over terrestrial
communication
The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that
of a terrestrial system.
Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the
distance from the center of the coverage area.
Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
Higher Bandwidths are available for use.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
46
Disadvantages of satellites:
Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.
There is a larger propagation delay in satellite
communication than in terrestrial communication.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
47
Major problems for satellites
Positioning in orbit
Stability
Power
Communications
Harsh Environment
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
48
Applications
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
49
Applications
Telephony
- Fixed points, earth station, Satellite, earth
station, fixed points.
Television & Radio
- e.g. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) & Fixed
service satellite (FFS)
Mobile satellite technology
- Special antenna called mobile satellite antenna.
- No matter where or how this antenna is mounted
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
50
Cont
Amateur radio
- Access to OSCAR satellite.
- Low earth orbits.
Internet
- High Speed.
- Useful for far away places.
Military
- Uses geostationary satellites.
- Example: The Defense Satellite Communications
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
51
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
52
First Launching Of Satellites By
Country
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
53
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
54
In Conclusion
Satellites remain the best utilization used for
communications due to their speed and other
advantages mentioned in this presentation.
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
55
Communication satellites bring the world to you
anywhere and any time..
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
56
Thank You..!!!!!
3-Dec-14
Satellite Communications
57
