Introduction to Motor Skills
&
Abilities
EDU712
Skills Acquisition & Sports Management
Skills
According to Knapp (1963) Skills are the
learned ability to bring about predetermined
results with maximum certainty, often with
minimum outlay of time or energy
Addition, subtraction, multiplication & divide
are fundamental skills of mathematics
Playing with a keyboard is a skill
Playing with a ball is a skill.
Motor Skill
Motor skill have also been defined by
Argyle & Kendon (1967) as activities that
require a chain of sensory (vision, hearing,
touch, smell), central (brain and nervous
system), and motor mechanics whereby the
performer is able to maintain constant
control of sensory input and in accordance
with the goal of movement
Motor skill is a skill that requires voluntary
body and/or limb movement to achieve the
goal.
Playing with a keyboard involves the goal of striking the
correct keys in the proper sequence and at the appropriate
time, and it requires finger and hand movement to
achieve that goal.
Sports Skill
According to the Honeybourne (2006) skill in
sports has been classified into three categories:
Cognitive Skills
Perceptual Skills
Motor Skill
Cognitive Skills
It includes the intellectual skills of the athlete.
An athlete make decisions and problem solve.
Cognitive skills such as decision-making speed are
critical for a quaterback to make quick, effective
decision.
Perceptual Skill
It
includes
interpreting
and
integrating sensory information to
determine the best movement
outcome. Attention and previous
movement experiences also affect
perceptual skills.
Motor Skills
It includes the physical elements that enable the
movement.
To put simply, the activity could not be completed without the
learned ability to coordinate the limbs to produce the action.
Fundamental Motor Skills
At young ages, basic skills provide the foundation for activities
with much more complicated sports-specific motor skills. These
basic skills are known as Fundamental Motor Skills.
Walking
Running
Jumping
Throwing
Catching
Kicking
Striking
Motor Skills categorization
Developmental Taxonomies
Non-locomotor Skills
Locomotor Skills
Manipulative Skills
Single-Dimensional
Movement Precision
Environmental Predictability
Nature of skill
Multidimensional
Environmental Context
Action Requirement
Developmental Taxonomies
Non-locomotor Skills
Skills performed in place, without appreciable spatial movement
Examples:
Bending and Stretching,
Twisting and Turning
Pushing and Pulling
Swinging
Developmental Taxonomies
Locomotor Skills
Used to move the body from one place to another or to project the body upward
Examples:
Jumping,
Hopping
Running
Walking
Developmental Taxonomies
Manipulative Skills
Developed through handling some type of object or apparatus.
Most involve hands and feet but other parts of the body can also be used.
Leads to better hand-eye and hand-foot coordination.
Form basis of many form of game skills
Examples:
Kicking,
Striking,
Juggling
Developmental Taxonomies
Development Taxonomy progression for kicking a ball
Steps
Skills Execution
Kick a stationary ball into a goal while standing
Take a step and kick a stationary ball in to a
goal
Run and kick a stationary ball into a goal
Dribble the ball and kick into a goal
Dribble the ball and kick into a goal that is
being guarded.
Single Dimensional
Movement Precision
Gross Motor Skills:
Skills in which large muscle groups produce the movement
Examples:
Kicking,
Striking,
Throwing.
Fine Motor Skills:
Skills in which small muscle groups produce the movement
Examples:
Handwriting,
Typing,
Sewing.
Single Dimensional
Environmental Predictability
Closed Motor Skills:
The object to acted on does not change during the performance of a skill.
Examples:
Picking a cup from a table
Shooting an arrow at a stationary target.
Open Motor Skills:
A person perform in a non-stable environment, where the object or context
changes during the performance of skill.
Examples:
During a rally, a beach volleyball player cannot stand on one spot he move according to
ball direction.
Single Dimensional
Nature of the skill
Discrete Motor Skill
The skill in which the beginning and end point are clearly defined.
Examples:
Throwing,
Kicking
Catching.
Continuous Motor Skills:
Do not have a clearly defined beginning or ending point. Continuous task
appear as repetitive movement.
Examples:
Running,
Swimming,
Bicycling.
Single Dimensional
Nature of the skill
Serial Motor Skill
The skill that include a series of discrete skills that must
occur in a specific sequence. if the order of movement
can be altered, the task would not be classified as a serial
task.
Examples:
Triple Jump consisting of a sprint, hop, skip and
jump
Punt kick consisting of a catch, approach, drop and
kick
Multidimensional
Environmental Context
Regulatory Conditions:
Regulatory condition are the environmental factors
specific to a particular skill or sports.
Examples:
In soccer , size of field, height and width of the
goal, size and weight of the ball. These condition
remain the same for any soccer game regardless of
where it is played.
RC standardize how a person must adapt to a given
situation to produce a successful outcome
Multidimensional
Action Requirements
Body orientation
Body orientation is classified as either body transport.
Examples:
Basketball Layup
Triple Jump
Body Stability (as in archery shooting)
Body transport activities include locomotors exercise,
such as crawling, walking, and jumping.
Ability
Ability
Abilities are genetically predetermined characteristics
that affect movement performance such as agility,
coordination, strength, balance and flexibility.
Abilities are enduring and as such, difficult to change in
adults.
According to Fleishman (1964) abilities are differ from
skills in the sense that skills are learned, whereas
abilities are a product of both learning and genetic
factors.
BALAN
CE
AGILIT
Y
FLEXIBIL
ITY
COORDINAT
ION
AGILITY
BALANCE
BALANCE
COORDINATION
COORDINATION
COORDINATION
Reference
Motor Learning and Development (2011) Pamela S. Haibach, Greg Reid, Douglas
H. Collier. Human Kinetics, US
Magil, R. A., (1998). Motor Learning: Concepts & Application. McGraw-Hill,
Singapore
Gallahue, D. L., & Ozmun, J. C., (2002). Understanding Motor Development:
Infants, children, Adolescence, Adults
http://stagesofskillacquisition.blogspot.com/
https://www.youtube.com/user/gamesforkidsunder6
