FOURTH GENERATION

OVERVIEW

 4G-4th

Generation of mobile
communication.

descendant to 2G and3G
technologyaiming to provide the very
high data transfer rates.

Best

described in one word MAGIC.

Mobile multimedia

A
G
I
C

nytime Anywhere
lobal mobility support

ntegrated wireless and

ustomized personal service.

INTRODUCTION:
The (4 ) Generation
th

GABRIEL CASTILLO

HISTORY

1G

and

2G

bandwidth maximum is
9.6 kbit/sec

This is approximately 6
times slower than an ISDN
(Integrated services digital
network). Rates did increase
by a factor of 3 with newer
handsets to 28.8kbps.

3G

data rates are 384 kbps (download)

maximum, typically around 200kbps, and
64kbps upload. These are comparable to
home broadband connections.

4G

higher data transmission rates than 3G

data transmission rates are planned to be

up to 100 megabits per second on the
move and 1000gigbits per second
stationary

provide unconceivable amounts of

bandwidth to the palm of a user.

provide 100MBps on the move. This is

enough for studio quality video, multi
channel surround sound and much more.

4G will change the way we work,

live and play. Cheap end user costs,
fast, always on, reliable
connectivity, where ever you are,
what ever your doing.

The fourth generation (4G) standards were

introduced a few years after the 3G system, and
require the service to provide high speed data
transfers for both mobile and stationary situations.
The 4G system has been adopted by most cellular
phone providers and is quickly becoming the standard
for wireless communication.

4G or the 4th Generation Mobile

standards is a series of measures that
defines the demands of a 4G network
and also the standards that must be
met.

The existing common standard specifies a 4G

network as one that offers 100Mb|s for
individuals on the move as well as which
supplies 1Gb|s to an immobile location or
one shifting at a slow-moving speed, or standing
still in that perfect spot for instance. There are
many
variable
involved
that
profusely
degenerates the speed that you will actually be
capable of utilizing.

WiMAX vs. LTE: History

The "4G" moniker is officially meaningless, but WiMAX was the first
technology to call itself 4G when Sprint announced it back in 2006.
WiMAX descends from Wi-Fi rather than from cellular technologies,
although it has some aspects in common with LTE, most notably by
using a technology called OFDM as a way of packing multiple
transmissions into one radio band.

The WiMAX story actually began with

home connections instead of phones.
WiMAX started out as a way to deliver
wireless broadband to homes and
businesses. In many parts of the country,
"wireless
ISPs"
still
deliver
home
broadband via WiMAX.

While Sprint dithered, the whole cell phone

industry turned away from WiMAX (and Intel) to
LTE, which came from the same folks who
brought us GSM and promised much better
compatibility
with
existing
cell
phone
equipment. The LTE standard was approved in
December 2008, with America's first LTE
network coming from MetroPCS in October 2010.

TERMINOLOGIES
Mobile

network

IP

based netwroks

IP

address

Roaming

mobile device

Bandwidth
Data

bit

HSDPA
TD-LTE

limiting factor

Mobile Network

a wireless network distributed

over land areas called cells,
each served by at least one
fixed-location
transceiver,
known as a cell site or base
station. In a cellular network,
each cell uses a different set of
frequencies from neighboring
cells, to avoid interference and
provide guaranteed bandwidth
within each cell.

IP based networks
An

IP-based network is a network in which its unique (or

main) protocol for identifying computers or devices is IP.
Such a network is designed so that most of its devices
understand and route/forward IP packets efficiently. Most
networks (both LAN and WAN) nowadays are IP-based,
including small home networks.

IP address

is a numerical label assigned to each

device
(e.g.,
computer,
printer)
participating in a computer network that
uses
the
Internet
Protocol
for
communication. An IP address serves two
principal functions: host or network
interface
identification
and
location
addressing. Its role has been characterized
as follows: "A name indicates what we
seek. An address indicates where it is. A
route indicates how to get there."

Roaming mobile
device
helps

ensure that a traveling wireless device

(typically a cell phone) is kept connected to a
network without breaking the connection. In
wireless telecommunications.

Bandwidth
The

amount of data that can be transmitted

in a fixed amount of time. For digital devices,
the bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per
second(bps) or bytes per second. For analog
devices, the bandwidth is expressed in cycles
per second, or Hertz (Hz).

Data bit
The number of bits used to
represent one character of data.
When transmitting ASCII text via
modem, either seven or eight bits
may be used. Most other forms of
data require eight bits.

FDM
Frequency

division multiplexing is a
technology that transmits several signals at
the same time over a single transmission
path, in a medium such as a cable or
wireless system. Each signal is transmitted
inside its own unique frequency range (the
carrier frequency), which is then modulated
by the data that is needing to be
transmitted.

OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency division
that allows transmitting
multiplexing) averytechnology
high data rates over channels at a

comparable low complexity. Orthogonal

FDM's spread spectrum technique
spreads the data over a lot of carriers
that are spaced apart at precise
frequencies. This spacing provides the
"orthogonal" in this method which
prevents the receivers/demodulators
from seeing frequencies other than
their own specific one.

HSDPA
HSDPA,

short for High-Speed Downlink Packet

Access, is a new protocol for mobile telephone data
transmission.

It is known as a 3.5G (G stands for generation)

technology. Essentially, the standard will provide
download speeds on a mobile phone equivalent to
an ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) line in
a home, removing any limitations placed on the use
of your phone by a slow connection.

TDD
also

referred to as Long-Term Evolution Time-Division

Duplex (LTE TDD), is a 4G telecommunications technology
and standard co-developed by an international coalition of
companies, including China Mobile, Datang Telecom,
Huawei, Nokia Solutions and Networks, Qualcomm,
Samsung, and ST-Ericsson.

D-LTE
uses

a single frequency, alternating

between uploading and downloading data
through [Link] ratio between uploads
and downloads on a TD-LTE network can be
changed
dynamically,
depending
on
whether more data needs to be sent or
received

The 4G
STANDARD
MARC IAN CORTES

In March 2008, the International Telecommunications UnionRadio (ITU-R) decided on a set of specifications for its new 4G
standard. The ITU-R is the United Nations official agency for
all manner of information and communication technologies,
and aims to help promote and regulate various
communication standards across nations. The ITU-R
decided upon a set of requirements for bandwidth, spectral
efficiency, and a load of other technical points, for future 4G
networks.

IMT Advanced

International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMTAdvanced) are requirements issued by the ITU-R for what
is marketed as 4G mobile phone and Internet access
service.

An IMT-Advanced system is expected to provide a

comprehensive and secure all-IPbasedmobile
broadbandsolution to laptop computerwireless
modems,smartphones, and other mobile
[Link] asultra-broadbandInternet
access,IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed
multimedia may be provided to users.

IMT-Advanced requirements

As defined byITU-R, an IMT-Advanced systemmust fulfill the

following requirements:

Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.

Have interoperability with existing wireless standards.

Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high

mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for
low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access.

Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to

support more simultaneous users per cell.

Using scalable channel bandwidths of 520 MHz, optionally up to 40

MHz.

IMT-Advanced requirements
Have

peak link spectral efficiency of 15-bit/s/Hz in

the downlink, and 6.75-bit/s/Hz in the uplink
(meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be
possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).

System

spectral efficiency is, in indoor case, 3bit/s/Hz/cell in downlink and 2.25-bit/s/Hz/cell in

uplink.

Smooth
The

handovers across heterogeneous networks.

ability to offer high quality of service for next

generation multimedia support.

Components of 4G:
There are some components which makes the
successful 4G systems they are:
a) OFDMA
b) MIMO
c) IPv6.0
d) Spectral efficiency of 4G
e) SDR(Software Defined Radio)
f) Smart antennas

Components
OFDMA:
Orthogonal
Division Multiple Access.

Frequency

It captures entire energy

Only few signals are affected or lost in OFDM while

compared to CDMA in 3G.

MIMO(Multi Input Multi Output):

improve the communication

sender and receiver

performance

range, quality of
efficiency are high.

signal

received

and

between
spectrum

Component
IPv6.0:
Allows
IPv6

more address than IPv4.0

each device have own IP address.

SDR(Software Defined Radio):

A

SDR will allow increasing network capacity at

specific time.

Components(contd..)

SMART ANTENNA
Switched antenna
Switched

Adaptive antenna

Antenna: Based on the requirement of

the system ,signal is received at any given time.

Adaptive

Antenna: Steer the signal at any

direction of interest ,nullify the interfering signal.

4G networks

ITU-R completed an assessment of six candidates to be

considered True 4G, and only LTE-Advanced and
WiMax 2 were able to pass.

Under pressure from 3GPP, IEEE and network carriers,

HSPA+,WiMax, and LTE, were also considered 4G even if
these networks dont meet the IMT-A requirements, since
network carriers had already begun investing in these
technologies and marketing them as 4G. This consideration
led to the coining of the term True 4G, which will be the next
step in 4G evolution.

Pre-4G networks
HSPA+

HSPA+ (Evolved High Speed Packet Access) is the next iteration of HSUPA
and HSDPA 3G standards with speeds comparable to current LTE
networks (which dont meet true 4G standards either). Theoretical speeds
are said to feature download speeds up to 168 Mbps and uplink of
22 Mbps, with most HSPA+ networks around the world feature a
theoretical 21 Mbps(download) speed, with a select few featuring 42 Mbps
and 84 Mbps networks. These are of course, theoretical, with actual
download and upload speeds at around 10-30% of the theoretical speed. In
a lot of markets, except in the USA, an HSPA+ network is unofficially
considered and marketed as a

3.5G network.

Pre-4G networks
WiMax

WiMAX, short for Wireless Interoperability for

Micromave Access, is a technology standard for
long-range wireless networking based on the
IEEE 802.16 set of wide-area communications
standards. WiMAX offers peak data rates of
128Mbit/s downlink and 56Mbit/s uplink over
20MHz wide channels. At one point, WiMAX was
considered to be a leading form of mobile data
connectivity, but because of limited adoption and
less than satisfactory real world speeds, WiMax, in
its current iteration is

NOT

upto 4G standards.

Pre-4G networks
LTE

LTE, or Long Term Evolution, boasts theoretical downlink speeds of

100 Mbps and uploads of 75 Mbps. LTE, which is an IP-based system,
is a complete redesign and simplication of 3G network architecture
resulting in a significant reduction in transfer latency. Because of this,
LTE is not compatible with 2G and 3G networks and also functions on
an entirely different wireless spectrum. Unfortunately, this means
that erecting an LTE network requires it to be built from the ground
up. Coverage currently varies depending on your carrier and real
world data speeds are often only a little faster than HSPA+. LTE lacks
spectral efficiency and speed means that current 4G LTE networks
falls far behind true 4G capabilities.

True 4G
LTE-Advanced
networks

LTE Advanced is the next major step in the evolution of

LTE networks, and is the beginning of true 4G. LTE-A is
not only about faster data speeds, but is to provide IMTAdvanced functionality while allowing for backward
compatibility with current LTE devices to avoid a second
major overhaul. LTE-Advanced will provide 1 Gbps
downlink for low mobility conditions, with 100
Mbps for high mobility devices, as specified by the
IMT-A standard. LTE Advanced promises better coverage,
more stability, and much faster performance.

True 4G networks
WiMax

The WiMAX industry developed WiMAX 2, based on the IEEE

802.16m standard, to improve mobile WiMAX network
capacity and deliver faster data rates to consumers.
Unfortunately, because most WiMax network providers have
abandoned WiMax in favor of LTE, WiMax 2 will serve as
complementary to LTE-Advanced, and not as a competition. WiMax
2 will target vertical applications and other niche markets.

Data rate comparison

ADVANTAGE and
DISADVANTAGE

4G
Operation
VINCE JOSEPH MORTEL

Voice and SMS

Operation

What is
LTE)?
Voice

voLTE

over LTE is a standardsbased technology that is

required to support voice calls
and SMS over an LTE network.

(Voice over

Why is VoLTE necessary?

LTE turns the network around

and uses Internet Protocol
packets for all
communications. As such, it
doesn't support traditional
voice-call technology, so a
new protocol and applications
for Voice over LTE are needed.
This technology is necessary
mainly because LTE is a dataonly networking technology.

System
Uses

internet voice and sms applicationto

support voice calls over a broadband connection.

Options for LTE Voice

CSFB, Circuit Switched Fall Back:Essentially LTE

CSFB uses a variety of processes and network
elements to enable the circuit to fall back to the 2G or
3G connection (GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000 1x) before a
circuit switched call is initiated.
The specification also allows for SMS to be carried as
this is essential for very many set-up procedures for
cellular telecommunications. To achieve this the
handset uses an interface known as SGs which allows
messages to be sent over an LTE channel.

Options for LTE Voice

SV-LTE

- Simultaneous Voice LTE: SV-LTE

allows packet switched LTE services to run

simultaneously with a circuit switched voice service.
SV-LTE facility provides the facilities of CSFB at the
same time as running a packet switched data service.

Options for LTE Voice

VoLGA,

Voice over LTE via GAN: The VoLGA

standard was based on the existing 3GPP Generic

Access Network (GAN) standard, and the aim was to
enable LTE users to receive a consistent set of voice,
SMS (and other circuit-switched) services as they
transition between GSM, UMTS and LTE access
networks.

Options for LTE Voice

One Voice / later called Voice over LTE, VoLTE:

The Voice over LTE, VoLTE scheme for providing voice
over an LTE system utilises IMS enabling it to become
part of a rich media solution. It was the option chosen
by the GSMA for use on LTE and is the standardised
method for providing SMS and voice over LTE.

Data Transfer
Operation

Factors affecting the

speed of data transfer
how

many cell phone towers are in the

vicinity

how
the

many users are sharing these towers

bandwidth available to these cellphone

towers to connect to theInternet or the
carrier's network.

LTE?
LTE A?
4G?

LTE

(Long Term Evolution)

DANILYN LUCIO

LTE (Long-Term
Evolution)

commonly marketed as4G LTE, is a standard

forwirelesscommunication of high-speed data for mobile
phones and data terminals. It is based on
theGSM/EDGEandUMTS/HSPAnetwork technologies,
increasing the capacity and speed using a different radio
interface together with core network improvements.

the natural upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS

networks andCDMA2000networks.

Objectives of LTE:

to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using

newDSP(digital signal processing)

redesign and simplification

High data rates
Downlink: >150 Mbps
Uplink: >50 Mbps

Low delay/latency
User plane RTT: < 10 ms RAN RTT (fewer nodes, shorter TTI)
Channel set-up: < 100 ms idle-to-active (fewer nodes, shorter
messages, quicker node resp.)

High spectral efficiency

Targeting 3 X HSPA Rel. 6 (@ 2006 )

Objectives of LTE:
Spectrum

flexibility

Operation

in a wide-range of spectrum allocations,

new and existing

Wide

range of Bandwidth: 1.4, 1.6, 3.0/3.2, 5, 10,

15 and 20 MHz, FDD and TDD

Simplicity

Less signaling,
PnP, Simple as an Apple

Objectives of LTE:
Cost-effective

migration from current/future

2/3G systems
State-of-the-art
Focus

towards 4G

on services from the packet-switched

domain

History of LTE
2004
First proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan

2007
LTE/SAETrial Initiative (LSTI) alliance was founded as a global
collaboration between vendors and operators with the goal of
verifying and promoting the new standard in order to ensure the
global introduction of the technology as quickly as possible

History of LTE
December 2008
LTE Standard was finalized

December 14, 2009

the first publicly available LTE service was launched by
TeliaSonerainOsloandStockholm

September 21, 2010

services were launched by major North American carriers as well, with the
Samsung SCH-r900 being the worlds first LTE Mobile phone

History of LTE
February 10, 2011
Samsung Galaxy Indulge being the worlds first LTE smartphone

July 7, 2011
In Canada,Rogers Wirelesswas the first to launch LTE network
Sierra Wireless AirCard 313U USB mobile broadband modem,
known as the "LTE Rocket stick"

History of LTE
March 2011
LTE Advance was standardized

2013
Services are expected to commence

LTE Ability

provides downlink peak rates of 300Mbit/s, uplink peak

rates of 75Mbit/s andQoS provisions permitting a
transferlatencyof less than 5msin theradio access
network.

manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and

broadcast streams.

supports scalable carrierbandwidths, from 1.4MHzto

20MHz and supports bothfrequency division
duplexing(FDD) and time-division duplexing(TDD)

supports seamless handovers for both voice and data to cell

towers with older network technology such
asGSM,UMTSandCDMA2000.

LTE Features

Peak download rates up to 299.6Mbit/s and upload rates

up to 75.4Mbit/s depending on theuser equipment
category(with 44 antennas using 20MHz of spectrum).

Low data transfer latencies

Improved support for mobility

Support for bothFDDandTDDcommunication systems as

well as half-duplex FDD with the same radio access
technology

Increased spectrum flexibility: 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz,

10MHz, 15MHz and 20MHz wide cells are standardized.

LTE Features
Support

for cell sizes from tens of metres

radius (femtoandpicocells) up to 100km (62
miles) radius macrocells.

Simplified
Packet

architecture

switchedradio interface.

Frequency bands

LTE ADVANCE
TRUE 4G

Objectives
aims
aim

to improve data speeds

is to offer better high speed coverage at

the networks edge and more bandwidth, but
the transmitters will have to function on
different frequency bands in order to avoid
interference.

Features

Peak data rates: DL (1Gbps) and UP (500 Mbps)

Spectrum efficiency: 3 times greater than LTE

Peak spectrum efficiency: DL (30 bps/Hz) and UP (15

bps/Hz)

Spectrum Use: the ability to support scalable

bandwidth use and spectrum aggregation where noncontagious spectrum needs to be used.

Latency: from idle to connected is less than 50 ms and

then shorter than 5 ms one way for individual packet
transmission.

Features

Call edge user throughput to be twice of LTE

Average user throughput to be 3 times of LTE

Mobility is the same with LTE

Compatibility: Capable of interworking with LTE and

3GPP legacy systems

Key
Functionalities
Carrier

Aggregation

Enhanced

use of multi-antenna
techniques

Support

for relay nodes

APPLICATIONS

Better usage of MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS

VIRTUAL PRESENCE

VIRTUAL NAVIGATION

Remote database contains the graphical representation of

streets, buildings and physicl characteristics of a large
metropolis

TELE-GEOPROCESSING

Gives mobile users a virtual presence

Queries dependent on location information of several users in

addition to temporal aspect

TELEMEDICINE

A paramedic assisting a victim of a traffic accident in a remote

location could access medical records (X-rays) and establish a video
conference so that a remotely based surgeon could provide onscene assistance.

Devices using 4G
and Further
Development
TED JOHN ORANTE

Devices using 4G

SMARTPHONES

TABLETS

POCKET WIFI

CARS

FURTHER
DEVELOPMENT

VoLTE (Voice Over

LTE)
VoLTE

has up to three times more voice and

data capacity than 3G UMTS and up to six
times more than 2G GSM.

Could

simultaneously use voice and data at

the same time compared to previous
generations.

Improves

call quality.

Multicast-broadcast
single-frequency network

The transmission mode is intended as a further

improvement of the efficiency of the enhanced Multimedia
Broadcast Multicast Service (eMBMS) service.

Deliver services such asmobile TVusing the LTE

infrastructure

Enablesnetwork operatorsto offer mobile TV without the

need for additional expensivelicensed spectrumand
without requiring new infrastructure and end-user devices.

LTE-A (Long Term

Evolution-Advanced)

It is a major enhancement of LTE.

Real/True 4G

Peak data rate of at least 100 megabits per second

when a user moves through the network at high
speeds; 1 gigabit per second when the user is in a
fixed position.

5G (Fifth
Generation)
Also

known as TACTILE INTERNET

Goes

beyond the current standards for

4G/IMT-Advanced

Should

be up by the year 2020

5G (Fifth Generation)

NGMN Alliance or Next Generation Mobile Networks

Alliance defined 5G requirements as:

Data rates of several tens of Mb/s should be supported for tens of

thousands of users.

1 Gb/s to be offered, simultaneously to tens of workers on the same

office floor.

Up to Several 100,000's simultaneous connections to be supported for

massive sensor deployments.

Spectral efficiency should be significantly enhanced compared to 4G.

Coverage should be improved

Signaling efficiency enhanced.

4G LTE IN THE
PHILIPPINES

4G - LTE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Philippines has the slowest LTE

connection among 16 countries
surveyed. (February 2014)

Averaging at about 5.3 Mbps only

next to United States with 6.5

Mbps.

Globe Philippines is considered as

the worst performing network.

Download speed: Smart @ 4.3

Mbps; Globe @ 6.3 Mbps

Coverage: Globe (poorest out of 38

telecoms) @ 38%; Smart (sixth) @

46% [6 million users]

Source: [Link]
mobile-lte-connection-says-report

References

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
your_4g_phone.html

[Link]

THANK YOU!!!

Simplified Network Architecture

WCDMA

LTE/SAE

SAE Core NW
(EPC)

Core NW

A flat architecture
for optimized
performance and
cost efficiency

RNC

NodeB

UE

NodeB

RNC

e-NodeB

UE

Moving all RNC

functions to eNodeB

e-NodeB